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The Plan of St. Gall

a study of the architecture & economy of & life in a paradigmatic Carolingian monastery
Horn, Walter William
  
THE PLAN OF ST. GALL
  
[section]
  
[title page]
  
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
 II. 
CONTENTS: VOLUME II
  
[section]
  
SYNOPSIS OF THE WORK
  
[frontispiece]

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V
  
INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME II
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V. 1
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V.1.1.
  
FERDINAND KELLER, 1844
  
ALBERT LENOIR, 1852
  
J. R. RAHN, 1876
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JULIUS VON SCHLOSSER, 1889
  
Misconceptions about the "displuviate" and "testudinate" Roman courtyard house
  
The Roman atrium: an open yard developing into a covered court
  
The ash-urn house of Poggio Gaiella
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FRANZ OELMANN, 1923-1924
  
A shaky premise
  
A faulty interpretation of the Gallo-Roman courtyard house
  
A faulty interpretation of "testu"
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V.1.2
  
RUDOLF HENNING, 1882
  
KARL GUSTAV STEPHANI, 1902-1903, AND CHRISTIAN RANCK, 1907
  
H. FIECHTER-ZOLLIKOFER, 1936
  
OTTO VÖLCKERS, 1937
  
KARL GRUBER, 1937
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V.1.3
  
ALAN SORRELL, 1966
 V.1.4. 
V.1.4
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V. 2
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V.2.1
  
THE NORTH GERMANIC HOUSE OF THE SAGA PERIOD
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THE EARLY MEDIEVAL HOUSE IN THE TERRITORY OF THE ALAMANNI, THE BAJUVARIANS, AND THE FRANKS, IN THE LIGHT OF CONTEMPORARY LEGAL CODES
  
LEX ALAMANNORUM
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LEX BAJUVARIORUM
 10. 
ARTICLE 10
 10. 
ARTICLE 10
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CAROLINGIAN CROWN ESTATES AND THEIR HOUSES, IN THE LIGHT OF CONTEMPORARY ADMINISTRATIVE ORDINANCES AND PROPERTY DESCRIPTIONS
  
CAPITULARE DE VILLIS
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BREVIUM EXEMPLA
  
The crown estate of Anappes and its outlying settlements
  
The crown estate of Treola
  
The first anonymous estate
  
The second anonymous estate
  
The third anonymous estate
  
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
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V.2.2
  
KÄNNE, BURS, GOTLAND, SWEDEN
  
LÖJSTA, GOTLAND, SWEDEN
  
STÖNG, ÞÓRSÁRDALUR VALLEY, ICELAND
  
EZINGE, PROV. GRONINGEN, THE NETHERLANDS
  
WIJCHEN, MAAS ESTUARY, THE NETHERLANDS
  
FOCHTELOO, RHEE, SLEEN, AND LEENS, THE NETHERLANDS
  
HODORF, SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN, GERMANY
  
EINSWARDEN, GERMANY
  
AALBURG, NEAR BEFORT, LUXEMBOURG
  
WILHELMSHAVEN-HESSE, GERMANY
  
JEMGUM, NEAR LEER, GERMANY
  
FEDDERSEN-WIERDE, NEAR BREMERHAVEN, GERMANY
  
BÄRHORST, NEAR NAUEN, GERMANY
  
TOFTING AND ELISENHOF, NEAR TÖNNING, SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN, GERMANY
  
ELP, PARISH OF WESTERBORK, THE NETHERLANDS
  
YEAVERING, NORTHUMBRIA, AND CHEDDAR, SOMERSET, ENGLAND
  
THE SINGLE-NAVED HOUSE OF WARENDORF, NEAR MÜNSTER, WESTPHALIA, AND IN OTHER GERMAN SITES
  
LACK OF COMPARABLE FINDS IN FRANCE AND IN THE SOUTH OF GERMANY
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V. 3
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V.3.1
  
MULTIPLICITY OF FUNCTION
  
RELATION OF MAIN ROOM TO PERIPHERAL ROOMS
  
OPEN FIRE & SMOKE-HOLE CALL FOR A HOUSE OPEN TO RIDGE OF ROOF
 V.3.2. 
V.3.2
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V.3.3
  
A CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE
  
EFFECT OF SEATING ARRANGEMENT
  
DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES
  
CONCLUSIONS
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V. 4
 V.4.1. 
V.4.1
 V.4.2. 
V.4.2
 V.4.3. 
V.4.3
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V. 5
 V.5.1. 
V.5.1
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V.5.2
  
THE SPARRENDACH
  
THE PFETTENDACH
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V. 6
 V.6.1. 
V.6.1
 V.6.2. 
V.6.2
 V.6.3. 
V.6.3
 V.6.4. 
V.6.4
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V. 7
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V.7.1
  
THE MEANING OF LOCUS FOCI AND TESTU
  
THE LIGHT AND SMOKE HOLES OF THE NORDIC SAGA HOUSE
  
PROTOHISTORIC EVIDENCE FOR LIGHT AND SMOKE HOLES
  
MEDIEVAL EXAMPLES
  
MODERN SURVIVAL FORMS
  
HINGED HATCHES
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V.7.2
  
A PREROGATIVE OF HIGHER-RANKING MEMBERS OF THE MONASTIC COMMUNITY
  
ETYMOLOGY AND SHAPE SUGGEST DERIVATION FROM THE OVEN
  
TIME OF INVENTION OR ADOPTION IS PROBLEMATIC
  
EARLIEST VISUAL & LITERARY EVIDENCE IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE
  
EARLIEST EXTANT MEDIEVAL CORNER FIREPLACES
  
WESTWARD DIFFUSION FROM THE NEAR EAST BY-PASSING ROME?
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V.7.3
  
TWO TRADITIONAL ROMAN TYPES: CHANNELED AND PILLARED
  
THE CHANNELED HYPOCAUST OF THE MONKS' DORMITORY
 V.7.4. 
V.7.4
 V.7.5. 
V.7.5
 V.7.6. 
V.7.6
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V. 8
 V.8.1. 
V.8.1
 V.8.2. 
V.8.2
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V.8.3
  
THE MAIN HOUSE
  
THE KITCHEN, BAKE AND BREW HOUSE FOR PILGRIMS AND PAUPERS
 V.8.4. 
V.8.4
 V.8.5. 
V.8.5
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V.8.6
  
THE KING'S CLAIM ON MONASTIC HOSPITALITY
  
THEIR MAGNITUDE: A REFLECTION OF THE CLOSE ALLIANCE OF CHURCH AND STATE
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THE MAIN HOUSE
  
Layout and function
  
Materials and mode of construction
  
Separation of common & private rooms
  
Housing capacity
  
Number and composition of officers of state in the emperor's train
  
Other supporting forces
  
KITCHEN, BAKE AND BREW HOUSE FOR THE DISTINGUISHED GUESTS
 V.8.7. 
V.8.7
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V.8.8
  
ERASURE OF OUTLINES AND DESTRUCTION OF EXPLANATORY TITLE
  
PRESUMPTIVE PURPOSE
  
DIMENSIONS AND HOUSING CAPACITY
  
CONSTRUCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS
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V. 9
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V.9.1
  
ROYAL DIRECTIVES
  
STRESSES LEADING TO DIVISION INTO INNER AND OUTER SCHOOLS
  
DISTINGUISHED TEACHERS
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V.9.2
  
LAYOUT & MEANING OF EXPLANATORY TITLES
  
NUMBER OF STUDENTS
 V.9.3. 
V.9.3
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V. 10
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V.10.1
  
THE PHYSICIAN NOT A PRIMARY MONASTIC OFFICIAL
  
CASSIODORUS ON THE ART OF HEALING
  
STUDY & TRANSMISSION OF CLASSICAL MEDICINE
 V.10.2. 
V.10.2
 V.10.3. 
V.10.3
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V.10.4
  
DESCRIPTION OF HOUSE
  
MONASTIC VIEWS ON BLEEDING
  
MEDIEVAL PORTRAYALS OF BLEEDING
  
PHLEBOTOMY: A MEDIEVAL PANACEA
  
FROM PHYSICIAN TO BARBER
  
RELIEF FROM DREARINESS OF DAILY ROUTINE
  
RULES TO BE FOLLOWED IN THE PRACTICE OF BLEEDING
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V. 11
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V.11.1
  
BENEDICTINE AMBIGUITIES
  
CLARIFYING DIRECTIVES ISSUED AT AACHEN
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V.11.2
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THE MAIN BUILDING
  
The chamberlain's hall and workshop
  
Crafts performed in peripheral workshops
  
Presumptive number of craftsmen
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THE ANNEX
  
The crafts performed in the annex
  
Absence of tailors and weavers
 V.11.3. 
V.11.3
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V. 12
 V.12.1. 
V.12.1
 V.12.2. 
V.12.2
 V.12.3. 
V.12.3
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V. 13
 V.13.1. 
V.13.1
 V.13.2. 
V.13.2
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V. 14
 V.14.1. 
V.14.1
 V.14.2. 
V.14.2
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V. 15
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V.15.1
  
THREE IDENTICAL BUILDINGS FOR DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS
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V.15.2
  
MAN-, ANIMAL-, WATER-POWERED? THE ROMAN TRADITION
  
THE MONASTERY A PRIMARY AGENT IN THE HARNESSING OF WATER POWER AND IN DIFFUSING ITS USE
  
EVIDENCE FOR A WATER-POWERED MILL
  
RECONSTRUCTION OF MILLING APPARATUS
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V.15.3
  
MAN- OR WATER-POWERED? CONFLICTING VIEWS
  
EVIDENCE FOR WATER-POWERED TRIP-HAMMERS
  
A SURVIVING MEDIEVAL HYDRAULIC TRIP-HAMMER
  
MONASTIC ECONOMY AND WATER POWER UNDER ST. FRUCTUOSUS
  
FROM CHINA TO EUROPE DURING THE MIGRATION PERIOD?
  
EUROPEAN SOURCES BEFORE MARCO POLO
  
TRIP-HAMMERS WITH VERTICAL PESTLES
  
RECONSTRUCTION OF PILAE ON THE PLAN OF ST. GALL
  
DIETARY IMPORTANCE OF CRUSHED GRAIN IN WESTERN EUROPE
 V.15.4. 
V.15.4
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V. 16
 V.16.1. 
V.16.1
 V.16.2. 
V.16.2
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V.16.3
  
SUBTLE DIFFERENTIATIONS IN DESIGN
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V.16.4
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THE BAKERY
  
The term PISTRINUM
  
Layout and equipment
  
The daily allowance of bread
  
A single cycle of firing and baking
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THE BREWERY
  
From Babylon and Egypt to St. Columban
  
Basic procedures in the making of beer
  
Layout and equipment
  
Replacement of wine by beer in ratio of 1:2
  
Use of hops as a flavoring agent
  
Ural-Altaic origins
  
Earliest medieval mention of hops
  
Work in the bake and brew house: a privilege of the monks
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V. 17
 V.17.1. 
V.17.1
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V.17.2
  
HOUSE OF THE FOWLKEEPERS
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HENHOUSE AND GOOSE HOUSE
  
Layout and design
  
Classical, medieval, and modern parallels
  
Materials and location
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V.17.3
  
LAYOUT AND DESIGN
  
IMPORTANT ROLE OF THE MONASTERY'S HORSES AND OXEN
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MEDIEVAL & PROTOHISTORIC PARALLELS OF THE HOUSE FOR HORSES AND OXEN
  
Royal guesthouses of the Consuetudines Farfenses
  
Monks' dormitory in the monastery of St. Wandrille
  
Protohistoric houses of similar design
  
Reconstruction
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V.17.4
  
LAYOUT AND DESIGN
  
MILK AND CHEESE: PRIMARY ITEMS IN THE MONKS' DIET
  
MEDIEVAL PARALLELS
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V.17.5
  
LAYOUT AND DESIGN
  
MATING AND BREEDING
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V.17.6
  
LAYOUT AND DESIGN
  
MANAGEMENT OF SIZE OF HERD
  
MILK PRODUCTION
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V.17.7
  
LAYOUT AND DESIGN
  
A FARROWING PEN
  
MEAT FOR THE SERFS, AND FOR THE YOUNG AND SICK MONKS
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V.17.8
  
LAYOUT AND DESIGN
  
MEAT, MILK, AND WOOL
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V. 18
 V.18.1. 
V.18.1
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V.18.2
  
INDIVIDUAL PRIVIES
  
COMMUNAL PRIVIES
  
DIFFERENT ORIGINS
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V.18.3
  
THE PUBLIC ROMAN LATRINE
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RATIO OF TOILET SEATS TO NUMBER OF USERS
  
On the Plan of St. Gall
  
In modern building codes
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V.18.4
  
THE MONASTERY: A PLANNED SOCIETY
  
DIFFERENCE IN UNDERLYING PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTS
  
ARCHITECTURAL IMPLICATIONS
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V.18.5
  
MONKS' LATRINE IN THE MONASTERY OF CLUNY II
  
THE MONKS' LATRINE OF CHRISTCHURCH MONASTERY AT CANTERBURY
  
OTHER MONASTIC PRIVIES AND WATER-FLUSHED CHANNELS FOR WASTE
  
VARIATION IN ARRANGEMENT OF SEATS
  
DISPOSAL OF WASTE BY WATER: AN URBAN, NOT A RURAL PRACTICE
  
PHILOSOPHICAL IMPLICATIONS
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VI
  
INTRODUCTION
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VI. 1
 VI.I.I. 
VI.I.I
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VI.1.2
  
CONCERNING THE WIDTH AND THE LENGTH OF GOZBERT'S CHURCH
  
CONCERNING THE LAYOUT OF THE TRANSEPT AND THE CHOIR OF GOZBERT'S CHURCH
 VI.1.3. 
VI.1.3
 VI.1.4. 
VI.1.4
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VI. 2
 VI.2.1. 
VI.2.1
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VI.2.2
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EAST RANGE
  
Chapter house
  
Inner parlor
  
Supply room
  
SOUTH RANGE
  
WEST RANGE
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VI.2.3
  
AREA EAST OF THE CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS
  
AREA SOUTH OF THE CONVENTUAL COMPLEX
  
AREA NORTH OF THE CLOISTER
  
AREA WEST OF THE CONVENTUAL COMPLEX
  
IRREGULAR SHAPE OF ODILO'S CLOISTER YARD
 VI.2.4. 
VI.2.4
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VI. 3
 VI.3.1. 
VI.3.1
 VI.3.2. 
VI.3.2
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VI.3.3
  
CHAPTER HOUSE
  
INNER PARLOR
  
NOVITIATE
  
ABBOT'S HOUSE
  
WARMING ROOM
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VI. 4
 VI.4.1. 
VI.4.1
 VI.4.2. 
VI.4.2
 VI.4.3. 
VI.4.3
 VI. 5. 
VI. 5
  
EPILOGUE
  
[subsection]
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VI.6
  
EXTENT OF EXCAVATIONS
  
THE GALLUS HORIZON: A.D. 612 (- 1.20M) THE OTMAR HORIZONS: A.D. 719 (± 0.86M TO - 0.75M)
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THE GOZBERT HORIZON: A.D. 830-836 (± 0.00M TO - 0.10M)
  
THE NAVE
  
UNIDENTIFIABLE FEATURES
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GOZBERT'S CHURCH AND THE CHURCH OF THE PLAN OF ST. GALL
  
THE NAVE
  
THE CRYPT
  
TRANSEPT AND PRESBYTERY

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THE MONKS' LATRINE OF CHRISTCHURCH
MONASTERY AT CANTERBURY

An early graphical portrayal of such a latrine is the Norman
necessarium shown on the famous plan of the waterworks
of the monastery of Christchurch, Canterbury
(fig. 502), drawn around 1165 by Wibert or one of his
assistants.[681] The foundations and lower portions of the
walls of this privy survive (fig. 503). It was 145 feet long
and 25 feet wide (internal measurements) and in its original
form contained fifty-five toilet seats in a single room, at
intervals of 2 feet, 7 inches, measuring the seats on their
centers. The seats were supported by fifty-three transverse
arches which bridged a fosse flushed by running water.[682]

 
[681]

Two plans of the waterworks of the monastery of Christchurch
are inserted into the Canterbury Psalter on fol. 284v and fol. 285; see
James, 1935, last two plates; for more details on these plans see I, 68-70.

[682]

For a detailed description of the rere-dorter of Christchurch
monastery, see Willis, 1868, 85ff.

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