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Appendix
List of Linguistic Alterations made by the S-scribe when copying
from
A
This list aims at completeness.[1] For the sake of brevity and simplicity the quotation of variants not relevant to the feature being illustrated is avoided (as far as possible) by printing the most common variant without qualification. No references are given and alterations in word-division (e.g. A a-boute > S aboute) are not noticed. For convenience the alterations are numbered consecutively, having been arranged in alphabetical order (ʒ counting as y, y as i, if appropriate) according to sound, ME spelling, or PresE equivalent. Variation in the spelling of vowels in unstressed syllables is dealt with under e. A number in round brackets after a form in S indicates the number of times that particular alteration is made. When no such number is given the alteration may be assumed to occur once only. Instances which occur at the end of a line or over a line-division are noted separately but when such instances form part of a total that total is given first, e.g. A þe> S þe (6, 4 at line end), where 6 is the total number of instances of which 4 occur at the end of a line. A semi-colon is used to separate sub-sections, and the following abbreviations and signs are used: C = consonant; V = vowel; [square brackets] enclose supplied letters not in the MS; <diamond brackets> enclose letters written by the scribe in error; > = 'is altered to'; < = 'altered from'; + = 'followed by'. Bibliographical references to Dobson and Jordan indicate respectively: E. J. Dobson, English Pronunciation 1500-1700 (1968 edn), and R. Jordan, Handbuch der mittelenglischen Grammatik (1968 edn).
- 1 ME /ai/
- 1.1 A maistiris > S meystiris; 1.2 A aray, chayer, fayre > S arai, chaier', faire (2); 1.3 A seide > S saide (3); 1.4 A heith 'height', preising > S heyth, preysing'; 1.5 A seyd > S saide (2); 1.6 A ageyn, Godfrey, sey 'say' > S agayne, Godfray, say (4); 1.7 A eythir > S either; see also 86 they.
- Some words apparently show monophthongization to /ε:/ or /ε/:—
- In a position of full stress (Dobson, §129):
- 2.1 A receyued > S receued (2)
- In a position of weak stress (Jordan, §247):
- 2.2 A certeyn, merueile v., merueyl sb. > S certene, meruell', merue|le (over line division)
- Monophthongization before /s/ + C (Jordan, §284, Anm. 2) is probably shown in
- 3.1. A maystir > S master
- By contrast variation in a position of weak or secondary stress between a form with a monophthong (L -ānus) and a form with a diphthong (OF -ain) is probably shown in
- 3.2 A Romanes > S Romaynes (2)
- 2 and
- 1 A & > S and (3); 2.1 A and > S & (3, 1 at line end); 2.2 A and > S and'; 2.3 A and > S ande
- 3 any
- A ony > S any
- 4 ME -aun-
- 1 A strange[2]> S straunge; 2 A geauntis > S geantes
- 5 but
- A but > S bot (11)
- 6 church
- A cherch > S chirche (2) [beside retention of cherches once; cf. §41.1.4]
- 7 commune v.
- A comoun > S comen' [for this variation see OED Common v.]
- 8 con-
- A concluded, conteyned > S concluded, conteyned
- 9 ME /dʒ/
- A besechid[3] 'besieged' > S beseged
- 10 -dom
- A Cristendam, wisdam > S Cristendome, wisdome
- 11 ME /ε:/ and /e:/
- 1 A geestes, leest > S gestis, leste; 2 A citee, cytees, gees, weel 'well' adv. > S cyte, cytes, ges, wele
- 12 Final flourish, (?) for -e, added
- 1 A and, child, kyng, schuld, þou, world, ʒou > S and', child', king' (6), shuld' (4), þou', world', ʒou'; 2 A nek, stryf > S nekk', striff'; see also 47 final l, 51 final V + n flourished
- 13 Final e added
- A aftirward, ageyn, and, anon, answerd, ask > S
afterwarde (2), agayne, ande, anone (4), answerde (4), aske
(2);
A bak 'back', baptem, beneth, best superl., bird, birden,
birth,
blood, bold, book, both, brak 'broke' > S bake, baptime, beneþe,
beste, birde, berdone, birthe, blode, bolde, boke (7), boþe, brake; A
cam, Capitol, carl, certeyn, charl, cherch, child, chorl, conqwest, cost
'coast', craft, cry, Crist > S came (3), Capitole, carle, certe(y)ne (2),
charle, chirche (2), childe, chorle, conqueste, coste, crafte, crie, Criste (2);
A ded 'did' > S dede; A eld, est > S elde, este; A fast 'near', feld,
ferd 'fared', flood, fond, forth adv., fot > S faste, felde,
ferde, flode, founde (2), forþe (at line end), fote; A gilt
'gilt', gold,
goo inf. & pp., good, goost,
graunt,
gret 'great', ground > S gilte, golde (3), goe, gode (2),
goste, graunte, grete (2), grounde; A hald pr. pl., hand, hast
p.t. 2 sg., hath, hed, held, herd p.t., hy 'high',
hing
'hung', -hod, hool 'whole', hoost > S halde, hande (2), haste, hathe,
hede, helde, herde, hye, henge, -hode, hole, hoste (2); A just
adj. > S juste; A kyng > S kinge (5); A leest, lep
p.t. sg., ly, lych 'like' adv., list 'desired',
lond, lord > S leste, lepe, lye, liche, liste, londe, lorde
(3);
A mad p.t., mech, Melan 'Milan', moost > S made (7),
meche, Melane (2), moste; A ny > S nye; A oth, owt > S oþe,
oute (2); A part > S parte; A rood p.t. sg., roos
p.t.
sg. > rode, rose; A sith 'scythe', slept, soth, ston, stood, strong,
swech > S siþe,
90slepte (2), soþe, stone (2), stode (5), stronge (2), sweche; A tak inf., took, -tok, treuth > S take, toke, -toke, treuþe; A þing, þird > S þinge (4), þirde; A weel 'well' adv., went, werk, west, whom, wold p.t., world, worth, wrong > S wele, wente (2), werke (2), weste, whome, wolde (3), worlde (2), worthe, wronge; A ʒong > S yonge; see also 34 first, 45 -ing vbl.n. esp. §45.1.2, 47 Final l esp. §47.1.3, 68 Final r esp. §68.2, 70 -red, 73 say esp. §§73.2.2 and 73.3-4, 76 should, 93 which, 99 Doubling of Consonants, and cf. also §§18 and 23.2
- 14 Final e reduced to flourish
- A grete 'great', oute, stande > S gret' (at line end), out' (at line end), stand'
- 15 Final e lost
- A distroye, here 'their', Lumbardye, seye 'say', schewe, trewe, þere > S distroy, her, Lumbardy, sey, shew, trew, þer
- 16 Medial e added before syllabic C
- A betokneth > S betokenyth (3)
- 17 Final ed wk p.t.
- A besechid, consentid, couchid, inqwirid, kyllid > S beseged, consented, couched, enquired, killed
- 18 Final ed/de/t wk p.t.
- 1 A answered > S answerde; 2 A dweld (OE dwealde) > S dwelt
- 19 Final ed wk pp.
- 1 A clepid, cursid, hangid, rehersid, touchid, waschid > S cleped, cursed, hanged, rehersed, touched, wasshed; 2 A mevyd, receyuyd > S meued, receued; sim. A nakid adj., fonnyd adj. > S naked, fonned
- 20 Final el
- 1.1 A sadel > S sadill'; 1.2 A sadill' > S sadell'; 2.1 A cronicules > S cronicles (2); 2.2 A temple, temples > S tempil, tempels
- 21 else
- A ellis > S els
- 22 Final em
- A baptem > S baptime, baptym
- 23 Final en
- 1 A birden > S berdone; 2 A bretherin, breþerin > S bretherne (2); 3 A Latyn > S Laten
- 24 -ence
- A reuerens > S reuerence
- 25 endure
- A endewre > S endure
- 26 Final er
- 1.1 A aftir, anothir/anoþir, bettir, eythir, neythir, othir/oþir, sekir merkis, togidir > S after, anoþer (3), better, either, neyþer, oþer (8), seker<nes>, togeder; 1.2 A aftir, aftirward, maystir, oþir > S after, afterwarde (2, 1 over line division), master, oþer (at line end); 1.3 A nevir, vndirtok > S neuyr, vndyrtoke; 2.1 A euyr, gandyr, neuyr, siluyr, whatsoeuyr > S euer, gander (2), neuer, siluer, whatsoeuer; 2.2 A aftyrward, euyr, ouyr > S after|warde (at line end), euer (2), ouer (at line end); 3 A delyuer > S delyuer
- 27 Final er/er'
- 1.1 A chayer > chaier'; 1.2 A þidir > S þider'; 2.1 A answer', daunger', former', labourer', rider', swyer' > S answer, daunger, former, labourer, rider, swyer; 2.2 A gander' > S gandir; 3 A mater' > S mater (3)
- 28 Final er/re
- 1 A Assuer' 'Assuerus' > S Assure; 2 A Alisaundre, Alisaundr', philisophr', philisophres > S Alisaunder (2), Alisaunder', phili<phos>er', philosop<p>hir', philosophers (2)
- 29 Medial er
- 1 A breþerin, dyuers,
euery, gouerned, mercate,
merueile, serpent, þere,
þerfor, þerto(o) > S bretherne, diuers
(3),
euery (2), gouerned (2), mercate, meruell', serpent
91(2), þer(e) (4), þerfore (4), þerto (2); 2 A perle > S perle
- 30 Final es pl. and poss. sg.
- 1.1 A horses, houses, maneres, tales > S horsis, housis, maneris, talis; 1.2 A stones > S stonys; 2 A Cristis, geauntis, goddis, handis, kyngis, knytis, potestatis, prestis, þingis, wallis, ʒiftis > S Cristes (2), geantes, goddes, handes, kinges (3), knyghtes, potistates, prestes, þinges (5), walles, ʒiftes; 3.1 A myddys > S myddes; 3.2 A dikys > S dykis; 4.1 A londes > S londes; 4.2 A geestes > S gestis; 5.1 A guynosopistis > S guynesopistes; 5.2 A myddis, prophetis > S mydd' (at line end), prophet' [cf. A emperouris > S emperoris (at line end); perhaps S customes' < A costomes is a "compromise" showing both -es and the flourish which indicates it]; 6.1 A deueles, keperes, maydenes, maneres, swieres, temples, Virgiles > S deuels, kepers, maydens, maners, swyers, tempels, Virgils; 6.2 A counsellouris, keperis, legionis > S counselours, kepers, legions
- 31 Final es/zero poss. sg.
- A þe horses hed > S þe hors hede
- 32 Final eth pr. 3 sg.
- 1.1 A clepeth > S clepith; 1.2 A betokneth, semeth > S betokenyth (3), semyth; 2 A lith > S lyeth
- 33 f/ph
- A profecied > S prophicied
- 34 first
- A first > S frist (4, 2 at line end), friste
- 35 MnE -ght
- A brout, hith 'is called', knyth, knytis, knythod, manslauth, mydnyth, myth > S brought, hight (5), knight, knyghtes, knygh[th]ode, monslaught, mydnyght (2), myght (3) [beside retention of knyt once; absence of gh is also retained in A heith 'height' > S heyth, nor is gh added in final position, A hy > S hye, A ny > S nye, and A's þouʒ is retained]
- 36 give
- A ʒyue > S ʒeue (2) [beside retention of ʒyue once, and ʒift is also retained once]
- 37 Initial h
- A (L) os 'mouth' > S hos
- 38 him
- A him(self), him/hym > S hym(—) (13 + 2), hem (2) [possibly these examples of hem for him/hym are errors induced by the context, but such an explanation is not available for hym for hem at §85.2]
- 39 how
- A who > S whow
- 40 i/y
- 1.1 A dikys, swieres, Tiberius, whi, wise sb. > S dykis, swyers, Tyber[i]us, why (2), wyse; 1.2 A cite(e), misteries, priuy, til > S cyte (8), my|steries (over line division), pryuy, tyll'; see also 38 him; 1.3 A cronicles, satisfie > S cronycles, saty[s]fie; 1.4 A speciali, testimonie > S specialy, testimonye; 1.5 A avoide > S avoyde; 2.1 A cry, dyuers, enqwyred, fynde, knyth, lych 'like' adv., ouyrrydyng, stryf > S crie, diuers (2), enquired, finde, knight, liche, ouyrriding', striff'; 2.2 A kyllid, kyng, kyngis, kynrod, lytil, tyl > S killed, king'/kinge (6/5), kinges, kinrede, litill', till'; 2.3 A cronycles, ordynauns, prouydens > S cronicles (2), ordinauns, prouidens (2); 2.4 A porphiry, redy, very > S purphiri, redi, verri; 2.5 A distroyed, (a)voyde > S dis-troied, (a)voide
- 41 i/e
- 1.1 A hing > S henge; 1.2 A togidir > S togeder; 1.3 A
Inglond > S Englond; 1.4 A birden > S berdone; 1.5 A inqwirid
> S enquired; see also 20 Final el; 2.1 A
Brytayne > S Bretayne;[4] 2.2 A
byleue > S beleue; 3 A potestatis, prophecied, worchep
> S
92potistates, prophicied (3), worschip; 4.1 A Melan > S Mylane; 4.2 A cheuesaunce > S cheyuysaunce [the ey-spelling in the first syllable is probably a "compromise" employing both e and y, though properly each was alternative to the other]
- 42 i/o
- A philisophr', philisophres, porphiri > S philosop<p>hir', philosophers, purphori; see also 23 Final en, esp §23.1
- 43 i/g before n in words of OF origin
- A assyned > S assigned
- 44 -ing pr.p.
- 1.1 A preising > S preysing'; 1.2 A hanging > S hanging'; 2.1 A ridyng, wakyng > S riding, waking; 2.2 A beryng, doyng, dwellyng, regnyng, sittyng, standyng > S bering', doing', dwelling', reigning', sitting', standing'; 2.3 A lyuyng > S lyuyng'
- 45 -ing vbl.n.
- 1.1 A knowyng, ouyrrydyng > S knowing', ouyrriding'; 1.2 A knowyng > S knowinge; 2.1 A comyng, lyuyng > S comyng', lyuyng' (2); 2.2 A comyng, cunnyng sb. > S comyng', connyng' (2)
- 46 -ion
- 1 A rebellion > S rebellioun (2); 2 A expocicioun > S exposissioun'
- 47 Final l
- 1.1 A wil > S will [cf. A counsellouris > S counselours]; 1.2 A al, ful, -ful, litil, memorial, principal, sadel, schal, schul 'should', special, tyl, Vescal 'Vestal', vessel, virginal, wal, wel, wil > S all' (4), full' (3), -full', litill' (3), memoriall' (3), principall' (2), sadill', shall' (5), shull', speciall', tyll' (2), Vescall', vessell' (2), virginall' (2), wall', well', will' (4), also A fulfill' > S full'fill' (2); 1.3 A al, ful, til, wil > S alle, fulle, tille, wille (3); 2.1 A Capitol' > S Capitole, and see also 13 Final e added; 2.2 A Virgil' > S Virgill'; 3 A Virgile > S Virgill'; 4 A all > S all'; 5 A all', befell', marbill', wall', will' sb. > S alle (2), befelle, marbille, walle, wille, also A Capitoll' > S Capitole; 6 A alle, belle, calle, falle, fulfille, telle > S all' (5), bell', call', fall', full'fill', tell'
- 48 Contraction for m
- 1 A cumpanyes, hem 'them' > S companyes, hem; 2 A hem, whom > S hem (at line end), whom (at line end)
- 49 my poss. adj. + C
- A my name > S myne name
- 50 Contraction for n
- 1 A Alisaundre, bounde, boundyn, chaunged, cheuesaunce, comaunded, consules, councell', counsellouris, daunger', gouernauns, graunte(d), ground, in, inmortalite, innocens, innocent, lond, longe, man, men, ordynauns, runge, stant, straunge, þingis, went, woman, wounde pp. > S Alisaunder (3), bounde, boundyn', chaunged, cheyuysaunce, comaunded, consules, councell', counselours, daunger' (2), gouer<uer>nauns, graunte(d) (3), grounde, in (2), inmortalite, innocens, innocent, londe, longe, man (2), men, ordinauns, ronge, stant, straunge, þi<i>nges, wente, woman (2), wo(u)nde (2); 2 A consentid, man, Spayn, sunne > S con|sented (over line division), man (at line end), Spayn (at line end), sunne (at line end)
- 51 Final V + n flourished
- A boundyn, broken, can, men, on, open, upon, withouten, woman > S boundyn', broken', can', men' (2), on', open', vpon', withouten', woman'
- 52 Final n/nne
- 1.1 A whan > S whanne (2); 1.2 A þanne 'than', þanne 'then', whanne > S þanne, þanne (3), whanne; 1.3 A þanne > S þanne; 2.1 A withinne > S within; 2.2 A þanne, whanne > S þan, whan (2)
- 53 -ness
- A liklynesse > S like[ly]nes, also A sekir merkis > S seker<nes>
- 54 not
- A nowt > S not
- 55 ME /c:/ and /o:/
- 1 A goo inf. & pp., goost, hool 'whole', hoost, moo, moost, rood p.t. sg., roos p.t. sg., soo, too 'two', þoo > S goe (2), goste, hole, hoste (2), mo, moste, rode, rose, so (2), to (5), þo; 2 A blood, book(es), flood, good, stood, took, þertoo > S blode, boke(s) (8), flode, gode (2), stode (6), toke, þerto
- 56 often
- 1 A often > S ofte; 2 A often > S aften [this instance probably indicates sporadic ME unrounding and lowering of obreve to ă: see Dobson, §87]
- 57 ou/ow
- 1 A ʒou > S yow (2); 2 A owre, owt > S oure, out(e) (3)
- 58 Final oun
- A expocicioun > S exposissioun'
- 59 Final our
- A emperouris > S emperoris (at line end); see also 68 Final r
- 60 Final ous
- A meruelous > S meruelous
- 61 own adj.
- A owne > S ouyne [the form closest in spelling recorded by OED Own a. is owyn(e]
- 62 par-
- A party > S party
- 63 people
- A puple > S peple (5) [beside retention of puple once]
- 64 pri-
- A princes, principal > S princes, principall' (2)
- 65 pro-
- A procede, profecie, profecied, promissed, prosperite, prouydens > S procede, profecie, prophicied [also once, pr[o]phicied], promised, prosperite, prouidens [beside retention of 'pro-' once]
- 66 prove
- A proue > S preue
- 67 qw/qu
- A conqwest, enqwyred/inqwirid > S conqueste, enquired (2)
- 68 Final r
- 1.1 A hir 'her' > S hir'; 1.2 A errour', hir' 'her' > S errour (at line end), hir; 2 A þerfor, wherfor > S þerfore (5), wherfore (2); 3 A answer', apper', befor', ber', emperour', errour', fair', ferr' adv., honour', mor', our', þer', wer', wher' > S answere, apere, before (2), bere, emperoure (3), erroure, faire, ferre, honoure, more, oure (6), there, were (8), where (2); see also 84 their
- 69 Medial re
- A gret(e) > S gre|te (2) [beside retention of grete (10); cf. gre|te (iv/11-12, on Plate IIa), also gret' (119r/4) recorded above under §14]
- 70 -red
- A kynrod > S kinrede
- 71 reign
- A regnyng > S reigning'
- 72 ME /s/
- A expocicioun > exposissioun'
- 73 say, said
- 1.1 A sey inf. > S say; 1.2 A seye inf. > S sey; 2.1 A sey pr. pl. > S say (3) [beside retention of sey (6); both say and sey 'saw' are each retained once (the only occurrences)]; 2.2 A sey pr. pl. > S seye; 3.1 A seid p.t. > S seide; 3.2 A seid p.t. > S sey[d]; 3.3 A seide p.t. > S saide (2) [beside retention of seide (4)]; 3.4 A seyd p.t. > S seide; 4.1 A seid pp. > S seide; 4.2 A seide pp. > S saide; 4.3 A seyd pp. > S saide (2).
- 74 -self
- A himself > S hymselue
- 75 sh
- 1 A schal, schap, sche, schewe > S shall' (6), shappe (3), she,
shewe (2); see also 76
94should; 2 A bischop, waschid > S bisshop (4), wasshed; 3 A worchip > S worschip (3)
- 76 should
- 1.1 A schuld > S shulde (5); 1.2 A schuld > S shuld' (4); 2.1 A schul > S shuld; 2.2 A schul > S shull'
- 77 some
- 1 A summe > S sum (4) [cf. A summe sb. 'sum' > S summe]; 2.1 A summe > S sum (at line end); 2.2 A sum > S sum (at line end)
- 78 special
- A special, speciali > S speciall', specialy
- 79 strength
- A strength > S strengh[5] (2)
- 80 ME -th for MnE -ght
- A hith 'is called', knyth, manslauth, mydnyth, myth > S hight (5), knight, monslaught, mydnyght (2), myght (3); cf. also A lithil > S litill'
- 81 th/þ
- 1.1 A the, These > S þe, þese; 1.2 A anothir, neythir, othir, rather > S anoþer, neyþer, oþer (2), raþer; 1.3 A beneth, both, forth, oth, sith 'scythe', soth, treuth > S beneþe, boþe, forþe (at line end), oþe, siþe, soþe (2), treuþe; 2.1 A þat, þe, þer', þis > S that, the, there, this; 2.2 A breþerin > S bretherne
- 82 Contracted form of that
- 1 A þt > S þat (2); 2.1 A þat > S þt (2 at line end); 2.2 A þat > S þtt (at line end)
- 83 the
- 1 A the > S þe; 2 A þe > S the; 3.1 A þe > S þe (6, 4 at line end) [cf. A þi > S þi (at line end), and A forth > S forþe (at line end)]; 3.2 A þe > S þee (at line end)
- 84 their
- 1.1 A her' > S her (8); 1.2 A here > S her [also her and here are each retained once]; 2.1 A her' > S hir (2); 2.2 A her' > S hir' (3); 2.3 A here > S hir'
- 85 them
- 1.1 A hem > S hem; 1.2 A hem > S hem (at line end); 2 A hem > S hym [beside retention of hem (14); cf. §38]
- 86 they
- 1.1 A þei > S þai (14); 1.2 A þei > S þay (10) [beside retention of þei (4)]; 2 A þei > S thay; 3.1 A Thei > S Thay (2); 3.2 A Thei > S They (2)
- 87 this
- 1 A þis > S this; 2 A þis > S þs (2 at line end); 3.1 A þis adj. & pron. > S þus (5); 3.2 A This pron. > S Thus [beside retention of þis (27), This (4)]
- 88 thus
- 1.1 A þus > S þs (at line end); 1.2 A Thus > S ths (at line end); 2 A þus adv. > S þis (3) [beside retention of þus once]
- 89 ME /u/
- 1 A cumpanyes, cunnyng, runge, sunge, tunge > S companyes, connyng' (2), ronge, songe, tonge; 2 A costomes, onto, porphiri > S customes', vnto (5), purphiri (2)
- 90 ME /u:/ and /&c.nv;:/ in s.v. 3 p.t. and pp.
- 1 A founde pp., wounde pp. > fon|de (over line division), wonde [beside A wounde > S wonde (2)]; 2 A fond(e) p.t. > S founde (3)
- 91 u/v
- 1 A upon > S vpon (3); cf. also A onto > S vnto (5); 2 A mevyd, nevir > S meued, neuyr
- 92 Medial vi
- A natiuite > S natiuite
- 93 which
- A whech > S whiche (22), which (4, 3 at line end)
- 94 Contracted form of with
- A with > S Wt (4, 1 at line end)
- 95 without
- 1 A witʒoute > S wt|oute (over line division); 2 A withoute > S wtouten'; 3 A withouten > S withouten' [beside retention of withouten once]
- 96 Initial /j/-glide (Dobson, §430 and n.3)
- A þe erde > S þe ʒerde
- 97 ʒ/y
- A ʒe, ʒong, ʒou > S ye (3), yonge, you', yow (2)
- 98 yet
- A ʒet > S ʒit (2), it[6]
- 99 Doubling of Consonants
- 1.1 A if, lif, of 'of', -self, stryf, nek, schap, dor', put > S iff (2), liff, off, -selff, striff', nekk', shappe (3), dorre, putte, also A bak > S backe; see also 52 Final n/nne; 1.2 A very > S verri; 2.1 A brasse > S bras; see also 53 -ness; 2.2 A ricchesse, apper', promissed > S richesse (2), apere, promised
89
93
95
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