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8. CHAP. VIII.

Hitherto of a figure in reference to words. A Figure in reference to a sentence is a figure which affecteth the whole sentence with some motion of the mind.

A Figure in reference to a sentence is either in absolute reasoning, or in.reasoning Dialogue-wise.

Logismus or absolute reasoning is, when a sentence is composed without any talking with other supposed.

And this is either Ecphonesis, a recalling of one self, Apostrophe or Prosopopeia.

Ecphonesis is a figure in reasoning, expressed or understood by an Adverb of exclaiming: it is a very great instrument of

moving the mind, and affections of those to whom we speak.

1. By way of Admiration; as, Oh the wonderful clemency! or, Oh happy people that are in such a case!

2. Derision; as, Mark 15. 29. Ah thou that destroyest the Temple and buildest it in three days.

3. Wishing; Psal. 14. 17. O that the salvation of Israel were come out of Sion.

4. Detestation; as, Rom. 7. 24. O wrethed man that I am, who shall deliver me from the body of this death?

5. Reprehension; as, O Foolish Galathians who hath bewitched you &c. Gal. 3. 1.

6. Indignation; Act. 13. 10. O full of all subtility and mischief, thou child of the Devil, thou enemy of all righteousness.

7. Love; as, Psal. 84. 1. O how amiable are thy tabernacles, thou Lord of hosts.

8. Exultation; as, 1. Cor. 15. 15. O death where is thy sting, Oh grave where is thy victory?

9. Commiseration and Grief; as, Luke 13. 34. O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, which killest the Prophets &c. How often would I have gathered thy children together, &c.

12. Epiphonema is also a kind of exclamation, which is wont to be added to the

end of the narration or explication of a matter. Thus the Psalmist having highly set forth the glorious excellency of the name of God, in Psal. 72. shuts up his praise with this acclamation; Blessed be his glorious name for ever, and let the whole earth be filled with his glory.

Recalling of ones self is, when something is called back: and it is as it were a diminution of the over hastiness or heat of speech: and this is either Epanorthosis or Aposiopesis.

An Epanorthosis is, when something preceding is called back by correcting it: as, I had one only young man to my Son; ah! what have I said? I had ? yea I had: it is now uncertain whether I have or not.

An Aposiopesis is, when the close of a sentence begun is stopped by keeping in a part which yet is understood; as, you rogue, if I live. Heb. 3. 11. To whom I sware in my wrath, if they enter into my rest; i.e. they shall never enter into my rest.

Hitherto of perfect and absolute reasoning by way of exclamation and revocation. Now followeth that which is in Apostrophe and Prosopopœia.

An Apostrophe is, when a speech is directed to another, than was by the speech it self at first intended.

And this may be done divers ways. As when a speech is directed

1. To God. 2. To Angels good or bad. 3. To men in their several ranks, whether absent or present, dead or alive, as Adversaries or friends, to the present Auditors, or ones self. 4. To brute creatures, and 5. to things inanimate.

A Prosopopœia is, when in our Oration, we suppose another person to be speaking. And by this figure, God, Angels, men dead or alive, the heavens, earth, sea, and such like are brought in speaking, hearing, &c. As, Josh. 24. 27. Behold this shall be a witness unto us; for it hath heard all the words of the Lord which he hath spoken unto us.

A Prosopopœia is either imperfect or perfect.

An Imperfect Prosopopœia is,when anothers speech is lightly declared and as it were by the by; as, Psal.11. 1. David brings in the wicked as saying unto his soul, flee as a Bird unto your mountain.

A perfect Prosopopœia is when in our own Oration the whole fiction of another person is plainly declared; as, Prov. 8. Wisdome cryeth at the gates &c. Unto you, O men, I call, &c.

A Figure in reasoning Dialogue-wise is, when a sentence is composed in form of a

conference; this consisteth in Question and Answer: of which kind of reasoning there are two parts Hypophora and Anthypophora.

But Dialogism or reasoning by Question and Answer is twofold, Consenting and Dissenting.

Dissenting is when ones answer doth impugne or cross the objection.

A Figure of a dissenting Dialogism is either Deliberation or Occupation.

Deliberation is either an Aporia or an Anacœnosis.

An Aporia is a deliberation with ourselves; as Philip. 1. 22. But if I live in the flesh, this is the fruit of my labour: yet what I shall chose I know not; for I am in a strait between two, having a desire to depart, and to be with Christ, which is far better: nevertheless to abide in the flesh is more needful for you &c.

An Anacœnosis is, a deliberation with others; as thus, what shall I say? what think you? if it had been your own case, would you have done otherwise?

Occupation is when we prevent anothers objection and give an answer to it our selves. This Dialogism therefore from the former part is called a Prolepsis, from the latter a Prosapodosis.

A Prolepsis or an Hypophora propounds

the objection; as, Isaiah 37. 23. Whom hast thou reproached, and blasphemed? And against whom hast thou exalted thy voice, and lifted up thine eyes on high? even against the holy one of Israel.

A Prosapodosis or an Anthypophora answers the objection; as, Rom. 6. 15. What then? shall we sin because we are not under the law, but under grace? God forbid.

A Prolepsis for the most part hath a Prosopopœia joyned with it, and is therefore either oblique or direct.

An Oblique Prolepsis is that which hath an imperfect Prosopopœia joyned with it.

A Direct Prolepsis is that which hath a full Prosopopœia; as, some one may say, is this then your Discipline? Do you thus instruct youth?

A Figure of Consenting Dialogism is, when ones answer doth admit of the objection expressed or understood: yet so, as that from thence the inconsequence of the objection may be shewed, if need be.

But this is either an Epitrope or a Synchoresis.

An Epitrope is when any ones fact is freely permitted. This is twofold Serious or Ironical.

Serious permission; as, Take this Church

plate, seeing thou hast need, for 'twas thy Ancestors gift.

Ironical permission; as Eccles. 11. 9. Rejoyce O young man, and let thy heart chear thee, &c. And walk in the ways of thy heart, &c.

A Synchoresis is when some word or deed is forgiven; as, let him be sacrilegious, let him be a theef, let him be the vilest person in the world; for all that he is a good Governour. James 2. 19. Thou believest that there is one God, thou dost well: the Devils also believe and tremble.