BIBLIOGRAPHY
Substantive Theories. J. B. Bossuet, Discours sur
l'histoire
universelle (Paris, 1681; reprint, 1925). H.
T. Buckle, The
History of Civilisation in
England, 2 vols. (London,
1857-61). G. W. F. Hegel, Vorlesungen über die Philosophie
der
Geschichte (Berlin, 1837); trans. J. Sibree as Lectures
on the Philosophy of History (New York, 1944). I.
Kant, “Idee
zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte in
weltbürgerlicher
Absicht” (Berlin, 1784); trans. W.
Hastie as “The Idea of
a Universal Cosmo-Political
History,” in Kant, Eternal Peace
and Other
International Essays (Boston, 1914). K. Marx and
F. Engels,
Selected Works, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1950); idem,
The German Ideology (1845-46), ed. R. Pascal, trans,
W.
Lough and C. P. Magill (London, 1938; reprint, 1965).
J. S.
Mill, A System of Logic (London, 1843), Book VI. G.
V.
Plekhanov, In Defence of Materialism, trans.
A. Rothstein
(London, 1947). A. Toynbee, A Study of
History, 10 vols.
(Oxford and New York, 1934-54; also
reprints). G. Vico,
Scienza nuova, 3rd ed. (Naples, 1744); trans.
T. G. Bergin
and M. H. Fisch as The New Science of
Giambattista Vico
(Ithaca, 1948; 1968).
Critical and Analytical Works. I. Berlin, Historical In-
evitability (Oxford, 1954).
J. B. Bury, Selected Essays (Cam-
bridge, 1930). 
E 
. H. Carr, What is
History? (New York, 1962).
Morris Cohen, The
Meaning of Human History (Lasalle, Ill.,
1944). R. G.
Collingwood, The Idea of History (Oxford,
1946).
B. Croce, Teoria e storia della storiografia
(Bari, 1917);
trans. D. Ainslie as History—Its Theory and Practice (New
York, 1921).
W. Dilthey, Gesammelte Schriften
(Stuttgart,
1957-60); extracts from Dilthey's writings on history
are
in Meaning in History, trans. and ed. H. P.
Rickman (London
and New York, 1961). W. H. Dray, Laws
and Explanation
in History (Oxford, 1957). P. L. Gardiner, The Nature of
Historical Explanation (Oxford, 1952). C. G. Hempel,
“The
Function of General Laws in History,” The Journal of Philos-
ophy,
39 (1942). Ernest Nagel, The
Structure of Science (New
York, 1961), esp. Chs. 13-15. K. R.
Popper, The Poverty of
Historicism (London,
1957); idem, Open Society and its
Enemies, 4th
rev. ed., 2 vols. (Princeton, 1963), esp. Vol.
II. M. White, Foundations of Historical Knowledge (New
York,
1965). P. Winch, The Idea of a Social Science
(London,
1958).
Anthologies. W. H. Dray, ed., Philosophical Analysis
and
History (New York, 1966). P. L. Gardiner, ed., Theories of
History (Glencoe, 1959). S. Hook,
ed., Philosophy and His-
tory: A Symposium (New York, 1963). H. Meyerhoff, ed.,
The Philosophy of History in Our Time (New York,
1959).
PATRICK GARDINER
[See also
Causation; Chance;
Determinism in History; Free
Will; Hegelian;
Historicism; Historiography; Necessity;
Positivism;
Progress.]
