There is a traditional saying: "In the heavens nothing is
brighter than sun and moon; on earth nothing is brighter than
water and fire; in man nothing is brighter than li and i." Now
when the sun or moon is not high it does not illuminate what is
distant; and when fire or water is not brought together in a mass,
its rays are not extensive; and when li and i are not used in a
state, then its fame is not clear. Just as human fate depends on
heaven, the destiny of a state depends on
li. If a ruler esteems
[2]
li and honors sages, he will reign as a True King. If he lays emphasis
on law and loves the people, he will rule as a hegemon. If
he loves profit and practices many deceits, he will be in danger.
If he plots in an opportunist manner to overthrow [other states],
he will perish. The Ode says,
[3]
If a man observes no li,
Why does he not quickly die?
