Appendix
List of Linguistic Alterations made by the S-scribe when copying
from
A
This list aims at completeness.[1] For the sake of brevity and
simplicity the
quotation of variants not relevant to the feature being illustrated is avoided
(as far as possible) by printing the most common variant without
qualification. No references are given and alterations in word-division (e.g.
A a-boute > S aboute) are not noticed. For convenience the alterations
are numbered consecutively, having been arranged in alphabetical order
(ʒ counting as y, y as i, if
appropriate) according to sound, ME spelling, or PresE equivalent.
Variation in the spelling of vowels in unstressed syllables is dealt with
under e. A number in round brackets after a form in S
indicates
the number of times that particular alteration is made. When no such
number is given the alteration may be assumed to occur once only.
Instances which occur at the end of a line or over a line-division are noted
separately but when such instances form part
of a total that total is given first, e.g. A þe> S
þe (6, 4 at
line end), where 6 is the total number of instances of which 4 occur at the
end of a line. A semi-colon is used to separate sub-sections, and the
following abbreviations and signs are used: C = consonant; V = vowel;
[square brackets] enclose supplied letters not in the MS; <diamond
brackets> enclose letters written by the scribe in error; > = 'is
altered to'; < = 'altered from'; + = 'followed by'. Bibliographical
references to Dobson and Jordan indicate respectively: E. J. Dobson,
English Pronunciation 1500-1700 (1968 edn), and R. Jordan,
Handbuch der mittelenglischen Grammatik (1968 edn).
-
1 ME /ai/
- 1.1 A maistiris > S meystiris; 1.2 A aray, chayer, fayre >
S arai, chaier', faire (2); 1.3 A seide > S saide (3); 1.4 A heith
'height', preising > S heyth, preysing'; 1.5 A seyd > S saide (2);
1.6 A ageyn, Godfrey, sey 'say' > S agayne, Godfray, say (4); 1.7 A
eythir > S either; see also 86 they.
- Some words apparently show monophthongization to /ε:/ or
/ε/:—
- In a position of full stress (Dobson, §129):
- 2.1 A receyued > S receued (2)
- In a position of weak stress (Jordan, §247):
- 2.2 A certeyn, merueile v.,
merueyl sb. > S certene, meruell', merue|le
(over line division)
- Monophthongization before /s/ + C (Jordan, §284, Anm. 2)
is probably shown in
- 3.1. A maystir > S master
- By contrast variation in a position of weak or secondary stress
between a form with a monophthong (L -ānus) and a form
with a diphthong (OF -ain) is probably shown in
- 3.2 A Romanes > S Romaynes (2)
-
2 and
- 1 A & > S and (3); 2.1 A and > S & (3, 1 at line
end); 2.2 A and > S and'; 2.3 A and > S ande
-
3 any
- A ony > S any
-
4 ME -aun-
- 1 A strange[2]> S
straunge; 2 A geauntis > S geantes
-
5 but
- A but > S bot (11)
-
6 church
- A cherch > S chirche (2) [beside retention of
cherches once; cf. §41.1.4]
-
7 commune
v.
- A comoun > S comen' [for this variation see
OED
Common v.]
-
8 con-
- A concluded, conteyned > S
concluded,
conteyned
-
9 ME /dʒ/
- A besechid[3] 'besieged'
> S beseged
-
10 -dom
- A Cristendam, wisdam > S Cristendome,
wisdome
-
11 ME /ε:/ and /e:/
- 1 A geestes, leest > S gestis, leste; 2 A citee,
cytees, gees, weel 'well' adv. > S cyte, cytes, ges,
wele
-
12 Final flourish, (?) for -e, added
- 1 A and, child, kyng, schuld, þou, world, ʒou > S and',
child', king' (6), shuld' (4), þou', world', ʒou'; 2 A nek, stryf >
S nekk', striff'; see also 47 final l, 51 final V + n flourished
-
13 Final e added
- A aftirward, ageyn, and, anon, answerd, ask > S
afterwarde (2), agayne, ande, anone (4), answerde (4), aske
(2);
A bak 'back', baptem, beneth, best superl., bird, birden,
birth,
blood, bold, book, both, brak 'broke' > S bake, baptime, beneþe,
beste, birde, berdone, birthe, blode, bolde, boke (7), boþe, brake; A
cam, Capitol, carl, certeyn, charl, cherch, child, chorl, conqwest, cost
'coast', craft, cry, Crist > S came (3), Capitole, carle, certe(y)ne (2),
charle, chirche (2), childe, chorle, conqueste, coste, crafte, crie, Criste (2);
A ded 'did' > S dede; A eld, est > S elde, este; A fast 'near', feld,
ferd 'fared', flood, fond, forth adv., fot > S faste, felde,
ferde, flode, founde (2), forþe (at line end), fote; A gilt
'gilt', gold,
goo inf. & pp., good, goost,
graunt,
gret 'great', ground > S gilte, golde (3), goe, gode (2),
goste, graunte, grete (2), grounde; A hald pr. pl., hand, hast
p.t. 2 sg., hath, hed, held, herd p.t., hy 'high',
hing
'hung', -hod, hool 'whole', hoost > S halde, hande (2), haste, hathe,
hede, helde, herde, hye, henge, -hode, hole, hoste (2); A just
adj. > S juste; A kyng > S kinge (5); A leest, lep
p.t. sg., ly, lych 'like' adv., list 'desired',
lond, lord > S leste, lepe, lye, liche, liste, londe, lorde
(3);
A mad p.t., mech, Melan 'Milan', moost > S made (7),
meche, Melane (2), moste; A ny > S nye; A oth, owt > S oþe,
oute (2); A part > S parte; A rood p.t. sg., roos
p.t.
sg. > rode, rose; A sith 'scythe', slept, soth, ston, stood, strong,
swech > S siþe,
slepte (2), soþe, stone (2), stode (5), stronge (2), sweche; A tak
inf., took, -tok, treuth > S take, toke, -toke, treuþe;
A
þing, þird > S þinge (4), þirde; A weel 'well'
adv., went, werk, west, whom, wold p.t.,
world,
worth, wrong > S wele, wente (2), werke (2), weste, whome, wolde
(3), worlde (2), worthe, wronge; A ʒong > S yonge; see also
34 first, 45 -ing
vbl.n. esp. §45.1.2,
47 Final l esp. §47.1.3, 68 Final
r esp. §68.2, 70 -red, 73 say esp.
§§73.2.2 and 73.3-4, 76 should, 93 which, 99 Doubling
of Consonants, and cf. also §§18 and 23.2
-
14 Final e reduced to flourish
- A grete 'great', oute, stande > S gret' (at line end), out' (at
line end), stand'
-
15 Final e lost
- A distroye, here 'their', Lumbardye, seye 'say', schewe, trewe,
þere > S distroy, her, Lumbardy, sey, shew, trew,
þer
-
16 Medial e added before syllabic
C
- A betokneth > S betokenyth (3)
-
17 Final ed
wk
p.t.
- A besechid, consentid, couchid, inqwirid, kyllid > S beseged,
consented, couched, enquired, killed
-
18 Final ed/de/t
wk p.t.
- 1 A answered > S answerde; 2 A dweld (OE
dwealde) > S dwelt
-
19 Final ed
wk
pp.
- 1 A clepid, cursid, hangid, rehersid, touchid, waschid > S
cleped, cursed, hanged, rehersed, touched, wasshed; 2 A mevyd, receyuyd
> S meued, receued; sim. A nakid adj., fonnyd
adj. > S naked, fonned
-
20 Final el
- 1.1 A sadel > S sadill'; 1.2 A sadill' > S sadell'; 2.1 A
cronicules > S cronicles (2); 2.2 A temple, temples > S tempil,
tempels
-
21 else
- A ellis > S els
-
22 Final em
- A baptem > S baptime, baptym
-
23 Final en
- 1 A birden > S berdone; 2 A bretherin,
breþerin > S bretherne (2); 3 A Latyn > S
Laten
-
24 -ence
- A reuerens > S reuerence
-
25 endure
- A endewre > S endure
-
26 Final er
- 1.1 A aftir, anothir/anoþir, bettir, eythir, neythir,
othir/oþir, sekir merkis, togidir > S after, anoþer (3), better,
either, neyþer, oþer (8), seker<nes>, togeder; 1.2 A aftir,
aftirward, maystir, oþir > S after,
afterwarde
(2, 1 over line division), master, oþer (at
line
end); 1.3 A nevir, vndirtok > S neuyr, vndyrtoke; 2.1 A euyr, gandyr,
neuyr, siluyr, whatsoeuyr > S euer, gander (2), neuer, siluer,
whatsoeuer; 2.2 A aftyrward, euyr, ouyr > S after|warde
(at line end), euer (2), ouer (at line end); 3 A
delyuer > S delyuer
-
27 Final er/er'
- 1.1 A chayer > chaier'; 1.2 A þidir > S þider'; 2.1
A answer', daunger', former', labourer', rider', swyer' >
S answer, daunger, former, labourer, rider, swyer; 2.2 A gander' > S
gandir; 3 A mater' > S mater (3)
-
28 Final er/re
- 1 A Assuer' 'Assuerus' > S Assure; 2 A
Alisaundre, Alisaundr', philisophr',
philisophres
> S Alisaunder (2), Alisaunder', phili<phos>er',
philosop<p>hir', philosophers (2)
-
29 Medial er
- 1 A breþerin, dyuers,
euery, gouerned, mercate,
merueile, serpent, þere,
þerfor, þerto(o) > S bretherne, diuers
(3),
euery (2), gouerned (2), mercate, meruell', serpent
(2), þer(e) (4), þerfore (4), þerto (2); 2 A perle > S
perle
-
30 Final es
pl. and
poss. sg.
- 1.1 A horses, houses, maneres, tales > S horsis, housis,
maneris, talis; 1.2 A stones > S stonys; 2 A Cristis,
geauntis, goddis, handis, kyngis, knytis, potestatis, prestis,
þingis, wallis, ʒiftis > S Cristes (2), geantes, goddes, handes,
kinges (3), knyghtes, potistates, prestes, þinges (5), walles, ʒiftes; 3.1
A myddys > S myddes; 3.2 A dikys > S dykis; 4.1 A
londes > S londes; 4.2 A geestes > S
gestis;
5.1 A guynosopistis > S guynesopistes; 5.2 A myddis,
prophetis > S mydd' (at line end), prophet'
[cf.
A emperouris > S
emperoris (at line end);
perhaps S customes' < A costomes is a "compromise" showing both -es
and the flourish which indicates it]; 6.1 A deueles, keperes, maydenes,
maneres, swieres, temples, Virgiles > S deuels, kepers, maydens,
maners, swyers, tempels, Virgils; 6.2 A counsellouris,
keperis,
legionis > S counselours, kepers, legions
-
31 Final es/zero poss.
sg.
- A þe horses hed > S þe hors hede
-
32 Final eth
pr. 3
sg.
- 1.1 A clepeth > S clepith; 1.2 A betokneth, semeth > S
betokenyth (3), semyth; 2 A lith > S lyeth
-
33 f/ph
- A profecied > S prophicied
-
34 first
- A first > S frist (4, 2 at line end), friste
-
35 MnE -ght
- A brout, hith 'is called', knyth, knytis, knythod, manslauth,
mydnyth, myth > S brought, hight (5), knight, knyghtes, knygh[th]ode,
monslaught, mydnyght (2), myght (3) [beside retention of
knyt
once; absence of gh is also retained in A heith 'height' >
S
heyth, nor is gh added in final position, A hy > S hye, A
ny > S nye, and A's þouʒ is retained]
-
36 give
- A ʒyue > S ʒeue (2) [beside retention of
ʒyue once, and ʒift is also retained
once]
-
37 Initial h
- A (L) os 'mouth' > S hos
-
38 him
- A him(self), him/hym > S hym(—) (13 + 2), hem (2)
[possibly these examples of hem for him/hym
are
errors induced by the context, but such an explanation is not available for
hym for hem at §85.2]
-
39 how
- A who > S whow
-
40 i/y
- 1.1 A dikys, swieres, Tiberius, whi, wise
sb. > S dykis, swyers, Tyber[i]us, why (2), wyse; 1.2 A
cite(e), misteries, priuy, til > S cyte (8), my|steries (over line division),
pryuy, tyll'; see also 38 him; 1.3 A cronicles, satisfie > S
cronycles, saty[s]fie; 1.4 A speciali, testimonie > S
specialy,
testimonye; 1.5 A avoide > S avoyde; 2.1 A cry, dyuers,
enqwyred, fynde, knyth, lych 'like' adv., ouyrrydyng, stryf
> S crie, diuers (2), enquired, finde, knight, liche, ouyrriding', striff';
2.2 A kyllid, kyng, kyngis, kynrod, lytil, tyl > S killed, king'/kinge
(6/5), kinges, kinrede, litill', till'; 2.3 A cronycles,
ordynauns,
prouydens > S cronicles (2), ordinauns, prouidens (2); 2.4
A porphiry, redy, very > S purphiri, redi, verri; 2.5 A distroyed,
(a)voyde > S dis-troied, (a)voide
-
41 i/e
- 1.1 A hing > S henge; 1.2 A togidir > S togeder; 1.3 A
Inglond > S Englond; 1.4 A birden > S berdone; 1.5 A inqwirid
> S enquired; see also 20 Final el; 2.1 A
Brytayne > S Bretayne;[4] 2.2 A
byleue > S beleue; 3 A potestatis, prophecied, worchep
> S
potistates, prophicied (3), worschip; 4.1 A Melan > S Mylane; 4.2 A
cheuesaunce > S cheyuysaunce [the
ey-spelling
in the first syllable is probably a "compromise" employing both
e and y, though properly each was alternative
to the
other]
-
42 i/o
- A philisophr', philisophres, porphiri > S
philosop<p>hir', philosophers, purphori; see also 23 Final
en, esp §23.1
-
43 i/g before n in words
of
OF origin
- A assyned > S assigned
-
44 -ing
pr.p.
- 1.1 A preising > S preysing'; 1.2 A hanging >
S hanging'; 2.1 A ridyng, wakyng > S riding, waking; 2.2 A beryng,
doyng, dwellyng, regnyng, sittyng, standyng > S bering', doing',
dwelling', reigning', sitting', standing'; 2.3 A lyuyng >
S
lyuyng'
-
45 -ing
vbl.n.
- 1.1 A knowyng, ouyrrydyng > S knowing', ouyrriding'; 1.2
A knowyng > S knowinge; 2.1 A comyng, lyuyng > S comyng',
lyuyng' (2); 2.2 A comyng,
cunnyng
sb. > S comyng', connyng' (2)
-
46 -ion
- 1 A rebellion > S rebellioun (2); 2 A
expocicioun > S exposissioun'
-
47 Final l
- 1.1 A wil > S will [cf. A counsellouris > S
counselours]; 1.2 A al, ful, -ful, litil, memorial, principal,
sadel, schal, schul 'should', special, tyl, Vescal 'Vestal',
vessel,
virginal, wal, wel, wil > S all' (4), full' (3), -full', litill' (3),
memoriall' (3), principall' (2), sadill', shall' (5), shull', speciall', tyll' (2),
Vescall', vessell' (2), virginall' (2), wall', well', will' (4), also A fulfill'
> S full'fill' (2); 1.3 A al, ful, til, wil > S alle, fulle, tille, wille (3);
2.1 A Capitol' > S Capitole, and see also 13 Final e added; 2.2 A
Virgil' > S Virgill'; 3 A Virgile > S Virgill'; 4 A all > S all';
5 A all', befell', marbill', wall', will' sb. > S alle (2),
befelle, marbille, walle, wille, also A Capitoll' > S Capitole; 6 A alle,
belle, calle, falle, fulfille, telle > S all' (5), bell', call', fall', full'fill',
tell'
-
48 Contraction for m
- 1 A cumpanyes, hem 'them' > S
companyes, hem; 2 A hem, whom > S hem (at line end),
whom (at line end)
-
49 my
poss. adj. + C
- A my name > S myne name
-
50 Contraction for n
- 1 A Alisaundre, bounde,
boundyn, chaunged, cheuesaunce,
comaunded, consules, councell',
counsellouris, daunger',
gouernauns,
graunte(d), ground, in,
inmortalite, innocens, innocent,
lond, longe, man,
men,
ordynauns, runge, stant,
straunge, þingis, went,
woman, wounde pp. > S
Alisaunder
(3), bounde, boundyn', chaunged, cheyuysaunce, comaunded, consules,
councell', counselours, daunger' (2), gouer<uer>nauns, graunte(d)
(3), grounde, in (2), inmortalite, innocens, innocent, londe, longe, man (2),
men, ordinauns, ronge, stant, straunge, þi<i>nges, wente,
woman (2), wo(u)nde (2); 2 A consentid, man, Spayn, sunne > S
con|sented (over line division), man (at line
end),
Spayn (at line end), sunne (at line
end)
-
51 Final V + n
flourished
- A boundyn, broken, can, men, on, open, upon,
withouten, woman > S boundyn', broken', can', men' (2), on', open',
vpon', withouten', woman'
-
52 Final n/nne
- 1.1 A whan > S whanne (2); 1.2 A þanne
'than', þanne 'then', whanne > S
þanne,
þanne (3), whanne; 1.3 A þanne > S þanne; 2.1
A withinne > S within; 2.2 A þanne,
whanne
> S þan, whan (2)
-
53 -ness
- A liklynesse > S like[ly]nes, also A sekir merkis > S
seker<nes>
-
54 not
- A nowt > S not
-
55 ME /c:/ and /o:/
- 1 A goo inf. & pp., goost, hool
'whole',
hoost, moo, moost, rood p.t. sg., roos p.t. sg.,
soo,
too 'two', þoo > S goe (2), goste, hole, hoste (2), mo, moste, rode,
rose, so (2), to (5), þo; 2 A blood, book(es), flood, good, stood, took,
þertoo > S blode, boke(s) (8), flode, gode (2), stode
(6),
toke, þerto
-
56 often
- 1 A often > S ofte; 2 A often > S aften [this instance
probably indicates sporadic ME unrounding and lowering of
obreve to ă: see Dobson, §87]
-
57 ou/ow
- 1 A ʒou > S yow (2); 2 A owre, owt > S oure, out(e)
(3)
-
58 Final oun
- A expocicioun > S exposissioun'
-
59 Final our
- A emperouris > S
emperoris (at
line end); see also 68 Final r
-
60 Final ous
- A meruelous > S meruelous
-
61 own
adj.
- A owne > S ouyne [the form closest in spelling recorded by
OED Own a. is owyn(e]
-
62 par-
- A party > S party
-
63 people
- A puple > S peple (5) [beside retention of puple
once]
-
64 pri-
- A princes, principal > S princes,
principall' (2)
-
65 pro-
- A procede, profecie,
profecied,
promissed, prosperite,
prouydens > S procede, profecie, prophicied [also once,
pr[o]phicied], promised, prosperite, prouidens [beside
retention
of 'pro-' once]
-
66 prove
- A proue > S preue
-
67 qw/qu
- A conqwest, enqwyred/inqwirid > S conqueste, enquired
(2)
-
68 Final r
- 1.1 A hir 'her' > S hir'; 1.2 A errour', hir' 'her' > S
errour (at line end), hir; 2 A þerfor, wherfor > S
þerfore (5), wherfore (2); 3 A answer', apper', befor', ber',
emperour', errour', fair', ferr' adv., honour',
mor',
our', þer', wer', wher' > S answere, apere, before (2), bere,
emperoure (3), erroure, faire, ferre, honoure, more, oure (6),
there, were (8), where (2); see also 84 their
-
69 Medial re
- A gret(e) > S gre|te (2) [beside retention of
grete (10); cf. gre|te
(iv/11-12, on Plate IIa),
also gret' (119r/4) recorded above under
§14]
-
70 -red
- A kynrod > S kinrede
-
71 reign
- A regnyng > S reigning'
-
72 ME /s/
- A expocicioun > exposissioun'
-
73 say, said
- 1.1 A sey inf. > S say; 1.2 A seye
inf.
> S sey; 2.1 A sey pr. pl. > S say (3) [beside retention
of sey (6); both say and sey
'saw' are
each retained once (the only occurrences)]; 2.2 A sey pr. pl.
> S seye; 3.1 A seid p.t. > S seide; 3.2 A seid
p.t. > S sey[d]; 3.3 A seide p.t. > S
saide
(2) [beside retention of seide (4)]; 3.4 A seyd
p.t.
> S seide; 4.1 A seid pp. > S seide; 4.2 A seide
pp. > S saide; 4.3 A seyd pp. > S saide
(2).
-
74 -self
- A himself > S hymselue
-
75 sh
- 1 A schal, schap, sche, schewe > S shall' (6), shappe (3), she,
shewe (2); see also 76
should; 2 A bischop, waschid > S bisshop (4), wasshed; 3
A worchip > S worschip (3)
-
76 should
- 1.1 A schuld > S shulde (5); 1.2 A schuld > S shuld' (4);
2.1 A schul > S shuld; 2.2 A schul > S shull'
-
77 some
- 1 A summe > S sum (4) [cf. A
summe
sb. 'sum' > S summe]; 2.1 A summe >
S
sum (at line end); 2.2 A sum > S sum (at
line
end)
-
78 special
- A special, speciali > S speciall',
specialy
-
79 strength
- A strength > S strengh[5]
(2)
-
80 ME -th for MnE
-ght
- A hith 'is called', knyth, manslauth, mydnyth, myth > S hight
(5), knight, monslaught, mydnyght (2), myght (3); cf. also A lithil > S
litill'
-
81 th/þ
- 1.1 A the, These > S þe, þese; 1.2 A anothir, neythir,
othir, rather > S anoþer, neyþer, oþer (2), raþer; 1.3 A
beneth, both, forth, oth, sith 'scythe', soth, treuth > S beneþe,
boþe, forþe (at line end), oþe, siþe, soþe
(2),
treuþe; 2.1 A þat, þe, þer', þis > S that, the, there,
this; 2.2 A breþerin > S bretherne
-
82 Contracted form of that
- 1 A þt > S þat (2); 2.1 A þat >
S þt
(2 at line end); 2.2 A þat > S þtt (at line
end)
-
83 the
- 1 A the > S þe; 2 A þe > S the; 3.1 A þe >
S þe (6, 4 at line end) [cf. A þi > S
þi (at line end),
and A forth > S forþe (at line end)]; 3.2 A þe
> S þee
(at line end)
-
84 their
- 1.1 A her' > S her (8); 1.2 A here > S her [also
her and here are each retained once]; 2.1 A
her'
> S hir (2); 2.2 A her' > S hir' (3); 2.3 A here > S
hir'
-
85 them
- 1.1 A hem > S hem; 1.2 A hem > S
hem (at line end); 2 A hem > S hym [beside retention of
hem (14); cf. §38]
-
86 they
- 1.1 A þei > S þai (14); 1.2 A þei > S þay
(10) [beside retention of þei (4)]; 2 A þei > S thay;
3.1 A Thei > S Thay (2); 3.2 A Thei > S They (2)
-
87 this
- 1 A þis > S this; 2 A þis > S þs
(2 at line
end); 3.1 A þis adj. & pron. > S
þus
(5); 3.2 A This pron. > S Thus [beside retention of
þis (27), This (4)]
-
88 thus
- 1.1 A þus > S þs (at line end); 1.2 A
Thus > S
ths (at line end); 2 A þus adv. > S
þis (3) [beside
retention of þus once]
-
89 ME /u/
- 1 A cumpanyes,
cunnyng,
runge, sunge, tunge > S companyes, connyng' (2), ronge,
songe, tonge; 2 A costomes, onto, porphiri > S customes', vnto (5),
purphiri (2)
-
90 ME /u:/ and /&c.nv;:/ in s.v. 3
p.t. and pp.
- 1 A founde pp., wounde
pp. > fon|de (over line division), wonde [beside A
wounde > S wonde (2)]; 2 A fond(e) p.t.
>
S founde (3)
-
91 u/v
- 1 A upon > S vpon (3); cf. also A onto > S vnto (5); 2 A
mevyd, nevir > S meued, neuyr
-
92 Medial vi
- A natiuite > S natiuite
-
93 which
- A whech > S whiche (22), which (4, 3 at line end)
-
94 Contracted form of with
- A with > S Wt (4, 1 at line end)
-
95 without
- 1 A witʒoute > S wt|oute (over line
division); 2 A
withoute > S wtouten'; 3 A withouten > S
withouten' [beside
retention of withouten once]
-
96 Initial /j/-glide (Dobson, §430 and n.3)
- A þe erde > S þe ʒerde
-
97 ʒ/y
- A ʒe, ʒong, ʒou > S ye (3), yonge, you', yow
(2)
-
98 yet
- A ʒet > S ʒit (2), it[6]
-
99 Doubling of Consonants
- 1.1 A if, lif, of 'of', -self, stryf, nek, schap, dor', put > S iff
(2), liff, off, -selff, striff', nekk', shappe (3), dorre, putte, also A bak >
S backe; see also 52 Final n/nne; 1.2 A very > S verri; 2.1 A brasse
> S bras; see also 53 -ness; 2.2 A ricchesse, apper',
promissed > S richesse (2), apere, promised