 | 1. |
|
| 2. |
| 1. |
|
|
|
|
|
| 1. |
| 2. |
| 3. |
| 2. |
| 3. |
| 4. |
| 5. |
|
|
 | Labor Among Primitive Peoples |  |
- CHAPTER I.
PREGNANCY, PARTURITION AND CHILDBED. - PREGNANCY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
- PARTURITION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
- Comparison of labor among civilized
and savage races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - Accidents in labor among primitive people . . . 10
- Superstitions and customs . . . . . . . . . . . 11
- Place of confinement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
- Couch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
- Assistants, midwives, etc.. . . . . . . . . . . 15
- Kind of assistance rendered . . . . . . . . . . 17
- Expression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
- Fright. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
- Medicines, herbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
- CHILDBED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
- Treatment of the mother . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
- Treatment immediately after delivery. . . . . . 23
- The binder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
- Time of rest accorded . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
- Diet of the lying-in woman. . . . . . . . . . . 29
- Medicines used. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
- Management of the child . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
- The bath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
- Time of applying the child to the breast. . . . 38
- Period of nursing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
- Weaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
- Food given in addition to the breast. . . . . . 39
- Medicines used. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
iv
- CHAPTER II.
POSTURE IN LABOR.
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 - Origin of this paper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
- History of the subject. . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
- Plan of the investigation . . . . . . . . . . . 54
- Division of the subject . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
- Assistance received in the work . . . . . . . . 57
- GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE
VARIOUS POSITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 - PART I.
POSITION OF PARTURIENT WOMEN AMONG PEOPLES
WHOSE LABOR IS GOVERNED BY INSTINCT,
AND NOT BY MODERN OBSTETRIC FASHION . . . . . . 61 - A—Perpendicular or upright posture . . . . . . 61
- 1. Standing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
- 2. Partially suspended. . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
- 3. Suspended. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
- B—Inclined position. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
- 1. Sitting erect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
- 2. Squatting, as in defecation. . . . . . . . . 72
- 3. Kneeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
- a—The body inclined forward. . . . . . . . . . 79
- b—Knee-hand or knee-elbow position . . . . . . 89
- b1_ Inverse knee-elbow position. . . 93
- c—The body erect, inclined backward or
partially suspended . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 - d—Kneeling postures where precise descriptions
are lacking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 - 4. Semi-recumbent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
- a—sitting, semi-recumbent on the ground,
upon a stone or stool . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 - b—Sitting on the lap or between the thighs of
an assistant, who is seated on a chair or on
the floor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 - c—The obstetric chair. . . . . . . . . . . . .120
- d—Semi-recumbent position, strictly speaking .127
- C—Horizontal or recumbent. . . . . . . . . . .134
- 1. The dorsal decubitus . . . . . . . . . . . .134
- 2. The lateral decubitus. . . . . . . . . . . .138
- 3. Prone upon the stomach . . . . . . . . . . .139
- PART II.
THE POSITION OF WOMEN AMONG CIVILIZED RACES
OF THE PRESENT DAY IN THE AGONY OF THE
EXPULSIVE PAINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140 - RESUME AND CONCLUSIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . .144
- Résumé. . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
- Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148
v
- CHAPTER III.
THE THIRD STAGE OF LABOR. - INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
- MANAGEMENT OF SIMPLE CASES. . . . . . . . . . .154
- Placenta delivered in the same position which
has been occupied during labor-pains and the
expulsion of the child . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 - Manual expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
- Intra-abdominal pressure. . . . . . . . . . . .158
- Traction on the cord. . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
- Delivery of the placenta with the patient in a
different position from the one occupied during
the expulsion of the child . . . . . . . . . .160 - MANAGEMENT OF THE PLACENTA IN CASE OF
RETARDED EXPULSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 - MANAGEMENT OF THE UMBILICAL CORD . . . . . . . 166
- PECULIAR SUPERSTITIONS AND CUSTOMS . . . . . . 172
- CONCLUSIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
- CHAPTER IV.
MASSAGE AND EXPRESSION.
- REVIEW OF THE SUBJECT . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
- A—HISTORY OF MASSAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
- Ancient times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
- Middle ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
- Various manipulations practiced . . . . . . . .178
- Physiological effects . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
- B—HISTORY OF EXTERNAL MANIPULATIONS
IN OBSTETRIC PRACTICE . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 - Only help in difficult labor. . . . . . . . . .180
- Saying of Hippocrates . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
- Greece and Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
- Savage races of the present . . . . . . . . . .182
- C—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF EXTERNAL MANIPULATIONS.183
- I. Pressure:
1. By the arms of an assistant encircling the patient's
abdomen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 - 2. Bandage tightened by assistants. . . . . . .186
- 3. Drawing the abdomen across a rope or pole. .187
- 4. Stripping down the abdomen . . . . . . . . .188
- 5. Expression by means of the feet. . . . . . .189
- 6. The belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
- 7. Pressure against a staff . . . . . . . . . .190
- 8. Lying prone upon the stomach . . . . . . . .190
-
II. Massage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191vi
- III. Shaking up of the Patient. . . . . . . . .194
- IV. Permanent Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . .194
- D—THE USES OF MASSAGE AND EXPRESSION . . . . .195
- I. In pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195
- 1. Correcting malpositions. . . . . . . . . . .196
- 2. Producing abortion . . . . . . . . . . . . .196
- II. In labor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196
- 1. In normal labor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196
- 2. In malpositions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196
- 3. In the expression of the placenta. . . . . .197
- III. In childbed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
- E—THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXTERNAL MANIPULATIONS
IN RECENT OBSTETRIC PRACTICE. . . . . . . . . . . . 197 - LITERATURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
-
CHAPTER V.
CHARACTERISTIC LABOR SCENES AMONG THE YELLOW, BLACK
AND RED RACES.
MONGOLIANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 - Japanese. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
- Karafuto Ainos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
- Position. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205
- Delivery of child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206
- Placenta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206
- Kalmucks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
- NEGROES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
- Religious ceremonies and superstitions. . . . .209
- Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210
- Parturition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210
- Afterbirth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
- Lactation and childbed. . . . . . . . . . . . .211
- RED RACES. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .213
- Indians of the Pacific Coast. . . . . . . . . .215
- Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
- Labor, simple and complicated . . . . . . . . .215
- After-treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
- Walking and compressing abdomen . . . . . . . .218
- Lying near fire warmly wrapped. . . . . . . . .219
vii
- Eastern Tribes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220
- Shelter for confinement . . . . . . . . . . . .221
- Delivery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222
- Medical treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223
- Management of afterbirth. . . . . . . . . . . .224
- Five day periods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226
- No flesh eaten by husband . . . . . . . . . . .226
INDEX.
- 1. Funeral Urn with Ancient Peruvian Labor Scene . .Frontispiece.
- 2. Temporary Shelter for the Lying-in Woman:
Comanches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 - 3. Japanese Lying-in Couch and Supports used in
Childbed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 - 4. Labor Scene among the Wakambas (western portion
of central Africa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 - 5. Mythical Labor Scene from Academy of Medicine
in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 - 6. Brulé-Sioux, standing. . . . . . . . . . . 65
- 7. Ceram, standing, semi-suspended . . . . . . . . . 67
- 8. Southern Negress, suspended . . . . . . . . . . . 69
- 9. Sioux Squaw, seated cross-legged on the ground. . 72
- 10. Pawnee Labor, squatting, back to back. . . . . . 74
- 11. Squatting Posture of the Tonkawas. . . . . . . . 75
- 12. Obstetric Position of the Persians—From Ploss
(after Pollak and Hæntsche) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 - 13. Southern Negress, kneeling, arms resting
on chair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 - 14. Blackfoot Squaw, kneeling, resting upon a staff. 82
- 15. Comanche Labor, with Scene of Surroundings . . . 84
- 16. Chippewa Labor, kneeling, inclined backwards . . 87
- 17. Framework formerly in use in Japan for the support
of the parturient in a kneeling posture . . . . . . .88 - 18. Sitting Posture of the Japanese, customary in
Childbed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 - 19. Kootenai Squaw, knee-face position with assistant
astraddle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 - 20. Position for the Delivery of very Fat Women
(Melli). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 - 21. Delivery of a Fat Women in Medieval Italy. . . . 95
- 22. Modification of the position for Fat Women . . . 96
- 23. Images from the period of the Mound Builders . .100
- 24. Northern Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
- 25. Coyotero Apaches, difficult Labor. . . . . . . .102
- 26. Kaffir Woman in Labor. . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
- 27. Oronoko Indian, seated semi-recumbent in
hammock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108viii - 28. Labor Scene in Ancient Greece, group in the
Cesnola Collection, New York. . . . . . . . . . . . 110 - 29. Modern Cypriote midwife's chair, Cesnola . . . .111
- 30. The Scientific Posture Advocated in the 16th
Century. From Joannes Michaelis Savonarola, 1547. . 113 - 31. The Obstetric Couch in the Rural Districts
of Ohio in 1846. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115 - 32. Semi-recumbent in the Husband's Lap, assistants
holding hands and knees, Virginia . . . . . . . . . 116 - 33. Semi-recumbent in Lap, Virginia. . . . . . . . .117
- 34. Andemanese Labor Scene . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
- 35. Origin of the Obstetric Chair (Engelmann). . . .120
- 36. Development of the Obstetric Chair (from Goodell).
Chairs of Savonarola, 1547; Eucharius Rhodius, 1541;
Deventer, 1701; Stein, 1805 . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 - 37. Delivery in the Obstetric Chair;
after Rueffius, 1637 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124 - 38. Obstetric Chair now in use in Syria. . . . . . .126
- 39. Favorite Posture of the French Canadian. . . . .128
- 40. Japanese Labor. Instrumental Delivery. . . . . .129
- 41. Penomonee Labor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
- 42. Birth of the Emperor Titus, from Ploss, after
an antique painting on the ceiling of a room in the
Palace of Titus, on the Esquiline Hill in Rome . . .131 - 43. Labor Scene in the Rural Districts of Virginia;
semi recumbent in bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 - 44. Couch and Lying-in Chamber of the Siames.
From Ploss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 - 45. Crow-Creek. Prone upon face and abdomen, across a pillow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
- 46. Semi-recumbent, in the agony of the expulsive
effort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 - 47. Kneeling, clinging to rope . . . . . . . . . . .146
- 48. Manual Expression of the placenta.
Penomonee Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167 - 49. Use of the Squaw's Belt. Sioux Indian. . . . . .161
- 50. Placental Expression as Practiced by the Indians
of the Uintah Valley Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 - 51. Placental Expression, Mexico . . . . . . . . . .164
- 52. Vessels in which the Placenta is Buried, Japan .173
- 53. Bandage as used in Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . .186
- 54. Management of Difficult Labor in Siam. . . . . .188
- 55. Massage and Expression as Practiced in Mexico. .191
- 56. Position of Japanese Woman in Labor and
Arrangement of her Couch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 - 57. Kiowa Labor, drawn by a Kiowa Indian . . . . . .214
- 58. Mexican Indian in Labor, showing posture of
patient and assistants. From photograph taken near
San Louis Potosi, by Dr. G. Baaroeta . . . . . . . .217 - 59. Kiowa Midwife blowing an emetic into patient's
mouth. Drawn by a Kiowa Indian. . . . . . . . . . . 222
LIST OF
ILLUSTRATIONS.
- CHAPTER I.
PREGNANCY, PARTURITION AND CHILDBED.
Many points of resemblance to the customs of a more advanced civilization. - PREGNANCY.—Its importance—Rarity of abortion—Testing the value of conception in the seventh month—Anxiety for male offspring—Signs of pregnancy—Careful treatment of pregnant women—Peculiar superstition of the Pahutes.
- LABOR.—Short and easy—Rarity of accidents—Comparison of labor among civilized and savage peoples—The most common accidents— Their treatment—Special rooms or huts used—Superstitions—Labor usually private—Couch used—Old women, occasionally so-called midwives assist the parturient—In difficulties a priest or medicine man is summoned—Assistance is simple—Various external manipulations— Towel about abdomen—Expression—Rubbing—Fright— Teas and herbs.
-
CHILDBED.—Immediately after delivery some walk about—Others
plunge into a lake or river—warm water used by Sclavonians—Fire
—A binder rare—Time of rest accorded is brief—Immediate work
among some peoples—Diet rarely changed—Some medicines are
used—Father sometimes dieted—Free flow of lochia encouraged—
Sickness rare—Child dipped into cold water—Strapped on board
—Kanikars apply child at once to breast—Kalmucks and others do
not suckle for first three to five days—Period of nursing varies from
two to five years—Weaning by asafetida—Poor food cause of sickness
and death—Kinds of food given the child—Medicines used.
x
-
CHAPTER II.
POSTURE IN LABOR. -
INTRODUCTION.—
Origin of this paper—Ancient Peruvian Urn—Rigby—Ploss—Ludwig —How to study the natural position of women in labor—Plan of this investigation—Conclusions reached—Thanks for assistance rendered— Geographical distribution of the various positions. -
PART I.
POSITION OF PARTURIENT WOMEN among peoples whose parturition is governed by instinct and not by modern obstetrics—Savages of to-day and civilized races of the past - PERPENDICULAR OR UPRIGHT POSTURE—Standing—common among Sclavonians and Silesians—in India and parts of Africa—Partially suspended—Suspended.
- INCLINED POSITIONS—Sitting erect, rare—Squatting—Indians—Tunis and Persia—Kneeling—quite common, especially yellow and red races—kneeling with the body inclined forward—Typical description of labor seen among Comanche Indians by Maj. Forwood— Shelter erected—Hot douche—Curious Japanese custom—Knee-elbow positions—In difficult cases in middle ages—Kootenais—Kneeling with the body erect, inclined backwards or partially suspended —Tartars—Supposed to have existed among the mound-builders or pre-historic people of America—Coyotero. Apaches in difficult labor— Cases in which precise description is lacking—"Why did not the knees of my mother remain stiff and I strangle in birth?''—Semi-recumbent—Frequent among ancients —Sitting semi-recumbent —Indians—Kaffirs—Arabs—Ancient group from Cesnola collection— Still practiced in Cyprus—Modern cypriote midwife's chair—Sitting on the lap—Same advocated by Savonarola, 1547—Peculiar couch for same position in Ohio—Virginia—The Obstetric Chair—Origin— History—Development—Described in the "generation and birth of man''—Rocking chair in use in Syria—Semi-recumbent, strictly speaking— Canada—Japan—Penomonee Indians—Ancient Rome
- HORIZONTAL OR RECUMBENT—Ordinary dorsal decubitus—Care among primitive peoples—Lateral decubitus—In isolated cases—Prone upon stomach—Rare—Sometimes in difficult labor.
-
PART II.
THE POSITION OF WOMEN AMONG CIVILIZED RACES OF THE PRESENT DAY IN THE AGONY OF THE EXPULSIVE PAINS—Semi-recumbent position usually taken. -
RESUME AND CONCLUSIONS—Instinct governs position of savages—Comfort
and modesty govern modern obstetrics—Positions vary in different
stages of labor—Striking positions mostly in last stage—Massage in
difficult cases—We should give patients greater liberty in labor—Dorsal
decubitus undesirable as a rule—An inclined position should be resorted
to—Semi-recumbent best.
xi
-
CHAPTER III.
THE THIRD STAGE OF LABOR.
- TREATMENT OF SIMPLE CASES—More natural among primitive people—Mostly the placenta is delivered in the same position in which the child was expelled—Manual expression—Kneeding of the abdomen very common— Diaphragm often made use of—Traction on the cord not as common as among civilized people—Less often is the placenta delivered in a position different from the one occupied during the expulsion of the child— The motion, or the standing position assumed, supposed to further expulsion.
- MANAGEMENT OF DIFFICULT AND COMPLICATED CASES—Forcible expulsion by external pressure—Methods of cutting and tying the cord—Burial of after-birth and other superstitions—Importance of skilled management in the third stage—Vis a Tergo practiced by primitive people—a position only recently obtained by scientific Midwifery.
-
CHAPTER IV.
MASSAGE AND EXPRESSION.
- HISTORY OF MASSAGE.—Spoken of in history and poetry—Advocated by Hippocrates—Popular in Sweden—Manipulations numerous and well-defined —Stimulation of muscle and nerve one of its most important physiological effects.
- EXTERNAL MANIPULATIONS LONG USED IN OBSTETRIC PRACTICE.—The only means a crude people have of overcoming difficulties in labor—Resorted to in all possible positions—Shampou—Cong-Fou—Ambouk.
-
EXTERNAL MANIPULATIONS NOW IN USE.—Numerous—1. Simple compression
and expression—By the arms of an assistant—Kneeling or sitting
behind the patient the assistant uses his arms as a compressor—See
Frontispiece—A bandage passed around the body is tightened by an assistant—
The abdomen is drawn across a rope or pole—The abdomen stripped down
by arms of assistants—Expression by means of the feet—Pressure upon a
staff—Lying upon the stomach. 2. Massage—A more complicated manipulation—
The patient shaken upon a blanket, in the air—Permanent pressure—The
uses of massage and expression—In pregnancy—To correct
malpositions—To produce abortion—In labor—Even in simple cases—
To change position of child—To hasten expulsion of placenta—In childbed
rare—The development of external manipulations in recent obstetric
practice—Wiegand, 1812—Wright—Braxton Hicks—Credé—Literature.
xii
-
CHAPTER V.
CHARACTERISTIC LABOR SCENES AMONG THE YELLOW, BLACK, AND RED RACES. - YELLOW RACES.—Japanese use binder during pregnancy—School for mid-wives—Kneel in labor—Variance of customs when the child is male or female—Value of the remnant of the cord. Ainos—roomy pelvis—Preparations for labor—Delivery—Girdle applied after expulsion of child— hemorrhages not rare from pulling out placenta. Kalmucks—Squat— Firing of gun to hasten expulsion—Mother unclean for three weeks— Burial of placenta—Nursing up to future pregnancy.
- BLACK RACES.—Loango Negroes above average—Women considered unclean during menstruation and childbed—Loango women short-breasted—A moral people—"Ndodschi''—Parturition easy—Patient stands, leaning against a wall, or kneels—Prone upon stomach In difficult cases—Gag in mouth and nose to force expulsion—Superstition as to placenta and cord —Frequent bathing—Massage—Sexual intercourse—Love of the Loango mother for her child—Baptism.
- THE RED RACES.—Kneeling posture most common. Indians of the Pacific Coast—Move about in first stage—Compression of abdomen—Semi-recumbent, but kneeling in difficult cases—Uterus assisted in immediately expelling the placenta—Some walk about after delivery—Compress abdomen—Others are wrapped in blankets—Placed by fire—No puerperal diseases. Eastern Tribes—Peculiar shelter constructed by Comanches—Disgusted at examination—Ceremonies aiding labor—Effect of fear—Cord tied one foot from body—Peculiar method of paying the doctor—Superstitions as to woman's functions—Mother and father refrain from meat—Description of last three illustrations.
CONTENTS
| Labor Among Primitive Peoples | |