As ruler [the tyrant] Chou put the people's strength to work,[2]
and imposed unjust and cruel commands on the populace, while
lamentable and wicked deeds were loosed upon the great ministers.
His underlings were not trustworthy, and the people were bitter
and resentful. For these reasons the empire rebelled, wishing to
be under King Wên; [the tyrant] Chou brought it on himself.
Though he had the rank of emperor and the wealth of the empire,
[3]
when the armies of Chou arrived, his commands were not carried
out by his attendants. Alas, in that time [of extremity], though
he had sought [the status of] an ordinary man, he could not have
achieved [so much]. The Ode says,
[4]
Yin's rightful heir to the heavenly seat[5]
Was not permitted to possess the kingdom.[6]