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The Plan of St. Gall

a study of the architecture & economy of & life in a paradigmatic Carolingian monastery
Horn, Walter William
  
THE PLAN OF ST. GALL
  
[section]
  
[title page]
  
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
  
[dedication]
  
[frontispiece]
  
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
  
FOREWORD
 I. 
CONTENTS: VOLUME I
  
SYNOPSIS OF THE WORK
  
ABBREVIATIONS
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PREFACE
  
THE PLAN AND ITS BUILDINGS: A PRELIMINARY ORIENTATION
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INDEX TO BUILDING NUMBERS OF PLAN
  
VERZEICHNIS DER GEBÄUDENUMMERN IM PLAN
  
INDEX TO PLAN: VERZEICHNIS ZUM PLAN: INDEX DU PLAN
  
[section]

collapse sectionI. 
I
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I. 1
  
INTRODUCTION
 I.1.1. 
I.1.1
 I.1.2. 
I.1.2
 I.1.3. 
I.1.3
 I.1.4. 
I.1.4
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I.1.5
  
THE CONTROVERSY ABOUT THE SCALE OF THE PLAN
collapse sectionI.1.6. 
I.1.6
  
OTHER MORE GENERAL WORKS & NEW CRITICAL EDITIONS
 I.1.7. 
I.1.7
collapse sectionI. 2. 
I. 2
 I.2.1. 
I.2.1
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I. 3
 I.3.1. 
I.3.1
 I.3.2. 
I.3.2
 I.3.3. 
I.3.3
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I. 4
 I.4.1. 
I.4.1
 I.4.2. 
I.4.2
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I. 5
 I.5.1. 
I.5.1
 I.5.2. 
I.5.2
 I.5.3. 
I.5.3
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I. 6
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I.6.1
  
ABSENCE OF UNDERDRAWING
  
ABSENCE OF GUIDING CONSTRUCTION LINES IN THE ALIGNMENT OF BUILDINGS
  
ABSENCE OF GUIDING UNDERDRAWING IN THE INTERNAL LAYOUT OF INDIVIDUAL BUILDINGS
  
ABSENCE OF CENTER POINTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCLES
  
ANGULAR DISTORTIONS CAUSED BY A SHIFT IN THE RELATIVE POSITION OF ORIGINAL AND OVERLAY
  
INCOMPATIBILITY BETWEEN THE FLUID EXECUTION OF THE DRAWING AND THE PRECISE DRAFTSMANSHIP REQUIRED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORIGINAL SCHEME
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I. 7
 I.7.1. 
I.7.1
 I.7.2. 
I.7.2
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I.7.3
  
THE TRANSFER OF HOUSES FOR THE WORKMEN AND CRAFTSMEN FROM AN EXTRAMURAL TO AN INTRAMURAL LOCATION
  
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SEPARATE QUARTERS FOR VISITING MONKS
  
THE TRANSFER OF THE SCHOOL FOR LAYMEN AND SECULAR PRIESTS TO A LOCATION OUTSIDE THE CLAUSTRUM
 I.7.4. 
I.7.4
 I. 8. 
I. 8
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I. 9
collapse sectionI.9.1. 
I.9.1
  
CONCEPTUAL AFFINITIES WITH COLOGNE CATHEDRAL
  
RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY
  
LIKELIHOOD OF HILDEBOLD'S INVOLVEMENT IN ORIGINAL SCHEME
  
AN ORNAMENTAL DETAIL SUGGESTING THE COURT SCHOOL AS THE CONCEPTUAL HOME OF THE PROTOTYPE PLAN
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I. 10
 I.10.1. 
I.10.1
 I.10.2. 
I.10.2
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I. 11
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I.11.1
  
REINHARDT, 1952
  
POESCHEL, 1957
  
REINLE, 1963-4
 I.11.2. 
I.11.2
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I. 12
 I.12.1. 
I.12.1
 I.12.2. 
I.12.2
 I.12.3. 
I.12.3
 I.12.4. 
I.12.4
 I.12.5. 
I.12.5
 I.12.6. 
I.12.6
 I.12.7. 
I.12.7
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I. 13
 I.13.1. 
I.13.1
 I.13.2. 
I.13.2
 I.13.3. 
I.13.3
 I.13.4. 
I.13.4
 I.13.5. 
I.13.5
 I.13.6. 
I.13.6
 I.13.7. 
I.13.7
 I.13.8. 
I.13.8
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I. 14
 I.14.1. 
I.14.1
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I.14.2
  
CONTRADICTORY TITLES NOT PART OF THE ORIGINAL SCHEME
  
THE TITLES NOT THE DRAWING REFLECT THE INTENT OF THE ORIGINAL SCHEME
  
THE DRAWING NOT THE TITLES SHOULD BE TRUSTED
  
THE INCONSISTENCIES NOT PART OF THE ORIGINAL CONCEPT BUT A CORRECTIVE MEASURE
  
CONFLICTING VIEWS ON SCALE OF THE PLAN
  
IMPROPER TEXTUAL EXEGESIS
  
ANACHRONISM IN MENSURATION
  
EARLY EXPRESSION OF THE VIEW THAT THE PLAN WAS DRAWN TO A CONSISTENT SCALE
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I.14.3
  
A WORD OF CAUTION
  
THE 2½-FOOT MODULE (STANDARD MODULE)
  
THE 40-FOOT MODULE (LARGE MODULE)
  
THE 160-FOOT MODULE (SUPER MODULE)
  
THE 1¼-FOOT MODULE (SUBMODULE)
 I.14.4. 
I.14.4
 I.14.5. 
I.14.5
 I.14.6. 
I.14.6
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I.14.7
  
THE CELLAR
  
SCRIPTORIUM & NORTHERN TRANSEPT ARM
  
THE MEDICINAL GARDEN
  
THE HOUSES FOR THE COWS AND THE FOALING MARES
 I.14.8. 
I.14.8
 I.14.9. 
I.14.9
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I. 15
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I.15.1
  
A UNION OF SCHEMATISM & REALISM
 I. 16. 
I. 16
 I. 17. 
I. 17
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II
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II. 1
  
INTRODUCTION
 II.1.1. 
II.1.1
 II.1.2. 
II.1.2
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II.1.3
  
CONNECTION WITH IRELAND?
  
CALL TOWERS OR FUNERARY LIGHT TOWERS?
  
BELL TOWERS OR TOWERS OF DEFENSE AND SURVEILLANCE?
  
THE EIGHT-LOBED ROSETTE: A STELLAR AND APOTROPAIC SYMBOL
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II.1.4
  
ALTAR OF ST. PETER
 II.1.5. 
II.1.5
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II.1.6
  
CHOIR OF ST. PETER
  
BAPTISMAL FONT AND ALTAR
  
ALTAR OF THE SAVIOR AT THE CROSS & THE PLACE OF WORSHIP FOR LAYMEN
  
AMBO
  
LECTERNS FOR READING
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II.1.7
  
THE CROSSING SQUARE AND ITS FURNISHINGS
  
SOUTHERN TRANSEPT ARM
  
NORTHERN TRANSEPT ARM
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II.1.8
  
HIGH ALTAR: ST. MARY AND ST. GALL
  
WALL BENCHES
  
TOMB OF ST. GALL AND ITS RELATION TO THE CRYPT
collapse sectionII.1.9. 
II.1.9
  
ALTAR OF ST. PAUL
  
SYNTHRONON
collapse sectionII.1.10. 
II.1.10
  
OUTER CRYPT
  
INNER CRYPT
 II.1.11. 
II.1.11
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II.1.12
  
LAYOUT
  
LOCATION
  
ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION
  
READING COLLECTION
  
MAIN LIBRARY
  
WRITING POSTURE AND VARIOUS CLASSES OF SCRIBES
  
METHOD OF CATALOGING AND SHELVING BOOKS
  
NUMBER OF SCRIBES & COLLABORATION
  
DAILY WORK SPAN
  
A NOBLE OR BACKBREAKING TASK?
 II.1.13. 
II.1.13
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II. 2
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II.2.1
  
MATERIAL AND WALL THICKNESS
  
ELEVATION
  
COLUMNS
  
CROSSING
  
CRYPT
  
WINDOWS
  
ROOF
  
ROOF COVERING
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II.2.2
  
GEORG DEHIO (1887) & JOSEPH HECHT (1924)
  
HANS REINHARDT (1937 and 1952)
  
ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR OF DEHIO'S INTERPRETATION
  
WOLFGANG SCHÖNE (1960)
  
ADOLF REINLE (1963-64)
collapse sectionII. 3. 
II. 3
 II.3.1. 
II.3.1
 II.3.2. 
II.3.2
 II.3.3. 
II.3.3
 II.3.4. 
II.3.4
 II.3.5. 
II.3.5
 II.3.6. 
II.3.6
 II.3.7. 
II.3.7
 II.3.8. 
II.3.8
 II.3.9. 
II.3.9
collapse sectionII.3.10. 
II.3.10
  
PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF THE GRID OF SQUARES
  
MEDITERRANEAN OR NORTHERN ROOTS: A DIVISION OF MINDS
  
INCREASING PROPENSITY FOR MODULAR SPACE DIVISION IN PRE-CAROLINGIAN AND CAROLINGIAN ARCHITECTURE NORTH OF THE ALPS
  
NEW LITURGICAL NEEDS CONTRIBUTING TO MODULAR SPACE DIVISION
  
MODULAR SPACE DIVISION: AN INTRINSIC FEATURE OF PREHISTORIC, PROTOHISTORIC, AND MEDIEVAL WOOD CONSTRUCTION
  
MODULAR AREA DIVISION: AN INTRINSIC FEATURE IN THE LAYOUT AND DESIGN OF ILLUMINATED PAGES IN HIBERNO-SAXON AND CAROLINGIAN MANUSCRIPTS
  
MODULAR AREA DIVISION: AN INTELLECTUAL PRINCIPLE AFFECTING THE CONCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION IN THE RELATIONSHIP OF CHURCH AND STATE
  
SETBACK AND RE-EMERGENCE
collapse sectionIII. 
III
collapse sectionIII. 1. 
III. 1
 III.1.1. 
(III.1.1)
 III.1.2. 
III.1.2
 III.1.3. 
III.1.3
collapse sectionIII.1.4. 
III.1.4
  
DIMENSIONS
  
THE PUZZLE OF THE SAVIN PLANT
  
THE GALLERIED PORCHES
collapse sectionIII.1.5. 
III.1.5
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Dormitory
  
HOW THE MONKS ARE TO SLEEP
  
LAYOUT OF THE BEDS
  
FEARS OF THE VIGILANT ABBOT
  
ABSENCE OF STAIRS
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Warming room
  
METHOD OF HEATING
  
PURPOSE
  
RECONSTRUCTION
collapse sectionIII.1.6. 
III.1.6
  
LAYOUT
  
A STRANGE VISIT AT NIGHT: ITS SANITARY, MORAL, AND ARCHITECTURAL IMPLICATIONS
  
TIMES SET FORMALLY ASIDE FOR THE USE OF THE PRIVY
collapse sectionIII.1.7. 
III.1.7
  
CONCEPT OF CLEANLINESS & DIRECTIVES CONCERNING THE USE OF BATHS
  
NUMBER, LOCATIONS & LAYOUT OF FACILITIES FOR BATHING & WASHING
collapse sectionIII.1.8. 
III.1.8
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Refectory
  
TABLES AND BENCHES
  
READER'S PULPIT
  
CUPBOARDS
  
LACK OF FACILITIES FOR HEATING
  
LAYOUT OF TABLES AND BENCHES IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
  
NUMBER AND HOURS OF MEALS OF THE MONKS
  
THE MONKS' DIET
  
MONKS' BEHAVIOR DURING THE MEAL
  
THE READER
  
THE SERVERS
  
WHO IS ADMITTED BESIDE THE MONKS
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Vestiary
  
WHAT CLOTHES THE MONKS ARE TO WEAR
collapse sectionIII.1.9. 
III.1.9
  
LAYOUT AND FURNISHINGS
  
DESIGN OF COOKING RANGE
  
ARCHITECTURAL SHELL
  
KITCHEN UTENSILS
  
RULES GOVERNING WORK IN THE KITCHEN
collapse sectionIII.1.30. 
III.1.30
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Cellar
  
LAYOUT, DESIGN, AND DIMENSIONS OF CASKS
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THE BARRELS IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
  
An invention of the Celts
  
Egyptian & Greco-Roman methods of storing wine
  
The barrel: constructional & viticultural advantages
  
The oldest extant barrel and the earliest visual representations
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THE MEASURE OF WINE AND BEER ALLOWED TO THE MONKS
  
Conflicting views among the early fathers
  
No difference in alcoholic content between ancient and modern wines
  
The hemina of St. Benedict: Charlemagne's attempts to establish its value
  
The Carolingian inflation of capacity measures
  
The probable daily allowance of wine at the time The Plan of St. Gall was drawn
  
ARE THE BARRELS DRAWN TO SCALE AND SCALED TO NEED?
  
CONCLUSION
  
LACK OF FACILITIES FOR THE PRESSING OF GRAPES
  
Larder
collapse sectionIII.1.11. 
III.1.11
  
ITS DUAL ROLE: CONVERSATION WITH VISITORS & WASHING OF FEET
  
MANDATUM FRATRUM AND MANDATUM HOSPITUM
collapse sectionIII. 2. 
III. 2
 III.2.1. 
III.2.1
 III.2.2. 
III.2.2
collapse sectionIII.2.3. 
III.2.3
  
LAYOUT OF THE CLOISTER
  
NOVICES AND THEIR SUPERVISORS
  
DIET AND CLOTHING
collapse sectionIII.2.4. 
III.2.4
  
LAYOUT OF THE CLOISTER
  
CARE OF THE SICK: THEIR DIETARY PREROGATIVES
  
ADMISSION TO INFIRMARY
 III.2.5. 
III.2.5
collapse sectionIII.2.6. 
III.2.6
  
ITS CLASSICISM
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ROMAN IMPERIAL PROTOTYPES
  
Constantine's basilica at Trier
  
The porticus villa at Konz
  
Other porticus villas in the territory of the Salian Franks
  
Could they still be seen in Carolingian times?
collapse sectionIII.2.7. 
III.2.7
  
THREE SEPARATE CLOISTERS: AN ANSWER TO MONASTIC STRATIFICATION
  
AXIALITY OF CHURCHES: A PRINCIPLE INHERITED FROM EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE
  
GROUPING OF BUILDING MASSES: A TRANSFER TO SITE ORGANIZATION OF PRINCIPLES DEVELOPED IN BOOK ILLUMINATION
 III.2.8. 
III.2.8
collapse sectionIII. 3. 
III. 3
 III.3.1. 
III.3.1
 III.3.2. 
III.3.2
 III.3.3. 
III.3.3
 III.3.4. 
III.3.4
 III.3.5. 
III.3.5
collapse sectionIV. 
IV
  
INTRODUCTION
collapse sectionIV. 1. 
IV. 1
collapse sectionIV.1.1. 
IV.1.1
  
AUTHORITY AND OBLIGATION
  
ELECTIVITY OF OFFICE
  
MANORIAL POWER AND MILITARY OBLIGATIONS
 IV.1.2. 
IV.1.2
 IV.1.3. 
IV.1.3
 IV.1.4. 
IV.1.4
 IV.1.5. 
IV.1.5
 IV.1.6. 
IV.1.6
 IV.1.7. 
IV.1.7
 IV.1.8. 
IV.1.8
 IV.1.9. 
IV.1.9
 IV.1.10. 
IV.1.10
 IV.1.11. 
IV.1.11
 IV.1.12. 
IV.1.12
collapse sectionIV. 2. 
IV. 2
 IV.2.1. 
IV.2.1
 IV.2.2. 
IV.2.2
collapse sectionIV.2.3. 
IV.2.3
  
OPUS DEI
  
LECTIO DIVINA
  
OPUS MANUUM
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IV. 3
collapse sectionIV.3.1. 
IV.3.1
  
FAMILIA INTUS
  
FAMILIA FORIS
collapse sectionIV. 4. 
IV. 4
 IV.4.1. 
IV.4.1
 IV.4.2. 
IV.4.2
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IV. 5
 IV.5.1. 
IV.5.1
collapse sectionIV. 6. 
IV. 6
collapse sectionIV.6.1. 
IV.6.1
  
RESPONSIBLE MONASTIC OFFICIALS
  
MANAGEMENT BY MONKS OR BY LAYMEN?
  
SIZE
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IV. 7
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IV.7.1
  
IMPROVEMENT OF TREES BY GRAFTING
  
IMPROVED METHODS IN MANAGEMENT: BREEDING OF LIVESTOCK
  
NEW STANDARDS IN MANAGERIAL PRACTICE AND THEORY
collapse sectionIV.7.2. 
IV.7.2
  
NEW OR UNUSUAL HEATING DEVICES
  
SYSTEMATIC USE OF WATER POWER
 IV.7.3. 
IV.7.3
 IV.7.4. 
IV.7.4
 IV.7.5. 
IV.7.5
 IV.7.6. 
IV.7.6
 IV.7.7. 
IV.7.7

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xxvi

Page xxvi

INDEX TO PLAN: VERZEICHNIS ZUM PLAN: INDEX DU PLAN

  • 7. Monks' Cellar below, Larder above

    Wein- und Bierkeller der Mönche im Erdgeschoss,
    Voratskammer im Obergeschoss

    Cellier des moines au rez-de-chaussée, garde-manger
    à l'étage

  • 8. Monks' Kitchen

    Küche der Mönche

    Cuisine des moines

  • 9. Monks' Bake and Brew House

    Bäckerei und Brauerei der Mönche

    Boulangerie et brasserie des moines

  • 10. Kitchen, Bake, and Brew House for Distinguished
    Guests

    Küche, Bäckerei und Brauerei für die vornehmen
    Gäste

    Cuisine, cellier, boulangerie et brasserie des visiteurs
    de marque

  • 11. House for Distinguished Guests

    Haus für vornehme Gäste

    Hôtellerie des visiteurs de marque

  • 12. Outer School

    Äussere Schule

    École extérieure

  • 13. Abbot's House

    Abtshaus

    Maison de l'Abbé

  • 14. Abbot's Kitchen, Cellar, and Bathhouse

    Küche, Keller und Badhaus des Abtes

    Cuisine, cellier et bain de l'Abbé

  • 15. House for Bloodletting

    Aderlasshaus

    Local pour les saignées et purgations

  • 16. House of the Physicians

    Ärtztehaus

    Maison des médecins

  • 17. Novitiate and Infirmary

    Noviziat und Krankenhaus

    Couvent des novices et infirmerie

    • a. Chapel for the Novices

      Kapelle für die Novizen

      Chapelle des novices

    • b. Chapel for the Sick

      Kapelle für die Kranken

      Chapelle des malades

    • c. Cloister of the Novices

      Kloster der Növizen

      Cloître des Novices

    • d. Cloister of the Sick

      Kloster der Kranken

      Cloître des malades

  • 18. Kitchen and Bath for the Sick

    Küche und Bad des Krankenhauses

    Cuisine et bain de l'infirmerie

  • 19. Kitchen and Bath for the Novices

    Küche und Bad des Noviziats

    Cuisine et bain du couvent des novices

  • 20. House of the Gardener

    Gärtnerwohnung

    Maison du jardinier

  • 21. Goosehouse

    Gänsehaus

    Enclos pour les oies

  • 22. House of the Fowlkeepers

    Haus der Hühner- und Gänsewärter

    Maison des gardiens du poulailler et des oies

  • 23. Henhouse

    Hühnerhaus

    Poulailler

  • 24. Granary

    Kornscheune

    Grenier

  • 25. Great Collective Workshop

    Haupthaus der Werkleute

    Ateliers et logis des artisans

  • 26. Annex of Great Collective Workshop

    Nebenhaus der Werkleute

    Annexe du logis des artisans

  • 27. Mill

    Mühle

    Moulin

    • xxvii

    Page xxvii

  • 28. Mortar

    Stampfe

    Mortiers

  • 29. Drying Kiln

    Darre

    Four à sécher les fruits et le grain.

  • 30. House of Coopers and Wheelwrights, and Brewers'
    Granary

    Küferei, Drechslerei, und Getreidehaus für die Brauer

    Maison des tonneliers et charrons, et aire de battage
    du grain pour la brasserie

  • 31. Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers

    Pilger- und Armenhaus

    Hospice des pèlerins et des pauvres

  • 32. Kitchen, Bake, and Brew House for Pilgrims and
    Paupers

    Küche, Bäckerei und Brauerei für die Pilger

    Cuisine, boulangerie et brasserie des pèlerins et des
    pauvres

  • 33. House for Horses and Oxen and Their Keepers

    Haus für Pferde und Ochsen und ihrer Wärter

    Étable à boeufs, écurie et logement des bouviers et
    palefreniers

  • 34. House for the Vassals and Knights who travel in the
    Emperor's Following (identification not certain)

    Haus für des Kaisers Gefolgschaft (Identifizierung
    nich gesichert)

    Maison pour la suite de l'empereur (identification
    incertaine)

  • 35. House for Sheep and Shepherds

    Haus für die Schafe und Schafhirten

    Bergerie et logements des bergers

  • 36. House for Goats and Goatherds

    Haus für die Ziegen und Ziegenhirten

    Étable aux chèvres et logement des chevriers

  • 37. House for Cows and Cowherds

    Haus für die Kühe und Kuhhirten

    Étable aux vaches et logement des vachers

  • 38. House for Servants of Outlying Estates and for
    Servants Traveling with the Emperor's Court
    (not certain, cf. No. 34)

    Haus für die Knechte von abliegenden Besitzungen
    und für Knechte in der Gefolgschaft des Kaisers
    (unsicher, cf. No. 34)

    Maison des domestiques de ferme et des serviteurs
    faisant partie de la suite de l'empereur (incertain,
    cf. No. 34)

  • 39. House for Swine and Swineherds

    Haus für die Schweine und Schweinehirten

    Porcherie et logement des porchers

  • 40. House for Brood Mares and Foals and Their Keepers

    Haus für die trächtige Stuten und Füllen und ihrer
    Wärter

    Écurie des juments et poulains et logement des
    palefreniers

    W. Monks' Cloister Yard

    Klostergarten der Mönche

    Cloître des moines

    X. Monks' Vegetable Garden

    Gemüsegarten der Mönche

    Jardin des moines

    Y. Monks' Cemetery and Orchard

    Friedhof und Obstgarten

    Cimetière et verger

    Z. Medicinal Herb Garden

    Garten für Heilkräuter

    Jardin médicinal

[ILLUSTRATION]

SILVER COIN. ABOUT 804

Phillip Grierson Collection, Cambridge
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