THE Grammaticæ Artis
Institutio of
Joannes Susenbrotus: A Bibliographical Note
by
Joseph X. Brennan
In spite of the growing recognition of the important contribution of
Joannes Susenbrotus (1485/6-1542)[1]
to 16th-century learning,[2] the
bibliographical information concerning his publications is still extremely
scant and very much confused. Most confused of all is the publication
history of his Grammaticœ Artis Institutio, a Latin
grammar
widely used and distributed in its day. As Susenbrotus relates in the
dedicatory epistle to the first and second revisions of this work, he had
begun many years earlier a haphazard compilation of material from the
grammars of Priscian, Diomedes and others; this compendium he then
began to teach and dictate to his students.[3] After some fifteen years of such
experimentation, he finally submitted the compendium for
publication.
The first edition and the original version of the Grammaticœ
Artis Institutio, which survives today in only a few copies, reads on
the title-page as follows:[4]
"Grammaticae Artis Institutio per Joannem Susenbrotum, Ravenspurgi
ludimagistrum ex Grammaticorum Coryphæis accurate concinnata." No
date or place of publication appears on the title-page, but the date of this
edition is accurately fixed on fol. 88r, where the section on syntax ends
with the notation, "Valete Ravenspurgi. Kal. Jan. An. M.D. XXXV"
(January 1, 1535). Of this first printed version of the grammar there was
apparently only the one edition. Although the book is without imprint, a
preliminary study of the type indicates that it was very probably printed by
Christopher Froschauer of Zürich, the publisher of both later revisions
of the
Grammaticœ, as well as two other textbooks
compiled
by Susenbrotus.
[5]
In the first revision of this grammar—considerably expanded
and
heavily indebted in both form and content to the grammar of the English
humanist, Thomas Linacre[6] —the
title is also considerably extended: "Grammaticae Artis Institutio per
Joannem Susenbrotum Ravenspurgi ludimagistrum ex Grammaticorum
Coryphæis iam denuo accurate concinnata, à mendis item
repurgata,
ac multis etiam in locis citra Lectoris fastidiu locùpletata." No
date
appears on the title-page of this revised edition either, but the dedicatory
epistle closes with a misprinted date which has frequently misled those who
have had to deal with it: "Vale optima indole adolescens, Rauěspurgi
octavo Kalědas Iulij. Anno à Christi seruatoris nostri natali
1518.
Aetatis meæ anno 54" (fol. 6r). The year of this volume's appearance,
however, we can determine quite accurately by comparing certain of its
statements with those found in other Susenbrotus publications. In
the dedication, for example, Susenbrotus stated that he was then in his 54th
year; since we know from the Epitome Troporum ac
Schematum that he was in his 56th year on March 5, 1541, and
from
the Methodus octo partium orationis that he was in his 57th
year
on July 31, 1542,[7] it is clear that
Susenbrotus must have completed the dedication to the first recension of the
Grammaticœ on June 24 ("octauo Kalědas Iulij") of
1539, in order to have been in his 54th year at the time.
This date can be confirmed further by a collation of information,
respecting Susenbrotus' years of service as a teacher, which appears in all
of his texts. In the last paragraph of the 1535 edition of the
Grammaticœ, first of all, Susenbrotus stated that he had
already endured the trials and tribulations of the classroom for 28 years
("ipse qui duo de triginta iam annos, phrontisterii sordes, molestias, ac
curas pertuli"); in the first revision of this grammar the figure is changed
to 32: "Ego ipse, qui duos & triginta iam annos, etc." The introduction
to the Epitome (1541), moreover, states that
he was then in the 35th year of his "scholastic administration"; and the
dedicatory epistle of the
Methodus (1542) indicates that he
was
in the 36th year of his "scholastic function." It should be noted here that the
figures which appear in the grammar, "duo de triginta" and "duo &
triginta," were reckoned in terms of years already completed ("iam . . .
pertuli"), whereas the figures in the
Epitome and
Methodus include the year already in progress. We know
from
the dedicatory epistle found in both revisions of the
Grammaticœ, furthermore, that Susenbrotus had begun his
teaching career in 1506 ("anno minoris numeri sexto")—a career
which
was interrupted for a year in 1521-1522, while he studied for his M. A. at
the University of Basel.
[8] However
improbable such an error, all the evidence nevertheless points unequivocally
to the fact that 1518 was a misprint for 1539. On the title-page of this
second version of the
text, finally, appears the characteristic device of Christopher Froschauer,
a willow (?) tree with a number of frogs (
Frosch, in German)
below.
By some strange oversight, the misprint of 1518 for 1539 was left
uncorrected in the second revised form, also, even though the author
assures us on the title-page of this third version of the text that he had not
only added notations in the margin but made useful corrections in the text
as well: "Grammaticae Artis Institutio per Joannem Susenbrotum
Rauenspurgi ludimagistrum ex Grammaticorum Coryphaeis iam tertium
recognita, additis et in contextu et in margine haud aspernandis." In the
interval between the publication of the first and second revised texts,
Susenbrotus certainly detected or had brought to his attention the gross
misprint in his introduction, but why it was allowed to remain or how it
could possibly have been overlooked a second time remains a mystery. The
date of the first publication of the third version of the
Grammaticœ we can establish as definitely later than
September 1, 1540, and perhaps before November 21 of the same year, by
means of the
marginal commentary concerning his home town, Wangen im Allgäu,
mentioned in the text (40v-41r):[9]
"Anno 1539 2. Septemb. inter octavam & novam ante meridium a
latrone
ac incendiario crudelissimo totum fere Vulcano dicatum est, qui sequente
anno in monasterio Marchtal ad Danubium sito meritas luit poemas."
Matters are somewhat complicated here by the additional misprint of 1530
for 1539 in both the University of Chicago and University of Illinois copies;
in another edition of this recension, however, the year is given as
1539,[10] the date
which is verified in contemporary records.
[11] From these records we learn that
the
culprit who set fire to the city was indeed apprehended at Marchtal on
September 1, 1540, and executed soon thereafter. From the same source we
are also informed that on November 21, 1540, Wangen suffered from an
equally disastrous fire which destroyed whatever had escaped the
conflagration of the year before.
[12] It
seems likely, therefore, that had Susenbrotus written this marginal note
after the date of the second burning, that fact too would have been noted in
some way. It is rather unlikely, in any event, that this final form of the text
was prepared later than 1540, since in the year and a half before his death
in 1542 Susenbrotus was furiously busy with other matters; in this short
space of time, in addition to performing his many duties as schoolmaster,
he edited with
scholia and other information the
Scholae
Christianae
Epigrammatum Libri duo (1541), compiled the
Epitome
Troporum ac Schematum (1541), and composed both a
Methodus octo partium orationis (1542) and a combined Latin
and Greek grammar, which had been prepared for publication before his
death but was never printed.
[13]
Of this third form of the text of the Grammaticœ Artis
Institutio there were at least two undated and five dated
editions.[14] Of the two undated
editions, that which carries the correct date 1539 in the margin of fol. 40v
is undoubtedly the earlier and very probably the first edition, sometime late
in 1540. Since another Zürich edition of this recension was dated
1544, it is most likely that the second of the undated editions appeared
sometime between these two dates, 1540 and 1544. Thereafter the
Grammaticœ was reprinted at Lyons in 1556[15] and at Zürich in 1558 and
1565.
There is record also of a final edition in 1570, presumably at Zürich
by Froschauer, who issued another of the many editions of Susenbrotus'
Epitome in this same year. All told, then, there were three
distinct versions of the Grammaticœ Artis Institutio in the
lifetime of Susenbrotus: the first in 1535,
the second in 1539, and the third most probably in late 1540 or early 1541
at the latest. From information that is by no means complete, moreover, it
is fairly certain that of this third form there were at least seven different
editions between 1540 and 1570.
Notes
[1]
Although no records have yet been found which
indicate the exact date of Susenbrotus' birth, from information found in his
works we can nevertheless restrict the time of that event to the period
between August 1, 1485, and March 5, 1486. The preface to his
Epitome Troporum ac Schematum, for example, closes with
the
notice: "Rauenspurgi ex museolo nostro 5 Martii Anno humanitatis Christi
reconciliatoris nostri [15]41. Scholicae administrationis 35. Aetatis meae
56." At the end of the dedicatory epistle to the Methodus octo
partium
orationis, appears this information: "Ex Ravenspurgo ultima Iulii.
Anno domini quadragesimo secundo. Aetatis meae 57. Scholicae functionis
36." From records in the archives of Ravensburg, furthermore, we learn
that Susenbrotus died a short time after being struck and mortally wounded
by a drunken cooper in 1542.
[2]
For an account of Susenbrotus' influence upon
the classroom in England, see T. W. Baldwin's William Shakspere's
Small Latine & Lesse Greeke (1944), vols. 1 and 2 passim, and
particularly pp. 138-175 of vol. 2. For an account of his influence in
Germany, see the Geschichte des humanistischen Schulwesens in
Württemburg (1912-1920), vols. 1-4 passim.
[3]
". . . Compendium Grammatices, ex Prisciano,
Diomede & aliis tumultuanter collectum, pueris dictabam. .
."
[4]
My discussion of this edition is based upon
photostats of a copy preserved in the Universitätsbibliothek,
Tübingen.
[5]
With no more than photographic reprints of the
title-pages to judge by at the moment, I nevertheless feel fairly certain that
a more detailed study of the various types which appear in the 1535 and
1539 editions of the Grammaticœ would bear out my
present
opinion that several of the types are not only identical in style and from the
same font, but even from the same cases. Particularly striking is the fact
that on the lower right stem of the first M of the word
Grammaticœ there appears an identical defect, a fine
fissure
slanting downwards from right to left, in both editions.
[6]
The fact of this indebtedness is directly
acknowledged in another version of this title, found in Conrad Gesner's
Bibliotheca Universalis, sive Catalogus omnium scriptorum
(Zürich: Christopher Froschauer, 1545): "Grammaticæ artis
partium omnium integra institutio ex Grammaticorum coryphaeis cum alijs
pluribus, tum praecipue Thoma Linacro, iam denuo accurate concinnata,
emendata, & citra Lectoris fastidium locupletata."
[7]
See footnote 1 for the Latin text of this
information.
[8]
See the matriculation entry in Die
Matrikel
der Universität Basel (Basel, 1951), Band I 1460-1529, ed.
Hans
Georg Wackernagel, p 348.
[9]
Fol. 40v of the University of Illinois and
University of Chicago copies mentioned below.
[10]
In his brief but valuable study, "Hans Susenbrot,
ein verschollener schwäbischer Humanist und lateinischer
Schulmeister" (Diözesanarchiv von Schwaben, Stuttgart,
1907, pp. 8-12), P. Fox, S. J., quotes this marginal from a copy in the
library of the Jesuit college at Feldkirch which shows the correct date,
1539. The British Museum copy and a copy in the archives of Ravensburg
also have the correct date, 1539.
[11]
See pp. 383-384 of Gerwig Blarer Abt von
Weingarten 1520-1567, vol. I, edited by Heinrich Günter,
Stuttgart, 1914.
[13]
Gesner, op. cit., lists among the
works of Susenbrotus: "Rudimenta Latinae & Graecae Grammatiæ
simul coniuncta, nondum impressa."
[14]
These conclusions are based upon information
obtained from German libraries through the Öffentliche
Wissenschaftliche Bibliothek in Berlin.
[15]
Listed in the catalog of the Bibliothèque
Nationale, vol. 180, col. 790.