University of Virginia Library

APPENDIX.

With a view to a more complete development of this
subject, I have deemed it expedient in the outset, to state
the leading measures pursued by the provincial government
of Spain, in relation to this subject; the evils which
flowed from those measures, as well to the Indians as to the
whites, in order that we may profit by their errors, and be
ourselves the better enabled to apply the necessary correctives
to the remnant of evils which their practice introduced.

From the commencement of the Spanish provincial government
in Louisiana, whether by the permission of the
crown, or originating in the pecuniary rapacity of their governors
general, this officer assumed to himself exclusively
the right of trading with all the Indian nations in Louisiana;
and therefore proceeded to dispose of this privilege to
individuals, for certain specific sums: his example was imitated
by the governors of Upper Louisiana, who made a
further exaction. Those exclusive permissions to individuals
varied as to the extent of country or nations they embraced,
and the period for which granted; but in all cases the
exclusive licenses were offered to the highest bidder, and, consequently,
the sums paid by the individuals purchasing, were
quite as much as the profits of the trade would bear, and in

many instances, from a spirit of opposition between contending
applicants, much more was given than ever the
profits of the traffic would justify. The individual, of course,
became bankrupt. This, however, was among the least of
the evils flowing from this system to the Indian; it produced
the evil of compelling him to pay such enormous sums
for the articles he purchased, that his greatest exertions
would not enable him to obtain as much as he had previously
been in the habit of consuming, and which he therefore
conceived necessary to him; for as this system progressed
the demands of the governors became more exorbitant,
and the trader, to meet his engagements, exacted higher
prices from the Indians, though the game became scarcer in
their country. The morals of the Indian were corrupted by
placing before him the articles which he viewed as of the
first necessity to him, at such prices, that he had it not in
his power to purchase; he was therefore induced, in many
instances, to take by force that which he had not the
means of paying for; consoling himself with the idea, that
the trader was compelled of necessity to possess himself of
the peltries and furs, in order to meet his engagements with
those from whom he had purchased his merchandise, as well
as those who had assisted him in their transportation. He
consequently could not withdraw himself from their trade,
without inevitable ruin. The prevalence of this sentiment
among the Indians, was strongly impressed on my mind by
an anecdote related to me by a gentleman, who had for several
years enjoyed, under the Spanish government, the exclusive
privilege of trading with the Little Osages. It happened,
that after he had bartered with them for all their
peltries and furs which they had on hand, that they seized
forcibly on a number of guns and a quantity of ammunition
which he had still remaining; he remonstrated with them
against this act of violence, and finally concluded by declaring
that he would never return among them again, nor
would he suffer any person to bring them merchandise thereafter.
They heard him out very patiently, when one of their
leaders pertly asked him; if he did not return the next season
to obtain their peltries and furs, how he intended to pay
the persons from whom he had purchased the merchandise
they had then taken from him?

The Indians believed that these traders were the most
powerful persons in the nation; nor did they doubt their
ability to withhold merchandise from them; but the great
thirst displayed by the traders for the possession of their
peltries and furs, added to the belief that they were compelled
to continue their traffic, was considered by the Indians
a sufficient guarantee for the continuance of their intercourse,
and therefore felt themselves at liberty to practise aggressions
on the traders with impunity: thus they governed the
trader by what they conceived his necessities to possess their
furs and peltries, rather than governing themselves by their
own anxiety to obtain merchandise, as they may most effectually
be by a well regulated system. It is immaterial to
the Indians how they obtain merchandise; in possession of a
supply they feel independent. The Indians found by a few
experiments of aggression on the traders, that as it respected
themselves, it had a salutary effect; and although they
had mistaken the legitimate cause of action on the part of
the trader, the result being favourable to themselves, they
continued their practice. The fact is, that the trader was
compelled to continue his trade under every disadvantage, in
order to make good his engagements to the governors; for
having secured their protection, they were safe, both in
person and property from their other creditors, who were,
for the most part, the merchants of Montreal.

The first effect of these depredations of the Indians, was
the introduction of a ruinous custom among the traders, of
extending to them a credit. The traders, who visited the Indians
on the Missouri, arrived at their wintering stations
from the latter end of September to the middle of October:
here they carried on their traffic until the latter end of

March or beginning of April. In the course of the season
they had possessed themselves of every skin the Indians had
procured, of course there was an end of trade; but previous
to their return, the Indians insist upon a credit being given
on the faith of payment when he returned the next season.
The trader understands his situation, and knowing this credit
was nothing less than the price of his passport, or the
privilege of departing in safety to his home, of course narrowed
down the amount of this credit, by concealing, as
far as he could, to avoid the suspicions of the Indians, the
remmant of his merchandise. But the amount to be offered
must always be such as they had been accustomed to receive;
and which, in every case, bore a considerable proportion
to their whole trade; say the full amount of their
summer or redskin hunt. The Indians well knew that the
traders were in their power, and the servile motives which
induced them to extend their liberality to them, and were
therefore the less solicitous to meet their engagements on
the day of payment; to this indifference they were further
urged by the traders distributing among them, on those occasions,
many articles of the last necessity to them. The consequence
was, that when the traders returned the ensuing
fall, if they obtained only one half of their credits they were
well satisfied, as this covered their real expenditure.

Again: if it so happen, in the course of the winter's traffic,
that the losses of the trader, growing out of the indolence
of the Indians, and their exorbitant exactions under
the appellation of credit, should so reduce his stock in trade
that he could not pay the governor the price stipulated for
his license, and procure a further supply of goods in order to
prosecute his trade, the license was immediately granted to
some other individual, who, with an ample assortment of
merchandise, visits the place of rendezvous of his predecessor,
without the interpolation of a single season. It did
not unfrequently happen, that the individuals engaged in
this commerce, finding one of their number failing from the

rapacity of the Indian nation, with which he had been permitted
to trade, were not so anxious to possess themselves
of the privilege of trading with that nation; the governor, of
course, rather than lose all advantages, would abate of his
demands considerably. The new trader thus relieved of a considerable
proportion of the tax borne by his predecessor,
and being disposed to make a favourable impression on the
minds of the Indians, to whom he was about to introduce
himself, would, for the first season at least, dispose of his
goods to those Indians on more moderate terms than his predecessor
had done. The Indians now find that the aggressions
they have practised on their former trader, so far from
proving detrimental to them, had procured not only their exoneration
from the payment of the last credit given them
by their former trader, but that the present trader furnished
them goods on better terms than they had been accustomed
to receive them. Thus encouraged by the effects of
this rapacious policy, it was not to be expected that they
would alter their plan of operation as it respected their new
trader; or that they should appreciate the character of the
whites in general in any other manner, than as expressed in
a prevailing sentiment on this subject, now common among
several nations on the Missouri, to wit: "that the white men
are like dogs, the more you beat them and plunder them, the
more goods they will bring you, and the cheaper they will
sell them." This sentiment constitutes, at present, the rule
of action among the Kanzas, Sioux, and others; and if it be
not broken down by the adoption of some efficient measures,
it needs not the aid of any deep calculation to determine
the sum of advantages which will result to the American
people from the trade of the Missouri. These aggressions
on the part of the Indians, were encouraged by the pusillanimity
of the engagees, who declared that they were not engaged
to fight.

The evils which flowed from this system of exclusive
trade, were sensibly felt by the inhabitants of Louisiana.

The governor, regardless of the safety of the community,
sold to an individual the right of vending among the Indians
every species of merchandise; thus bartering, in effect, his
only efficient check on the Indians. The trader, allured by
the hope of gain, neither shackled with discretion, nor consulting
the public good, proceeded to supply the Indians, on
whom he was dependent, with arms, ammunition, and all
other articles they might require. The Indian, thus independent,
acknowledging no authority but his own, will proceed
without compunction of conscience or fear of punishment,
to wage war on the defenceless inhabitants of the frontier,
whose lives and property, in many instances, were thus
sacrificed at the shrine of an inordinate thirst for wealth in
their governors, which in reality occasioned all those evils.
Although the governors could not have been ignorant
that the misfortunes of the people were caused by the
independence of the Indians, to which they were accessary,
still they were the more unwilling to apply the corrective;
because the very system which gave them wealth
in the outset, in the course of its progress, afforded them
many plausible pretexts to put their hands into the treasury
of the king their master. For example; the Indians
attack the frontier, kill some of the inhabitants, plunder
many others, and agreeably to their custom of warfare,
retire instantly to their villages with their booty. The governor
informed of this transaction, promptly calls on the
inhabitants to aid and assist in repelling the invasion. Accordingly
a party assemble under their officers, some
three or four days after the mischief had been done, and the
Indians, one hundred, or one hundred and fifty miles from
them, they pursue them, as they usually did, at no rapid
pace, three or four days, and returned without overtaking
the enemy, as they might have well known before they set
out. On their return the men were dismissed, but ordered to
hold themselves in readiness at a moment's warning. When
at the end of some two or three months, the governor chose
to consider the danger blown over, he causes receipts to be
made out for the full pay of two or three months service, to
which the signatures of the individuals are affixed; but as
those persous were only absent from their homes ten or
twelve days, all that was really paid them, did not amount
to more than one fourth or one fifth of what they receipted
for, and the balance of course was taken by the governor,
as the reward for his faithful guardianship of the lives and
property of his majesty's subjects.

The Spaniards holding the entrance of the Missouri,
could regulate as they thought proper the intercourse with
the Indians through that channel; but from what has been
said, it will be readily perceived, that their traders, shackled
with the pecuniary impositions of their governors, could
never become the successful rivals of the British merchants
on the west side of the Mississippi, which, from its proximity
to the United States, the latter could enter without the
necessity of a Spanish passport, or the fear of being detected
by them. The consequence was that the trade of the rivers
Demoin, St. Peter's, and all the country west of the Mississippi
nearly to the Missouri, was exclusively enjoyed by
the British merchants. The Spanish governors, stimulated
by their own sordid views, declared that the honour of his
majesty was grossly compromitted by the liberty that those
adventurers took in trading with the natives within his
territory, without their permission, and therefore took the
liberty of expending his majesty's money by equipping and
manning several galleys to cruise in the channels of the
Mississippi in order to intercept those traders of the St.
Peter's and Demoin rivers, in their passage to and from the
entrance of the Oisconsing river; but after several unsuccessful
cruises, and finding the Indians so hostile to them
in this quarter, that they dare not land nor remain long in
the channel without being attacked, they therefore retired
and gave over the project. The Indians were friendly to
the British merchants, and unfriendly to the Spanish, for

the plain reason that the former sold them goods at a lower
rate. The Ayaways, Sacks, Foxes and Yanktons of the
river Demoin, who occasionally visited the Missouri, had it
in their power to compare the rates at which the Spanish
merchant in that quarter, and the British merchant on the
Mississippi sold their goods; this was always much in fasouri
of the latter; it therefore availed the Spaniards but
little, when they inculcated the doctrine of their being
their only legitimate fathers and friends, and that the
British merchants were mere intruders, and had no other
object in view but their own aggrandizement. The Indians,
deaf to this doctrine, estimated the friendship of both by the
rates at which they respectively sold their merchandise;
and of course remained the firm friends of the British. In
this situation it is not difficult for those to conceive who
have felt the force of their machinations, that the British
merchants would, in order to extend their own trade, endeavour
to break down that of their neighbours on the Missouri.
The attachments of the Indians to them, afforded a
formidable weapon with which to effect their purposes,
nor did they suffer it to remain unemployed.

The merchants of the Dog prairie, rivers Demoin and
Ayaway, stimulated the nations just mentioned to the commission
of acts of rapacity on the merchants of the Missouri,
nor was Mr. Cameron and others, merchants of the river
St. Peter's, less active with respect to the Cissitons, Yanktons
of the plains, Tetons, &c. who resort the Missouri
occasionally still higher up. War parties of those nations
were consequently found lying in wait on the Missouri, to
intercept the boats of the merchants of that river at the seasons
they were expected to pass, and depredations were frequently
committed, particularly by the Ayaways, who have
been known in several instances to capture boats on the Missouri,
in their descent to St. Louis, and compelled the crews
to load themselves with heavy burdens of their best furs
across the country to their towns, where they disposed of them

to the British merchants. In those cases they always destroyed
the periogues, and such of the peltries and furs as they
could not carry off. It may be urged, that the British merchants
knowing that the United States, at present, through
mere courtesy, permit them to extend their trade to the
west side of the Mississippi; or rather that they are mere
tenants at will, and that the United States possess the means
of ejecting them at pleasure; that they will, under these
circumstances, be induced to act differently towards us than
they did in relation to the Spanish government; but what assurance
have we that this will be the effect of the mere
change of governments without change of measures in relation
to them. Suffer me to ask what solid grounds there
are to hope that their gratitude for our tolerance and liberality
on this subject, will induce them to hold a different policy
towards us. None, in my opinion, unless we stimulate
their gratitude by placing before their eyes the instruments
of our power in the form of one or two garrisons on the upper
part of the Mississippi. Even admit that the people
were actuated by the most friendly regard towards the
interests of the United States, and at this moment made
a common cause with us to induce the Indians to demean
themselves in an orderly manner towards our government,
and to treat our traders of the Missouri with respect and
friendship, yet, without some efficient check on the Indians,
I should not think our citizens nor our traders secure; because
the Indians, who have for ten years and upwards, derived
advantages from practice on lessons of rapacity taught
them by those traders, cannot at a moment be brought back to
a state of primitive innocence, by the united persuasions of all
the British traders. I hold it an axiom, incontrovertible,
that it is more easy to introduce vice into all states of society
than it is to eradicate it; and that this is still more strictly
true, when applied to man in savage than in his civilized
state. If, therefore, we wish, within some short period, to
devest ourselves of the evils which flowed from the inculcation
of those doctrines of vice, we must employ some more
active agent than the influence of the same teachers who
first introduced them. Such an agent, in my opinion, is the
power of withholding their merchandise from them at pleasure;
and to accomplish this, we must first provide the means
of controlling the merchants. If we permit the British merchants
to supply the Indians in Louisiana as formerly, the
influence of our government over those Indians is lost. For
the Indian in possession of his merchandise, feels himself independent
of every government, and will proceed to commit
the same depredations which they did when rendered independent
by the Spanish system.

The traders give themselves but little trouble at any
time to inculcate among the Indians a respect for governments;
but are usually content with proclaiming their own
importance. When the British merchants give themselves
trouble to speak of governments, it is but fair to presume
that they will teach the natives to respect the power of
their own. And at all events, we know from experience
that no regard for the blood of our frontier inhabitants will
influence them at any time to withhold arms and ammunition
from the Indians, provided they are to profit by furnishing
them.

Having now stated, as they have occurred to my mind,
the several evils which flowed from that system of intercourse
with the Indians, pursued by the Spanish government,
I shall next endeavour to point out the defects of our
own, and show its incompetency to produce the wished for
reform; then, with some remarks on the Indian character,
conclude by submitting for the consideration of our government,
the outlines of a plan which has been dictated as well
by a sentiment of philanthropy towards the aborigines of
America, as a just regard to the protection of the lives
and property of our citizens; and with the further view also
of securing to the people of the United States, exclusively,

the advantages which ought of right to accrue to them from
the possession of Louisiana.

We now permit the British merchants of Canada, indiscriminately
with our own, to enter the Missouri, and trade with
the nations in that quarter. Although the government of the U.
States has not yielded the point that, as a matter of right, the
British merchants have the privilege of trading in this quarter;
yet from what has been said to them, they are now acting
under a belief, that it will be some time before any prohibitory
measures will be taken with respect to them; and
are therefore making rapid strides to secure themselves in
the affection of the Indians, and to break down, as soon as
possible, the American adventurers, by underselling them,
and thus monopolize that trade: this they will effect to an
absolute certainty in the course of a few years. The old Northwest
company of Canada have, within the last two years, formed
a union with the Newyork company, who had previously
been the only important rivals in the fur trade; this company,
with the great accession of capital brought them by the
Newyork company, have, with a view to the particular
monopoly of the Missouri, formed a connexion with a British
house in Newyork, another at New Orleans, and have
sent their particular agent, by the name of Jacob Mires, to
take his station at St. Louis. It may be readily conceived
that the union of the Northwest and Newyork companies,
who had previously extended their trade in opposition
to each other, and to the exclusion of all unassociated
merchants on the upper portion of the Mississippi, the waters
of lake Winnipec and the Athebaskey country, would, after
their late union, have a surplus of capital and a surplus of
men, which they could readily employ in some other quarter:
such was the Missouri, which, from the lenity of our
government, they saw was opened to them; and I do believe,
could the fact be ascertained, that the hope of future gain
from the fur trade of that river, was one of the principal
causes of the union between those two great rivals in the fur

trade of North America. That this trade will be nurtured
and protected by the British government, I have no doubt,
for many reasons, which it strikes me could be offered, but
which, not falling immediately within the purview of these
observations on the fur trade of Louisiana, I shall forbear
to mention.

As the Missouri forms only one of four large branches
of the commerce of this united, or as it is still called, the
Northwest company, they will have it in their power, not only
to break down all single adventurers on the Missouri,
but in the course of a few years to effect the same thing
with a company of merchants of the United States, who
might enter into a competition with them in this single
branch of their trade. Nor is it probable that our merchants,
knowing this fact, will form a company for the purpose of
carrying on this trade, while they see the Northwest company
permitted by our government to trade on the Missouri,
and on the west side of the Mississippi: therefore, the Northwest
company, on the present plan, having driven the adventurers
of small capitals from these portions of our territory,
will most probably never afterwards have a rival in
any company of our own merchants. By their continuance
they will acquire strength, and having secured the wished-for
monopoly, they will then trade with the Indians on their
own terms; and being possessed of the trade, both on the
Mississippi and Missouri, they can make the price of their
goods in both quarters similar, and though they may be excessively
high, yet being the same they will run no risk of disaffecting
the Indians by a comparison of the prices at which they
receive their goods at those places. If then it appears, that the
longer we extend the privilege to the Northwest company of
continuing their trade within our territory, the difficulty of
excluding them will increase: can we begin the work of exclusion
too soon? For my own part I see not the necessity
to admit, that our own merchants are not at this moment
competent to supply the Indians of the Missouri with such

quantities of goods as will, at least in the acceptation of the
Indians themselves, be deemed satisfactory and sufficient for
their necessities. All their ideas relative to their necessities
are only comparative, and may be tested by a scale of
the quantities they have been in the habit of receiving. Such
a scale I transmitted to the government from fort Mandan.
From a regard to the happiness of the Indians, it would give
me much pleasure to see this scale liberally increased; yet I
am clearly of opinion, that this effect should be caused by the
regular progression of the trade of our own merchants, under
the patronage and protection of our own government. This
will afford additional security to the tranquillity of our much
extended frontier, while it will give wealth to our merchants.
We know that the change of government in Louisiana,
from Spain to that of the United States, has withdrawn
no part of that capital formerly employed in the trade
of the Missouri; the same persons still remain, and continue
to prosecute their trade. To these there has been an
accession of several enterprising American merchants, and
several others since my return have signified their intention
to embark in that trade, within the present year; and
the whole of those merchants are now unembarrassed by
the exactions of Spanish governors. Under those circumstances
is it fair for us to presume that the Indians are not
now supplied by our own merchants, with quite as large an
amount in merchandise as they had been formerly accustomed
to receive? Should the quantity thus supplied not
fully meet our wishes on liberal views, towards the Indians,
is it not sounder policy to wait the certain progress of our
own trade, than in order to supply this momentary deficiency,
to admit the aid of the Northwest company, at the expense
of the total loss of that trade; thereby giving them a carte
blanch on which to write in future their own terms of traffic
with the Indians, and thus throwing them into their hands,
permit them to be formed into a rod of iron, with which, for
Great Britain, to scourge our frontier at pleasure.

If the British merchants were prohibited from trading
in upper Louisiana, the American merchants, with the aid
of the profits arising from the trade of the lower portion of
the Missouri and the western branches of the Mississippi,
would be enabled most probably to become the successful
rivals of the Northwest company in the more distant parts
of the continent; to which we might look, in such case, with
a well-founded hope of enjoying great advantages from the
fur trade; but if this prohibition does not shortly take
place, I will venture to predict that no such attempts will
ever be made, and, consequently, that we shall for several
generations be taxed with the defence of a country, which
to us would be no more than a barren waste.

About the beginning of August last, two of the wintering
partners of the Northwest company, visited the Mandan
and Minnetaree villages on the Missouri, and fixed on a
scite for a fortified establishment. This project once carried
into effect, we have no right to hope for the trade of the
upper portion of the Missouri, until our government shall
think proper to dislodge them.

This season there has been sent up the Missouri, for the
Indian trade, more than treble the quantity of merchandise
that has ever been previously embarked in that trade at any
one period. Of this quantity, as far as I could judge from
the best information I could collect, two-thirds was the property
of British merchants, and directly or indirectly that of
the Northwest company. Not any of this merchandise was destined
for a higher point on the Missouri than the mouth of the
Vermillion river, or the neighbourhood of the Yanktons of
the river Demoin; of course, there will be a greater excess of
goods beyond what the Indians can purchase, unless they
sell at one-third their customary price, which the American
merchant certainly cannot do without sacrificing his capital.

On my return this fall, I met on the Missouri an American
merchant by the name of Robert M 'Clellan, formerly a
distinguished partisan in the army under general Wayne:

in a conversation with this gentleman, I learned that during
the last winter, in his trade with the Mahas, he had a
competitor by the name of Joseph La Croix (believed to be
employed by the Northwest company, but now is an avowed
British merchant)—that the prices at which La Croix sold
his goods, compelled him to reduce the rates of his own
goods so much as to cause him to sink upwards of two thousand
dollars of his capital, in the course of his trade, that
season; but that as he had embarked in this trade for two
years past, and had formed a favourable acquaintance with
the Mahas and others, he should still continue it a few seasons
more, even at a loss of his time and capital, in the hope
that government seeing the error would correct it, and that
he might then regain his losses, from the circumstance of
his general acquaintance with the Indians.

I also met in my way to St. Louis, another merchant, by
the same name, a captain M'Clellan, formerly of the United
States' corps of artillerists. This gentleman informed me
that he was connected with one of the principal houses in
Baltimore, which I do not now recollect, but can readily
ascertain the name and standing of the firm, if it is considered
of any importance; he said he had brought with him
a small but well assorted adventure, calculated for the Indian
trade, by way of experiment; that the majority of his
goods were of the fine high-priced kind, calculated for the
trade with the Spanish province of New Mexico, which he
intended to carry on within the territory of the United
States, near the border of that province; that connected
with this object, the house with which he was concerned
was ready to embark largely in the fur trade of the Missouri,
provided it should appear to him to offer advantages
to them. That since he had arrived in Louisiana, which
was last autumn, he had endeavoured to inform himself of
the state of this trade, and that from his inquiries, he had
been so fully impressed with the disadvantages it laboured
under from the free admission of the British merchants, he

had written to his house in Baltimore, advising that they
should not embark in this trade, unless these merchants
were prohibited from entering the river.

I have mentioned these two as cases in point, and which
have fallen immediately under my own observation: the
first shows the disadvantages under which the trade of our
own merchants is now actually labouring; and the second,
that no other merchants will probably engage in this trade,
while the British fur traders are permitted by our government
to continue their traffic in Upper Louisiana. With this
view of the subject, it is submitted to the government, with
whom it alone rests to decide whether the admission or nonadmission
of those merchants is at this moment most expedient.

The custom of giving credits to the Indians, which grew
out of the Spanish system, still exists, and agreeably to our
present plan of intercourse with these people, is likely to
produce more pernicious consequences than it did formerly.
The Indians of the Missouri, who have been in the habit of
considering these credits rather as a present, or the price of
their permission for the trader to depart in peace, still continue
to view it in the same light, and will therefore give up their
expectations on that point with some reluctance; nor can the
merchants well refuse to acquiesce, while they are compelled
to be absent from the nations with which they trade
five or six months in the year. The Indians are yet
too vicious to permit them in safety to leave goods at their
trading houses, during their absence, in the care of one or
two persons; the merchant, therefore, would rather suffer
the loss by giving the credit, than incur the expense of a
competent guard, or doubling the quantity of his engagees,
for it requires as many men to take the peltries and furs to
market as it does to bring the goods to the trading establishment,
and the number usually employed are not found
at any time, more than sufficient to give a tolerable security
against the Indians.

I presume that it will not be denied, that it is our best
policy, and will be our practice to admit, under the restrictions
of our laws on this subject, a fair competition among
all our merchants in the Indian trade. This being the case
then, it will happen, as it has already happened, that one
merchant having trade with any nation, at the usual season
gives them a credit and departs: a second knowing that
such advance had been made, hurries his outfit and arrives
at that nation, perhaps a month earlier in the fall than the
merchant who had made this advance to the Indians: he
immediately assembles the nation and offers his goods in exchange
for their redskin hunt; the good faith of the Indians,
with respect to the absent merchant, will not bind them
to refuse; an exchange, of course, takes place; and when the
merchant to whom they are indebted arrives, they have
no peltry, either to barter or to pay him for the goods
which they have already received; the consequences are,
that the merchant who has sustained the loss becomes frantic;
he abuses the Indians, bestows on them the epithets of
liars and dogs, and says a thousand things only calculated
to sour their minds, and disaffect them to the whites:
the rival trader he accuses of having robbed him of his credits
(for they never give this species of artifice among themselves
a milder term) and calls him many opprobrious
names; a combat frequently ensues, in which the principals
are not the only actors, for their men will, of course, sympathise
with their respective employers. The Indians are
the spectators of those riotous transactions, which are
well calculated to give them a contempt for the character
of the whites, and to inspire them with a belief of the importance
of their peltries and furs. The British traders
have even gone further in the northwest, and even offered
bribes to induce the Indians to destroy each other; nor have
I any reason to doubt but what the same thing will happen
on the Missouri, unless some disinterested person, armed
with authority by government, he placed in such a situation

as will enable him to prevent such controversies. I look
to this custom of extending credits to the Indians, as one of
the great causes of all those individual contentions, which
will most probably arise in the course of this trade, as well
between the Indians and whites, as between the whites
themselves; and that our agents and officers will be always
harrassed with settling these disputes, which they never
can do in such a manner as to restore a perfect good understanding
between the parties. I think it would be best
in the outset, for the government to let it be understood by
the merchants, that if they think proper to extend credits
to the Indians, it shall be at their own risk, dependent on
the good faith of the Indians for voluntary payment; that
the failure of the Indians to comply with their contracts,
shall not be considered any justification for their maltreatment
or holding abusive language to them, and that no assistance
shall be given them in any shape by the public functionaries
to aid them in collecting their credits. If the government
interfere in behalf of the traders by any regulation,
then it will be the interest of every trader individually
to get the Indians indebted to him, and to keep them so in
order to secure in future their peltries and furs exclusively
to himself. Thus, the Indians would be compelled to exchange
without choice of either goods or their prices, and
the government would have pledged itself to make the Indians
pay for goods, of which they cannot regulate the
prices. I presume the government will not undertake to regulate
the merchant in this respect by law.

The difficulties which have arisen, and which must arise
under existing circumstances, may be readily corrected by
establishing a few posts, where there shall be a sufficient
guard to protect the property of the merchants in their absence,
though it may be left with only a single clerk: to
those common marts, all traders and Indians should be compelled
to resort for the purposes of traffic.

The plan proposed guards against all difficulties, and
provides for a fair exchange, without the necessity of
credit: when the Indian appears with his peltry and fur,
the competition between the merchants will always insure
him his goods on the lowest possible terms, and the
exchange taking place at once, there can be no cause of controversy
between the Indian and the merchant, and no fear
of loss on the part of the latter, unless he is disposed to
make a voluntary sacrifice, through a spirit of competition
with others, by selling his goods at an under value.

Some of the stipulations contained in the licenses usually
granted our Indian traders, are totally incompatible with
the local situations, and existing customs and habits of almost
all the Indian nations in Upper Louisiana. I allude
more particularly to that clause in the license, which compels
them to trade at Indian towns only. It will be seen by
referrence to my statistical view of the Indian nations of
Upper Louisiana, that the great body of those people are
roving bands, who have no villages, or stationary residence.
The next principal division of them, embracing the Panias,
Ottoes, Kanzas, &c. have not their villages on the Missouri,
and they even pass the greater portion of the year at a
distance from their villages, in the same roving manner. The
third, and only portion of those Indians, who can with propriety
be considered as possessed of such stationary villages
as seems to have been contemplated by this clause of the license,
is confined to the Ayaways, Sioux, and Foxes of the
Mississippi, and the Ricaras, Mandans, Minnetarees, and
Ahwahaways of the Missouri. The consequence is, that
until some further provision be made, that all the traders
who have intercourse with any nations except those of the
last class, will form their establishments at the several
points on the Missouri, where it will be most convenient to
meet the several nations with whom they wish to carry on
commerce. This is their practice at the present moment,
and their houses are scattered on various parts of the Missouri.

In this detached situation, it cannot be expected that
they will comply with any of the stipulations of their licenses.
The superintendant of St. Louis, distant eight hundred
or a thousand miles, cannot learn whether they have forfeited
the penalty of their licenses or not: they may, therefore,
vend ardent spirits, compromit the government, or the
character of the whites, in the estimation of the Indians, or
practice any other crimes in relation to those people, without
the fear of detection or punishment. The government
cannot with propriety, say to those traders, that they shall
trade at villages, when in reality they do not exist; nor can
they for a moment, I presume, think of incurring the expense
of sending an Indian agent with each trader, to see
that he commit no breach of the stipulations of his license.
These traders must of course be brought together, at some
general points, where it will be convenient for several nations
to trade with them, and where they can be placed under
the eye of an Indian agent, whose duty it should be to
see that they comply with the regulations laid down for
their government. There are crimes which may be committed
without a breach of our present laws, and which
make it necessary that some further restrictions than those
contained in the present licenses of our traders, should either
be added under penalties in those licenses, or punished by
way of a discretionary power, lodged in the superintendent,
extending to the exclusion of such individuals from the Indian
trade. Of this description I shall here enumerate
three:

First, That of holding conversations with the Indians,
tending to bring our government into disrepute among them,
and to alienate their affections from the same.

Second, That of practising any means to induce the Indians
to maltreat or plunder other merchants.

Third, That of stimulating or exciting by bribes or otherwise,
any nations or bands of Indians, to wage war against
other nations or bands; or against the citizens of the United

States, or against citizens or subjects of any power at
peace with the same.

These appear to me to be crimes fraught with more real
evil to the community, and to the Indians themselves, than
vending ardent spirits, or visiting their hunting camps for
the purpose of trade; yet there are no powers vested in the
superintendents, or agents of the United States, to prevent
their repeated commission; nor restrictions or fines imposed
by our laws, to punish such offences.

It is well known to me that we have several persons engaged
in the trade of the Missouri, who have, within the
last three years, been adopted as citizens of the United
States, and who are now hostile to our government. It is
not reasonable to expect, that such persons will act with
good faith towards us. Hence, the necessity of assigning
metes and bounds to their transactions among the Indians.
On my way to St. Louis, last fall, I received satisfactory
evidence that a Mr. Robideau, an inhabitant of St. Louis,
had, the preceding winter, during his intercourse with the
Ottoes and Missouris, been guilty of the most flagrant
breaches of the first of those misdemeanors above mentioned.
On my arrival at St. Louis, I reported the case to
Mr. Broom, the acting superintendent, and recommended
his prohibiting that person from the trade of the Missouri,
unless he would give satisfactory assurances of a disposition
to hold a different language to the Indians. Mr. Broom informed
me, that the laws and regulations of the United
States on this subject, gave him no such powers; and Mr.
Robideau and sons still prosecute their trade.

The uncontrolled liberty which our citizens take of
hunting on Indian lands, has always been a source of serious
difficulty, on every part of our frontier, and is evidently
destined to become quite as much so in Upper Louisiana, unless
it be restrained and limited within consistent bounds.
When the Indians have been taught, by commerce, duly to
appreciate the furs and peltries of their country, they feel

excessive chagrin at seeing the whites, by their superior
skill in hunting, fast diminishing those productions, to which
they have been accustomed to look as the only means of acquiring
merchandise; and nine-tenths of the causes of war
are attributable to this practice. The Indians, although
well disposed to maintain a peace on any other terms, I am
convinced will never yield this point; nor do I consider it as
of any importance to us that they should; for with what consistency
of precept and practice can we say to the Indians,
whom we wish to civilize, that agriculture and the arts are
more productive of case, wealth, and comfort, than the occupation
of hunting, while they see distributed over their
forests a number of white men, engaged in the very occupation
which our doctrine would teach them to abandon.
Under such circumstances, it cannot be considered irrational
in the Indians, to conclude, that our recommendations to
agriculture are interested, and flow from a wish on our part
to derive the whole emolument arising from the peltries
and furs of their country, by taking them to ourselves.

These observations, however, are intended to apply only
to such Indian nations as have had, and still maintain a commercial
intercourse with the whites: such we may say are
those inhabiting the western branches of the Mississippi,
the eastern branches of the Missouri, and near the main body
of the latter, as far up as the Mandans and Minnetarees.
Here it is, therefore, that it appears to me expedient we
should draw a line; and temporarily change our policy. I
presume it is not less the wish of our government, that the
Indians on the extreme branches of the Missouri to the west,
and within the Rocky mountains, should obtain supplies of
merchandise equally with those more immediately in their
vicinity. To effect this, the government must either become
the merchant themselves, or present no obstacles to
their citizens, which may prevent their becoming so with
those distant nations; but as the former cannot be adopted
(though I really think it would be best for a time) then it

becomes the more necessary to encourage the latter. Policy
further dictates such encouragement being given, in order
to contravene the machinations preparing by the Northwest
company for practice in that quarter.

If the hunters are not permitted in those distant regions,
the merchants will not be at the expense of transporting
their merchandise thither, when they know that the natives
do not possess the art of taking the furs of their country.
The use of the trap, by which those furs are taken, is an
art which must be learned before it can be practised to advantage.
If the American merchant does not adventure,
the field is at once abandoned to the Northwest company,
who will permit the hunter to go, and the merchant will most
probably be with him in the outset; the abundance of rich
furs in that country, hold out sufficient inducement for them
to lose no time in pressing forward their adventures. Thus
those distant Indians will soon be supplied with merchandise;
and while they are taught the art of taking the furs of
their country, they will learn the value, and until they have
learnt its value, we shall run no risk of displeasing them by
taking it. When the period shall arrive that the distant nations
shall have learned the art of taking their furs, and know
how to appreciate its value, then the hunter becomes no longer
absolutely necessary to the merchant, and may be withdrawn;
but in the outset, he seems to form a very necessary
link in that chain which is to unite these nations and ourselves
in a state of commercial intercourse.

The liberty to our merchants of hunting, for the purpose
of procuring food, in ascending and descending the navigable
water-courses, as well as while stationary at their
commercial posts, is a privilege which should not be denied
them; but as the unlimited extent of such a privilege would
produce much evil, it should certainly be looked on as a subject
of primary importance: it should, therefore, enter into
all those compacts which we may think proper to form with

the Indians in that country, and be so shaped as to leave
them no solid grounds of discontent.

The time to which licenses shall extend.

A view of the Indian character, so far as it is necessary
it should be known, for the purposes of governing them, or
maintaining a friendly commercial intercourse with them,
may be comprised within the limits of a few general remarks.

The love of gain is the Indians' ruling passion, and the fear
of punishment must form the corrective; to this passion we
are to ascribe their inordinate thirst for the possession of merchandise,
their unwillingness to accede to any terms, or enter
into any stipulations, except such as appear to promise
them commercial advantages, and the want of good faith,
which they always evince by not complying with any regulations,
which in practice do not produce to them those expected
or promised advantages. The native justice of the
Indian mind, will always give way to his impatience for the
possession of the goods of the defenceless merchant, and he
will plunder him, unless prevented by the fear of punishment;
nor can punishment assume a more terrific shape to
them, than that of withholding every description of merchandise
from them. This species of punishment, while it is one
of the most efficient in governing the Indians, is certainly
the most humane, as it enforces a compliance with our will,
without the necessity of bloodshed. But in order to compass
the exercise of this weapon, our government must first
provide the means of controlling their traders. No government
will be respected by the Indians, until they are made
to feel the effects of its power, or see it practised on others:
and the surest guarantee of savage fidelity to any government,
is a thorough conviction in their minds, that they do
possess the power of punishing promptly, every act of
aggression, which they may commit on the persons or property
of their citizens. If both traders and Indians throughout
Upper Louisiana, were compelled to resort to regulated
commercial posts, then the trader would be less liable to

be pillaged; and the Indians deterred from practising aggression;
for when the Indians once become convinced, that
in consequence of their having practised violence upon the
persons or property of the traders, that they have been cut
off from all intercourse with those posts, and that they cannot
resort to any other places to obtain merchandise, then
they will make any sacrifice to regain the privilege they
had previously enjoyed; and I am confident, that in order to
regain our favour in such cases, they would sacrifice any
individual who may be the object of our displeasure, even
should he be their favourite chief; for their thirst of merchandise
is paramount to every other consideration; and the
leading individuals among them, well knowing this trait in
the character of their own people, will not venture to encourage
or excite aggressions on the whites, when they
know they are themselves to become the victims of its consequences.

But if, on the other hand, these commercial establishments
are not general, and we suffer detached and insulated
merchants, either British or American, to exercise their
own discretion, in setting down where they may think proper,
on the western branches of the Mississippi, for the
purposes of trading with the Indians; then, although these
commercial establishments may be so extended as to embrace
the Missouri, quite to the Mandans, still they will
lose a great part of their effects; because the roving bands
of Tetons, and the most dissolute of the Siouxs being denied
the permission to trade on the Missouri at any rate, would
resort to those establishments on the Mississippi, and thus
become independent of the trade of the Missouri, as they
have hitherto been. To correct this, we have three alternatives:
First, to establish two commercial posts in this
quarter. Secondly, to prohibit all intercourse with the Sisitons,
and other bands of Siouxs, on the river St. Peter's and
the Raven's-wing river, informing those Indians that such
prohibition has been the consequence of the malconduct of
the Tetons, and thus leave it to them to correct them; or,

Thirdly, to make an appeal to arms in order to correct the
Tetons ourselves.

Impressed with a belief unalloyed with doubts, that the
ardent wish of our government has ever been to conciliate
the esteem, and secure the friendship of all the savage nations
within their territory, by the exercise of every consistent and
pacific measure in their power, applying those of coertion only
in the last resort, I here proceed with a due deference to their
better judgment, to develop a scheme which has suggested itself
to my mind, as the most expedient that I can devise for
the successful consummation of their philanthropic views towards
those wretched people of America, as well as to secure
to the citizens of the United States, all those advantages,
which ought of right exclusively to accrue to them,
from the possession of Upper Louisiana.

The situation of the Indian trade on the Missouri and its
waters, while under the Spanish government.

The exclusive permission to trade with nations.

The giving by those exclusions, the right to individuals
to furnish supplies, which rendered the Indians independent
of the government.

The times of sending goods to the Indians, and of returning
to St. Louis—the necessity of giving credits; therefore
the disadvantages of.

The evils which grew out of the method pursued by the
Spaniards, as well to themselves as to the Indians.

The independence of individuals of their own government.

The dependence of the Indians on those individuals, and
their consequent contempt for the government, and for all
other citizens whom they plundered and murdered at pleasure.

The present rapacity of the Indians, owing to this cause,
aided also by the system of giving credits to the Indians,
which caused contentions among the traders, which terminated
by giving the Indians a contempt for the character of
the whites.

The permission to persons to hunt on Indian lands, productive
of many evils, the most frequent causes of war, hostile
to the views of civilizing, and of governing the Indians.

The first principle of governing the Indians is to govern
the whites—the impossibility of doing this without establishments,
and some guards at those posts.

The Sisitons may be made a check on the Tetons by
withholding their trade on the Mississippi.

Having stated the several evils which flowed from the
Spanish system, I now state the Indian character, the evils
which still exist, and what they will probably terminate in, if
not redressed—the plan recommended to be pursued and the
benefits which may be expected to result therefrom, conclude
thus, it may be pretty confidently believed that it is not competent
to produce the wished for reform among the Indians.

Hunters permitted in the Indian country pernicious—frequent
cause of war between us.

Some of the stipulations of the licenses granted the traders,
in application to the state of the Indians on the Missouri,
of course not attended to. The incompetency of the
Indian agents to see that any of the stipulations are complied
with. Whiskey, or ardent spirits may, therefore, be
introduced, and other corruptions practised without our
knowledge. There is not at present allowed by law to the
superintendant of Indian affairs, any discretionary powers,
by which he can prohibit our newly acquired citizens of
Louisiana, who may be disaffected to our government, from
trading with the Indians: the law says, that any citizen of
the United States, who can give sufficient security for the
sum of five hundred dollars, for the faithful compliance
with the stipulation of his license, shall be permitted to
trade. An instance has happened in Mr. Robideau, &c.

The preceding observations of captain Lewis, although
left in an unfinished state, are too important to be omitted.
The premature death of the author has prevented his filling
up the able outline that he has drawn.

A summary statement of the rivers, creeks, and most
remarkable places, their distances from each other, &c.
their distances from the Mississippi, ascending the Missouri,
across the Rocky mountains, and down the Columbia
to the Pacific ocean, as was explored in the years 1804, 5,
and 6, by captains Lewis and Clarke.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

Names of remarkable places.	The width of rivers and creeks in yards.	Side on which they are situated.	Distances from one place to another.	Distances up the Missouri from the Mississippi.
	Yards		Miles.	Miles.
To the village of St. Charles		N.E.	21	21
Osagew-oman's river	30	N.E.	20	41
Charrette's village and creek	20	N.E.	27	68
Shepherd's creek		S.W.	15	83
Gasconade river	157	S.W.	17	100
Muddy river	50	N.E.	15	115
Grand Osage river	397	S.W.	18	133
Murrow creek	20	S.W.	5	138
Cedar island and creek	20	N.E.	7	145
Leadmine hill		S.W.	9	154
Manitou creek	20	S.E.	8	162
Splitrock creek	20	N.E.	8	170
Saline, or Salt river	30	S.E.	3	173
Manitou river	30	N.E.	9	182
Goodwoman's river	35	N.E.	9	191
Mine river	70	S.W.	9	200
Arrow prairie		S.W.	6	206
Two Charleton rivers	30/70	N.E.	14	220
Ancient village of the Missouri nation, near which place Fort Orleans stood,		N.E.	16	236
Grand river	90	N.E.	4	240
Snake creek	18	N.E.	6	246
Ancient village of the Little Osages		S.W.	10	256
Tigers' island and creek	25	N.E.	20	276
Hubert's island and creek		S.W.	12	388
Fire-prairie creek		S.W.	12	300
Fort Point		S.W.	6	306
Haycabin creek	20	S.W.	6	312
Coalbank		S.W.	9	321
Bluewater river	30	S.W.	10	331
Kanzas river	230	S.W.	9	340
Little river Platte	60	N.E.	9	349
To the First old Kanzas village		S.W.	28	377
Independence creek, a mile below the second old Kanzas village		S.W.	28	405
St. Michael's prairie		N.E.	25	480
Nodawa river	70	N.E.	20	450
Wolf, or Loup river	60	S.W.	14	464
Big Nemaha river	80	S.W.	16	480
Tarkio creek	23	N.E.	3	483
Neeshnabatona river	50	N.E.	2	508
Little Nemaha river	48	S.W.	8	516
Baldpated prairie, the Neeshnabatona within 150 yards of the Missouri		N.E.	23	539
Weeping water creek	25	S.W.	29	568
River Platt, or Shoal river	600	S.W.	32	600
Butterfly, or Papillon creek	18	S.W.	3
Musquetoe creek	22	N.E.	7	610
Ancient village of the Ottoes		S.W.	11
Ancient Ayaways village, below a bluff, on the northeast side		N.E.	6
Bowyer's river	25	N.E.	11
Council bluffs (establishment)		S.W.	12	650
Soldier's river	40	N.E.	39	689
Eaneahwaudepon, (Little Sioux river	80	N.E.	44	733
Waucarde, or Badspirit creek		S.W.	55	788
Around a bend of the river to the northeast, the gorge of which is only 974 yards			21	809
To an island, 3 miles northeast of the Maha village			27	836
Floyd's bluff and river	35	N.E.	14	850
To the Big Sioux river	110	N.E.	3	853
Commencement of the copperas, cobalt, pirites, and alum bluffs		S.W.	27	880
Hot, or Burning bluffs		S.W.	30	910
Whitestone river	30	N.E.	8	918
Petit-arc, an old Maha village, at the mouth of Littlebow creek	15	S.W.	20	938
River Jacques, or James' river	90	N.E.	12	950
Calumet bluff (mineral)		S.W.	10	960
Ancient fortification, Goodman's island		S.W.	16	976
To Plum creek	12	N.E.	10	986
Whitepoint creek	28	S.W.	8	994
Quicourre	152	S.W.	6	1000
To the Poncar river and village	30	S.W.	10	1010
To the dome and village of the burrowing squirrels		S.W.	20	1030
Island of cedars			45	1075
To White river	300	S.W.	55	1130
To the Three rivers of the Sioux pass	35	N.E.	22	1152
An island in the commencement of the Big bend		N.E.	20	1172
the upper part of the Big bend, the gorge of which is 1¼ miles		S.W.	30	1202
To Tylor's river	35	S.W.	6	1208
Loisel's fort on Cedar island		S.W.	18	1226
Teton river	70	S.W.	37	1263
the upper of five old Ricara villages, reduced by the Sioux, and abandoned		S.W.	42	1305
To Chayenne river	400	S.W.	5	1310
an old Ricara village on Lahoocat's island			47	1357
Sarwarkarna river	90	S.W.	40	1397
Wetarhoo river	120	S.W.	25	1422
the first Ricaras villages on an island		S.W.	4
second Ricaras three villages		S.W.	4	1430
Stone-idol creek	18	N.E.	18
Warreconne river	35	N.E.	40	1488
Cannonball river	140	S.W.	12	1500
Chesschetar river, near six old Mandan villages	38	S.W.	40	1540
Old Ricara and Mandan villages		S.W.	40	1580
To Fort Mandan (wintering post of 1804,		N.E.	20	1600
the Mandan villages on each side			4	1604
To Knife river, on which the two Minnetaree and Maha villages are situated near the mouth	80	S.W.	2	1606
the Island			11
Miry river	10	N.E.	16	1633
Island in the Little basin			28
Little Missouri river	134	S.W.	29	1690
Wild-onion creek	16	N.E.	12
Goose-egg lake	300	N.E.	9
Chaboneau's creek	20	S.W.	16	1727
Goatpen creek, Mouse river, waters of lake Winnipec near the Missouri	20	N.E.	16	1743
To Hall's strand, lake, and creek		N.E.	47	1790
White-earth river	60	N.E.	40	1840
Rochejaune, or Yellowstone river	858	S.W.	40	1880
To Martha's river	50	N.E.	60	1940
Porcupine river	112	N.E.	50	1990
To the Littledry creek	25	S.W.	40	2030
Bigdry creek	100	S.W.	9
Littledry river	200	S.W.	6	2045
Gulf in the Island bend			32
To Milk river	150	N.E.	13	2090
Bigdry river	400	S.W.	25
Werner's run	10	N.E.	9
Pine creek	20	N.E.	36	2160
Gibson's river	35	N.E.	17	2177
Brownbear-defeated creek	40	S.W.	12
Bratton's river	100	N.E.	24	2213
Burntlodge creek	50	S.W.	6
Wiser's creek	40	N.E.	14	2233
Muscleshell river	110	S.W.	37	2270
Grouse creek	20	N.E.	30
North-mountain creek	30	N.E.	36	2336
South-mountain creek	30	S.W.	18	2354
Ibex island			15
Goodrich's island			9	2378
Windsor's creek	30	N.E.	7	2385
Elk rapid (swift water)			15	2400
Thomson's creek	28	N.E.	27½	2427
Judith's river	100	S.W.	11½	2439½
Ash rapid (swift water)			4
Slaughter river	40	S.W.	11	2454
Stonewall creek, above the natural walls	30	N.E.	26	2480
Maria's river	186	N.E.	41	2521
Snow river	50	S.W.	19
Shields's river	35	S.W.	28	2568
The foot of the entrance of Portage river, five miles below the Great falls	45	S.W.	7	2575

Leaving the Missouri below the falls, and passing by land to
the navigable waters of the Columbia river.

                                             

Names of remarkable places.	Width of the rivers and creeks.	Distance from one place to another.	Distance from the falls of the Missouri.	Distance from the Mississippi.
	Yards.	Miles.	Miles.	Miles.
To the entrance of Medicine river	137	18	18	2593
Fort Mountain, passing through the plain between Medicine river and the Missouri, near the Missouri		15	33	2603
Rocky mountains, to a gap on the ridge, which divides the waters of the Missouri from those of the Columbia, passing the north part of a mountain and crossing Dearborn's river		35	68	2643
Fork of Cohahlarishkit river from the north, passed four creeks from the north	45	40	108	2683
To Seaman's creek from the north	20	7	115
Werner's creek from the north	35	10	125	2700
the east fork of Clarke's river, at the entrance of Cohahlarishkit	120	30	155	3730
To Clarke's river, below the forks	150	12	167	2742
Traveller's-rest creek, on the west side of Clarke's river, about the forks	25	5	172	2747
the Fork's of Traveller's-rest creek, at a right-hand road		18	190
Hot springs on the creek		13	203	2778
Quamash glades, passing the head of the creek to a branch of Kooskooskee river		7	210
North branch of Kooskooskee river, a left-hand road leads off at five miles		7	217
Junction of the roads on the top of a snowy mountain, the left-hand road, passing by a fishery		10	227	2802
Hungry creek from the right, passing on a dividing mountain, covered with deep snow, except on two places, which are open, with a southern exposure at 8 and 36 miles		54	281	2856
To a Glade upon Hungry creek		6	287
Glade upon a small branch of do		8	295
Glade on Fish creek	10	9	304
To Collins's creek	25	13	317
Quamash flats		11	328	2903
Kooskooskee, or Flathead's river, in a pine country	120	12	340	2915

Note. In passing from the falls of the Missouri, across the
Rocky mountains to the navigable waters of the Columbia, you
have two hundred miles of good road, one hundred and forty
miles of high, steep, rugged mountains, sixty miles of which
is covered from two to eight feet deep with snow in the last of
June.

                                                                                                               

Remarkable places descending the Columbia.	Width of the rivers and creeks.	The side on which they are situated.	Distance from one place to another.	Distance descending the Columbia.	Distance from the Mississippi.
	Yards.	Side.	Miles.	Miles.	Miles.
To the entrance of Rockdam creek	20	N.	8	8	2923
Chopunnish river	120	N.	5	13	2928
Colter's creek	35	N.	37	50	2978
Lewis's river, at the entrance of the Kooskooskee river	200	S.	23	73	2988
the Sweathouse village and run		S.	7	80
Pilot's village		N.	11	91	3006
Kemooenim creek	20	S.	48	139
Drewyer's river, below the narrows of Lewis's river	30	N.	5	144	3059
Cave rapid			28	172
Basin rapid (bad)			34	206	3121
Discharge rapid (bad)			14	220	3135
the Columbia at the mouth of Lewis's river, from the east		S.E.	7	227	2142
Wollawollah river, passed eleven large mat lodges of that nation	40	S.E.	16	243	3158
Muscleshell rapid (bad) passed thirty-three mat lodges of the Wollawollahs			25	268	3183
Pelican rapid, passed forty-eight lodges of the Pishquitpahs nation		N.	22	290	3205
twenty-one lodges of the Wahowpum nation, residing on three islands, at the commencement of the high country		N.	18	308	3223
To eight lodges of the Wahowpums at Short rapid		N.	27	335	3250
the Rocky rapid, nine lodges of the same nation		N.	13	348	3263
the river La Page (bad rapid)	40	S.	9	357	3272
twenty seven lodges of the Eneshure nation, at Fishstack rapid		N.	10	367	3282
Towahnahiooks river	180	S.	8	375	3290
the Great falls of the Columbia river of 57 feet 8 inches, near which there are forty mat lodges of the Eneshure nation		N.	4	379	3294
the Short narrows, 45 yards wide			2	381	3296
Skilloot village of twenty-one large wood houses, at the long narrows, from 50 to 100 yards wide		N.	4	385	3300
Chilluckittequaw village of eight large wood houses		N.	14	390	3314
Cataract river, a few miles below a village of seven houses, and immediately above one of eleven houses of the Chilluckittequaw nation	60	N.	10	409	3324
Sepulchre rock, opposite to a villarge of houses of Chilluckittequaws		N.	4	413	3328
River Labiche, opposite to twenty-six houses of the Smackshop nation, houses scattered on the north side	46	S.	9	422	3337
Little Lake creek, three houses of the Smackshop nation	28	N.	10	432	3347
Cruzatte's river	60	N.	12	444	3359
The Grand rapid, just below the village of the Yehuh tribe of the Shahala nation of fourteen wood houses		N.	6	450	3365
Clahclellah village of the Shahalanation, near the foot of the rapids; seven houses		N.	6	456	3371
Wahclellah village of the Shahala nation, twenty-three houses, just below the entrance of the Beacon-rock creek		N.	6	462	3377
Tide water.
Phoca rock in the river, sixty-feet above water			11	473	3388
To Quicksand river	120	S	9	482	3397
Seal river	80	N.	3	485
Neechaokee village, opposite to the Diamond island		S.	4	489
Shahala village of twenty-five temporary houses		S.	12	501	3416
Multnomah river	500	S.	14	515	3430
Multnomah village		S.	6	521
Quathlahpotle village		N.	8	529
Tahwahnahiooks river	200	N.	1	530	3445
Cathlahaws creek and village	18	N.	10	540	3455
Lower extremity of Elallah or Deer island		S.	6	546
Coweliskee river, about the entrance, and up this river the Skilloot nation reside	150	N.	13	559	3474
Fanny's island		S.	16	577	3490
the Sea-otter island			12	587	3502
the upper village of the Wahkiacum nation		N.	6	593	3508
the Cathlamahs village of nine large wood houses, S. of Seal islands		S.	14	607	3522
Point William, opposite Shallow bay		S.	10	617	3532
Point Meriwether, above Meriwether's bay		S.	9	626	3541
Clatsop village, below Meriwether's bay, and seven miles northwest of Fort Clatsop		S.	8	634	3549
Point Adams, at the entrance of the Columbia into the Pacific ocean, or Great South Sea, in latitude 46° 15′ north, and longitude 124° 57′ west from Greenwich		S.	6	640	3555

Note. Fort Clatsop is situated on the west side of, and three
miles up the Netul river from Meriwether bay, and seven
miles east from the nearest part of the seacoast;—at this fort
captain M. Lewis, and captain W. Clarke, passed the winter of
1805 and 1806.

The road by which we went out by the way of the Missouri
to its head is 3096 miles, thence by land, by way of Lewis's river
over to Clarke's river, and down that to the entrance of Traveller's-rest
creek, where all the roads from different routes meet,
then across the rugged part of the Rocky mountains to the navigable

waters of the Columbia, 398 miles; thence down the river
640 miles, to the Pacific ocean; making a total distance of 4134
miles. On our return in 1806, we came from Traveller's-rest creek
directly to the falls of the Missouri river, which shortens the distance
about 579 miles, and is a much better route, reducing the
distance from the Mississippi to the Pacific ocean to 3555 miles.
2575 miles of this distance is up the Missouri to the falls of
that river; thence passing through the plains, and across the
Rocky mountains to the navigable waters of the Kooskooskee
river, a branch of the Columbia, 340 miles; 200 miles of which
is a good road, 140 miles over a tremendous mountain, steep
and broken, 60 miles of which is covered several feet deep with
snow, on which we passed the last of June: from the navigable
part of the Kooskooskee we descended that rapid river 73 miles
to its entrance into Lewis's river, and down that river 154 miles
to the Columbia, and thence 413 miles to its entrance into
the Pacific ocean. About 180 miles of this distance is tide-water.
We passed several bad rapids and narrows, and one considerable
fall, 268 miles above the entrance of this river, of 37 feet
8 inches.—The total distance descending the Columbian waters
640 miles, making a total of 3555 miles, on the most direct
route from the Mississippi, at the mouth of the Missouri, to
the Pacific ocean.

ESTIMATE OF THE WESTERN INDIANS.

                                                                                                                                                                                     

Names of Indian nations and their places of general residence.	Number of houses or lodges.	Probable number of souls.
1. Shoshonee nation resides in spring and summer on the west fork of Lewis's river, a branch of the Columbia, and in winter and fall on the Missouri	60	300
2. Ootlashoot tribe of the Tushshepah nation reside in spring and summer in the Rocky mountains on Clarke's river, and winter and fall on the Missouri and its waters	33	400
3. Chopunnish nation, residing on the Kooskooskee river, below the forks, and on Colter's creek, and who sometimes pass over to the Missouri	33	2000
4. Pelloatpallah band of Chopunnish reside on the Kooskooskee, above the forks, and on the small streams which fall into that river, west of the Rocky mountains and Chopunnish river, and sometimes pass over to the Missouri	33	1600
4. Kimooenim band of Chopunnish nation reside on Lewis's river, above the entrance of the Kooskooskee, as high up that river as the forks	33	800
6. Yeletpo band of Chopunnish reside under the southwest mountains, on a small river which falls into Lewis's river, above the entrance of the Kooskooskee, which they call Weaucum	33	250
7. Willewah band of Chopunnish reside on a river of the same name, which discharges itself into Lewis's river on the southwest side, below the forks of that river	33	500
8. Soyennom band of Chopunnish on the north side of the east fork of Lewis's river, from its junction to the Rocky mountains, and on Lamaltar creek	33	400
9. Chopunnish of Lewis's river, below the entrance of the Kooskooskee, on either side of that river to its junction with the Columbia	40	2300
10. Sokulk nation reside on the Columbia, above the entrance of Lewis's river, as high up as the entrance of Clarke's river	120	2400
11. Chimnahpum reside on the northwest side of the Columbia, both above and below the entrance of Lewis's river, and on the Tapteel river, which falls into the Columbia 15 miles above Lewis's river	42	1860
	Houses.	Souls.
12. Wollawollah nation on both sides of the Columbia from the entrance of Lewis's river, as low as the Muscleshell rapid, and in winter pass over to the Tapteel river	46	1600
13. Pishquitpahs nation resides on the Muscleshell rapid, and on the north side of the Columbia to the commencement of the high country; this nation winter on the waters of the Tapteel river	71	2600
14. Wahowpum nation resides on the north branch of the Columbia, in different bands from the Pishquitpahs, as low as the river Lapage; the different bands of this nation winter on the waters of Tapteel and Cataract rivers	33	700
15. Eneshure nation resides at the upper part of the Great narrows of the Columbia on either side—are stationary	41	1200
16. Eskeloot nation resides at the upper part of the Great narrows of the Columbia; on the north side is the great mart for all the country	21	1000
17. Chilluckittequaw nation residing next below the narrows, and extending down on the north side of the Columbia to the river Labiche	32	1400
18. Smockshop band of Chilluckittequaws resides on the Columbia, on each side of the entrance of the river Labiche to the neighbourhood of the great rapids of that river	24	800
19. Shahala nation resides at the grand rapids of the Columbia, and extends down in different villages as low as the Multnomah river, consisting of the following tribes: viz. Yehuh, above the rapids, Clahclellah, below the rapid, the Wahclellah, below all the rapids, and the Neerchokioon (1 house 100 lodges) on the south side, a few miles above the Multnomah river	62	2800
20. Wappatoo Indians. Nechacokee tribe resides on the south side of the Columbia, a few miles below Quicksand river, and opposite the Diamond island	1	100
Shoto tribe reside on the north side of the Columbia, back of a pond, and nearly opposite the entrance of the Multnomah river	8	460
Multnomah tribe resides on Wappatoo island, in the mouth of the Multnomah, the remains of a large nation	6	800
Clannahqueh tribe of Multnomah resides on Wappatoo island, below the Multnomahs	4	130
Nemalquinner tribe of Multnomahs reside on the northeast side of the Multnomah river, three miles above its mouth	4	200
Cathlacommatups, a tribe of Multomahs, reside on the south side of the Wappatoo island on a slur of the Multnomah	3	170
Cathlanaquiahs, a tribe of Multnomahs, reside on the southwest side of Wappatoo island	6	400
Clackstar nation reside on a small river, which discharges itself on the southwest side of Wappatoo Island	28	1200
Claninnatas resides on the southwest side of Wappatoo island	5	200
Cathlacumups reside on the main shore, southwest of Wappatoo island	6	450
Clannarminnamuns reside on the southwest side of the Wappatoo island	12	280
Quathlahpohtle nation reside on the southwest side of the Columbia, above the entrance of Tahwahnahiooks river, opposite the lower point of Wappatoo island	14	900
Cathlamahs reside on a creek which falls into the Columbia on the north side, at the lower part of the Columbian valley, north side	10	200
21. Skilloot nation resides on the Columbia, on each side in different villages, from the lower part of the Columbian valley as low as Sturgeon island, and on either side of the Coweliskee river	50	2500
Hullooellell reside on the Coweliskee
22. Wahkiacums reside on the north side of the Columbia, opposite the Marshy islands	11	200
23. Cathlamahs reside on the south side of the Columbia, opposite to the Seal islands	9	300
24. Chinnooks reside on the north side of the Columbia at the entrance of, and on Chinnook river	28	400
25. Clatsop nation resides on the south side of the Columbia, and a few miles along the southeast coast, on both sides of point Adams	14	200
26. Killamucks nation resides from the Clatsops of the coast along the southeast coast for many miles	50	1000
Indian information. The following nations speak the Killamuck language:
27. Lucktons reside on the seacoast to the southwest of the Killamucks		20
Kahuncles reside on the seacoast southwest of the Lucktons		400
Lukawis do. do. to the S. S. E. large town		800
Youikcones do. do. do. large houses		700
Neeketoos do. do. do. large town		700
Ulseahs do. do. do. small town		150
Youitts do. do. do. do.		150
Sheastuckles reside on the seacoast to the southeast of the Lucktons large town		900
Killawats do. do. do. do.		500
28. Cookkoo-oose nation reside on the seacoast, to the south of the Killawats		1500
Shallalah nation reside on the same course to the south		1200
Luckkarso nation do. do. do.		1200
Hannakallal nation do. do. do.		600
Indians along the N. W. coast.
29. Killaxthocles tribe reside on the seacoast, from the Chinnooks to the N. N. W.	8	100
Chiltz nation reside from the Killaxthokles along the N. N. W. coast	38	700
Clamoctomichs reside from the Chiltz along the N. N. W. coast	12	260
Potoashs reside on the same coast northwestwardly of the Clamoctomichs	10	200
Pailsh tribe reside from the Potoash on the northwest coast	10	200
Quiniilts reside from the Pailsh along the northwest coast	60	1000
Quieetsos reside from the Quiniilts along the northwest coast	18	250
Chillates reside from the Quieetos along the northwest coast	8	150
Calasthocle reside from the Chillate northwest along the same coast	10	200
Quinnechart nation reside on the seacoast and creek, north and northwest of the Calasthocles		2000
30. Clarkamus nation reside on a large river of the same name, which heads in Mount Jefferson, and discharges itself into the Multnomah, forty miles up that river on its northeast side; this nation has several villages on either side		1800
31. Cushhooks nation reside on the northeast bank of the Multnomah, immediately below the falls of that river, about sixty miles above its entrance into the Columbia		650
32. Charcowah nation reside on the southwest bank of the Multnomah, immediately above the falls; they take the salmon in that river		200
33. Callahpoewah nation inhabit the country on both sides of the Multnomah, above the Charcowahs for a great extent		2000
34. Shoshonee (or Snake Indians) residing in winter and fall on the Multnomah river, southwardly of the
southwest mountains, and in spring and summer on the heads of the Towanahiooks, La Page, Yaumalolam, and Wollawollah rivers, and more abundantly at the falls of the Towanahiooks, for the purpose of fishing		3000
35. Shoshonees on the Multnomah and its waters; the residence of them is not well known to us, or the Indians of the Columbia		6000
36. Shobarboobeer band of Shoshonees reside on the southwest side of the Multnomah river, high up the said river		1600
37. Shoshonees residing on the south fork of Lewis's river, and on the Nemo, Walshlemo, Shallette, Shushpellanimmo, Shecomshink, Timmoonumlarwas, and the Copcoppakark rivers, branches of the south fork of Lewis's river		3000
We saw parts of the following tribes at the Long narrows:
38. Skaddals nation reside on Cataract river, twenty-five miles north of the Big narrows		200
Squannaroos reside on Cataract river, below the Skaddals		120
Shallattoos reside on Cataract river, above them		100
Shanwappoms reside on the heads of Cataract and Tapteel rivers		400
39. Cutsahnim nation reside on both sides of the Columbia, above the Sokulks, and on the northern branches of the Tapteel river, and also on the Wahnaachee river	60	1200
Lahanna nation reside on both sides of the Columbia, above the entrance of Clarke's river	120	2000
Coospellar nation reside on a river which falls into the Columbia, to the north of Clarke's river	30	1600
Wheelpo nation reside on both sides of Clarke's river, from the entrance of Lastaw to the great falls of Clarke's river	130	2500
Hihighenimmo nation reside from the entrance of the Lastaw into Clarke's river, on both sides of the Lastaw, as high as the forks	45	1300
Lartielo nation reside at the falls of the Lastaw river, below the great Wayton lake, on both sides of the river	30	600
Skeetsomish nation resides on a small river of the same name, which discharges itself into the Lastaw, below the falls, around the Wayton lake, and on two islands within the said lake	12	2000
Micksucksealton tribe of the Tushshepah reside on Clarke's river, above the great falls of that river, in the Rocky mountains	25	300
Hohilpos, a tribe of the Tushshepah reside on Clarke's river, above the Micksucksealtons, in the Rocky mountains	25	300
Tushshepahs nation reside on a north fork of Clarke's river in spring and summer, and the fall and winter on the Missouri. The Ootlashoots is a band of this nation.	35	430
Whole number of Indians W. of Rocky Mountains,		80,000

Thermometrical observations, showing also the rise and fall
of the Mississippi (Missouri); appearances of weather, winds, &c.
commencing at the mouth of the river.

Duboes in latitude 38° 55′ 19″ 6/10 north, and longitude 89° 57′
45″ west, January 1, 1804.

Thermometer on the north side of a tree in the woods.

Explanations of the notations of the weather.

           

f means fair weather.	c means cloudy.
r means rain	s means snow.
h means hail.	t means thunder.
l means lighting.	a after, as f a r means fair after rain, which has intervened since the last observation.
c a s means cloudy after snow intervening.
c a r s means cloudy after rain and snow.

Notations of the river.

 

r means risen in the last 24 hours, ending at sunrise.

f means fallen in the last 24 hours, ending at sunrise.

Notations of thermometer.

 

a means above naught.

b means below naught.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

								River
Day of the month.	Therm. at sunrise.	Weather	Wind.	Therm. at four o'clock.	Weather.	Wind.	r and f.	Feet.	Inches.
1804.	Deg.			Deg.
Jan. 1		c			c.
2		c. a. s.			c.
3				2½ a	f.	N.W. by w.
4	11 a	f.	W.			W.
5		f.	W.		f.	W.
6		f.	N.W.W.	30 a.	f.	N.W.W.
7		h.	S.W.		c.a.r.h.	S.W.
8		f.	S.W.		f.	S.W.
9		f.	S.W.W.	1 b.	c.	N.W. by W.
10		f.			f.				6
11
12
13		c. s.	S..W.		r. s.	S.W.
14		f. a. s.			f.
15
16
17	8 b	f.	N.W.	1½ b.	f.	N.W.	f
18	1 b	c.	N.W.W.	1 a.	f. a. s.	N.W.W.	f.
19	13 a	c.	N.W.	11 a.	c.	N.W.	f.
20	5 b	f.	N.W.	8 a.	c.	N.W.	f.
21	7 a	c. s.	N.E.	17 a.	s. h.	N.E.	f.
22	11 a	s.	Shifting.	13 a.	s.	N.W.	f.
23	11 a	c.	N.E.	17 a.	c.	N.	f.
24	4 a	c.	N.W.	11 a.	c.	W.	f.
25	2 b	f.	W.N.W.	16 a.	f.	W.	f.
26		c.	S.W.		c.	S.W.	f.
27		f.			f.
28	5 a	c. s.	N.W.	18 a.	c. s.	N.W.	r.
29	16 a	f.	W.	23 a.	f.		r.
30	22 a	c. s.	N.	16 a.	f. a. s.	f. a. s.	r.
31	10 a	f.	s. w. by w.	15 a.	f.	W.	r.
Feb. 1	10 a	f.	S.W.	20 a.	f.	S.W.S.	r.		1½
2	12 a	f.	N.W.	10 a.	f.	N.W.	r.		1½
3	12 a	f.	S.W.	19 a.	f.	W.
4	17 a	f.	S.W.	28 a.	f.	S.	r.		½
5	18 a	f.	S.E.	31 a.	c. a. f.	S.E.S.	r.	2	6½
6	19 a	f.	N.W.	15 a.	c.	S.
7	29 a	r.a.c.	S.E.	30 a.	r. c.	S.E.	f.		8
8	22 a	c. a. r.	N.W.	20 a.	c. a. s.	N.	r.	1
9	10 a	f. a. s.	N.N.E.	12 a.	c.	N.E.	r.	2
10	3 a	f.	N.E.	17 a.	f.	S.W.	r.	1	4
11	18 a	c. a. h.	S.E.	31 a.	s. a. h.	S.E.	r.	1
12	15 a	f.	S.S.E.	25 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		2
13	12 a	f.	N.W.	20 a.	f.	W.	r.		1
Feb. 14	15 a.	f.	S.W.	32 a.	f.	S.W.
15	18 a.	f.	S.W.	32 a.	f.	W.
16	28 a.	c.	S.E.	30 a.	c. a. r.	S.E.	r.		2½
17	15 a.	c. a. r.	S.W.	32 a.	f.	W.	r.		2
18	10 a.	f.	N.W.				r.		7½
19	10 a.	f.	N.W.
20	10 a.	f.	N.W.	28 a.		S.W.	f.		2½
21	20 a.	f.	N.W.	34 a.		N.W.	f.		1½
22	14 a.	f.	N.E.	26 a.		N.E.	r.		1½
23	6 a.	f.	N.W.	24 a.		N.W.	r.		1
24	6 a.	f.	N.E.	26 a.		N.E.	f.		2
25	20 a.	f.	N.E.	28 a.		S.S.W.
26	16 a.	f.	N.E.	30 a.		N.E.	f.		½
27	4 a.	c.	N.E.	24 a.	r. s.	N.W.	f.		1
28	4 a.	c. s.	N.W.	6 a.	c. a. s.	N.W.	f.		2
29	8 a.	h. s.	N.W.	12 a.	c. a. s.	N.W.	f.		2½
March 1	20 b.	f.	N.W.	4 b.		N.W.	f.		9
2	19 b.	f.	N.W.	14 a.		E.	f.		8
3	18 b.	f.	E.	10 a.		S.W.	f.		6½
4	4 b.	f.	N.E.	12 a.		E.	f.		5
5	2 a.	f.	N.W.	12 a.		N.W.	f.		3
6	4 b.	f.	N.W.	2 a.		N.W.	f.		3
7	16 b.	c. & s.	N.W.	10 a.	c.	N.W.
8	2 b.	c. s.	N.W.	12 a.	s.	N.W.	f.		1½
9	10 a.	c.	N.W.	10 a.	c.	N.W.	r.		2
10	6 a.	c.	N.W.	24 a.	f.	N.W.	r.		2½
11	12 a.	f.	E.	20 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		2½
12	14 a.	f.	N.E.	16 a.	f.	N.E.	r.		1½
13	8 a.	f.	N.W.	12 a.	f.	N.W.	f.		1½
14	4 a.	f.	N.E.	10 a.	f.	N.E.	f.		4½
15	6 b.	c. s.	N.W.	40 a.	r. a. s.	N.E.	r.		5
16	2 b.	f.	E.	40 a.	f.	S.S.W.	r.		11
17	12 a.	f.	N.E.	38 a.	f.	N.E.	r.		7
18	2 a.	f.	E.	44 a.	f.	N.E.	f.		3
19	2 a.	f.	N.E.	52 a.	f.	S.S.W.	f.		2½
20	4 a.	f.	E.	60 a.	f.	S.S.W.	f.		1½
21	26 a.	f.	S.S.W.	36 a.	f.	N.W.	f.		2
22	22 a.	f.	N.W.	40 a.	f.	N.W.	f.		2
23	14 a.	f.	N.E.	44 a.	f.	N.E.	r.		4
24	6 a.	f.	E.	52 a.	f.	S.S.W.	r.	1	5½
25	16 a.	f.	S.S.W.	46 a.	f.	E.	r.	2
26	28 a.	f.	E.	44 a.	f.	E.	r.		10
27	34 a.	r. & t.	E.	42 a.	f. a. r.	N.E.	r.		7
28	34 a.	c.	N.E.	44 a.	c.	E.	r.		5½
Mr. 29	20 a.	r. a. t.	N.E.	30 a.	h. r.	N.E.	r.		1
30		c. a. r.	N.W.		f.	N.W.	r.		2
31		f.	N.W.		f.	N.W.	r.		2
April 1		f.	N.E.		f.	N.E.	r.		2½
2	8 a.	f.			f.	N.E.	r.		3½
3	42 a.	f.	N.E.		r.	N.E.	r.		3½
4	44 a.	c. a. r.	N.W.				r.		11
5	24 a.	c. a. r.	N.E.		t. a. r.		r.		2
6	18 a.	c. a. r.	N.W.		s. a. r.		f.		4½
7	10 a.	f. a. c.	N.W.		c.		f.		2
8	10 a.	c.	N.E.		c. r.		f.		2½
9	18 a.	f. a. c.	N.E.		c.		f.		2
10	10 a.	f.	N.W.		f.		f.		6½
11	10 a.	f.	N.E.		f.		f.		7½
12	16 a.	c.	N.W.		f. a. c.		f.		7
13	36 a.	c.	N.E.		c.		f.		6½
14	22 a.	f.	S.W.		f.		f.		5
15	22 a.	f.	N.W.				f.		6½
16	36 a.	c.	N.W.		f. a. c.		f.		5½
17	26 a.	f. a. c.	N.W.		f.		f.		5
18	16 a.	f. a. c.	N.N.W.		c.		f.		3
19	34 a.	r.	S.S.E.				f.		4
20	34 a.	c. r.	S.E.	37 a.	r.	S.E.	f.		3½
21	31 a.	r.	S.W.	42 a.	f. a. r.	W.	r.	1	2
22	28 a.	c.	N.W.	34 a.	c.	N.W.	r.	1	6
23	22 a.	f.	N.W.	64 a.	f.	W.	f.		1
24	36 a.	f.	N.W.	44 a.	f.	N.W.	r.		8
25	26 a.	f.	N.W.	38 a.	c.	N.W.	r.		2½
26	16 a.	f.	N.W.	58 a.	f.	N.W.	f.		6
27	28 a.	c. & r.	W.	62 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		8
28	30 a.	f.	N.W.	64 a.	f.	N.W.	f.		7
29	32 a.	f.	N.W.	52 a.	f.	S.E.	f.		7
30	18 a.	f.	S.E.	56 a.	f.	N.E.	f.		6
May 1	20 a.	f.	S.E.	54 a.	f.	N.E.	f.		4½
2	19 a.	f.	S.E.	68 a.	f.	S.S.E.	f.		6
3	24 a.	f.	S.S.E.	72 a.	f.	S.S.W.	f.		4½
4	40 a.	t. c. r.	S.	56 a.	c. a. r.	S.	r.		2
5	42 a.	t. c. r.	W.	58 a.	c. a. r.	W.	r.		2½
6	34 a.	f.	S.W.	70 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		2½
7	38 a.	f.	S.E.	52 a.	f.	S.S.E.	f.		4½
8	44 a.	f.	N.E.	62 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		4
9	42 a.	f.	E.	76 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		2
10	46 a.	c.	N.E.	67 a.	f.	N.W.	f.		3½
11	46 a.	f.	E.	70 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		2½
May 12	36 a.	f.	E.	72 a.	f.	W.	f.		3
13	42 a.	c. a. r.	W.	40 a.	c. a. r.	N.W.	f.		2
14	34 a.	c.	S.E.	56 a.	f.	N.
[1]
Sep. 19	46 a.	f.	S.E.	71 a.	f.	S.E.
20	51 a.	f.	S.E.	70 a.	f.	S.E.
21	58 a.	f.	S.W.	88 a.	f.	S.W.
22	52 a.	f.	E.	82 a.	f.	S.E.
23	50 a.	f.	S.E.	86 a.	f.	S.E.
24	54 a.	f.	E.	82 a.	f.	W.
25	56 a.	f.	S.W.	79 a.	f.	W.
26	54 a.	f.	W.	78 a.	f.	S.W.
27	52 a.	f.	W.	86 a.	f.	S.W.
28	45 a.	f.	S.E.	80 a.	f.	S.E.
29	45 a.	f.	S.E.	67 a.	f.	S.E.
30	42 a.	c. a. r.	S.E.	52 a.	c. a. r.	S.E.
Oct. 1	40 a.	c.	S.E.	46 a.	c.	S.E.
2	39 a.	f.	S.E.	75 a.	c.	N.
3	40 a.	c.	N.W.	45 a.	c. a. r.	N.
4	38 a.	c. a. r.	N.W.	50 a.	c.	N.W.
5	36 a.	f.	N.W.	54 a.	f.	N.W.
6	43 a.	f.	N.W.	60 a.	f.	N.W.
7	45 a.	c.	S.E.	58 a.	f.	S.E.
8	48 a.	f.	N.W.	62 a.	f.	N.W.
9	45 a.	c.	N.E.	50 a.	c a. r.	N.
10	42 a.	f. a. r.	N.W.	67 a.	f.	N.W.
11	43 a.	f.	N.W.	59 a.	f.	N.W.
12	42 a.	f.	S.	65 a.	f.	S.E.
13	43 a.	f.	S.W.	49 a.	c. a. r.	S.E.
14	42 a.	r.	S.E.	40 a.	r.	S.E.
15	46 a.	r.	N.	57 a.	f. a. r.	N.W.
16	45 a.	c.	N.E.	50 a.	f.	N.E.
17	47 a.	f.	N.W.	54 a.	f.	N.W.
18	30 a.	f.	N.W.	68 a.	f.	N.W.
19	43 a.	f.	S.E.	62 a.	f.	S.
20	44 a.	f.	N.W.	48 a.	f.	N.
21	31 a.	s.	N.W.	34 a.	s.	N.W.
22	35 a.	c. a. s.	N.E.	42 a.	c.	N.E.
23	32 a.	s.	N.W.	45 a.	c	N.E.
24	33 a.	s. a. f.	N.W.	51 a.	c. a. s.	N.W.
Oct. 25	31 a.	c.	S.E.	50 a.	c.	S.E.
26	42 a.	f.	S.E.	57 a.	f.	S.E.
27	39 a.	f.	S.W.	58 a.	f.	S.W.
28	34 a.	f.	S.W.	54 a.	f.	S.W.
29	32 a.	f.	S.W.	59 a.	f.	S.W.
30	32 a.	f.	S.W.	52 a.	f.	S.W.
31	33 a.	f.	W.	48 a.	f.	W.
Nov. 1	31 a.	f.	N.W.	47 a.	f.	N.W.
2	32 a.	f.	S.E.	63 a.	f.	S.E.
3	32 a.	f.	N.W.	53 a.	f.	N.W.
4	31 a.	f.	N.W.	43 a.	c.	W.
5	30 a.	c.	N.W.	58 a.	c.	N.W.
6	31 a.	c.	S.W.	43 a.	c.	W.
7	43 a.	c.	S.	62 a.	c.	S.
8	38 a.	c.	S.	39 a.	c.	W.
9	27 a.	f.	N.W.	43 a.	f.	N.W.
10	34 a.	f.	N.W.	36 a.	c.	N.W.
11	28 a.	f.	N.W.	60 a.	f.	N.W.
12	18 a.	f.	N.	31 a.	f.	N.E.
13	18 a.	s.	S.E.	28 a.	c. a. s.	S.E.	f.		1½
14	24 a.	s.	S.E.	32 a.	c. a. s.	S.E.	r.		1
15	22 a.	c.	N.W.	31 a.	c. a. s.	N.W.	r.		½
16	25 a.	c.	N.W.	30 a.	f.	S.E.	r.		¼
17	28 a.	f.	S.E.	34 a.	f.	S.E.	r.		¼
18	30 a.	f.	S.E.	38 a.	f.	W.	r.		¼
19	32 a.	f.	N.W.	48 a.	f.	N.W.	r.		1
20	35 a.	f.	N.W.	50 a.	f.	W.	r.		1¼
21	33 a.	c.	S.	49 a.	f.	S.E.	r.
22	37 a.	f.	W.	45 a.	f.	N.W.	r.		½
23	38 a.	f.	W.	48 a.	f.	N.W.
24	36 a.	f.	N.W.	34 a.	f.	N.W.
25	34 a.	f.	W.	32 a.	f.	S.W.
26	15 a.	f.	S.W.	21 a.	f.	W.
27	10 a.	f.	S.E.	19 a.	c.	S.E.	f.		3
28	12 a.	s.	S.E.	15 a.	s.	E.	f.		4
29	14 a.	c. a. s.	N.E.	18 a.	f.	W.	f.		2½
30	17 a.	f.	W.	23 a.	f.	W.	f.	2
Dec. 1	1 b.	f.	E.	6 a.	f.	S.E.	r.	1
2	38 a.	f.	N.W.	36 a.	f.	N.W.	r.		1
3	26 a.	f.	N.W.	30 a.	f.	N.W.	r.		1
4	18 a.	f.	N.	29 a.	f.	N.	r.		1
5	14 a.	c.	N.E.	27 a.	s.	N.E.
6	10 a.	s.	N.W.	11 a.	c. a. s.	N.W.
7	0 a.	f.	N.W.	1 b.	c.	N.W.	r.	2	½
Dec. 8	12 b.	s.	N.W.	5 b.	f. a. s.	N.W.
9	7 a.	f.	E.	10 b.	f.	N.W.
10	10 b.	c.	N.	11 b.	c.	N.	r.		½
11	21 b.	f.	N.	18 b.	f.	N.	f.		½
12	38 b.	f.	N.	16 b.	f.	N.
13	20 b.	f.	S.E.	4 b.	c.	S.E.
14	2 b.	c.	S.E.	2 a.	s.	S.E.	f.		1
15	8 b.	c. a. s.	W.	4 b.	c. a. s.	W.
16	22 b.	f.	N.W.	4 b.	f.	N.W.	f.		1
17	45 b.	f.	N.	28 b.	f.	N.	r.		3
18	32 b.	f.	W.	16 b.	f.	S.W.	r.		1
19	2 b.	c.	S.W.	16 a.	f.	S.	r.		1
20	24 a.	f.	N.W.	22 a.	c.	W.	r.		2
21	22 a.	f.	N.W.	22 a.	c.	N.W.	r.		2
22	10 a.	f.	N.W.	23 a.	f.	N.W.	r.		2½
23	18 a.	c.	S.W.	27 a.	c.	W.	f.		1
24	22 a.	s.	S.W.	31 a.	c. a. s.	W.	f.		2½
25	15 a.	s.	N.W.	20 a.	c. a. s.	N.W.	f.		1
26	18 a.	c.	N.W.	21 a.	f.	N.W.
27	4 b.	c.	N.W.	14 a.	c.	N.W.
28	12 a.	f.	N.	13 a.	f.	N.W.	r.		2½
29	9 b.	f.	N.	3 a.	f.	N.	r.		1
30	20 b.	f.	N.	11 b.	f.	N.	r.		½
31	10 b.	f.	S.E.	12 a.	c.	S.W.	r.		1½
1805.
Jan. 1	18 a.	s.	S.E.	34 a.	f.	N.W.	r.		1
2	4 b.	s.	N.W.	8 b.	f. a. s.	N.
3	14 b.	c.	N.	4 b.	s.	S.E.
4	28 a.	c. a. s.	W.	4 b.	c.	N.W.	r.		2½
5	20 b.	c.	N.W.	18 b.	s.	N.E.	r.		2
6	11 b.	c. a. s.	N.W.	16 b.	f.	N.W.	r		3
7	22 b.	f.	N.W.	14 b.	f.	W.	f.		1
8	20 b.	f.	N.W.	10 b.	f.	N.W.	r.		1
9	21 b.	f.	W.	18 b.	f. a. c.	N.W.
10	40 b.	f.	N.W.	28 b.	f.	N.W.
11	38 b.	f.	N.W.	14 b.	f.	N.W.	f.		½
12	20 b.	f.	N.W.	16 b.	f.	N.W.	r.		1
13	34 b.	f.	N.W.	20 b.	f.	N.W.
14	16 b.	s.	S.E.	8 b.	c. a. s.	S.E.
15	10 b.	f.	E.	3 a.	c.	S.W.	r.		1
16	36 a.	c.	W.	16 a.	f.	S.W.	r.		2½
17	2 b.	c.	W.	12 b.	f.	N.W.
18	1 b.	f.	N.W.	7 a.	f. a. c.	N.W.	f.		1
19	12 a.	c.	N.E.	6 b.	f.	N.W.	r.		1
1805.	Deg.				Deg.
Jan. 20	28 a.	f.	N.E.	9 b.	c.	S.E.	r.		½
21	2 b.	c.	N.E.	8 a.	f.	S.E.
22	10 a.	f. a. h.	N.W.	19 a.	c.	N.W.	r.		1¾
23	20 b.	s.	E.	2 b.	c. a. s.	N.	f.		2½
24	12 b.	c.	N.W.	2 b.	f.	N.W.	r.		¼
25	26 b.	f.	N.W.	4 b.	f. a. c.	W.
26	12 a.	c.	N.E.	20 a.	f. a. c.	S.E.
27	20 a.	c.	S.E.	16 a.	c.	N.W.	r.		2
28	2 b.	f.	N.W.	15 a.	f.	S.W.
29	4 a.	f.	S.W.	16 a.	f.	W.	r.		½
30	6 a.	c.	N.W.	14 a.	c.	N.W.	r.		1
31	2 b.	c. a. s.	N.W.	8 a.	f. a. c.	N.W.	f.		1
Feb. 1	6 a.	c.	N.W.	16 a.	f.	N.W.	r.		2½
2	12 b.	f.	N.W.	3 a.	f.	S.	f.		1
3	8 b.	f.	S.W.	2 a.	f.	W.
4	18 b.	f.	N.W.	9 b.	f.	W.
5	10 a.	f.	N.W.	20 a.	f.	N.W.	r.		1
6	4 b.	f.	N.W.	12 a.	f.	W.	r.		½
7	18 a.	f.	S.E.	29 a.	c.	S.	r.		½
8	18 a.	f.	N.W.	28 a.	c.	N.E.	f.		1
9	10 a.	f.	S.E.	33 a.	c.	S.E.
10	18 a.	c. a. s.	N.W.	12 a.	c.	N.W.
11	8 b.	f.	N.W.	2 b.	f.	N.W.
12	14 b.	f.	S.E.	2 a.	f.	W.
13	2 b.	c.	S.E.	10 a.	c.	N.W.	f.		1
14	2 a.	c. a. s.	N.W.	2 b.	f.	N.W.
15	16 b.	f.	S.W.	6 b.	f.	W.
16	2 a.	f.	S.E.	8 a.	f.	W.	f.		1
17	4 a.	c.	S.E.	12 a.	f.	N.W.
18	4 a.	s.	N.E.	10 a.	f.	S.
19	4 a.	f.	S.E.	20 a.	f.	S.
20	2 a.	f.	S.	22 a.	f.	S.
21	6 a.	f.	S.	30 a.	f.	S.
22	8 a.	c.	N.	32 a.	c. a. r.
23	18 a.	f.	N.W.	32 a.	f.	W.	r.		½
24	8 a.	f.	N.W.	32 a.	f.	W.
25	16 a.	f.	W.	38 a.	f.	N.W.
26	20 a.	f.	N.E.	31 a.	f.	N.
27	26 a.	f.	S.E.	36 a.	f.	E.	f.		½
28	24 a.	f.	E.	38 a.	c.	S.E.
March 1	28 a.	c.	W.	38 a.	f.	N.W.
2	28 a.	f.	N.E.	36 a.	f.	N.E.	r.		1½
3	28 a.	c.	E.	39 a.	f.	N.W.
4	26 a.	f.	N.W.	36 a.	f.	N.W.
Mr. 5	22 a.	f.	E.	40 a.	f.	N.W.
6	26 a.	c.	E.	36 a.	f.	E.	r.		2
7	12 a.	f.	E.	26 a.	c.	E.	r.		2
8	7 a.	c.	E.	12 a.	f.	E.	r.		2½
9	2 a.	c.	N.	18 a.	f.	N.W.	r.		2
10	2 b.	f.	N.W.	12 a.	f.	N.W.	r.		3½
11	12 a.	c.	S.E.	26 a.	f. a. c.	N.W.	r.		4½
12	2 b.	f. a. s.	N.	10 a.	f.	N.W.	r.		5
13	1 b.	f.	S.E.	28 a.	f.	S.W.	r.		3½
14	18 a.	f.	S.E.	40 a.	f.	W.
15	24 a.	f.	S.E.	38 a.	f.	W.	f.		1
16	32 a.	c.	E.	42 a.	c.	W.	f.		3
17	30 a.	f.	S.E.	46 a.	f.	S.W.	r.		2
18	24 a.	c.	N.	34 a.	c.	N.	f.		1
19	20 a.	c. a. s.	N.	31 a.	f.	N.W.	r.		1
20	28 a.	c.	N.W.	28 a.	f.	N.W.	r.		3
21	16 a.	c.	E.	26 a.	s. & h.	S.
22	22 a.	f. a. s.	S.	36 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		4
23	34 a.	f.	W.	38 a.	c. a. r.	N.W.	f.		4
24	28 a.	c. a. s.	N.E.	30 a.	c. a. s.	N.	r.		1
25	16 a.	f.	E.	32 a.	f.	S.	r.		5
26	20 a.	f.	S.E.	46 a.	f.	W.	r.		4½
27	28 a.	f.	S.E.	60 a.	f.	S.W.	r.		9
28	40 a.	f.	S.E.	64 a.	f.	S.W.	r.		1
29	42 a.	f.	N.W.	52 a.	f.	N.W.	f.		11
30	28 a.	f.	N.W.	49 a.	f.	N.W.	r.	1	1
31	35 a.	c. a. r.	S.E.	45 a.	c.	S.E.	r.		9
April 1	33 a.	c.	N.W.	43 a.	c. a. t.	W.	f.		11
2	28 a.	c. a. r.	N.W.	38 a.	f. a. c.	W.	f.		5
3	24 a.	f.	N.	44 a.	f.	N.	f.		4
4	36 a.	f.	S.	55 a.	f.	N.W.	f.		4
5	30 a.	f.	N.W.	39 a.	f.	N.	f.		2
6	19 a.	f.	N.	48 a.	c.	N.W.	f.		1
7	28 a.	f.	N.	64 a.	f.	S.W.	r.		2
8	19 a.	f.	N.W.	56 a.	f.	N.W.	f.		2
9	38 a.	f.	S.E.	70 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		½
10	42 a.	f.	E.	74 a.	f.	S.W.	r.		⅛
11	42 a.	f.	N.W.	76 a.	f.	W.	f.		½
12	56 a.	f.	N.W.	74 a.	c. r. t. l.	W.	r.		⅛
13	58 a.	f.	S.E.	80 a.	f.	S.E.	f.		1
14	52 a.	c.	S.E.	82 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		¾
15	51 a.	f.	E.	78 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		½
16	54 a.	f.	S.E.	78 a.	f.	S.	f.		½
17	56 a.	f.	N.E.	74 a.	c.	N.W.	f.		½
Ap. 18	52 a.	f.	N.E.	64 a.	c.	N.
19	54 a.	c.	N.W.	56 a.	c.	N.W.
20	40 a.	c.	N.W.	42 a.	c. a. s.	N.W.
21	28 a.	f.	N.W.	40 a.	c.	N.W.	f.		½
22	34 a.	f. a. c.	W.	40 a.	f.	N.W.	r.		2
23	34 a.	f.	W.	52 a.	c.	N.W.	r.		2
24	40 a.	f.	N.	56 a.	f.	N.	r.		1
25	36 a.	f.	N.	52 a.	f.	N.W.	r.		2
26	32 a.	f.	S.	63 a.	f.	S.E.	r.		3
27	36 a.	f.	S.W.	64 a.	f.	N.W.	f.		2
28	44 a.	f.	S.E.	63 a.	f.	S.E.	f.		1½
29	42 a.	f.	N.E.	64 a.	f.	E.	f.		1½
30	50 a.	f.	N.W.	58 a.	f.	S.E.	f.		½
May 1	36 a.	c.	E.	46 a.	c. a. f.	N.E.	f.		1½
2	28 a.	s.	N.E.	34 a.	c. a. s.	N.W.	f.		1
3	26 a.	f.	W.	46 a.	c.	W.	f.		¼
4	38 a.	c.	W.	48 a.	f. a. c.	W.
5	38 a.	f.	N.W.	62 a.	f. a. r.	S.E.	r.		1
6	48 a.	f.	E.	61 a.	c. a. r.	S.E.	r.		2
7	42 a.	c.	S.	60 a.	f.	N.E.	r.		1½
8	41 a.	c.	E.	52 a.	c. a. r.	E.	f.		¾
9	38 a.	f.	E.	58 a.	f.	W.	r.		¾
10	38 a.	f. a. c.	W.N.W.	62 a.	c. a. r.	N.W.	f.		¾
11	44 a.	f.	N.E.	60 a.	c.	S.W.
12	52 a.	f.	S.E.	54 a.	c. a. r.	N.W.	r.		2
13	52 a.	c. a. r.	N.W.	54 a.	f. a. c.	N.W.	f.		2¼
14	32 a.	f.	S.W.	52 a.	c.	S.W.	f.		1¾
15	48 a.	c. a. r.	S.W.	54 a.	c.	N.W.	f.		¾
16	48 a.	c.	S.W.	67 a.	f.	S.W.
17	60 a.	f.	N.E.	68 a.	f.	S.W.
18	58 a.	f.	W.	46 a.	c. a. r.	N.W.	f.		1
19	38 a.	f.	E.	68 a.	f. a. c.	S.W.
20	52 a.	f.	N.E.	76 a.	f.	E.	f.		1
21	50 a.	f.	S.W.	76 a.	f.	N.W.
22	46 a.	c.	N.W.	48 a.	c.	N.W.	f.		½
23	32 a.	f.	S.W.	54 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		½
24	32 a.	f.	N.W.	68 a.	f.	S.E.	r.		3½
25	46 a.	f.	S.W.	82 a.	f.	S.W.	r.		2
26	58 a.	f.	S.W.	80 a.	f.	S.W.	r.		½
27	62 a.	f.	S.W.	82 a.	f.	S.W.
28	62 a.	c.	S.W.	72 a.	c. & r.	S.W.	r.		½
29	62 a.	c. a. r.	S.W.	67 a.	r.	S.W.	r.		1
30	56 a.	c. a. r.	S.W.	50 a.	r.	S.W.	r.		5
31	48 a.	c. a. r.	W.	53 a.	c. a. r.	S.W.	r.		1½
June 1	50 a.	c.	S.W.	62 a.	c.	S.E.	r.		1½
2	56 a.	c. a. r.	S.W.	68 a.	f.	S.W.
3	46 a.	f.	S.W.	60 a.	f.	S.W.
4	48 a.	f. a. c.	N.E.	61 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		¾
5	40 a.	r.	S.W.	42 a.	c. a. r.	N.E.	f.		¾
6	35 a.	c. a. r.	S.W.	42 a.	r. a. r.	N.E.	f.		1½
7	40 a.	c. a. r.	S.W.	43 a.	r. a. r.	S.W.	f.		1½
8	41 a.	r. a. r.	S.W.	48 a.	f. a.	S.W.	f.		1¼
9	50 a.	f.	S.W.	52 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		1
10	52 a.	f.	S.W.	68 a.	f. a. r.	S.W.	r.		2
11	54 a.	f.	S.W.	66 a.	f.	S.W.
12	54 a.	f.	S.W.	64 a.	f. a. r.	S.W.
13	52 a.	f.	S.W.	72 a.	f.	S.W.	r.		¾
14	60 a.	f.	S.W.	74 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		¾
15	60 a.	f.	S.W.	76 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		½
16	64 a.	c. r.	S.W.	58 a.	f.	S.W.	r.		½
17	50 a.	c.	S.W.	57 a.	c.	S.W.	f.		½
18	48 a.	c.	S.W.	64 a.	f. a. c.	S.W.	f.		½
19	52 a.	f.	S.W.	70 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		½
20	49 a.	c.	S.W.	74 a.	f. a. r.	S.W.	f.		¼
21	49 a.	f.	S.W.	70 a.	c.	S.W.	f.		¼
22	45 a.	c.	S.W.	54 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		½
23	48 a.	f.	S.E.	65 a.	c.	S.E.	f.		¼
24	49 a.	c. a. r.	S.E.	74 a.	f. a. c.	S.W.	f.
25	47 a.	c. a. r.	S.W.	72 a.	f.	S.W.
26	49 a.	f.	S.W.	78 a.	f.	S.W.	r.		½
27	49 a.	f.	S.W.	77 a.	f. a. r. h.	S.W.	r.		1¼
28	46 a.	f.	S.W.	75 a.	c. a. f.	S.W.	r.		2
29	47 a.	r. t. l.	S.W.	77 a.	f. a. r.	S.W.	r.		4½
30	49 a.	f.	S.W.	76 a.	f.	S.W.	r.		2¼
July 1	59 a.	f.	S.W.	74 a.	f.	S.W.	r.		½
2	60 a.	f. a. r.	S.W.	78 a.	f.	S.W.
3	56 a.	f.	S.W.	74 a.	c. a. f. a. r	S.W.
4	52 a.	f.	S.W.	76 a.	f. a. r.	S.W.	f.		¼
5	49 a.	t. & r.	S.W.	72 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		½
6	47 a.	c. a. h.	S.W.	74 a.	f. a. c.	S.W.	f.		¼
7	54 a.	c. a. f.	S.W.	77 a.	f. a. c.	S.W.	f.		¼
8	60 a.	f.	S.W.	78 a.	f. a. r.	S.W.	f.		¼
9	56 a.	f.	S.W.	76 a.	c. a. r.	N.W.			¼
10	52 a.	f. a. r.	S.W.	66 a.	f.	S.W.
11	46 a.	f.	S.W.	70 a.	f.	S.W.	f.
12	50 a.	f.	S.W.	74 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		¼
13	42 a.	f.	S.W.	76 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		¼
14	45 a.	f.	S.W.	78 a.	c. a. r.	S.W.
July 15	60 a.	f. a. r.	S.W.	76 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		1½
16	53 a.	f.	S.W.	80 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		¾
17	58 a.	f.	S.W.	81 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		1½
18	60 a.	f.	S.W.	84 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		½
19	62 a.	f.	S.W.	68 a.	c.a.h.r.	S.W.	f		½
20	59 a.	f. a. r.	S.W.	60 a.	f.	N.W.
21	60 a.	f.	N.W.	67 a.	f.	N.W.	f.		½
22	52 a.	f.	N.W.	80 a.	f.	N.E.
23	54 a.	f.	S.W.	80 a.	c.	S.W.	f.		½
24	60 a.	f.	S.W.	90 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		¾
25	60 a.	f.	S.W.	86 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		½
26	60 a.	f.	S.W.	82 a.	c. a. r.	S.W.	f.		¾
27	52 a.	c.	S.W.	80 a.	c. a. r.	S.W.	f.		¾
28	49 a.	f. a. r.	S.W.	90 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		½
29	54 a.	f. a. r.	N.	82 a.	f.	N.E.	r.		½
30	50 a.	f.	S.E.	80 a.	f.	S.E.
31	48 a.	f.	S.W.	93 a.	f.	S.W.
Aug. 1	54 a.	f.	S.W.	91 a.	f.	S.W.	f.		½
2	48 a.	f.	N.W.	81 a.	f.	N.W.	f.		½
3	50 a.	f.	N.E.	86 a.	f.	N.E.	f.		½
4	48 a.	f.	S.	92 a.	f.	S.	f.		½
5	49 a.	f.	S.E.	79 a.	f.	S.E.	f.		¼
6	52 a.	f.	S.W.	71 a.	c.	S.W.
7	54 a.	c. a. r.	S.W.	80 a.	c.	S.W.
8	54 a.	f. a. r.	S.W.	82 a.	c. a. f.	S.W.
9	58 a.	f.	N.E.	78 a.	c.	S.W.
10	60 a.	c. a. r.	S.W.	68 a.	t. l. r.	S.W.
11	58 a.	c.a.r.h.	N.E.	70 a.	f.	S.W.
12	58 a.	f.a.r.h.	W.	72 a.	f.a.r.a.h.	N.W.
13	52 a.	c. a. f.	N.W.	70 a.	f. a. r.	N.W.
14	51 a.	f. a. r.	N.W.	76 a.	f.	N.W.
15	52 a.	f.	S.E.	74 a.	f.	S.W.
16	48 a.	f.	S.W.	70 a.	f.	S.W.
17	42 a.	f.	N.E.	76 a.	f.	S.W.
18	45 a.	c.	S.W.	78 a.	r.	S.W.
19	30 a.	f. a. r.	S.W.	71 a.	f. a. r.	S.W.
20	32 a.	f.	S.W.	74 a.	f.	S.W.
21	19 a.	f.	S.E.	78 a.	f.	E.
22	22 a.	f.	E.	70 a.	f.	E.
23	35 a.	f.	E.	72 a.	f.	S.E.
24	40 a.	f.	S.E.	76 a.	f. a. r.	S.E.
25	32 a.	f. a. r.	S.E.	65 a.	c.	S.E.
26	31 a.	f.	S.E.	45 a.	f.	S.E.
Aug. 27	32 a.	f.	S.E.	56 a.	f.	S.E.
28	35 a.	f.	S.W.	66 a.	f.	S.W.
29	32 a.	f.	S.W.	68 a.	f.	S.W.
30	34 a.	c.	N.E.	59 a.	c.	N.E.
31	38 a.	c. a. r.	N.E.	58 a.	c.a.r.h.	N.E.
Sep. 1	38 a.	c.	N.W.	67 a.	c.	N.W.
2	36 a.	c.a.r.	N.E.	60 a.	c.a.r.h.	N.E.
3	34 a.	c.a.r.	N.E.	52 a.	c. a. r.	N.E.
4	19 a.	r.a.s.	N.E.	34 a.	c. a. r.	N.E.
5	17 a.	c.a.s.	N.E.	29 a.	c.a.r.s.	N.E.
6		c.a. r.	N.E.		r.	N.E.
7		c. a. r.	N.E.		c. a. r.	N.E.
8		c.	N.E.		c. a. r.	N.E.
9		c. a. r.	N.E.		f. a. r.	N.E.
10		f.	N.W.		f.	N.W.
11		f.	N.W.		f.	N.W.
12		f.	N.W.		f.	N.E.
13		c.	N.E.		r.	N.E.
14		c. a. r.	S.W.		c. a. r.	S.W.
15		c. a. s.	S.W.		s.	S.W.
16		c. a. s.	S.W.		f.	S.W.
17		f.	S.W.		f.	S.W.
18		f.	S.W.		f.	S.W.
19		f.	S.W.		f.	S.W.
20		f.	S.W.		f.	S.W.
21		f.	S.E.		f.	S.W.
22		f.	S.W.		f.	S.W.
23		f.	S.W.		f.	S.W.
24		f.	S.E.		f.	S.E.
25		f.	E.		f.	S.W.
26		f.	E.		f.	S.W.
27		f.	E.		f.	S.W.
28		f.	E.		f.	S.W.
29			E.		f.	S.W.
30			E.		f.	S.W.

                                                                 

	October.			November.			December.
Day of month.	Wind.	Weather.	Day of month	Wind.	Weather.	Day of month.	Wind.	Weather.
1	E.	f.	1	N.E.	f.	1	E.	c. a. r.
2	N.	f.	2	S.W.	f.	2	S.W.	c. a. r.
3	E.	f.	3	N.E.	f.a.fog.	3	E.	f. a. r.
4	E.	f.	4	W.	c. a. r.	4	S.E.	r.
5	E.	f.	5	S.W.	r. c. r.	5	S.W.	r.
6	E.	f.	6	S.W.	r. a. r.	6	S.W.	r.
7	E.	f.	7	S.W.	r. a. r. fog.	7	N.E.	f. a. r.
8	E.	f.	8	S.W.	f. a. r.	8	N.E.	c.
9	S.W.	c.	9	S.	r.	9	N.E.	c. r.
10	N.W.	f.	10	N.W.	r. a. r.	10	N.E.	r.
11	E.&S.W.	c.	11	S.W.	r.	11	S.W.	r.
12	E.&S.W.	f.	12	S.W.	h. r. t. & l.	12	S.W.	r.
13	S.W.	f. a. r.	13	S.W.	r.	13	S.W.	r.
14	S.W.	f.	14		r.	14	S.W.	r.
15	S.W.	f.	15	S.E.	f. a. r.	15	S.W.	c. a. r.
16	S.W.	f.	16	w.s.w.	f.	16	S.W.	r.
17	S.E.	f.	17	E.	c. a. f.	17	S.W.	f. a. r. & h.
18	S.E.	f.	18	S.E.	f. a. c.	18	S.E.	c. a. r. s. h.
19	S.E.	f.	19	S.E.	c. a. r.	19	S.W.	h. r. & c.
20	S.W.	f.	20	S.E.	f. a. r.	20	S.W.	f. a. r. & h.
21	S.W.	f.	21	S.E.	c. a. r.	21	S.W.	r.
22	S.W.	f.	22	S.S.E.	r.	22	S.W.	r.
23	S.W.	f.	23	S.W.	c. a. r.	23	S.W.	r. h. & t.
24	S.W.	f.	24	W.	f. a. r.	24	S.W.	r.
25	W.	f.	25	E.S.E.	c. a. r.	25	S.W.	c. r.
26	W.	f.	26	E.N.E.	r.	26	S.W.	r. a. t. & l.
27	W.	f.	27	S.W.	r.	27	S.W.	r.
28	N.W.	r. a. f.	28	s.w.w.	r.	28	S.E.	r.
29	W.	f. a. r.	29	S.W.	r.	29	S.E.	c. a. r.
30	S.E.	r. a. r.	30	S.W.	f.a.r. & h.	30	S.E.	f.a.r.
31	S.W.	f. a. r.				31	S.W.	r.

                                                                                                                                                                                   

Day of the month.	Weather.	Wind at sun-rise.	Weather.	Wind at four o'clock.
1806.
Jan. 1	c. a. r.	S.W.	r. a. c.	S.W.
2	c. a. r.	S.W.	r.	S.W.
3	c. a. r. h. t. & l.	S.W.	c. a. r. h. & f.	S.W.
4	c. a. r. & h.	S.W.	r.a.f. & r.	S.E.
5	r.	S.E.	r.	S.E.
6	c. a. r.	S.E.	f.	E.
7	f.	N.E.	c. a. f.	S.E.
8	f.	N.E.	c. a. f.	S.E.
9	f.	S.W.	c. a. f.	S.W.
10	f. a. r.	S.W.	c. a. f.	S.W.
11	c.	S.W.	c. a. r.	S.W.
12	f. a. c.	N.W.	c.	N.W.
13	r.	S.W.	r.	S.W.
14	f. a. r.	N.W.	c. a. f.	S.
15	r. a. c. & r.	S.E.	r. a. r.	S.
16	r. a. r.	S.W.	r. a. r.	S.W.
17	c. a. r.	S.W.	c.	S.W.
18	r. a. r.	S.W.	c. a. r.	S.W.
19	c. a. r.	S.	c. a. r.	S.W.
20	r. a. r.	S.W.	r. a. r.	S.W.
21	c. a. r.	S.W.	c. a. r.	S.W.
22	r. a. r.	S.W.	c. a. r.	S.W.
23	c. a. r. t. & l.	S.W.	c. a. f.	S.W.
24	c. a. r. & s.	S.E.	c. a. r. h. & s.	E.
25	h. a. r. h. s.	N.E.	c. a. r. h. & s.	N.E.
26	c. a. h. & s.	N.E.	c. a. s.	N.E.
27	f. a. s.	N.E.	f.	N.E.
28	f.	N.E.	f.	N.E.
29	f.	N.E.	f.	N.E.
30	s. a. s.	N.	s. a. s.	W.
31	f. a. c.	N.E.	f.	N.E.
Feb. 1	f.	N.E.	f.	N.E.
2	f.	N.E.	c. a. s.	S.W.
3	c. a. s. & r.	N.W.	c.a.f.	N.E.
4	f.	N.E.	f.	N.E.
5	f.	N.E.	f.	N.E.
6	f.	N.E.	c.	S.W.
7	c.	S.W.	c.	S.W.
8	c.a.s.r.h.	S.W.	c.a.f.r.h. & s.	S.W.
9	c.a.r. & h.	S.W.	c. a. r. & h.	S.W.
10	c. a. r. h. s.	N.	c. a. f. & c.	S.W.
11	c. a. f. & c.	S.W.	r. a. f. & r.	S.W.
12	r. a. r. & c.	S.W.	r.a.c. & r.	S.W.
13	c. a. r.	S.W.	c. a. r.	S.W.
Feb. 14	c. a. f. & s.	S.W.	r.a.r.f. & r.	S.W.
15	c. a. r. & f.	S.	c. a. r. & f.	S.W.
16	r. a. s. & r.	S.W.	r. a. f. & r.	S.W.
17	c. a. r. h. & s.	S.W.	r. a. f. h. s. & r.	S.W.
18	c. a. r. & h.	S.W.	r. a. r. & h.	S.W.
19	r. a. r.	S.W.	r. a. r.	S.W.
20	c. a. r.	S.W.	c. a. r.	S.W.
21	r. a. c. & r.	S.W.	r. a. c. & r.	S.W.
22	f. a. r.	N.E.	c. a. f.	N.E.
23	f.	S.W.	c. a. f.	S.W.
24	c. a. f. & c.	S.W.	r. a. c. & r.	S.
25	r. a. r.	S.	r. a. r.	S.
26	f. a. r.	N.E.	c. a. f. & r.	S.
27	c. a. r.	S.W.	r. a. r.	S.W.
28	r. a. r.	S.W.	c. a. c. & f.	S.W.
March 1	f. a. r. & c.	S.W.	r. a. c. & r.	S.W.
2	r. a. c. & r.	S.	r. a. c. & r.	S.
3	c. a. r.	S.	c. a. r.	S.
4	r. a. c. & r.	S.	r. a. r.	S.
5	c. a. r.	N.E.	c. a. r.	S.
6	f. a. r.	S.E.	c. a. f.	S.E.
7	r. a. r. & h.	S.E.	r.a.f.r.h.c. & f.	S.E.
8	h. & r.a.h.r. & s.	S.	r. a. r. & h.	S.E.
9	s. & h.a.r.s. & h.	S.W.	r. a. h. & r.	S.W.
10	s. & r.a.h.r. & s.	S.W.	f. a. r. h. & s	S.W.
11	f. a. r. h. & s.	S.E.	f.a.r. & h.	S.E.
12	f. a. c.	N.E.	c. a. f.	N.E.
13	f. a. r.	N.E.	f.	N.E.
14	c. a. f.	N.E.	c.	N.E.
15	c. a. c.	N.E.	f.	N.E.
16	r. a. f. & c.	S.W.	c. a. f. c. r.	S.W.
17	c. a. r.	S.W.	r. a. f. h. s. & r.	S.W.
18	r. a. c. & r.	S.W.	r. a. f. r. & h.	S.W.
19	r. & h.a.c.r. & h.	S.W.	r. a. f. r. & h.	S.W.
20	r. a. r. & h.	S.W.	r.	S.W.
21	r. a. r.	S.W.	c. a. r.	N.E.
22	r. a. r.	S.W.	r. a. c. & r.	S.W. N.E.
23	r. a. r.	S.W.	f. a. c. & r.	S.W.
24	r. a. c. & r.	S.W.	f. a. c.	N.W. S.W.
25	c. a. f.	S.E.	r. a. c. & r.	S.E.
26	c. a. r.	N.W.	c. a. f. & c.	S.E.
27	r. a. c.	S.E.	r. a. c. & r.	S.E.
28	c. a. r.	N.	f. a. f. & r.	S.W.
29	c. a. r. & f.	S.	c. a. r.	S.W.

                                                                                             

						Columbia River.
Day of the month.	Weather.	Wind at sun-rise.	Weather.	Wind at four o'clock.	r. and f.	Feet.	Inches.
1806.
Mr. 30	c.	E.	f. a. c.	S.W.
31	f.	S.E.
Ap. 1	c. a. f.	S.E.	c. a. f.	S.E.	r.		1
2	c.	S.E.	c. a. f.	S.E.	f.		½
3	c. a. r.	S.W.	c. a. r.	W.	f.		3½
4	c. a. r.	S.W.	c. a. r.	S.W.	f.		4½
5	c. a. r.	S.W.	c. a. f. & c.	S.W.	f.		2½
6	f.a.c.	S.W.	f.	S.W.	f.		1
7	f.	S.W.	f.	S.W.	r.		½
8	f.	E.	f.	E.	r.		1½
9	f.	W.	f.	W.
10	c. a. r.	W.	c. a. r.	S.W.	r.		1
11	r. a. r.	W.	c. a. r.	S.W.	r.		2
12	c. a. r.	W.	r. a. c. & r.	W.	r.		2
13	r. a. c. & r.	W.	c. a. r. & f.	W.	r.		2½
14	f.	W.	f.	W.	r.		1
15	f.	W.	f.	W.
16	f. a. c.	S.W.	f.	S.W.	f.		2
17	f.	N.E.	c. a. f.	S.W.	f.		2
18	f. a. r.	S.W.	f.	S.W.	f.		1
19	c. a. r.	S.W.	c.	S.W.	f.		3
20	f. a. r.	S.W.	c. a. r.	S.W.	f.		2½
21	f.	N.E.	f.	E.	f.		2
22	f.	N.W.	f.	W.	f.		1
23	f. a. c.	E.	f.	N.E.	f.		4
24	f.	N.W.	f.	N.W.	f.		2
25	f.	N.E.	f.	N.E.	f.		2
26	f. a. c.	N.W.	f.	N.E.	f.		2½
27	f. a. r.	S.E.	f.	N.W.	f.		1½
28	f. a. t.	S.W.	f.	N.E.	f.		2
29	f. a. c.	N.W.	f.	N.W.	f.		1
30	c. a. r.	N.W.	f. a. c.	N.W.	f.		2
May 1	c. a. r.	S.W.	c.	S.W.
2	f. a. c.	N.E.	f.	S.W.
3	c. a. h. r. s.	S.W.	c. a. r. h. s.	S.W.
4	f. a. h.	S.W.	c. a. r. & h.	S.W.
5	f.	S.W.	f.	S.W.
6	r. a. c. r.	N.E.	f. a. r.	N.E.
7	f. a. c.	N.E.	f.	S.W.
8	f.	S.W.	f.	S.W.
9	f.	S.W.	f. a. c.	W.
10	c. a. r. & s.	S.W.	f. a. s.	S.W.
11	f. a. r.	S.W.	f. a. c.	S.W.
12	f.	E.	f.	S.W.

                                                                                             

						Kooskooskee R.
Day of the month.	Weather.	Wind at sun-rise.	Weather.	Wind at four o'clock.	r. and f.	Feet.	Inches.
1806.
May 13	f.	S.W.	f.	S.W.
14	f.	S.W.	f.	S.W.
15	f.	N.	f. a. c.	N.W.
16	c.	S.E.	c. a. r.	S.E.	r.		6
17	r. a. r.	S.E.	c. a. r.	S.E.	r.		10¾
18	c. a. r.	S.E.	c.	S.E.	r.		2
19	r. a. r.	S.E.	c. a. r.	S.E.	f.		4
20	r. a. r.	N.W.	c. a. r.	S.E.	r.		2
21	c. a. r.	S.E.	f. a. c.	S.E.	f.		1
22	f.	S.E.	f.	S.E.	f.		2
23	f.	N.W.	f.	N.W. S.E.	f.		1½
24	f.	S.E.	f.	N.W.	f.		1
25	c. a. r. & t.	N.W.	f.	N.W.	r.		9½
26	f. a. r.	S.E.	f.	N.W.	r.		6
27	c.	S.E.	r. a. f. r. t. l.	S.E.	r.		6½
28	c. a. r. t. & l.	S.E.	c. a. f. r. t. l.	S.E.	r.		11
29	c. a. r. & t.	S.E.	c. a. r.	N.W.	r.	1	5
30	c. a. r.	S.E.	f.	S.E.	f.		6
31	c. a. f.	S.E.	f.	S.E.	r.	1	1
June 1	f. a. r. t. & l.	S.E.	f. a. c.	N.W.
2	c. a. c.	N.W.	f. a. c.	S.E.
3	c. a. f. & c.	S.E.	c. a. f.	S.E.
4	c. a. r.	S.E.	f. a. c.	N.W.
5	f.	S.E.	f.	N.W.
6	f.	S.E.	f.	N.W.
7	c. a. r.	N.W.	c. a. f. r. h.	N.W.
8	c.	S.E.	c. a. f.	N.W.
9	c.	S.E.	f. a. c.	N.W.
10	f.	S.E.	f.	N.W.
11	f.	S.E.	f.	N.W.
12	f. a. r. l. & t.	S.E.	f.	N.W.
13	c.	S.E.	c. a. f.	N.W.
14	f.	S.E.	f.	N.W.
15	c.	N.W.	r. a. f. & r.	N.W.
16	f. a. c.	S.E.	c. a. f.	S.E.
17	c. a. r.	E.	c. a. f. & r.	S.E.
18	c. a. r.	E.	c. a. r. & h.	S.W.
19	f. a. c.	S.E.	f.	N.W.
20	f.	S.E.	f.	N.W.
21	f.	S.E.	f.	N.W.
22	f.	N.W.	f.	N.W.
23	f.	N.W.	f.	N.W.
24	f.	N.W.	f.	N.W.
25	c. a. r.	S.E.	c. a. r.	N.W.

                                                                                                                                           

						River.
Day of the month.	Weather.	Wind at sun-rise.	Weather.	Wind at four o'clock.	r. and f.	Feet.	Inches.
1806.
June 26	c. a. r.	S.E.	f.	S.E.
27	f. a. r.	S.E.	f.	S.E.
28	f.	S.E.	f.	S.E.
29	f.	S.E.	f. a. r. h. t.	S.E.
30	f.	S.E.	f.	N.W.
July 1	c. a. f.	N.W.	f.	N.W.
2	f.	S.E.	f.	N.W.
3	f.	S.E.	f.	S.W.
4	f.	S.W.	f.	S.W.
5	f.	N.E.	f.	S.W.
6	f.	S.W.	c. a. r. t. & l.	S.W.
7	c. a. r.	W.	f. a. r.	s. w. by w.
8	f. a. r.	W.	f.	S.W.
9	c.	S.W.	f.	S.W.
10	f.	S.E.	f.	S.W.
11	f.	S.E.	f.	N.N.E.
12	f.	S.E.	f.	N.W.
13	f.	S.S.E.	f.	N.E.
14	f.	N.W.	f.	N.W.
15	f.	S.E. by E.	f.	N.E.
16	c.	N.E.	c.	N.E.
17	f. a. r. h. t. l.	S.E.	f.	S.W.
18	f.	S.W.	f.	S.E.
19	f.	N.W.	f.	S.E.
20	f.	N.E.	f.	N.E.
21	f.	N.E.	c.	N.E.
22	f. a. t. l. & r.	N.E.	c.	N.E.
23	f.	N.E.	c.	S.E.
24	f.	S.W.	r.	S.W.
25	c.	E.	c. a. r.	S.W.
26	c.	S.S.W.	f. a. r.	N.W.
27	f.	N.E.	f.	S.W.
28	c. a. r.	N.E.	f.	N.W.
29	c. a. r. t. & l.	N.E.	f.	N.
30	f. a. r. t. & l.	N.W.	f. a. r.	S.E.
31	f.	N.W.	c. a. r.	N.E.
Aug. 1	c. a. r.	N.W.	r.	N.	r.	5	½
2	c. a. r.	N.	f. a. r.	N.	r.	3
3	f.	S.W.	f.	S.W.	r.	2	¼
4	f.	N.W.	f.	N.E.	f.	6	½
5	f.	N.E.	f.	N.E.	f.	7
6	c. a. r. t. l.	S.W.	f.	N.E.	f.	2	¼
7	r.	N.E.	c. a. r.	N.	f.	2	½
8	f.	N.	f.	N.W.	f.
Aug. 9	f.	N.E.	f.	N.E.	f.	1	¼
10	f.	E.	c.	E.	f.		¾
11	f.	N.W.	f.	N.W.	f.	2
12	f.	S.W.	c.	S.W.	f.	2	¼
13	f. a. r.	S.W.	f.	S.W.	f.	2	½
14	f.	N.E.	f.	S.W.	f.	3	½
15	f.	N.W.	f.	N.W.	f.	2
16	f.	N.W.	f.	N.W.	f.	3	½
17	c.	S.E.	c.	S.E.
18	c. a. r.	S.E.	f.	S.E.	f.	1	½
19	t. l. & r.	S.E.	c.	S.E.	f.		¾
20	c. a. t. l. & r.	S.W.	f.	N.W.	f.	1	¼
21	f.	S.E.	f.	N.W.	f.	2	½
22	c. a. r.	S.W.	f.	S.E.	f.	4
23	c.	S.E.	r.	N.W.	f.	1	½
24	f.	N.E.	f.	N.W.	f.	2
25	f.	S.W.	f.	N.W.	f.	1	¼
26	f.	S.E.	f.	S.E.	f.		¾
27	f.	S.E.	f.	S.E.	f.	1	¼
28	f.	S.E.	f.	N.W.
29	c.	N.W.	f. a. r.	S.E.	f.		½
30	c. a. r.	S.E.	f.	S.E.
31	c. a. r. t. l. w.	S.E.	c. a. r.	S.E.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

Day of the month.	REMARKS AND REFLECTIONS.
1804.
January 1	Snow one inch deep.
2	Some snow last night.
3	Hard wind.
4	River covered with ice out of the Missouri.
5	River Du Bois rise.
6	do.    do.    do.
7	do.    do.    do.
8	do.    do.    do. and discharge ice.
9	Some snow last night.
10	The Missouri rise.
13	Snowed last night.
17	River covered with ice, some 5½ inches thick.
19	do    do    do.
January 20	No ice passing to-day.
21	Ice running out of the Missouri 9 inches thick. Snow 2½ inches deep.
22	Ice running out of the Missouri, snow 5¾ inches deep.
23	Ice stopped.
24	The trees covered with ice.
28	Ice running, cold &c.
February 1	The wind blew hard, no frost, snow disappearing fast.
2	Frost this morning, the snow has disappeared in spots.
3	Frost this morning, the snow thaws considerably.
4	Frost, number of swan and geese from N. and S.
5	Immense quantity of ice running, some of which is 11 inches thick.
6	A quantity of soft ice running, white frost, the snow disappeared, swans passing.
7	A small quantity of floating ice passing, swans passing.
8	Many swan from N. W. Creek rose and took off the water mark.
9	The river rose 2 feet: large quantity of drift ice from the Missouri.
10	Ice still drifting in considerable quantities: some geese pass from the south.
11	The sugar maple runs freely: swans pass from the north.
12	Pigeons, geese and ducks of various kinds have returned.
13	The first appearance of the blue crains.
14	But little drift ice: The Mississippi is not broken up: sugar trees run.
15	Immense quantity of swans.
27	The river rose three inches and fell immediately.
28	Began to snow, and continued all day.
Feb. 29	Snow all night, and until eleven o'clock A. M. and cleared away.
March 7	Saw the first brant return.
8	Rain succeeded by snow and hail.
9	Cloudy in the morning.
19	The weather has been generally fair but very cold, the ice run for several days in such quantities, that it was impossible to pass the river; visited St. Charles; saw the first snake, which was the kind usually termed the garter snake; saw also a beetle of a black colour, with two red stripes on his back, passing each other crosswise from the but of the wing to the extremity of the same.
20	Heard the first frogs on my return from St. Charles.
25	Saw the first white crane return.
26	The weather warm and fair.
27	The buds of the spicewood appeared, and the tassels of the mail cottonwood were larger than a large mulberry, and with the shape and colour of that fruit: some of them had fallen from the trees. The grass begins to spring; the weather has been warm, and no falling weather until this time, though the atmosphere has been very smoky and thick; a heavy fall of rain commenced, which continued until twelve at night, attended with thunder and lightning. Saw large insects which resembled musquitoes, but doubt whether they are really those insects or the fly which produces them, they attempted to bite my horse, but I could not observe that they made any impression with their beaks.
31	Windy.
April 1	The spicewood is in full bloom, the dog's-tooth violet, and May apple appeared above ground. A northern light appeared at 10 o'clock P. M. very red.
April 5	At St. Louis the buds of the peaches, apples and cherries appear.
6	A large flock of pellicans appear.
7	The leaves of some of the apple trees have burst their coverts and put forth, the leaves of the greenwood bushes have put forth.—Many of the wild plants have sprung up and appear above ground.
10	No appearance of the buds of the Osage apple; the Osage plum has put forth its leaves and flower buds, though it is not yet completely in blow.
13	The peach trees are partly in bloom; the brant, geese, duck, swan, crane and other aquatic birds have disappeared very much within a few days, and have gone further north I presume; the summer ducks raise their young in this neighbourhood, and are now here in great numbers.
17	Peach trees in full bloom; the weeping willow has put forth its leaves, and are one fifth of their size: the violet, the dove's-foot and cowslip are in blow, the dog's-tooth violet is not yet in bloom. The trees of the forest, particularly the cottonwood, begin to obtain from the size of their buds, a greenish cast at a distance; the gooseberry, which is also in this country and black, have put forth their leaves—frost.
26	The white frost killed much fruit near Kahokia, while that at St. Louis escaped with little injury.
30	White frost; slight; did but little injury.
May 5	Thundered and lightened excessively this morning.
10	Distant thunder: sultry this evening.
12	The wind at four was uncommonly hard.
25	Strawberries in the prairies ripe, and abundant.
27	Service berries or wild currants ripe and abundant.
30	Mulberries begin to ripen; abundant in the bottom of the river.
June 10	Purple raspberries ripe and abundant.
June 11	Many small birds are now sitting; some have young: the whippoorwill sitting.
16	The wood duck now have its young; these ducks are abundant, and except one solitary pelican and a few geese, these ducks were the only aquatic fowl we have yet seen.
July 1	Saw some geese with their young; caught several; they are not yet feathered, nor can they fly; the old geese are in the same situation at this season.
4	A great number of young geese and swan in a lake opposite to the mouth of Fourth of July creek: in the lake there is also an abundance of fish of various species, the pike, perch, carp, cat, sunperch, &c. &c.
12	The deer and bear are becoming scarce, and the elk begin to appear.
23	Catfish is very common, and easy taken in any part of this river; some are nearly white, particularly above the Platte river.
Sept. 19	The leaves of some of the cotton-wood begin to fade: yesterday saw the first brant passing from the northwest to southeast.
20	The antelope is now rutting; the swallow has disappeared twelve days.
21	The elk is now rutting; the buffaloe is nearly ceased; the latter commence the latter end of July or the first of August.
22	A little foggy this morning; a great number of green-legged plover are passing down the river, also some geese and brant.
23	The air remarkably dry; plums and grapes fully ripe; in thirty-six hours two spoonfulls of water evaporated in a saucer.
27	Saw a large flock of white gulls, with wings tipped with black.
October 1	The leaf of the ash, poplar, and most of the shrubs begin to turn yellow, and decline.
October 3	The earth and sand which form the bars of this river are so fully impregnated with salt, that it shoots and adheres to the little sticks which appear on the surface; it is pleasant and seems nitrous.
5	Slight white frost last night: geese and brant passing south.
6	Frost last night: saw teel, mallards and gulls.
9	Wind blew hard this morning; saw some brant and geese passing to the south.
14	Cotton-wood all yellow, and the leaves begin to fall: abundance of grapes and red berries; the leaves of all the trees as ash, elm, &c. except the cotton-wood, are now fallen.
17	Saw a large flock of white brant with black wings: antelopes are passing to the Black mountains to winter, as is their custom.
18	Hard frost last night, the clay near the water edge was frozen, as was the water in the vessels exposed to the air.
19	No mule-deer seen above the Chayenne river.
20	Much more timber than usual: saw the first black haws that we have seen for a long time.
29	The wind was so hard, that it was extremely disagreeable: the sand was blown on us in clouds.
Nov. 3	Wind blew hard all day.
7	A few drops of rain this evening; saw the auroraborealis at 10 P. M.; it was very brilliant in perpendicular columns, frequently changing position.
8	Since we have been at our present station, the river has fallen 9 inches.
9	Very hard frost this morning.
10	Many geese passing to the south; saw a flock of the crested cherry birds passing to the south.
13	Large quantity of drift ice running this morning, the river having appearances of closing for this winter.
Nov. 16	Hard frost this morning attached to the timber and boughs of the trees.
17	The frost of yesterday remained on the trees until 2 P. M. when it descended like a shower of snow; swans passing from the north.
20	Little soft ice this morning; the boat in much danger from ice, &c.
29	The snow fell eight inches deep, it drifted in heaps in the open ground.
30	The Indians pass the river on the ice.
Dec. 5	Wind blew excessively hard this night from the northwest.
7	Last night the river blocked up opposite fort Mandan.
8	The ice one and a half inches thick on the part that had not previously frozen; the buffaloe appear.
14	Captain Clark set out with a hunting party on the ice with sleighs.
15	Snow fell half inch.
24	Snow very inconsiderable.
27	The trees are all white with the frost which attached itself to their boughs.
28	It blew very hard last night; the frost fell like a shower of snow.
1805
January 3	The snow is nine inches deep.
6	At 12 o'clock to-day two luminous spots appeared on each side of the sun, extremely bright.
8	The snow is now ten inches deep, accumulating by frosts.
12	Singular appearances of three distinct Halos or luminous rings about the moon appeared this evening at half after nine, P. M. and continued one hour; the moon formed the centre of the middle ring, the other two which lay north and south of the moon, and had each of them a limb passing through the moon's centre, and projecting north and south, a semidiameter beyond
	the middle ring, to which last they were equal in dimensions, each ring appearing to extend an angle of fifteen degrees of a great circle.
January 15	A total eclipse of the moon last night visible here, but partially obscured by the clouds.
19	Ice now three feet thick on the most rapid part of the river.
23	The snow fell about four inches deep last night, and continues to snow.
	It frequently happens that the sun rises fair and in about fifteen or twenty minutes it becomes suddenly turbid, as if the moon had some chemical effect on the atmosphere.
31	The snow fell two inches last night.
Feb. 8	The black and white speckled woodpecker has returned.
14	The snow fell three inches deep last night.
March 2	The snow has disappeared in many places, the river partially broken up.
3	A flock of ducks passed up the river this morning.
12	Snow but slight, disappeared to-day.
19	But little snow, not enough to cover the ground. Collected some roots, herbs and plants, in order to send by the boat, particularly the root said to cure the bite of a mad dog and rattlesnake.
	The Indians raise a kind of artichokes, which they say is common in the prairies; well tasted.
21	Some ducks in the river opposite the fort.
24	But little snow.
25	A flock of swan returned to-day: the ice in the river has given way in many places, and it is with difficulty it can be passed.
26	The ice gave way in the river about 3 P. M. and came down in immense sheets; very near destroying our new canoes; some geese pass today.
March 27	The first insect I have seen, was a large black gnat to-day; the ice drifting in great quantities.
28	Ice abates in quantity, wind hard, river rises thirteen inches, and falls twelve inches.
29	A variety of insects make their appearance, as flies bugs, &c. The ice ceases to run, supposed to have formed an obstruction above.
30	The ice comes down in great quantities; the Mandans take some floating buffaloe.
31	Ducks and geese passing: the ice abates in quantity.
April 1	A fine refreshing shower of rain fell about 2 P. M. this was the first shower of rain that we had witnessed since the 15th September, 1804, though it has several times fallen in small quantitles, and was noticed in the diary of the weather; the cloud came from the west, and was attended by hard thunder and lightning. I have observed that all thunder-clouds in the western part of the continent, proceed from the westerly quarter, as they do in the Atlantic states. The air is remarkably dry and pure in this open country; very little rain or snow, either winter or summer. The atmosphere is more transparent than I ever observed it in any country through which I have passed.
4	Observed a flock of brant passing up the river today: the wind blew very hard, as it does frequently in this quarter. There is scarcely any timber to break the winds from the river, and the country on both sides being level plains, wholly destitute of timber, the winds blow with astonishing violence, in this open country, and form a great obstruction to the navigation of the Missouri, particularly with small vessels, which can neither ascend nor descend should the wind be the least violent.
6	This day a flock of cherry or cedar birds were seen, one of the men killed several of them. They are
	common in the United States, usually associate in large flocks, and are frequently destructive to the cherry orchards, and in winter in the lower parts of the states of Maryland and Virginia feed on the berries of the cedar. They are a small bluish-brown bird, crested with a tuft of dark brown feathers, with a narrow black stripe passing on each side of the head underneath the eye, from the base of the upper beak to the back of the head; it is distinguished more particularly by some of the shorter feathers of the wing, which are tipped with red spots, which have much the appearance, at a little distance, of sealing-wax.
April 8	The killdeer and large hawk have returned; the only bird that I observed during the winter at fort Mandan, was the Missouri magpie, a bird of the corvus genus, the raven in immense numbers, the small woodpecker, or sapsucker as they are sometimes called, the beautiful eagle, or calumet-bird, so called from the circumstance of the natives decorating their pipestems with its plumage, and the prairie-hen or grouse.
April 9	The crows have also returned, saw the first today; the musquitoes revisit us, saw several of them.
10	The lark, bald-eagle, and the large plover have returned; the grass begins to spring up, and the leaf-buds of the willow to appear.
11	The lark-woodpecker, with yellow wings, and a black spot on the breast, common to the United States have appeared, with sundry small birds. Many plants begin to appear above the ground; saw a large white gull to-day; the eagle are now laying their eggs; and the geese have mated. The elm, large leafed willow,
	and the bush which bears a red berry is in bloom.
April 13	The leaves of the choke-cherry are about half grown, the cotton-wood is in bloom; the flower of this tree resembles that of the aspin in form, and is of a deep purple colour.
15	Several flocks of white brant with black wings pass us to day, on their flight to the northwest; the trees now begin to assume a green appearance, though the earth at the depth of about three feet is not yet thawed, which we discover by the banks of the river falling in and disclosing a strata of frozen earth.
16	Saw the first leather-wing bat; it appeared about the size of those common to the United States.
18	A heavy dew this morning, which is the first and only one we have seen since we passed the Council bluffs last summer; there is but little dew in this open country. Saw a flock of pellican pass from southwest to northeast; they appeared to be on a long flight.
19	The trees have now put forth their leaves; the gooseberries, currant, service berries, and wild plums are in bloom.
21	White frost last night; the earth frozen along the water's edge.
23	Saw the first robbin, also the brown curlew.
28	Vegetation has progressed but little since the 18th; in short, the change is scarcely perceptible.
May 2	The wind continued so violent from 12 o'clock yesterday, until five o'clock this evening, that we were unable to proceed; the snow which fell last night and this morning, has not yet disappeared; it forms a singular contrast with the trees which are now in leaf.
3	At 4 P. M. the snow had not yet entirely disappeared; the new horns of the elk begin to appear.
4	The snow has disappeared; saw the first grasshoppers
	to-day; there are great quantities of a small blue beetle feeding on the willows.
May 8	The bald eagle, of which there are great numbers, now have their young; the turtle-dove appears.
9	The chokecherry is now in bloom.
17	The geese have their young; the elk begin to produce their young; the antelope and deer as yet have not; the small species of whip-poor-will begin to cry; the blackbird, both large and small have appeared. We have had scarcely any thunder and lightning; the clouds are generally white, and accompanied with wind only.
18	Saw the wild rose in bloom. The brown thrush or mocking bird have appeared; had a good shower of rain to-day, it continued about two hours; this is the first shower that deserves the appellation of rain, which we have seen since we left fort Mandan; no thunder, &c.
22	Saw some particles of snow fall to-day, which did not lie in sufficient quantity on the ground to be perceptible.
23	Hard frost last night; ice in the eddy water along the shore, and the water froze on the oars this morning; strawberries in bloom; saw the first kingfisher.
25	Saw the king-bird or bee-martin; the grouse disappear; killed three of the bighorn animals.
26	The last night was much the warmest that we have experienced; found the covering of our blanket sufficient: the air is extremely dry and pure.
28	A slight thunder storm, the air was turbid in the forenoon, and appeared to be filled with smoke; we supposed it to proceed from the burning of the plains, which we are informed are frequently set on fire by the Snake Indians to compel the antelopes to resort to the woody and mountainous country which they inhabit; saw a small white and black woodpecker, with a red head,
	the same which is common to the Atlantic states.
May 30	The rain commenced about 4 o'clock in the evening, and continued moderately through the course of the night; more rain has now fallen than we have experienced since the 15th of September last.
31	The antelopes now bring forth their young; from the size of the young of the bighorn, I suppose they bring forth their young as early at least as the elk.
June 5	Great numbers of sparrows, larks, curlews and other smaller birds common to prairies, are now laying their eggs and sitting; their nests are in great abundance; the large bats, or nighthawks, and the common buzzards appear; first saw the mountain-cock near the entrance of Maria's river.
15	The deer now begin to bring forth their young; the young magpies begin to fly. The brown and grizly bear begin to copulate.
27	At 1 P. M. a black cloud which arose in the southwest came on, accompanied with a high wind and violent thunder and lightning; a great quantity of hail also fell during this storm, which lasted about two hours and a half. The hail which was generally about the size of pigeons' eggs, and not unlike them in form, covered the ground to one inch and a half. For about twenty minutes during this storm, hail fell of an enormous size with violence almost incredible. When the hail-stones struck the ground, they would rebound to the height of ten or twelve feet, and pass twenty or thirty before they touched again. During this immense storm, I was with the greater part of the men on the portage; the men saved themselves, some by getting under a canoe, others by putting sundry articles on
	their heads, two were knocked down, and seven had their legs and thighs much bruised. Captain Lewis weighed one of those hail stones which weighed three ounces, and measured seven inches in circumference; they were generally round and perfectly solid. I am convinced that if one of these had struck a man on his naked head, it would certainly have fractured his skull; young black-birds are abundant and beginning to fly.
July 6	A heavy wind from the southwest, attended with rain about the middle of the last night; about day had a violent thunderstorm, attended with hail and rain; the hail covered the ground, and was near the size of musquet balls; one blackbird was killed with the hail; I am astonished that more have not suffered in a similar manner, as they are abundant, and I should suppose the hail-stones sufficiently heavy to kill them.
August 7	The river which we are now ascending, is so inconsiderable, and the current so much of a stand, that I relinquished paying further attention to its state.
21	Most astonishing was the difference between the height of the mercury at sunrise and at 4 P. M. to-day. There was the difference of fifty-nine degrees, and this in the space of eight hours, yet we experience this wonderful transition without feeling it near so sensibly as I should have expected.
Nov. 3	A thick fog continued until 12 o'clock, at which time it cleared off, and was fair the remainder of the day.
5	Commenced raining at 2 P. M. and continued at intervals all day; saw fourteen striped snakes to-day.
7	A thick fog this morning which continued until 11 A. M, at which time it cleared off, and continued
	fair about two hours, and began to rain; several showers during the evening.
Nov. 12	Violent wind from the southwest, accompanied with hail thunder and lightning, the thunder excessively loud, which continued from 3 till 6 A. M. when it cleared off for a short time; afterwards a heavy rain succeeded, which lasted until twelve o'clock, when it cleared off for an hour, and again become cloudy: the rain has been pretty generally falling since the 7th instant.
15	The after part of this day is fair and calm, for the first time since the 12th instant, and no rain.
20	Rained moderately from 6 o'clock A. M. until 1 P. M. on the 21st, after which it became cloudy without rain.
22	The wind violent from the S. S. E. throwing the water of the river over our camp, and rain continued all day.
26	Rained all day; some hard showers; wind not so hard as it has been for a few days past; some rain on the morning of the 23d, and night of the 24th instant.
27	Rained moderately all day; a hard wind from the southwest, which compelled us to lie by on the isthmus of point William on the south side.
28	The wind which was from the southwest shifted in the after part of the day to the northwest, and blew a storm which was tremendous; rained all the last night and to-day without intermission.
29	Rained all last night hard, and to-day moderately.
30	Rained and hailed at intervals throughout the last night, some thunder and lightning.
Decr. 3	Fair from 12 to 2 P. M. rained all the last night and this morning; rained the night of the 1st and the morning of the 2nd, and cloudy the remainder of the day; rained at intervals the night of the 2nd instant, with constant, hard, and sometimes violent winds.
Decr. 5	Rained yesterday, last night, and moderately to-day, all day the wind violent.
6	Rained all last night and to-day until 6 o'clock, at which time it cleared away and became fair; the winds also ceased to blow violent.
7	Rained from ten to twelve last night; fair day; a hard wind from the northwest, and a shower of rain at 2 P. M.
10	Rained all day, and the air cool; I returned from the ocean; a violent wind last night from the southwest; rained the greater part of the night of the 8th, and all day the 9th instant.
15	Rained at short intervals from the 10th instant, until 8 A. M. to-day.
16	Rained all the last night; cold wind violent from the southwest, accompanied with rain.
17	Rained all the last night and this morning until 9 o'clock, when we had a shower of hail, which lasted about an hour, and then cleared off.
18	Rained, snowed, and hailed at intervals all the last night; several showers of hail and snow until meridian.
19	Rained last night, and several showers of hail and rain this evening; the air cool.
20	Some rain and hail last night, rain continued until 10 A. M.
23	Rained all last night, and moderately all day, with several showers of hail, accompanied with hard claps of thunder &c.; rained 21st and 22d all day and night.
25	Rained at intervals last night and to-day.
26	Rained and blew hard all last night and to-day; some hard claps of thunder and sharp lightning.
29	Rained moderately without much intermission from the 26th until 7 A. M. this morning, hard wind from southeast.
30	Hard wind and some rain last night; to-day tolerably fair.
31	Rained last night and all this day.
1806.
January 1	The changes of the weather are exceedingly sudden, sometimes though seldom the sun is visible for a few moments, the next it hails and rains, then ceases and remains cloudy; the wind blows and it again rains; the wind blows by squalls most generally, and is almost invariably from southwest; these vicissitudes of the weather happen two, three or more times in half a day; snake seen 25th December.
3	The thunder and lightning of the last evening was violent, a singular occurrence for the time of year; the loss of my thermometer I most sincerely regret. I am confident that the climate here, is much warmer than in the same parallel of latitude on the Atlantic ocean, though how many degrees it is now out of my power to determine. Since our arrival in this neighbourhood on the 7th of November, we have experionced one slight white frost only, which happened on the morning of the 16th of that month; we have yet seen no ice, and the weather is so warm, that we are obliged to cure our meat with smoke and fire to save it; we lost two parcels by depending on the air to preserve it, though it was cut in very thin slices, and sufficiently exposed.
10	Various flies and insects now alive and in motion.
12	The wind from any quarter off the land or along the northwest coast, causes the air to become much cooler; every species of water fowl common to this country at any season of the year, still continue with us.
14	Weather perfectly temperate, I never experienced a winter so warm as the present has been.
23	When the sun is said to shine, or the weather fair, it is to be understood that it barely casts a shadow, and that the atmosphere is hazy, of a milky white colour.
January 25	It is now perceptibly colder than it has been this winter.
26	The snow this evening is four and three-quarter inches deep: the isicles continue suspended from the eaves of the houses during the day; it now appears something like winter, for the first time this season.
27	The sun shone more bright this morning than it has done since our arrival at this place; the snow since 4 P. M. yesterday, has increased to the depth of six inches, and this morning is perceptibly the coldest that we have had. I suspect the mercury would stand at twenty degrees above naught; the breath is perceptible in our room by the fire.
28	Last night exposed a vessel of water to the air, with a view to discover the depth to which it would frieze in the course of the night, but unfortunately the vessel was only two inches deep, and it friezed the whole thickness; how much more it might have frozen had the vessel been deeper, is therefore out of my power to decide; it is the coldest night that we have had, and I suppose the mercury this morning would have stood as low as fifteen degrees above naught.
31	Notwithstanding the cold weather, the swan, white brant, geese and ducks still continue with us; the sandhill crane also continues; the brown or speckled brant are mostly gone, some few are still to be seen; the cormorant, and a variety of other water fowls still remain. The winds from the land brings us cold and clear weather, while those obliquely along either coast or off the ocean brings us warm, damp, cloudy and rainy weather; the hardest winds are always from the southwest. The blue-crested corvus has already began to build its nest; the nest is formed of small sticks, usually in a pine tree.
February 3	The rain which fell in the latter part of the night froze, and made a slight incrustation on the snow which fell some days past, and also on the boughs of the trees &c.; yesterday it continued fair until 11 A. M. when the wind veered about to southwest, and the horizon was immediately overcast with clouds, which uniformly takes place when the wind is from that point.
4	All the water-fowls before enumerated still continue with us; the birds which resemble the robbin have now visited us in small numbers; saw two of them yesterday about the fort; they are gentle.
8	The rain of the last night has melted down the snow which has continued to cover the ground since the 24th of January; the feeling of the air and other appearances seem to indicate that the rigor of the winter has passed; it is so warm that we are apprehensive our meat will spoil, we therefore cut it in small pieces and hang it separately on sticks. Saw a number of insects flying about: the small brown flycatch continues with us; this is the smallest of all the American birds except the humming-bird.
15	The robbin has returned and is singing, which reminds us of spring; some other small birds passed on their flight from the south, but were so high that we could not distinguish of what kind they were; the robbin had left this place before our arrival in November.
16	At 11 A. M. it became fair, and the insects were flying about; at half past 12 o'clock it clouded up and began to rain.
24	Much warmer this morning than usual; aquatic and other birds, heretofore enumerated, continue with us still; the sturgeon and a small fish like the anchovy begin to run, they are taken
	in the Columbia about forty miles above us: the anchovey is exquisitely fine.
28	Saw a variety of insects in motion this morning, some small bugs as well as flies; a brown fly with long legs, about half the size of the common house fly was the most numerous; this is the first insect that has appeared; it is generally about the sinks or filth of any kind; the yellow and brown flycatch has returned, it is a very small bird with a tail as long proportionally as a sparrow.
March 1	A great part of this day was so warm, that fire was unnecessary, notwithstanding its being cloudy and raining.
6	Saw a spider this morning, though the air is perceptibly colder than it has been since the 1st instant. At 9 A. M. it clouded up and continued so the remainder of the day: even the easterly winds which have heretofore given us the only fair weather which we have enjoyed, seem now to have lost their influence in this respect.
7	The elk now begin to shed their horns. A bird of a scarlet colour as large as a common pheasant with a long tail has returned, one of them was seen to-day near the fort by captain Clark's black man; I could not obtain a view of it.
11	It became cloudy at 10 A. M. and rained attended with some hail; at six P. M. it become fair, and the wind changing to northeast it continued fair during the night: the snow had all disappeared by 4 P. M. this evening.
12	It was fair in the morning, but became cloudy at 3 P. M. and continued so during the day.
13	Saw a number of insects in motion; among others saw for the first time this spring and winter, a downy black fly about the size of the common house fly. The plants begin to appear above the ground, among others the rush, of which the
	natives eat the root, which resembles in flavor the sweet potatoe.
March 15	The sorrel with an oval, obtuse, and ternate leaf has now put forth its leaves, some of them have already nearly obtained their growth; the birds were singing very agreeably this morning, particularly the common robbin.
16	The anchovy has ceased to run; the white salmon trout have succeeded them; the weather is so warm that insects of various species are every day in motion.
22	The leaves and petals of the flower of the green huckleberry have appeared, some of the leaves have already obtained one fourth of their size.
24	The brown briery shrub with a broad pinnate leaf has began to put forth its leaves; the polecat calwort is in bloom; saw the blue-crested fisher; birds are singing this morning: the black alder is in bloom.
25	The elder, gooseberry and honeysuckle are now putting forth their leaves; the nettle and a variety of other plants are springing up; the flowers of the broad-leafed thorn are nearly blown; several small plants in bloom.
26	The humming-bird has appeared; killed one of them and found it the same with those common to the United States.
27	The small or bank martin appeared to-day; saw one large flock of them; water-fowl very scarce; a few cormorant, geese, and the red-headed fishing duck are all that are to be seen; the red flowering currant are in bloom; this I take to be the same species I first saw on the Rocky mountains; the fruit is a deep purple berry, covered with a gummy substance, and not agreeably flavoured: there is another species not covered with gum which I first found on the waters of the Columbia, about the 12th of August last.
March 28	This evening we saw many swan passing to the north as if on a long flight; vegetation is not by several days as forward here as at fort Clatsop when we left that place; the river rising fast; the water is turbid; the tide only swells the water a little, it does not stop the current; it is now within two feet of its greatest height.
30	The grass is about sixteen inches high in the river bottoms; the frogs are now abundant.
April 1	From the best opinion I could form of the state of the Columbia on the first of April, it was about nine feet higher than when we descended it in the beginning of November last.
6	The cottonwood has put forth its leaves and begins to assume a green appearance at a distance; the sweet willow has not yet burst its bud, while the leaves of the red and broad-leafed willow are of some size; it appears to me to be the most backward in vegetating of all the willows; the narrow-leafed willow is not found below tide-water on this river.
8	The male flowers of the cottonwood are falling; the gooseberry has cast the petals of its flowers, and its leaves have obtained their full size; the elder which is remarkably large, has began to bloom, some of its flowrets have expanded their corollas; the service-berries, choke-cherries, the growth which resembles the beach, the small birch and gray willow have put forth their leaves.
9	The vining honeysuckle has put forth shoots of several inches; the dog-toothed violet is in bloom, as is also both the species of the mountain-holly, the strawberry, the bear's-claw, the cowslip, the violet, common striped, and the wild cress or tongue grass.
11	The geese are yet in large flocks and do not yet appear to have mated; what I have heretofore termed the broad-leafed ash, is now in bloom;
	the fringe tree has cast the corolla and its leaves have nearly obtained their full size; the saccacommis is in bloom.
12	The duckinmallard, which breed in the neighbourhood, is now laying its eggs; vegetation is rapidly progressing in the bottoms, though the snow of yesterday and to-day reaches within a mile of the base of the mountains at the rapids of the Columbia.
16	At the Rock-fort camp saw the prairie lark, a species of the peaweet, the blue-crested fisher, the party-coloured corvus, and the black pheasant; a species of hyacinth, native of this place, bloomed to-day; it was not in bloom yesterday.
26	The last evening was cloudy; it continued to threaten rain all night, but without raining; the wind blew hard all night, the air cold, as it is invariably when it sets from the westerly quarter.
May 1	Having left the river we could no longer observe its state, it is now declining, though it has not been as high this season by five feet as it appears to have been the last spring; the Indians inform us that it will rise higher in this month, which I presume is caused by the snows of the mountains.
3	The mountains on our right seem to have had an increase of snow last evening.
10	It began to rain and hail about sunset this evening, which was shortly after succeeded by snow; it continued to fall without intermission until 7 A. M. and lay 8 inches deep on the plain where we were; the air was very keen; a sudden transition this day; yesterday the face of the country had every appearance of summer; after nine A. M. the sun shone, but was frequently obscured by clouds which gave us light showers of snow; in the after part of the day the snow melted considerably, but there was too great a
	portion to be dissipated by the influence of one day's sun.
11	The crimson haw is not more forward now at this place than it was when we lay at Rock-fort camp in April.
20	A nest of the large blue or sandhill crane was found by one of our hunters; the young were in the act of leaving the shell; the young of the party coloured corvus begin to fly.
22	The air is remarkably dry and pure, it has much the feeling and appearance of the air in the plains of the Missouri: since our arrival in this neighbourhood on the 7th instant all the rains noted in the diary of the weather were snows on the plain, and in some instances it snowed on the plains when only a small mist was perceptible in the bottoms at our camp.
27	The dove is cooing, which is the signal, as the Indians inform us of the approach of the salmon. The snow has disappeared on the high plains, and seems to be diminishing fast on the spurs and lower regions of the Rocky mountains.
28	The river from sunrise yesterday to sunrise this morning rose one foot ten inches; drift-wood running in considerable quantities, and the current incredibly swift though smooth.
29	The river rose six inches in the course of yesterday, and one foot five inches in the course of the last night; it is now as high as there are any marks of its having been in the spring 1805; at ten A.M. it arrived at its greatest height, having rose one and a half inches from sunrise to that time; in the balance of the day it fell seven inches; the natives inform us that it will take one more rise before it begins to subside for the season, and then the passage of the mountains will be practicable.
30	The river continued to fall until 4 A. M. having fallen three inches by that time since sunrise;