University of Virginia Library

Search this document 
The Plan of St. Gall

a study of the architecture & economy of & life in a paradigmatic Carolingian monastery
Horn, Walter William
  
THE PLAN OF ST. GALL
  
[section]
  
[title page]
  
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
 II. 
CONTENTS: VOLUME II
  
[section]
  
SYNOPSIS OF THE WORK
  
[frontispiece]

collapse sectionV. 
V
  
INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME II
collapse sectionV. 1. 
V. 1
collapse sectionV.1.1.. 
V.1.1.
  
FERDINAND KELLER, 1844
  
ALBERT LENOIR, 1852
  
J. R. RAHN, 1876
collapse section 
JULIUS VON SCHLOSSER, 1889
  
Misconceptions about the "displuviate" and "testudinate" Roman courtyard house
  
The Roman atrium: an open yard developing into a covered court
  
The ash-urn house of Poggio Gaiella
collapse section 
FRANZ OELMANN, 1923-1924
  
A shaky premise
  
A faulty interpretation of the Gallo-Roman courtyard house
  
A faulty interpretation of "testu"
collapse sectionV.1.2. 
V.1.2
  
RUDOLF HENNING, 1882
  
KARL GUSTAV STEPHANI, 1902-1903, AND CHRISTIAN RANCK, 1907
  
H. FIECHTER-ZOLLIKOFER, 1936
  
OTTO VÖLCKERS, 1937
  
KARL GRUBER, 1937
collapse sectionV.1.3. 
V.1.3
  
ALAN SORRELL, 1966
 V.1.4. 
V.1.4
collapse sectionV. 2. 
V. 2
collapse sectionV.2.1. 
V.2.1
  
THE NORTH GERMANIC HOUSE OF THE SAGA PERIOD
collapse section 
THE EARLY MEDIEVAL HOUSE IN THE TERRITORY OF THE ALAMANNI, THE BAJUVARIANS, AND THE FRANKS, IN THE LIGHT OF CONTEMPORARY LEGAL CODES
  
LEX ALAMANNORUM
collapse section 
LEX BAJUVARIORUM
 10. 
ARTICLE 10
 10. 
ARTICLE 10
collapse section 
CAROLINGIAN CROWN ESTATES AND THEIR HOUSES, IN THE LIGHT OF CONTEMPORARY ADMINISTRATIVE ORDINANCES AND PROPERTY DESCRIPTIONS
  
CAPITULARE DE VILLIS
collapse section 
BREVIUM EXEMPLA
  
The crown estate of Anappes and its outlying settlements
  
The crown estate of Treola
  
The first anonymous estate
  
The second anonymous estate
  
The third anonymous estate
  
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
collapse sectionV.2.2. 
V.2.2
  
KÄNNE, BURS, GOTLAND, SWEDEN
  
LÖJSTA, GOTLAND, SWEDEN
  
STÖNG, ÞÓRSÁRDALUR VALLEY, ICELAND
  
EZINGE, PROV. GRONINGEN, THE NETHERLANDS
  
WIJCHEN, MAAS ESTUARY, THE NETHERLANDS
  
FOCHTELOO, RHEE, SLEEN, AND LEENS, THE NETHERLANDS
  
HODORF, SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN, GERMANY
  
EINSWARDEN, GERMANY
  
AALBURG, NEAR BEFORT, LUXEMBOURG
  
WILHELMSHAVEN-HESSE, GERMANY
  
JEMGUM, NEAR LEER, GERMANY
  
FEDDERSEN-WIERDE, NEAR BREMERHAVEN, GERMANY
  
BÄRHORST, NEAR NAUEN, GERMANY
  
TOFTING AND ELISENHOF, NEAR TÖNNING, SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN, GERMANY
  
ELP, PARISH OF WESTERBORK, THE NETHERLANDS
  
YEAVERING, NORTHUMBRIA, AND CHEDDAR, SOMERSET, ENGLAND
  
THE SINGLE-NAVED HOUSE OF WARENDORF, NEAR MÜNSTER, WESTPHALIA, AND IN OTHER GERMAN SITES
  
LACK OF COMPARABLE FINDS IN FRANCE AND IN THE SOUTH OF GERMANY
collapse sectionV. 3. 
V. 3
collapse sectionV.3.1. 
V.3.1
  
MULTIPLICITY OF FUNCTION
  
RELATION OF MAIN ROOM TO PERIPHERAL ROOMS
  
OPEN FIRE & SMOKE-HOLE CALL FOR A HOUSE OPEN TO RIDGE OF ROOF
 V.3.2. 
V.3.2
collapse sectionV.3.3. 
V.3.3
  
A CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE
  
EFFECT OF SEATING ARRANGEMENT
  
DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES
  
CONCLUSIONS
collapse sectionV. 4. 
V. 4
 V.4.1. 
V.4.1
 V.4.2. 
V.4.2
 V.4.3. 
V.4.3
collapse sectionV. 5. 
V. 5
 V.5.1. 
V.5.1
collapse sectionV.5.2. 
V.5.2
  
THE SPARRENDACH
  
THE PFETTENDACH
collapse sectionV. 6. 
V. 6
 V.6.1. 
V.6.1
 V.6.2. 
V.6.2
 V.6.3. 
V.6.3
 V.6.4. 
V.6.4
collapse sectionV. 7. 
V. 7
collapse sectionV.7.1. 
V.7.1
  
THE MEANING OF LOCUS FOCI AND TESTU
  
THE LIGHT AND SMOKE HOLES OF THE NORDIC SAGA HOUSE
  
PROTOHISTORIC EVIDENCE FOR LIGHT AND SMOKE HOLES
  
MEDIEVAL EXAMPLES
  
MODERN SURVIVAL FORMS
  
HINGED HATCHES
collapse sectionV.7.2. 
V.7.2
  
A PREROGATIVE OF HIGHER-RANKING MEMBERS OF THE MONASTIC COMMUNITY
  
ETYMOLOGY AND SHAPE SUGGEST DERIVATION FROM THE OVEN
  
TIME OF INVENTION OR ADOPTION IS PROBLEMATIC
  
EARLIEST VISUAL & LITERARY EVIDENCE IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE
  
EARLIEST EXTANT MEDIEVAL CORNER FIREPLACES
  
WESTWARD DIFFUSION FROM THE NEAR EAST BY-PASSING ROME?
collapse sectionV.7.3. 
V.7.3
  
TWO TRADITIONAL ROMAN TYPES: CHANNELED AND PILLARED
  
THE CHANNELED HYPOCAUST OF THE MONKS' DORMITORY
 V.7.4. 
V.7.4
 V.7.5. 
V.7.5
 V.7.6. 
V.7.6
collapse sectionV. 8. 
V. 8
 V.8.1. 
V.8.1
 V.8.2. 
V.8.2
collapse sectionV.8.3. 
V.8.3
  
THE MAIN HOUSE
  
THE KITCHEN, BAKE AND BREW HOUSE FOR PILGRIMS AND PAUPERS
 V.8.4. 
V.8.4
 V.8.5. 
V.8.5
collapse sectionV.8.6. 
V.8.6
  
THE KING'S CLAIM ON MONASTIC HOSPITALITY
  
THEIR MAGNITUDE: A REFLECTION OF THE CLOSE ALLIANCE OF CHURCH AND STATE
collapse section 
THE MAIN HOUSE
  
Layout and function
  
Materials and mode of construction
  
Separation of common & private rooms
  
Housing capacity
  
Number and composition of officers of state in the emperor's train
  
Other supporting forces
  
KITCHEN, BAKE AND BREW HOUSE FOR THE DISTINGUISHED GUESTS
 V.8.7. 
V.8.7
collapse sectionV.8.8. 
V.8.8
  
ERASURE OF OUTLINES AND DESTRUCTION OF EXPLANATORY TITLE
  
PRESUMPTIVE PURPOSE
  
DIMENSIONS AND HOUSING CAPACITY
  
CONSTRUCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS
collapse sectionV. 9. 
V. 9
collapse sectionV.9.1. 
V.9.1
  
ROYAL DIRECTIVES
  
STRESSES LEADING TO DIVISION INTO INNER AND OUTER SCHOOLS
  
DISTINGUISHED TEACHERS
collapse sectionV.9.2. 
V.9.2
  
LAYOUT & MEANING OF EXPLANATORY TITLES
  
NUMBER OF STUDENTS
 V.9.3. 
V.9.3
collapse sectionV. 10. 
V. 10
collapse sectionV.10.1. 
V.10.1
  
THE PHYSICIAN NOT A PRIMARY MONASTIC OFFICIAL
  
CASSIODORUS ON THE ART OF HEALING
  
STUDY & TRANSMISSION OF CLASSICAL MEDICINE
 V.10.2. 
V.10.2
 V.10.3. 
V.10.3
collapse sectionV.10.4. 
V.10.4
  
DESCRIPTION OF HOUSE
  
MONASTIC VIEWS ON BLEEDING
  
MEDIEVAL PORTRAYALS OF BLEEDING
  
PHLEBOTOMY: A MEDIEVAL PANACEA
  
FROM PHYSICIAN TO BARBER
  
RELIEF FROM DREARINESS OF DAILY ROUTINE
  
RULES TO BE FOLLOWED IN THE PRACTICE OF BLEEDING
collapse sectionV. 11. 
V. 11
collapse sectionV.11.1. 
V.11.1
  
BENEDICTINE AMBIGUITIES
  
CLARIFYING DIRECTIVES ISSUED AT AACHEN
collapse sectionV.11.2. 
V.11.2
collapse section 
THE MAIN BUILDING
  
The chamberlain's hall and workshop
  
Crafts performed in peripheral workshops
  
Presumptive number of craftsmen
collapse section 
THE ANNEX
  
The crafts performed in the annex
  
Absence of tailors and weavers
 V.11.3. 
V.11.3
collapse sectionV. 12. 
V. 12
 V.12.1. 
V.12.1
 V.12.2. 
V.12.2
 V.12.3. 
V.12.3
collapse sectionV. 13. 
V. 13
 V.13.1. 
V.13.1
 V.13.2. 
V.13.2
collapse sectionV. 14. 
V. 14
 V.14.1. 
V.14.1
 V.14.2. 
V.14.2
collapse sectionV. 15. 
V. 15
collapse sectionV.15.1. 
V.15.1
  
THREE IDENTICAL BUILDINGS FOR DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS
collapse sectionV.15.2. 
V.15.2
  
MAN-, ANIMAL-, WATER-POWERED? THE ROMAN TRADITION
  
THE MONASTERY A PRIMARY AGENT IN THE HARNESSING OF WATER POWER AND IN DIFFUSING ITS USE
  
EVIDENCE FOR A WATER-POWERED MILL
  
RECONSTRUCTION OF MILLING APPARATUS
collapse sectionV.15.3. 
V.15.3
  
MAN- OR WATER-POWERED? CONFLICTING VIEWS
  
EVIDENCE FOR WATER-POWERED TRIP-HAMMERS
  
A SURVIVING MEDIEVAL HYDRAULIC TRIP-HAMMER
  
MONASTIC ECONOMY AND WATER POWER UNDER ST. FRUCTUOSUS
  
FROM CHINA TO EUROPE DURING THE MIGRATION PERIOD?
  
EUROPEAN SOURCES BEFORE MARCO POLO
  
TRIP-HAMMERS WITH VERTICAL PESTLES
  
RECONSTRUCTION OF PILAE ON THE PLAN OF ST. GALL
  
DIETARY IMPORTANCE OF CRUSHED GRAIN IN WESTERN EUROPE
 V.15.4. 
V.15.4
collapse sectionV. 16. 
V. 16
 V.16.1. 
V.16.1
 V.16.2. 
V.16.2
collapse sectionV.16.3. 
V.16.3
  
SUBTLE DIFFERENTIATIONS IN DESIGN
collapse sectionV.16.4. 
V.16.4
collapse section 
THE BAKERY
  
The term PISTRINUM
  
Layout and equipment
  
The daily allowance of bread
  
A single cycle of firing and baking
collapse section 
THE BREWERY
  
From Babylon and Egypt to St. Columban
  
Basic procedures in the making of beer
  
Layout and equipment
  
Replacement of wine by beer in ratio of 1:2
  
Use of hops as a flavoring agent
  
Ural-Altaic origins
  
Earliest medieval mention of hops
  
Work in the bake and brew house: a privilege of the monks
collapse sectionV. 17. 
V. 17
 V.17.1. 
V.17.1
collapse sectionV.17.2. 
V.17.2
  
HOUSE OF THE FOWLKEEPERS
collapse section 
HENHOUSE AND GOOSE HOUSE
  
Layout and design
  
Classical, medieval, and modern parallels
  
Materials and location
collapse sectionV.17.3. 
V.17.3
  
LAYOUT AND DESIGN
  
IMPORTANT ROLE OF THE MONASTERY'S HORSES AND OXEN
collapse section 
MEDIEVAL & PROTOHISTORIC PARALLELS OF THE HOUSE FOR HORSES AND OXEN
  
Royal guesthouses of the Consuetudines Farfenses
  
Monks' dormitory in the monastery of St. Wandrille
  
Protohistoric houses of similar design
  
Reconstruction
collapse sectionV.17.4. 
V.17.4
  
LAYOUT AND DESIGN
  
MILK AND CHEESE: PRIMARY ITEMS IN THE MONKS' DIET
  
MEDIEVAL PARALLELS
collapse sectionV.17.5. 
V.17.5
  
LAYOUT AND DESIGN
  
MATING AND BREEDING
collapse sectionV.17.6. 
V.17.6
  
LAYOUT AND DESIGN
  
MANAGEMENT OF SIZE OF HERD
  
MILK PRODUCTION
collapse sectionV.17.7. 
V.17.7
  
LAYOUT AND DESIGN
  
A FARROWING PEN
  
MEAT FOR THE SERFS, AND FOR THE YOUNG AND SICK MONKS
collapse sectionV.17.8. 
V.17.8
  
LAYOUT AND DESIGN
  
MEAT, MILK, AND WOOL
collapse sectionV. 18. 
V. 18
 V.18.1. 
V.18.1
collapse sectionV.18.2. 
V.18.2
  
INDIVIDUAL PRIVIES
  
COMMUNAL PRIVIES
  
DIFFERENT ORIGINS
collapse sectionV.18.3. 
V.18.3
  
THE PUBLIC ROMAN LATRINE
collapse section 
RATIO OF TOILET SEATS TO NUMBER OF USERS
  
On the Plan of St. Gall
  
In modern building codes
collapse sectionV.18.4. 
V.18.4
  
THE MONASTERY: A PLANNED SOCIETY
  
DIFFERENCE IN UNDERLYING PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTS
  
ARCHITECTURAL IMPLICATIONS
collapse sectionV.18.5. 
V.18.5
  
MONKS' LATRINE IN THE MONASTERY OF CLUNY II
  
THE MONKS' LATRINE OF CHRISTCHURCH MONASTERY AT CANTERBURY
  
OTHER MONASTIC PRIVIES AND WATER-FLUSHED CHANNELS FOR WASTE
  
VARIATION IN ARRANGEMENT OF SEATS
  
DISPOSAL OF WASTE BY WATER: AN URBAN, NOT A RURAL PRACTICE
  
PHILOSOPHICAL IMPLICATIONS
collapse sectionVI. 
VI
  
INTRODUCTION
collapse sectionVI. 1. 
VI. 1
 VI.I.I. 
VI.I.I
collapse sectionVI.1.2. 
VI.1.2
  
CONCERNING THE WIDTH AND THE LENGTH OF GOZBERT'S CHURCH
  
CONCERNING THE LAYOUT OF THE TRANSEPT AND THE CHOIR OF GOZBERT'S CHURCH
 VI.1.3. 
VI.1.3
 VI.1.4. 
VI.1.4
collapse sectionVI. 2. 
VI. 2
 VI.2.1. 
VI.2.1
collapse sectionVI.2.2. 
VI.2.2
collapse section 
EAST RANGE
  
Chapter house
  
Inner parlor
  
Supply room
  
SOUTH RANGE
  
WEST RANGE
collapse sectionVI.2.3. 
VI.2.3
  
AREA EAST OF THE CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS
  
AREA SOUTH OF THE CONVENTUAL COMPLEX
  
AREA NORTH OF THE CLOISTER
  
AREA WEST OF THE CONVENTUAL COMPLEX
  
IRREGULAR SHAPE OF ODILO'S CLOISTER YARD
 VI.2.4. 
VI.2.4
collapse sectionVI. 3. 
VI. 3
 VI.3.1. 
VI.3.1
 VI.3.2. 
VI.3.2
collapse sectionVI.3.3. 
VI.3.3
  
CHAPTER HOUSE
  
INNER PARLOR
  
NOVITIATE
  
ABBOT'S HOUSE
  
WARMING ROOM
collapse sectionVI. 4. 
VI. 4
 VI.4.1. 
VI.4.1
 VI.4.2. 
VI.4.2
 VI.4.3. 
VI.4.3
 VI. 5. 
VI. 5
  
EPILOGUE
  
[subsection]
collapse sectionVI.6. 
VI.6
  
EXTENT OF EXCAVATIONS
  
THE GALLUS HORIZON: A.D. 612 (- 1.20M) THE OTMAR HORIZONS: A.D. 719 (± 0.86M TO - 0.75M)
collapse section 
THE GOZBERT HORIZON: A.D. 830-836 (± 0.00M TO - 0.10M)
  
THE NAVE
  
UNIDENTIFIABLE FEATURES
collapse section 
GOZBERT'S CHURCH AND THE CHURCH OF THE PLAN OF ST. GALL
  
THE NAVE
  
THE CRYPT
  
TRANSEPT AND PRESBYTERY

collapse section Collapse All | Expand All expand section
previous section The Plan of St. Gall
next section

BENEDICTINE AMBIGUITIES

The Rule of St. Benedict did not specifically regulate the
location of the monastic workshops. The only reference to
artifices occurs in chapter 57 where St. Benedict stipulates
"if there be craftsmen in the monastery, let them practice
their crafts with all humility" and "let the goods always
be sold a little cheaper than they are sold by people of the
world."[414] The conditional "if" clause of this sentence,
which implies that under certain conditions the craftsmen
were housed outside the monastic enclosure, caused confusion;
the more so, since it contradicted the famous passage
in the Rule that declares, the "monastery, if possible,
should be so constituted as to contain within itself every
necessity of life. . . so as to avoid that the monks stray
outside of its bounds which is not good for their souls."[415]

 
[414]

Benedicti Regula, chap. 57, ed. Hanslik, 1960, 132-33; ed. McCann,
1963, 128-29; ed. Steidle, 1952, 274-75.

[415]

See I, 241.

previous section The Plan of St. Gall
next section