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Increasing Human Efficiency in Business: A Contribution to the Psychology of Business

  
INCREASING HUMAN EFFICIENCY IN BUSINESS
  
[title page]
  
CONTENTS

 1. 
INCREASING HUMAN EFFICIENCY IN BUSINESS CHAPTER I THE POSSIBILITY OF INCREASING HUMAN EFFICIENCY
 2. 
CHAPTER II IMITATION AS A MEANS OF INCREASING HUMAN EFFICIENCY
 3. 
CHAPTER III COMPETITION AS A MEANS OF INCREASING HUMAN EFFICIENCY
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CHAPTER IV LOYALTY AS A MEANS OF INCREASING HUMAN EFFICIENCY
  
[section]
  
How One Considerate Employer was protected by his Men
  
Loyalty, to Nation or Organization, shows itself in an Emergency
  
Loyalty on Part of Employer begets Loyalty in his Workers
  
The Effect of Personal Relations in creating Loyalty in a Force
  
Human Sympathy as a Factor in developing Loyalty in Men
  
Personal Relationship with Workers as Basis for creating Loyalty
  
Loyalty may be developed by Education in House History and Policies
  
Grounding the New Employee in Company Traditions and Ideals
  
How Efficiency and Loyalty of Workers may be Capitalized
  
Many Examples of the Loyalty of Executives for their Men in Danger
  
A Disloyal Sales Manager and his Influence on his Force
  
Creating Loyalty to Firm itself by Educational Campaign
 5. 
CHAPTER V CONCENTRATION AS A MEANS OF INCREASING HUMAN EFFICIENCY
 6. 
CHAPTER VI WAGES AS A MEANS OF INCREASING HUMAN EFFICIENCY
 7. 
CHAPTER VII PLEASURE AS A MEANS OF INCREASING HUMAN EFFICIENCY
 8. 
CHAPTER VIII THE LOVE OF THE GAME AS A MEANS OF INCREASING HUMAN EFFICIENCY
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CHAPTER IX RELAXATION AS A MEANS OF INCREASING HUMAN EFFICIENCY
  
Be not therefore anxious for the Morrow
  
RELAXATION A PHYSIOLOGICAL NECESSITY
 10. 
CHAPTER X THE RATE OF IMPROVEMENT IN EFFICIENCY
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CHAPTER XI PRACTICE PLUS THEORY
  
[section]
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HOW MAY THE MOST VALUABLE EXPERIENCE BE SECURED AND UTILIZED
  
I. Haphazard Experience
  
II. Apprenticeship Experience
  
III. Theoretical-practical Experience
  
IV. Practical-theoretical Experience
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CHAPTER XII MAKING EXPERIENCE AN ASSET: JUDGMENT FORMATION
  
[section]
  
GENERAL CONDITIONS GIVING VALUE TO EXPERIENCE
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WHAT EXPERIENCES ARE THE MOST VALUABLE?
  
[subsection]
  
Habit Formation
  
Practical judgments
  
Reflective judgments
  
Expert judgments
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SECURING AND UTILIZING THESE MOST VALUABLE EXPERIENCES
  
[subsection]
  
Special Conditions Favorable to Habit Formation
  
Special Conditions Favorable to the Formation of Practical judgments
  
Special Conditions Favorable to the Formation of Reflective judgments
  
Special Conditions Favorable to the Formation of Expert judgments
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CHAPTER XIII CAPITALIZING EXPERIENCE—HABIT FORMATION
  
[section]
  
HOW HABITS ARE FORMED
  
HABIT SHORTENS THE TIME NECESSARY FOR A THOUGHT OR AN ACT
  
HABIT INCREASES ACCURACY OF ACTING AND THINKING
  
HABIT RELIEVES THE ATTENTION FROM DETAILS
  
HABIT REDUCES EXHAUSTION
  
PERSONAL HABITS
  
SOCIAL HABITS
  
OCCUPATION HABITS

  
[index]
  
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333

    INDEX

  • Ability, potential, 231.
  • Accidents, mine, 96.
  • Acclimated, 17.
  • Acclimatization, 18.
  • Accountant, experienced, 319.
  • Advance, periods of, 232; of learning, 242.
  • Africa, 189.
  • Air, 172; foul, 180.
  • Alertness, mental, 44.
  • Alphabet, repeating, 284.
  • Altruistic, 203.
  • American, business, 24; steel-makers, 48, 206; executives, 118; ideals, 205; people, 209 f., 219.
  • Architecture, 174.
  • Armour, 87.
  • Athletic, contest, 9; events, 169; trainer, 2 11.
  • Attention, 3; passive, 109 f.; secondary passive, 112 ff.; voluntary, 111 ff., 123, 234, 249 ff., 279.
  • Attitudes, 132 ff., 177; receptive, 182, 183, 187; promotion of, 193, 202, 215; "do-or-die," 250; personal, 279 ff.
  • Authority, plenary, 88.

  • "Bad days," 207.
  • Bessemer converters, 48.
  • Bicycles, 194.
  • "Big" selling months, 72.
  • "Bogy" in golf, 55 f.
  • Bohemian woman, 288.
  • Bonus, 35, 142, 145, 165, 178, 252, 304; system, 297, 326.
  • Book, W. F., "Psychology of Skill," 227.
  • Bookkeeping, experience in, 282.
  • Boor, 324.
  • Boss, 49, 83, 178, 253.
  • Boy, messenger, 7; errand, 277.
  • Brain, 309.
  • Breakdowns, 208.
  • "Breaking in," 41, 232, 237.
  • British Iron and Steel Institute, 49.
  • Brooding, habit of, 216.
  • Bryan & Harter, Psychological Review, 230.

  • "Cabinet meetings," 119.
  • Campaign, educational, 102, 155; advertising, 238.
  • Capacities, mental, 134, 178.
  • Capitalizing experience, 303 ff.
  • Carnegie, Andrew, 49 ff.; mills, 57 f., 87; his cabinet, 94 f., 221.
  • Caution in competition, 61.
  • Cells, brain and muscle, 172, 173.
    • 334

  • Chemistry, 4, 7, 331.
  • Christ, 85, 206.
  • Clauston, Dr., 206.
  • Cleveland, Grover, 188.
  • Clubs, local, 220.
  • Coach, 9, 303.
  • Coaching, effect of, 9, 10.
  • College grades, 16.
  • Combustion, 171.
  • Commendation in competition, 62 f., 73.
  • Competition, 48 ff.
  • Concentration, 104 ff.
  • Connection, body and mind, 121.
  • Consciousness, 172.
  • Conservation of individuality, 94.
  • Consumption, comparative, 50, 172, 173.
  • Contests, 68; shooting match, 69; balloon race, 70.
  • Coöperation of employees, 80.
  • Cost of living, 160.
  • Courses, coöperative, 270 f; in college, 282; automatic, 320.
  • Crane, R. P., 20.
  • Curve practice, 224 ff.

  • Danger signal, 211.
  • Darwin, Charles, 22 ff.
  • Devices, mechanical, 170.
  • Dickens, C., 176.
  • Discipline, 11, 179.
  • Discomfort, 165, 177.
  • Disparity, 168.
  • Dissipations, 220.
  • Distinction, social, 141.
  • Distribution, 1, 3, 4.
  • Doherty, H. L., 217.
  • "Dragged out," 168.
  • Drill, 3.

  • "Easy improvements," 246.
  • Edison, 14, 37.
  • Education, industrial, 201; work on, 219; school, 264; theoretical, 299.
  • Efficiency, see Chap. I, 7, 16; personal, 105, 180, 186; curve of, 223, 251; high, 240; slumps in, 253.
  • Effort, voluntary, 111, 124.
  • Electric, fans, 166; lights, 2.
  • "Employment," 101.
  • Energies, 16; mental, 20; expenditure of, 21.
  • Engines, gas, 2; steam turbine, 2.
  • English, ironmasters, 48, 319, 320.
  • Enthusiasm, 186, 187, 190.
  • Environment, physical, 2, 179 f., 180; factors in, 253.
  • Establishments, 49, 158; successful, 175.
  • European, 208.
  • Exhaustion, 168, 172, 173, 284.
  • Experience, see Chaps. XI-XII; most valuable, 296.
  • Expression, verbal, 301.

  • "February sale," 53.
  • Field, Marshall, 87, 94, 193.
  • Fluctuations, in learning, 232; subject to, 249.
  • Food, 172.
  • Football, 9.
    • 335

  • Forfeiture of bond, 75.
  • French, reading, 284.
  • Fulton, 37.

  • "Garden cities," 122.
  • General Electric Co., 271.
  • Generations, rising, 220.
  • Geniuses, potential, 191; business, 191.
  • German, 319, 320.
  • "Getting together," 198.
  • Gilbreth, F. B., 329 f.
  • Girls, sewing, 165.
  • Gladstone, 13, 221.
  • Golf, 54; bogy, 194, 248.
  • "Go stale," 235, 251.
  • Government, paternalistic, 89.
  • Grant, 91.
  • Grasp, intellectual, 22.
  • Great Lakes, 48.
  • Greece, ancient, 219.
  • Grip, maximum, 225 f.
  • Guilds, industrial, 197.

  • Habit formation, see Chap. XIII; special conditions, 296 ff., 308; social, 323; personal, 321; reduce exhaustion, 318.
  • Handicaps, in competition, 61; principle of, 61 f.
  • "Handy men," 96, 253.
  • Harriman, E. H., 17.
  • Hathaway, H. R., 327.
  • Health and vigor, 278.
  • Herculean, 14, 205.
  • Hill, J. J., 20,
  • Hours, reasonable, 82; of freedom, 219.
  • "House organs," see papers, 35; photographs in, 63, 67, 69.
  • "House patriotism," 80; history and policies, 90; picnics, 101.
  • Human sympathy, as a factor, 85 ff.

  • Idaho orchard, 287.
  • Ideas, management, 44.
  • Illumination, 180.
  • Imitation, 26 ff., 53; voluntary, 30.
  • Improvements, periods of, 233.
  • Incubation, periods of, 233, 247, 249, 253.
  • Industrial towns, 122.
  • Industry, attitude of, 136.
  • Injuries, 169.
  • Instincts, to collect, 139, 188; hunting, 188; specific, 190; of man, 190; of competition, 64.
  • Institute, Smithsonian, 189.
  • Insurance, 160.
  • Interests, outside, 222; novelty, 239, 249; sustained, 240; appeals to, 240; spontaneous, 251.
  • "In the running," 71.
  • Instruction, 270 f.
  • Invention, 3, 48, 217; flagging, 239.

  • James, Professor William, 207, 218, 316.
  • Jefferson, 91.
  • Jones, W. R., 48, 50 f.
    • 336

  • Judgments, practical, 285 ff.; reflective, 287 ff. ; expert, 293 ff.

  • Knowledge, empirical, 244; acquired, 243.

  • Labor, hand, 3, 101; intellectual, 168, 170; manual, 168; dignity of, 199.
  • Law, 7.
  • Lawyers, 175.
  • Learning, rate of, 231.
  • Lincoln, 91.
  • Love of the game, 186 ff.; classifying, 190; summarized, 192; social prestige, 194, 195; to stimulate, 197; developing, 202.
  • Loyalty, 75 ff.
  • Lyons, Joseph, 208, 209.

  • McCormick, C. H., 24.
  • Machinist, skilled, 260.
  • Magician, 1.
  • Making Experience an Asset, 276 ff.
  • "Making good," 71, 251.
  • "Making Psychology Practical," 301.
  • Manager, 6, 154; successful, 143; office, 244.
  • Marketing, 3.
  • Medium of competition, 64.
  • Memory, desultory, 325.
  • Methods, business, 1; specific, 25; of training, 119; improved, 181, 304; acquisition of, 243, 266 ff.
  • Millennium, 203.
  • Miser, 140.
  • Models, energetic, 2, 33.
  • Mood, mental, 218.
  • Movements, prelearned, 248; necessary, 303 ff.
  • Muck raking, 195.

  • National Cash Register Co., 272.
  • Nature, laws of, 211.
  • "Need," 73.
  • "New blood," 156, 276.
  • New York Herald, 210.
  • Nourishment, 18.
  • Nervous system, 12.
  • Novice, 244, 277.

  • Ohio territory, 98.
  • "One thing," 315.
  • "Organization spirit," 80, 84.
  • Ornamentation, unobtrusive, 180.
  • Output, 158, 165, 167, 168.
  • "Overselling," 98.
  • Overtension, 214.

  • Pace, 2.
  • Pacemaker, 52.
  • "Pain economy," 179.
  • Palmer, Potter, 87.
  • Papers, weekly or monthly, 35.
  • Peers, rivalry between, 56.
  • Perseverance, 169.
  • Personal relations in loyalty, 83.
  • Personal relationship with workers, 87 ff.
  • Personality, 84, 87, 93, 176.
  • Philanthropy, 221 f.
  • Physics, 7, 331.
    • 337

  • Piano playing, 284.
  • "Pick Up," 259.
  • Piecework, 142, 143, 145, 162, 178, 252.
  • Plans, profit-sharing, 90.
  • Plateau, 233 ff., 239, 243 ff.
  • Pleasure, 165 ff.
  • Policy, house's, 152; multiple tryout, 99.
  • Population, British, 207.
  • "Pop Up," 127.
  • Poverty, 179.
  • Practice plus Theory, 254 ff.
  • Press, printing, 2; punch, 3.
  • Preventive, 169.
  • Prizes in competition, 62, 67, 165.
  • Production, instruments of, 1.
  • Profits, surrender of, 84.
  • Promotions, 73, 101, 155, 156, 157.
  • Prostrations, nervous, 21.
  • Psychology, 6, 7; law of, 25; modern, 29; work on, 132; conception of, 134; student of, 138; research, 198; course, 295, 300, 308 ff.; interest in, 324, 331.
  • Public opinion, 75.
  • Puzzle, Chinese block, 266 ff.; mechanical, 290; results of, 291.

  • Quarters, working, 82.
  • Quota, 72.

  • Rate of Improvement in Efficiency, 223 ff.
  • Recognition, social, 148.
  • Recreation, 174; hours of, 221.
  • Recruits, new, 46, 96.
  • Regiments, 57.
  • Relaxation, 204 ff.; necessity for, 210; power of. 214; gospel of. 215; complete, 216.
  • Research, 14.
  • Resistance, line of, 110.
  • Reward, monetary, 139.
  • "Right way," 252.
  • Rockefeller, 221.
  • Rooms, work, 181; lunch, 181.
  • Roosevelt, Theodore, 13, 189.
  • "Rush" months, 65; seasons, 72.

  • "Sales quota," 65 ff .
  • Sanders, Lewis, 327.
  • San Francisco fire, 98.
  • School, night, 181, 201; life, 282 engineering, 270, 299; sales-men training, 28 f.
  • "Scientific management," 252 ff.
  • Scientific study, 5.
  • Second wind, 12.
  • Self-preservation, means of, 138, 139, 144; instincts of, 141.
  • Self-protection, methods of, 117.
  • Selling, haphazard, 50.
  • Settlement workers, 220.
  • Shadwell, Arthur, 206.
  • Ships, steam, 2.
  • "Showing how," 46.
  • "Side lines," 26, 131, 154.
  • Simmons, E. C., 20.
  • Sixth sense, 6.
  • Skill, special, 43; acquisition of, 246; act of, 256; in performing,
    338

    256 ff.; perfection of, 262, 264 f.
  • Sleep, 14.
  • "Slowing down" process, 32.
  • Slump, summer, 165 f.; general, 226 ; profound, 247.
  • Social, 194; prestige, 202; demands, 279.
  • Social approval, desire for, 72.
  • Society, organized, 113; whims of, 194.
  • Speed, extra, 83; daily record for, 224; average, 224, 282; economical, 304.
  • Speeding up, 34, 313.
  • Spencer, Herbert, 219.
  • "Sporting editor," 69, 73.
  • "Square deal," 99.
  • Stability, native, 22 f.
  • Stagnation, periods of, 233.
  • Standard, of artist, 197; of capitalist, 197; method, 252; of efficiency, 253.
  • "Star" club, 67.
  • "Steady job," 154.
  • "Stealing his trade," 260 ff.
  • Steel Corporation, 50 ff.
  • Stephenson, 37.
  • Stepping stones, 196.
  • Stimulus, 196; personal efficiency-ideals, 279.
  • Storage battery, 174.
  • Strength, muscular, 7, 183, 184; physical, 226.
  • Strike, 161.
  • Students, 16, 133; colleges, 278.
  • Subordinate, 187.
  • Success, first, 239.
  • Suggestible, 177.
  • Suggestion, 177, 178, 183, 185.
  • Sunday, 219.
  • "Swell," 196.
  • Swift, E. J., "Mind in the Making," 231.
  • System, apprentice, 26; suggestion, 44; premium, 178.

  • "Talks to Teachers," 208, 219.
  • Taylor, F. W., 5 ff., 24.
  • Teachers, college, 270.
  • Team work, 90, 145.
  • Telegraph, 7; operator, 226 f.
  • Telephone, 2, 7.
  • Temperature, 165.
  • Tennis, 284 f.
  • Therapeutics, mental, 214.
  • Thompson, Edgar, works, 51.
  • Torrid zone, 17 f.
  • Traditions and ideals, 91.
  • Trifles, 1.
  • Trips, educational, 44 ff.
  • Tugboat, 213, 214.

  • Union, assemblers', 152.
  • Union Pacific, 17.

  • Vacation camps, 101.
  • Vacations, 14.
  • Ventilation, 179.

  • Wages, fair, 82, 153; commissions, 143; piece rates for, 150; maximum, 152; sums paid in, 153; value, 241; little or no, 262.
  • Wanamaker, John, 271.
    • 339

  • Warming up, 11, 12, 232.
  • "Wars," 68.
  • Washington, 85, 91.
  • Waste, elimination of, 6; body, 173; poisonous, 173; in methods, 261.
  • Watson, E. P., 13 f.
  • Weariness, 12; aftermath of, 177.
  • "Welfare," features, 122.
  • Westinghouse, 37.
  • Will, effort of, 111, 124; strength of, 111.
  • Wizard, 1.

  • Yawning, contagion of, 31.
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