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Notes
[Wace,] La partie Arthurienne du roman de Brut, ed. I. D. O. Arnold and M. M. Pelan (Paris, 1962); Layamon, Brut, ed. G. L. Brook and R. F. Leslie, E.E.T.S. o.s. 250, 278 (Oxford, 1963 — 78); Robert Mannyng of Brunne, The Story of England, ed. F. J. Furnivall, Rolls Series (London, 1887).
HRB, ed. Wright, § 163. The only difference between the vulgate version in vol. i and the First Variant version in vol. ii of this edition is that the variant has rex Micorum for the vulgate's rex Itureorum. That need not concern us.
Wace added Moors to the list, which Layamon replaced with Ethiopia, and Mannyng deleted; Mannyng also replaced Wace and Layamon's Phrygia and Ituraea with Frisia and Tyre respectively: see La partie Arthuriene du roman de Brut, lines 2546 — 64 (= p. 105); Layamon, Brut, lines 12657 — 66 (= ii 662); Mannyng, lines 11945 — 61 (= i 418).
For T see Morte Arthure, ed. Hamel, lines 572 — 605, for the two Malory texts Sir Thomas Malory, Works, ed. Eugène Vinaver and P. J. C. Field (Oxford, 1990), p. 193. All Malory references are to this edition unless otherwise indicated.
The names in Col. 1 are from Geoffrey, Wace, Layamon, and Robert Mannyng, rearranged to the order of cols. 2 — 4.
Caxton's Malory, ed. James Spisak, 2 vols (Berkeley, Calif., 1983), p. 123; Malory, Works, ed. Vinaver, 3 vols (Oxford, 1947, revised 1948, 1967, 1973), p. 193.
Hamel, lines 572, 603W. She also emends T's and to þe in line 578 and (following Banks) Bayous to Barons in line 587.
See for instance, "The Play of the Sacrament from Croxton," ed. in David Bevington, Medieval Drama (Boston, 1975) at p. 760. This play was composed in Malory's time in the East Midlands.
W. W. Greg, "The Rationale of Copy-Text," in his Collected Papers, ed. J. C. Max-well (Oxford, 1966), pp. 374 — 391, at p. 384.
Hamel, pp. 5 — 14; Malory, Works, pp. c — cvi; P. J. C. Field, "The Earliest Texts of Le Morte Darthur," Poetica (Tokyo), 37 (1993), 18 — 31.
Hamel, pp. 5 — 14. For some observations on Malory's manuscript of Morte Arthure, see P. J. C. Field, "'Above Rubies': Malory and Morte Arthure 2559 — 61," Notes & Queries 240 (1995), 29 — 30; and "Malory, Mordred, and Morte Arthure," in Studies in the Romance Narrative of Medieval Britain, ed. Jennifer Fellows et al. (Cardiff, 1995).
Ernest Langlois, Table des names propres de toute nature compris dans les chansons de geste (New York, 1971), cited by Dr Hamel, most relevantly gives Albeigne and Aubainne. Cf. Aubanie in Perlesvaus (L.-F. Flutre, Table des noms propres avec toutes leurs variantes figurant dans les romans du moyen âge écrits en fran&c.edil;ais ou en proven&c.edil;al [Poitiers, 1962] s.v.); and Wace's Aube (line 3091) from Geoffrey's Albam fluvium.
Johann Graesse et al., Orbis Latinus (Budapest, 1972), s.vv. Albae pagus, Albemarla, Albium Ingaunum.
See G. Thomas Tanselle, "Classical, Biblical, and Medieval Textual Criticism," Studies in Bibliography 36 (1983), 21 — 68, esp. 45 — 47.
See Tanselle, pp. 48 — 49 and passim. For some objections to the principle of final authorial intention see Jerome McGann, A Critique of Modern Textual Criticism (Chicago, 1983), including the problems raised by the writings of Walter Savage Landor, whose progressive insanity and obsessive tinkering left his poems in a variety of conflicting and inadequately dated drafts.
So Tanselle, p. 42 (who explains that paradosis means roughly the reading supplied by the tradition). Cf. also George Kane, "Conjectural Emendation," in Medieval Literature and Civilization: Studies in Memory of G. N. Garmonsway, ed. D. A. Pearsall and R. A. Waldron (London, 1969), pp. 155 — 169.
See Robert H. Williams, "Malory's 'French Book' Again," Comparative Literature, 2 (1950), 172 — 181.
For another application of probability to textual criticism in the Morte Darthur, cf. Yuji Nakao, "An Aspect of Caxton as Editor: His Treatment of Initial Connectives in Le Morte Darthur," in Theoretical and Descriptive Studies of the English Language, ed. Yoshinobu Niwa, Yuji Nakao, and Masahiko Kanno (Tokyo, 1992), pp. 123 — 137.
MA was composed between the completion of Mandeville's Travels and the copying of T (say 1357/1440), Malory probably began the MD in 1468 and completed it in 1470, and W was in Caxton's printing shop by 1483: Hamel, pp. 3, 52; Mandeville, Travels, ed. Seymour, p. xiii; P. J. C. Field, The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Malory (Cambridge, 1993), p. 143; Lotte Hellinga, "The Malory Manuscript and Caxton," Aspects of Malory, ed. Toshiyuki Takamiya and Derek Brewer (Cambridge, 1981), pp. 127 — 141, at p. 134.
"Principles of Textual Emendation," in Studies in French Language and Mediaeval Literature presented to Professor Mildred K. Pope (Manchester, 1939), pp. 351 — 369, at p. 362.
R. W. Ackerman, An Index of the Arthurian Names in Middle English (Stanford, 1952); Flutre, op. cit.; G. D. West, An Index of Proper Names in French Arthurian Verse Romances 1150 — 1300 (Toronto, 1969); ibid., An Index of Proper Names in French Arthurian Prose Romances (Toronto, 1978), s.nn.
For Alexandria see Alysaundir (C : Alysaunder) at Works, p. 231.15. For the personal name Alexander in Malory, see Tomomi Kato, A Concordance to the Works of Sir Thomas Malory (Tokyo, 1974), s.n.
Yuji Nakao, "Does Malory really Revise His Vocabulary? — Some Negative Evidence," Poetica 25 — 26 (1987), 93 — 109; Works, pp. 1748 — 49; P. J. C. Field, "Caxton's Roman War," Arthuriana, 5.2 (1995), 31 — 73.
Such a decision, although not our concern here, would plainly need to take account of the ways Caxton spells the name of Alexander the Great (Alexander, Alisander, Alysaunder, Alysaundre) elsewhere in his own prose: see A Concordance to Caxton's Own Prose, ed. Kiyokazu Mizobata (Tokyo, 1990), s.vv.
H. O. Sommer's (1888 — 91) and Spisak's editions of the Caxton both give Alysaunder in their texts; Sommer's index of names, followed by Ackerman's Index, implies that it means "Alexander," Bert Dillon's in Spisak's edition (s.v. Alysaundrye, but not giving the form) that it means "Alexandria."
Jeremy J. Smith, "Some Spellings in Caxton's Malory," Poetica 24 (1986), 58 — 63. The Middle English Dictionary gives one instance of hermonye "Armenia," from Piers Plowman C viii.173.
Albert Foulet and Mary Speer, On Editing Old French Texts (Lawrence, Kansas, 1979), p. 85. Cf. T. A. Shippey, The Road to Middle Earth (London, 1992), pp. 15 — 19, and particularly his observations on Gibbon's Hermanric at p. 15.
See Foulet and Speer, p. 76; Works, p. 1754 (note to pp. 170.31, 717.8). Vinaver's Malory editions normalized some inserts from C to the spelling of W and left others as they were. I did not attempt to make the 1990 revision consistent in this respect.
See for instance Hamel's note to MA 292, and Vinaver's Galahalte at Works (1973), p. 888.20 (which I changed to Galahad in 1990).
P. J. C. Field, "Malory and The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell," Archiv 219 (1982), 374 — 381. Insofar as there are any non-scribal linguistic features, they may come not from the author but from his source.
A. T. Martin, "The Identity of the Author of the Morte Darthur," Archaeologia 56 (1898), 165 — 182; Field, Life and Times, pp. 8 — 10 and passim.
William Matthews, The Ill-Framed Knight (Berkeley, 1966); Field, Life and Times, pp. 11 — 24 and passim.
Angus McIntosh, review of William Matthews, The Ill-Framed Knight (Berkeley, 1966) in Medium Aevum 37 (1968), 346 — 348.
Ermonye, Asye, Macedonye, Arabye, Turkye, Surrye: see Mandeville, ed. Seymour, index nominum, s.nn.
There and elsewhere in the Morte Darthur (when the phrase is not part of a personal name) W reads oute Iles: Works, pp. 189.23 — 24, 231.15 — 16, 343.11. The first two of these occurrences are in the Roman War story; the first has no counterpart in Morte Arthure, the second corresponds to owte landes: Hamel, lines 338, 2607. Cf. Dillon's index of names in Spisak, ii 838, s.vv.
Here I emend W's to Damyake to Damyat as above, and its and to to to: for other instances of intruded and in W, see Works, p. 1756, notes to pp. 336.12 — 15 and 346.22 — 24.
P. J. C. Field, "Sir Robert Malory, Prior of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem in England (1432 — 1439/40)," Journal of Ecclesiastical History 28 (1977), 249 — 264.
The Malory in question might even have been Sir Thomas's younger brother: Field, "Sir Robert Malory," p. 260 and n. 8.
Ackerman, p. 227; Works, p. 1699; Dillon in Spisak, ii 845. The identification apparently derives ultimately from Le Morte Darthur, ed. H. O. Sommer (London, 1889 — 91), ii 179.
Cf. O.E.D., s.v. tars; Chaucer, Works, ed. W. W. Skeat, 7 vols (Oxford, 1894 — 97), note to Canterbury Tales A1260; Mandeville, Travels, ed. Seymour, index nominum, s.v. Tartary, cloth of.
The Alexander-romance from which the poet took the Priamus incident was called Li Fuerres de Gadres.
Sally Shaw, "Caxton's Malory," in Essays on Malory, ed. J. A. W. Bennett (Oxford, 1963), pp. 114 — 145 at pp. 130, 137 — 138.
For signs that Malory's geographical knowledge did not extend far into continental Europe, see P. J. C. Field, "Malory's Place-Names: Roone and the Low Country," Notes & Queries, 230 (1985), 452 — 453; and "Malory's Place-Names: Westminster Bridge and Virvyn," Notes & Queries, 232 (1987), 292 — 295.
Knowledge and colonization of the Cape Verdes, Canaries, Madeiras, Azores, and Greenland came and went in the middle ages: cf. J. H. Parry, The Age of Reconnaissance (London, 1963), pp. 5, 146 — 162. If the poet knew them, he may have thought they were implied in the continental territories he named, or that they were not important enough to mention, especially if he thought of them as uninhabited.
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