The Plan of St. Gall a study of the architecture & economy of & life in a paradigmatic Carolingian monastery |
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A FARROWING PEN |
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 | The Plan of St. Gall |  |
A FARROWING PEN
The House for Swine and Swineherds, as its explanatory
title states, was primarily a farrowing pen. It was the place
where the sows were kept during the winter—those sows,
that is, who would produce the litters to make up the
subsequent year's herds. All other pigs were slaughtered
in December.[645]
The number of pigs that could be housed
together is determined by available trough space. Feed
PLAN OF ST. GALL. HOUSE FOR THE COWS AND COWHERDS
486.B EAST ELEVATION
486.A PLAN
AUTHORS' INTERPRETATION
In reconstructing this building we were in principle guided by the same criteria that governed reconstruction of the House of the Gardener and
his Crew (figs. 427. A-F), but because this house is the larger by over twice the area of the former structure, we decided to furnish it with a
hipped roof on the supposition that it would be needed for greater wind resistance.
As for all structures housing both men and animals on the Plan, it was necessary to lead animals to their stalls directly through the common
living area used by the herders, whose sleeping quarters in the aisles may have been divided from the stalls by little more than a partition.
486.D TRANSVERSE SECTION B-B
486.C LONGITUDINAL SECTION A-A
486.E NORTH ELEVATION
The habit and custom of housing beasts in close contact with man was of centuries' long standing in Northern Europe. Even in the sophisticated
House for Distinguished Guests (Building 11; cf. fig. 396, p. 146), 9th-century social amenities did not yet preclude the arrangement whereby
the visitors' horses were led through the common living and dining area to their stalls.
The length of the center space of the House for Cows and Cowherds is 52½, feet, suggesting that its roof supporting posts were to be spaced at
10½-foot intervals, or within the normal range for bay division in a building of this kind.
PLAN OF ST. GALL. HOUSE FOR FOALING MARES AND THEIR KEEPERS
487.
487.X
Lying in the extreme southwest corner of the site, the layout of this structure in all of its basic dispositions is identical with that of the House
for Cows and Cowherds. Virtually without question it was intended to be the same size, but, falling at a point on the tracing where the
parchment corner tapers, the draftsman of the Plan was doubtless compelled to reduce the size of the building slightly in accommodation to the
limitations of his sheet.
All the larger breeds of livestock were quartered in separate facilities lying in close proximity to one another. Outlines on the Plan indicate
that they were separated by fences or other partitions from one another. During the winter, animals would be confined to their stalls; in spring
they could be taken to pasture through secondary exits in the peripheral wall enclosure (which are not shown on the Plan).
Horses and oxen kept in these facilities would be used as draft animals, the former perhaps for riding; the cattle for breeding and milking; the
mares exclusively for breeding. As regards the inclusion of a stud in a monastic community, the relationship of monastic with crown services and
economics is discussed in Volume I, Chapter IV, "The Monastic Polity."
488. UTRECHT PSALTER (CA. 830). PSALM LXXII (73)
UTRECHT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, CODEX 32, fol. 41v (detail)
[Courtesy of the Utrecht University Library]
This detail is one of the most interesting examples of the method used by the illuminator of the original Late Antique manuscript (after which
the Utrecht Psalter was modeled) to convey general concepts in imagery taken from man's daily life. Verse 22 of the psalm, "So foolish was I
and ignorant; I was as a beast before thee", serves to embody the concept "beast" in the touching representation of a mare suckling her foal. In
this manner the illuminator transmitted to the Middle Ages a composition borrowed from one of the best periods of Roman painting. It has a
striking counterpart in a painting from Herculaneum (now in Naples, Museo Nazionale) showing a doe suckling Telephos (see L. Curtius, Die
Wandmalerei Pompejis, Leipzig, 1929 8, fig. 5).
and boars, 18 inches. The required sleeping and feeding
area is 6 square feet per pig. The minimum farrowing pen
is 5 feet square. There should also be a dung passage 3 to 4
feet wide.[646] If the area available for pigs in the House for
Swine and Swineherds on the Plan were to be divided into
farrowing pens 5 feet square, it would accommodate twenty-one
sows with litters (five under each lean-to; eleven in the
aisle). If the housing capacity were to be calculated on the
basis of the available square footage, without allowing
extra space for litters, the number of pigs could easily be
doubled.
| The Plan of St. Gall | |