10. Philosophical law the measure of virtue and vice.
Thirdly, the law of opinion or reputation. Virtue and vice are
names pretended and supposed everywhere to stand for actions in their own nature right and wrong: and as far as
they really are so applied, they so far are coincident with the divine law above mentioned. But yet, whatever is
pretended, this is visible, that these names, virtue and vice, in the particular instances of their application, through
the several nations and societies of men in the world, are constantly attributed only to such actions as in each
country and society are in reputation or discredit. Nor is it to be thought strange, that men everywhere should give
the name of virtue to those actions, which amongst them are judged praiseworthy; and call that vice, which they
account blamable: since otherwise they would condemn themselves, if they should think anything right, to which
they allowed not commendation, anything wrong, which they let pass without blame. Thus the measure of what is
everywhere called and esteemed virtue and vice is this approbation or dislike, praise or blame, which, by a secret
and tacit consent, establishes itself in the several societies, tribes, and clubs of men in the world: whereby several
actions come to find credit or disgrace amongst them, according to the judgment, maxims, or fashion of that place.
For, though men uniting into politic societies, have resigned up to the public the disposing of all their force, so
that they cannot employ it against any fellow-citizens any further than the law of the country directs: yet they
retain still the power of thinking well or ill, approving or disapproving of the actions of those whom they live
amongst, and converse with: and by this approbation and dislike they establish amongst themselves what they will
call virtue and vice.