Coyote and the Creation, Mescalero Apache Text excerpted from Chiricahua Apache Texts, with Ethnological Notes |
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5. Coyote and the Creation
as told by Charles Smith
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 | Coyote and the Creation, Mescalero Apache Text |  |
5. Coyote and the Creation[i] as told by Charles Smith
"I am going away again."
"Why are you going to tire yourself out? Just now you were very tired. You no sooner come in and sit down on the ground at home than you dash out again. Now I've become tired of you. You are continually leaving us in an empty camp. We too would like to see other places. Take us with you over there."
1. 'iyáadó bíkáhinndáná 'why are you going to tire yourself out?' 'iyáa interrog. pronoun; -dó 'also, again'; bíká 'because of it'; hinndá, 2nd person imp. of hi-|...[ni- perf.]-yá 'to become tired' [act. intr.]. hi-| ?; -yá 'one person moves'.
2. The third line of this passage is literally as follows: "To a little / in the house / on the ground / you are sitting down / just as you meet it / you are jumping up again."
The verbs nóͅóͅdaałgo 'you are sitting down' and dahnááshdiyóͅóͅt'i 'you are jumping out again', being in the progressive mode, give the connotation that this behavior is Coyote's customary behavior.
dábidáńndáyá is composed of dá- 'just'; the 2nd person imp. of 0-dá-ni-...[ni- perf.]-yá 'one person meets someone' [act. intr.], and the postposition -ya.
3. koͅoͅshk'ee 'an empty or abandoned camp' [no analysis].
4. 'inánahíͅndił 'you are continually leaving us'. 2nd person iter. with 1st person dual obj. of 'i- |...[hi- perf.]- ndił 'to throw several objects away; to abandon' [act. tr.].
5. k'adéha'áda 'other places'. k'adé- ?; ha'- indefinite pronoun: -á, reduced form of -yá pp.; -da 'even' [?].
6. 'ákaada nałnaanóͅóͅka 'take us with you over there'. 'ákaa 'there'; -da 'even'. nał- 'with us' plus nanáá- 'about, here and there' and the 2nd person prog, of -ká 'several move' [act. intr.].
Coyote said to her:
Shóͅóͅdé goołndiná'a:
1. tóí dahdańlíͅ k'edaagóͅteel 'there are many broad rivers on [the road]'. tóí 'the waters'. dah- 'up' [?]; da- from daa- distrib.; ńlíͅ; 'they flow' [ni- perf. neut. intr.]. k'e- 'on'; daa- distrib.; góͅteel 'they are broad' [place subj.; imp. neut. intr. with ni- adj.].
2. daagońłch'ił 'there are dense forests'. daa- distrib.; go- place subj.; ńłch'ił 'there is a heavy growth of vegetation' [ni- perf. neut. intr.]. Cf. Chir. ńch'il, ńłch'il with the same meaning.
"You see, some of those children of mine are small. Some of them cannot swim. There is much that frightens them. They soon become tired.
dootóyédaagóͅsida 'they cannot swim'. doo-...-da negative; tó 'water'; yédaagóͅsiͅ, 3rd person distrib. of 0é-go-ni-...-ł-ziͅ 'to know about' [imp. neut.].
"I know about all sorts of places. Therefore, I will get all sorts of things from people of many kinds. I am learning as I travel about. Therefore, do not follow me over there. Let me go about by myself. Do not speak of this to me again.
1. nádaagóń'áͅ 'places'. ná- ?; daa- distrib.; go- place subject; ń'áͅ 'it lies' [ni- perf. neut. intr.].
2. doo'ákaashkéé'daahahkáda 'do not follow me over there'. doo-...-da negative; 'ákaa 'there'; -shkéé'-, bound form of shiké 'after me'; daahahká, 2nd person distrib. imp. of -ká 'several move' [act. intr.].
3. bínii- 'let it go' plus dáseen 'by myself' [?].
"Good things are said about the Frog people. Because of that, I shall go to them. I shall bring back something for you."
"My father, [said Coyote's son] I like it right here. So, you go on. I will take care of everything: water, wood, and all. Therefore, my mother, do not speak [further] to him. Let him start out over there. He will bring back something for us."
The third line of this passage is literally as follows: "Just / everything / water / wood / and / anything / I'll handle it."
Coyote's wife spoke thus to him:
Shóͅóͅdé bi'isdzáńń 'ábiiłndiná'a:
1. dooháńbeenáá'íͅdláda 'do not imitate anyone again'. doo-...-da negative; háń 'anyone' plus the 2nd person imp. with indef. obj. of Oee-náá-...[? perf.]-d-lá 'to imitate again' [act. tr.]. ee- 'by means of'; náá- 'again' [requires the -d- class]; -lá 'to do, make'.
2. dádooshídaíná 'though I do not do it'. dá- 'just'; doo-...-da negative; shí independent first person pronoun; -í relative; -ná emphatic enclitic.
3. ch'éda'áͅt'íͅí 'your failures'. ch'éda- 'in vain'; 'áͅt'íͅ, 2nd person of 'á-ni-...-t'íͅ 'to be so' [imp. neut. intr.]; -í relative.
"Very well, I shall not do so again. When I have been to these people, then I shall not go anywhere from you again. We will return to our own people. I do not know where the camp is but someone somewhere will tell us about it. Later, when I return, I will tell you the story. Therefore, all of you embrace me well. Then I'll leave you."
naheełt'éne 'our relatives'. naheełt'é 'they are like us, similar to us', 3rd person of 0ee...-ł-t'é 'to be like, similar to' [imp. neut. intr.]; -ne 'people of such and such a group'.
Then they embraced one another.
Ákoo'a 'iłzénádaagoosndiiná'a.
'Ákoo goch'áͅdeeyáná'a.
Daagoch'iͅiͅdahdiiłndiiná'a.
Bídó bich'iͅiͅdahdaashdiiłndiiná'a.
'Áshíͅ 'ińtin yik'ehóͅóͅyáná'a.
Dá'iłtsé dá'ákohégo haná'anyá 'ich'iist'iná'ago, t'áͅyá náneełndiná'a.
Nágo'a 'it'ah dá'tinsíͅ bi'éłchiné dábimáńyił naagoyeekaná'a.
'It'ah 'áshíͅ daagodees'íͅná'a.
Dáłeen gokéyá dahdaagodeesndiná'a.
'Ákoo bídó goch'iͅiͅdahnáádaadiiłndiiná'a.
Náheeyágo haná'anyá bitsiií 'óosdiͅiͅná'a.
And he started to leave them.
He waved his hand to them.
They also waved their hands to him.
Then he got to the road.
As soon as he had gone nearly out of sight, he looked back.
And his wife and children were still standing in the doorway.
They were still watching him from there.
He had waved his hand to them once more.
Then they also waved their hands toward him again.
He turned around and his head disappeared out of sight.
t'áͅyá náneełndiná'a 'he looked back'. t'áͅyá 'backward' plus the 3rd person perf. of ná-ni-...[ni- perf.?]-l-ndii 'to turn one's head back' [mediopas.]. Cf. note 5.16.
From there he went on.
Áshíͅ ndásé nkeńyáná'a.
'Íńtinyá dádoo'aandahyá 'Izháshee bidáayá hananńyáná'a.
'Ákooyá dees'íͅná'a.
Kát'éshíͅ ditsiní bikáshíͅ dasidáná'a.
A little way down the road a Bird flew across in front of him.
He looked over that way.
There, on a tree, [Bird] was sitting.
"Coyote."
"Where is the camp of the Frog People?"
"Go right on in that direction."
dá'ákandásóͅóͅndááł 'go right on in that direction!. dá- 'just'; 'ákaa 'there'; ndásá 'on, further'; hóͅndááł 'you are going' [2nd person prog.].
"Thank you."
From there he went on farther.
'Áshíͅ dándásá ch'at'iná'a.
nDiijiͅ dees'íͅgo ch'at'iná'a.
Dádoo'is'ahdago łi' hach'adzíná'a.
Dáhanałndiná'a.
Dá'áshíͅ nińyáná'a.
Dá'iłch'áͅdees'íͅná'a.
Bich'iͅiͅhanáách'adzíná'a.
'Ákooda goͅoͅłtsáͅná'a.
Yee'a 'Izháshee 'át'íͅná'a.
He walked along looking at the ground.
In a little while someone spoke.
[Coyote] raised his head.
He stopped right there.
He looked everywhere.
Someone spoke to him again.
Then he saw him.
It was another Bird.
dáhanałndiná'a 'he raised his head'. dá- 'just' plus the 3rd person perf. of ha-ni-...[hi- perf.]-1-ndi 'to raise one's head' [mediopas.]. ha- 'up'; ni- ?; -1-ndi 'to move one's head'. Cf. note 5.10.
"Coyote, where are you going?"
"Over yonder."
Without speaking to each other again, they parted.
Dádoo'iłch'iͅiͅhanáách'idziidahé, goch'áͅhiiłteená'a.
Bitsiií ła'yá yeenánałndiiłgo ch'at'iná'a.
nDásáyá kát'éshíͅ, 'iyáahee baanaach'igháná'a.
Tsiͅbigodé 'óͅóͅ'áí bikétsinyá hagots'ich'iiná'a.
'Iyáahee nách'iyalaí gozéé'yá 'ich'iyandiłná'a.
[Coyote] went on, turning his head in all directions.
Further on over there, someone was moving about doing something.
He was digging at the foot of a stump standing there.
He was picking up small objects and putting them in his mouth.
tsiͅbigodé 'óͅóͅ'áí bikétsinyá 'at the foot of a stump standing there'. tsiͅ 'tree'; bigodé 'its knee'. 'óͅóͅ'áí, relative in -í of 'i-...-'á 'a rigid object extends' [hi- perf. neut. intr.]. bikétsin 'its ankle' [see note 3.42, §2].
Coyote stopped before him.
Shóͅóͅdé goch'iͅiͅnińyáná'a.
Shóͅóͅdé goołndiná'a:
Coyote said to him:
"Huh?"
Dáhashnałndiná'a.
He raised his head.
"From right here."
"I [am one of] those who are called Rump people
The first line of this passage is literally as follows: "I / Rump people / those of us who are called."
tł'aayáńne 'Rump people'. tł'aa- 'buttocks, rump'; -yá postposition [?]; -ń relative; -ne 'people of such and such a group'.
There are a number of circumlocutory phrases to indicate that one is speaking of a bear, for bear is an animal from which the Apache believes a painful disease may be contracted. To utter the regular word for bear is to run the risk of seeing the bear shortly afterwards and of catching the sickness. The informant from whom these texts were taken is generally reputed to have some supernatural power from bear. At least he is one of the few Apache on the reservation who will hunt or touch bear. It is for this reason, perhaps, that he actually used the word for bear in the next line.
"Tell me exactly where the camp of the Frog people is."
"On the farther side of the fourth ridge from the edge of the mountains, there are four little mountains.
1. naanák'áͅ 'a ridge' [no analysis].
2. ts'ébaanaanáńt'ií 'cliffs'. ts'é 'rock'; baa- 'from it'; naa-ná- 'around about, circling around' plus the ni- perf. of -t'é 'to be strung' and the relative enclitic -í.
"Friend, I am grateful to you. Thank you many many times."
Bich'iͅiͅnáshdiidzá.
'Iłzénách'iisndiiná'a.
Dá'iłk'ishíͅ ch'óóta.
'Iłch'idóͅóͅchi.
Nágo góch'áͅhiiłteená'a.
[Bear] stood up facing him.
They embraced each other.
They held each other tightly.
They released each other.
And then [Coyote] left him.
goláͅ 'there are many' [imp. neut. intr. with place subject]; -n 'times'; ihéhe 'thank you'; -łaha emphatic enclitic.
From there he went on farther.
'Áshíͅ ndásá ch'at'iná'a.
Dá'iłtsé nandasitáͅee ch'íńt'iná'a.
'Áshíͅ ndásá náádeesgalná'a.
'Áá'dó łi' nandasitáͅ.
Yich'iͅiͅgo nááhiiłteená'a.
'Áá' náách'íńt'iná'a.
'Áshíͅ ndásé 'it'ah łi' nandahnáánástáͅná'a.
'Áá'dó náách'íńt'iná'a.
Bigháͅshíͅ hanáánádzáná'a.
'Ákaa náádeest'íͅná'a.
Dáłee'é nandasitáͅí ná'godziiná'a.
Yich'iͅiͅgo hiiłteená'a.
Dáhátide ch'at'iná'a.
Łahde 'édeenáánátaná'a.
Łahdedó hołdloshná'a.
'Ákoo, dá'ákoo, yéhiiyáná'a.
Bigháͅdéshíͅ haayáná'a.
He came to the first ridge.
From there he looked ahead.
There was another ridge.
He went toward it also.
He got there too.
Beyond it also was still another ridge.
He also reached that one.
He went to the top of it also.
He looked over yonder again.
Just one more ridge remained.
He went toward it.
He walked fast.
Sometimes he ran.
Sometimes also he trotted.
Then, at last, he got to it.
He climbed to the top of it.
1. nandasitáͅ 'a ridge'; a synonym of naanák'áͅ [see note 5.25, §1]. nan- 'on one's side'; dah- 'on, upon'; sitáͅ 'a long slender object lies' [si- perf. neut. intr.]. See also nandahnáánástáͅ 'there was another ridge' later in this text passage. This is the above form with the added prefix nááná- 'again'.
2. łahde 'édeenáánátaná'a 'sometimes he ran'. łahde 'sometimes'. 'édeenáánáta, the 3rd person perf. of 'éd-ee-nááná-...[? perf.]-d-tá 'to run' [act. intr.]. 'éd- reflexive; ee- 'by means of'; nááná- 'again' [?]. -d-tá 'to move suddenly, [see note 4.3, §§7 and 13].
"Coyote!"
Godiists'áͅná'a.
Shóͅóͅdé ndiishíͅ neesdáná'a.
Bich'iͅiͅch'at'iná'a.
Baach'íńyáná'a.
[Coyote] heard him.
Coyote sat down on the ground.
Someone was coming toward him.
Someone came to him.
"Where are you going?"
"Ho! Where are you going! I'm going over there. What do you want?"
'Ídóí haastiͅiͅń 'át'íͅná'a.
It was Mountain Lion man.
'ídóí 'mountain lion'. Cf. Chir. ńdóí [See linguistic note to Chiricahua text 17.25, §1].
Then the two stood before each other.
Ákoo'a 'iłch'iͅnch'íń'áájná'a.
'Iłzénách'iisndiiná'a.
They embraced each other.
"You will tell me a story later."
Goch'áͅhiiłteená'a.
nDásá ch'at'iná'a.
He [then] went away from him.
He went on farther.
"Earth! Now, for some reason,
dá'áádéjiͅ ndásé 'from that moment on'. dá- 'just, exactly'; -'áádé ?; -jiͅ 'to'. ndásé 'on, further'.
At this point the culture hero, Child of the Water, takes possession of the body and mind of Coyote and talks and works through him. The substance of these lines is that the things of the earth are to change. When Coyote approaches and speaks to the animals [who have to this point spoken one universal language and displayed human qualities] they will assume the form and habits which they retain to this day.
From there he kept on along the road.
'Áshíͅ 'íńtin ch'at'iná'a.
Dziłbizáͅáͅí díͅíͅ'í sijaají dá'íłtsé yańyáná'a,
Dáhaͅhnágo dánáábikéeeí, dánáánáhaͅhnágo dánáábikéeeí.
Dáhaͅhnágo dásí'ikéee ná'idziií yaanáánádzáná'a.
He came to the first of the four small mountains,
Soon after to the next, and soon after again to the third.
Finally he came also to the last remaining one.
He stood on the east side of it.
Beeha'ii'áshíné nińyáná'a.
Dágondéhé ha'shíͅhee saaí diists'áͅná'a.
'Áałch'indiná'a:
He heard words in a voice from somewhere[3].
It spoke thus to him:
dágondéhé 'a voice'. dá- 'just' plus a relative in -é of gondé, 3rd person imp. of go-...[si- perf.]- ndé 'to shout' [act. intr.].
Then he went on.
'Ákoo ndásá ch'at'iná'a.
nDásé tónáánáskáͅí yaanáách'íńt'iná'a.
He came also to the next lake.
From there he went on again to the next lake.
'Áshíͅ ndásé tónáánáskáͅí yaanáách'íńt'iná'a.
'Ánááłch'idihndiná'a.
[The voice] spoke thus to him again.
From there he went on further.
'Áshíͅ ndásá náách'íńt'iná'a.
Shá'ii'áhí, náhakoshíͅ, 'áshíͅ ha'ii'áshégo yich'iͅiͅshégo náheeyáná'a.
He went around to the west, the north, and [finally] to the east side.
The voice of Child of the Water is telling Coyote that he has reached the south side of the farther lake.
There four streams came together and flowed into the lake at that place.
'Áshíͅ díͅíͅn tó'iłgóͅlíͅí 'ájiͅ táhdaaslíͅná'a.
'Áshíͅ tódíͅíͅntáhóͅóͅlíní dádíͅíͅ'ígo yańyáná'a.
'Ibaͅaͅee ńlíní, k'ehgóͅteelee, teeł díͅíͅ'í dasikaaná'a.
Tábaͅaͅshíͅ 'ibaͅaͅgo sikaaí beeha'ii'áshíné tsédiłhiłí si'áͅí bik'ishíͅ Ch'íͅ'nshtłodé nant'áń dasidáná'a.
He went to the fourth of the four streams that flowed into the lake.
At the edge of the stream, in a wide place, there were four clumps of tule.
The Frog chief was sitting on a black rock which lay on the east side of the clump [of tule] which lay on the edge of the [river] bank.
tó'iłgóͅlíͅí 'streams came together'. tó 'waters'; 'ił- 'together' [?]; góͅlíͅ; 'they were' [imp. neut. intr. with place subj. and ni- adj.]; -í relative.
[Coyote] stopped before him.
Bich'iͅnch'íńyáná'a.
Nágo'a Chíͅ'nshtłodé nant'áń dá'ándíídé 'ághádandííł biłch'indiní 'ághádzaaná'a.
Dá'ándíídé chíͅ'nshtłodé dákogohí silíͅná'a.
Dooha'yóobich'iͅiͅyách'iłtinzhóͅda.
Híyeeda t'óobich'iͅiͅhach'adzídaná'a.
Goch'áyá tágheejiͅ yaanách'iͅiͅt'iná'a.
Then the Frog chief was transformed exactly as [Coyote] had said he would be transformed.
Right at that moment he became an ordinary frog.
[Coyote] was unable to talk to him at all.
And therefore he did not talk to him.
[The frog] jumped away from him into the water.
1. dá'ándíídé 'truly, exactly, real, ordinary'. No analysis.
2. dákogohí 'right at that moment, then'. No analysis.
3. dooha'yóobich'iͅiͅyách'iłtinzhóͅda 'he was unable to talk to him at all'. doo-...-da negative; ha'yágo 'in any way'; bich'iͅiͅ- 'to him'; yách'iłti, 3a person imp. of yá-...[hi- perf.]-ł-ti 'to talk' [act. intr.] ; nzhóͅ ' it is good' [?]. The last mentioned form is often used as an intensifier but its position at the end of the combination is un- usual.
So that one was the first of all living creatures to be transformed.
'Ákoo 'áíí 'indá'igáał'aashé dá'íłtsé 'ághádzaaná'a.
'IͅIͅshíͅndáségo, dágé k'éshdiyaghałí díík'eh, dáháí'át'éí, 'ákaa 'óondííłná'a.
Gołgóͅtóͅóͅyégo naanách'iyadááłná'ahá.
Tóik'éshdeeghalná'a.
Hach'idzíídó ch'éda'ách'ił'iͅiͅná'a.
From this time on, everyone that [Coyote] looks at, whoever it is, will be changed in this way.
He walked about sadly.
He looked at the water.
He also tried in vain to speak.
'indá'igáał'aashé 'all living creatures'. 'indá 'life, there is life' [sometimes heard 'iindá]; 'igáał'aa 'varieties, species' [cf. note 4.34]; -shé 'side, party'.
"Tule,
- "Teeł,
- teełts'ódzí,
- teełdishk'áͅí,
- teeł'áłts'oͅoͅsí,
- 'óók'aaí,
- tághe'tł'oh'iitooí,
- tł'oh'iigaaí,
- tł'oh'iitsooí,
- tł'oh'iichíí,
- tł'ohdiitł'ishí,
Dá'áíná yégóͅsiͅgo 'ách'íͅsiͅná'a.
- "Tule,
- spike rush,
- sedge,
- slender tule,
- carrizo,
- watercress,
- white violet,
- asphodel,
- side oats grama [var.],
- blue-eyed grass,
[The voice] made him think only of these things.[5]
Following is an analysis of the plant names mentioned in this passage. Those terms not listed cannot be analyzed. For a more precise definition of the botanical terms given in this text, see the publication by Castetter and Opler cited in Ethnological Notes to Chiricahua Apache text 39.9, note 9.
teełts'ódzí 'spike rush'. teeł 'tule'; -ts'ódz, cf. hits'ódz 'it is tapered, pointed' [imp. neut. intr]; -í relative.
teełdishk'áͅí 'sedge'. dishk'áͅ 'it is blackish, clump-like, clod-like'.
teeł'áłts'oͅoͅsí 'slender tule'. 'áłts'oͅoͅs 'it is slender' [imp. neut. intr.; prefixes 'á-ni-].
tághe'tł'oh'iitooí 'water cress'. tá- 'water'; -ghe' 'in'; tł'oh 'grass, plant'; 'iitoo, perf. of 'i-|...[ni- perf.]-tó 'to become red' [act. intr.].
tł'oh'iigaaí 'white violet'. 'iigaa, perf. of 'i-|...[ni- perf.]-gá 'to become white' [act. intr.].
tł'oh'iitsooí 'asphodel'. 'its'oo, perf. of 'i| ...[ni- perf.]-tsó 'to become yellow,' [act. intr.].
tł'oh'iichíí 'side oats grama [var.]'. 'iichí, perf. of 'i-|...[ni- perf.]-chí 'to become red' [act. intr.].
tł'ohdiitł'ishí 'blue-eyed grass'. diitł'ishí, cust. of di-|...[ni- perf.]-tł'íísh 'to become blue' [act. intr.].
In this phase of creation Coyote is merely the instrument. The power which is working through him is that of Child of the Water. The voice or power, by repeating these names to Coyote, causes him to think about them and, in that way, to create them.
From here [Coyote] went on.
'Iͅiͅshíͅ ndásé dahiiyáná'a.
- tł'ohkéstasí
- tł'ałdeií,
- tł'ołchídí,
- tł'ohishchíílí,
- tł'ołchíshí,
- tł'ołtł'ijí,
- ndébitł'ohí,
- dziłátł'ohkéstasí,
- tł'ohbindáantsaaí,
- tł'ohbindáantł'idzí,
- tł'ohbindáa'áłts'oͅoͅsí,
- tł'ohbindáa'ászóólí,
- tł'ohbindáa'iłaadaasijaaí,
- tł'ohbindáa'iłké'dasijaaí,
- tł'ohbindáa'iłké'ńt'ií,
- tł'ohdábilátadébindáadasijaaí,
- 'áshíͅ tł'ohbits'íládéídeesdzáí.
- grama grass,
- falseflax,
- big blue-stem grass,
- buffalo grass,
- corn grass,
- wild violet,
- salt grass,
- black grama grass,
- red columbine,
- wild barley,
- side oats grama [var.],
- red top grass,
- rye grass,
- candy grass,
- side oats grama [var.],
- big blue-stem grass,
- and blue grass.
All of them were created.
1. ndiibikátł'oh'igáał'aashé 'all the varieties of grass on the earth's surface'. ndii - 'earth'; biká 'its surface'; tł'oh 'grass'.
2. Following are the plant names in this passage that can be analyzed:
tłohkéstasí 'grama grass'. tł'oh 'grass'. késtas- ?; -í relative.
tł'ałdeií 'false flax'. tł'a-, compounded form of tł'oh 'grass'; -łdei ?.
tł'ołchídí 'big blue-stem grass'. -łchíd-, compounded form of the 3rd person of łi-ni-...chí 'to be red' [imp. neut. intr.]. [ch is ambiguously drawn in the print copy, and could be interpretted as ts'; but it is clear from context that the form intended is ch --MEC]
tł'ołtł'idzí [this appears as tł'ołtł'ijí in the text--MEC] 'wild violet'. -łtł'idz may be related to ni-...-tł'idz 'to be hard' or it may have been misheard for -łtł'ij which is possibly related to da-ni-...-tł'ij 'to be blue'.
ndébitł'ohí 'salt grass'. ndé 'people, indians'; bitł'oh 'their grass'.
dziłátł'ohkéstasí 'black grama grass'. dził 'mountain'; -á from -yá 'on';
tł'ohkéstasí 'grama grass' [see above].
tł'ohbindáantsaaí 'red columbine'. bindáa 'its eyes'; ntsaa 'they are big' [imp. neut. intr.]. bindáa, literally 'its eyes', is understood to refer to the seeds of the plant.
tł'ohbindáantł'idzí 'wild barley'. ntł'idz 'they are hard'.
tł'ohbindáa'áłts'oͅoͅ sí [the text in the original contains an apparent misprint in which this word appears as tł'ohbindáa'áłch'oͅoͅsí--MEC] 'side oats grama [var.]'. 'áłts'oͅoͅ s 'they are slender'.
tł'ohbindáa'iłaadaasijaaí 'rye grass'. 'ił- reciprocal; aa- 'to' plus daasijaa 'several masses lie' [si- perf. neut. intr. with the distrib.].
tł'ohbindáa'iłké'dasijaaí 'candy grass'. Literally 'the grass on which masses of seeds lie on top of one another'. 'iłké'- 'after one another'; dah- 'on, upon'.
tł'ohbindáa'iłké'ńt'ií 'sideoats grama [var.]' Literally 'the grass on which the seeds are strung out after one another'. ńt'i 'they have been strung out' [3rd person ni- perf.].
tł'ohdábilátabinndáadasijaaí 'big blue-stem grass'. Literally 'the grass the seeds of which lie massed just on its tip'. dábiláta 'just its tip'.
tł'ohbits'íládéídeesdzáí 'blue grass'. bits'íládéí 'its tassels'; deesdzá 'it extends upward, it sticks out' [?].
Then [the voice] spoke thus to him again:
'Áshíͅ 'ánáałch'indiná'a.
dá'áínáidiists'áͅná'a.
Deesghalná'a.
Yee'a ditsiní baagóńyáná'a.
Dá'iłtsé
Dooyáłtida silíͅná'a.
Deesghalná'a.
K'adi:
- "Nanstáné,
- k'aashchish,
- taałbiłdaach'inłndéí,
- tsésdisí,
- góńt'ishé.
[Coyote] had heard only that.
He looked around.
Then he started with the trees.
He had started to say:
He became speechless.
He looked around.
Now:
- "Mesquite,
- shad scale,
- tree [sp.],
- screw bean,
- [and] all other varieties."
nanstáné 'mesquite'. A relative in -é of nan- 'on one's side' plus sitáͅ 'a long slender object lies' [si- perf. neut. intr.]. A variant form of this word, naastáné, is also heard. This is a relative in -é of naa- 'here and there' plus sitáͅ.
The next two terms are unanalyzable. tsésdisí 'screw bean' may be a compound of tsé 'rock' and -sdis-, a compounded form of hiisdis 'it has been twisted' [si- perf. pass.].
góńt'ishé 'all other varieties'. góńt'i, the ni- perf. with place subj. of -t'é 'to be strung out'; -shé 'side, kind'.
"Then the thorny plants also:
- hoshnaadeeyei,
- hoshdishtoͅoͅtí,
- hoshgóͅts'iͅiͅsí.
- hoshbéíí,
- gołchídí,
- hoshbizáͅáͅyéíłitsoí.
- ocotillo,
- cholla,
- nipple cactus.
- hedge-hog cactus,
- prickly pear cactus,
- strawberry cactus."
hoshditsinídó 'the thorny plants also'. hosh 'thorn, cactus'; ditsiní, relative of ditsiͅ 'tree'; -dó 'also'.
The next two terms cannot be analyzed.
hoshgóͅts'iisí [this form appears in the text as hoshgóͅts'iͅiͅsí--MEC] 'nipple cactus' is a compound of hosh 'cactus'; góͅts'iis- 'it is small [i. e., small-bodied]' [imp. neut. intr. with place subj. and ni adj.].
hoshbéí 'hedge-hog cactus'. -béí ?.
gołchídí 'prickly pear cactus'. Place subj. plus -łchíd-, a bound form of łichí 'it is red'.
hoshbizáͅáͅyéíłitsoí 'strawberry cactus'. bizáͅáͅyé 'little, small'; łitso 'it is yellow'.
"Now all varieties of yucca:
goshk'an 'yucca' [no analysis]. The three terms following are compounds of goshk'an and łigaí 'it is white', nndeedz 'it is long, tall', and dijool 'it is ball-shaped', respectively.
"Now, on to all varieties of trees:
- 'ichíchiledódooná'gongaͅdí,
- 'ighe'éłtsoi,
- t'iisí,
- tógóͅlíní,
- tógóͅlínínádaa'iigaaí,
- tógóͅlínínádaa'iitooí,
- tógóͅlíníná'iichíí,
- tógóͅlíníná'iitsooí,
- tógóͅlíníntsaaí,
- tógóͅlínít'aͅaͅ'iłdá'dasiláí,
- tógóͅlínít'aͅaͅ'áłch'oosí,
- tógóͅlínít'aͅaͅłibáí.
- live oak,
- acorn oak,
- cottonwood,
- willow,
- willow which becomes white all around,
- desert willow,
- willow which becomes red all around,
- willow which becomes yellow all around,
- big willow,
- willow on which the leaves lie above one another,
- heart leafed willow,
- salix exigua."
ditsíͅńt'ishé 'all varieties of trees'. ditsíͅ 'trees' plus ńtishé [see note 5.44, last paragraph].
'ichíchiledódooná'gongaͅdí 'live oak'. 'ichíchile 'oak'; dó- ?; doo- negative. ná'gongaͅdí may bean some way related to ná-hi...-l-gaͅ 'to be dried up, to be dead [of a tree or plant]' [si- perf. neut. intr.].
'ighe'éłtsoi 'acorn oak'. 'ighe'é 'seed' [an archaic relative in -é of 'ighe' 'in something' ?]; -łtsoi, a relative form of łitso, 'it is yellow'.
tógóͅlíní 'willow'. tó 'water' plus the relative of góͅlíͅ 'it is'.
The next three terms are compounds of tógóͅlíní 'willow', the ni- perfective of the prefix complex ná-daa-'i-| [ná- 'around'; daa- distrib.; 'i-| ?] and the perfective stems of -gá 'to become white', -tó 'to become red', -chí 'to become red', and -tsó 'to become yellow', respectively.
tógóͅlíní 'willow'; t'aͅaͅ- 'leaves'; 'iłdá'- 'above one another'; dasilá 'several lie upon' [si- perf. neut. intr. with dah- 'on, upon'].
In the last term, łibá means 'it is gray' [imp. neat. intr.].
"All kinds of people, all people, will repeatedly make use of you in some good way."
The voice is addressing the plants just created through the medium of Coyote as explained in ethnological note 5 to this text above.
Then [Coyote] looked about everywhere.
'Iͅiͅshíͅ díík'eenyá naanóoghałná'a.
Dánaatsékeesída 'óondííłná'a.
Dziłinzhóͅnégo datł'ijégo tł'ohí'ił'ánóo'át'éíbee hadaayeest'íͅ silíͅná'a.
Dziłídó nndeedzgo hanádaas'á daasilíͅná'a.
Dá'ákaada díík'enyá datł'ij silíͅná'a.
Dziłídaahík'áͅ daasilíͅná'a.
Bizáͅáͅyóohíkáͅ daasilíͅná'a.
Łi'í 'aandahá daahík'áͅgo, łi'í 'áháánéjiͅ daask'áͅgo, dziłná beehaná'anyá 'inádaayeest'íͅná'a.
Whatever he thought of became so.
Beautiful hills with all sorts of green plants growing on them came into existence.
Big mountains also arose everywhere.
It became green everywhere there.
Mountain ranges came into existence.
Small ridges came into existence.
Some ridges were far away, others were near, and mountains could he seen wherever one looked.
1. The fourth line of this passage is literally as follows: "Beautiful hills / being green / with all sorts of plants / they were extending out / they came into existence, it is said."
2. tł'ohí'ił'ánóo'át'éíbee 'with all sorts of plants'. tł'ohí 'plants'; 'ił'áné 'different, varied'; -go subord.; 'át'é 'it is so'; -í relative; -bee 'with them'.
3. hadaayeest'íͅ 'they were extending out' seems to be a distrib. 3rd person of ha-hi-...-t'íͅ 'to be extending up, out' [si- perf. neut..intr.]. ha-hi- 'out'; -t'íͅ 'to be'.
4. dziłídaahík'áͅ 'mountain ranges'. dziłí 'mountains'; daahík'áͅ 'ridges, ranges' [cf. note 5.25, §1]. Cf. also bizáͅáͅyóohík'áͅ 'small ridges' in the next line of text. bizáͅáͅyé 'small'; -go subord.; -hík'áͅ 'ridges'.
5. The last line of this passage is literally as follows: "Some / to a distance / there being ridges / some / to the vicinity / there being ridges, / only mountains / with them to out of sight / they could be seen all around, it is said."
6. 'inádaayeest'íͅ 'they could be seen all around' seems to be a -d- form of the theme -'íͅ 'to see' with the prefixes 'i- 'off, away'; ná- 'around' [?]; daa- distrib. The prefix complex is in the si- perfective but I do not understand the combination yee- preceding the si- prefix.
There were many plains everywhere.
Naadaagoosteelná'a.
Bizáͅáͅyégo nádaagóńteelná'a.
Łigotsaago naadaagoosteelná'a.
Łahde hanaadaagoos'áná'a.
Łahde dágondéhé daagóń'áná'a.
There were small clearings.
There were broad plains.
Some were broad valleys.
Some were just like canyons.
1. naadaagoosteel 'there were many plains everywhere'. naa- 'here and there'; daa- distrib.; go- place subject; and the si- perfective prefix. -teel 'to be broad, flat'. Cf. nádaagóńteel 'there were clearings'; ná- 'around' [?]; daa-go- distributive place subject; ń- 3rd person ni- perf.
2. łigotsaago 'broad'. This is apparently a verb łi-ni-...-tsaa 'to be broad' with the place subject prefix. Cf. ni-...-tsaa 'to be big'.
3. dágondéhé 'just like' [no analysis].
There were many springs also.
Tóída hadaaslíͅ.
Łahde 'aandahyá dańlíͅná'a.
Bighe'yá, chíͅ'nshtłodé, ts'isteełí, łóͅóͅ'ye 'ił'áné'igáał'aaí, daabizáͅáͅyéí dantsaaí łikijí 'ił'ánóo'át'éí 'iłaanaadaa'iłkoͅoͅná'a.
'Ákoo díí góńt'ishé tághe'yá 'iindá gooslíͅná'a.
Yidiists'áͅná'a.
Some of these flowed far away.
In them, frogs, turtle, [and] fish of all kinds, little ones [and] big ones of all colors, swam about.
So all these varieties of life in the water came into being.
He had heard it.
tóída hadaaslíͅ 'there were many springs also'. tóí 'the waters'; -da 'even'. hadaaslíͅ, distributive si- perf. neut. of -líͅ 'to flow' with the prefix ha- 'out, up'.
Again the voice is addressing the beings just created through the medium of Coyote. See ethnological notes 5 and 8 to this text, above.
He thought also about all kinds of snakes.
Góí 'igáał'aashé baatsénááshdeeskéédzná'a.
- 'idizhóóshé:
- góbitseeghálegóͅlíní,
- gónaats'íísteelí,
- góbichoheí,
- gónaat'aí,
- gódijáí,
- góha'iłtsáásí,
- góbitélegołtóí,
- gódatł'ijí,
- gółitóí.
Coyote, thinking, thought so about them.
'idizhóóshé 'bullsnake' [no analysis].
góbitseeghálegóͅlíní 'rattlesnake'. gó 'snake'; bitsee 'his tail'; -yále 'rattles'; góͅlíͅ 'there are'.
gónaats'ísteelí 'black water-snake'. -naats'ís- ?, cf. -ts'ís 'body'; -teeł, cf. ni-...-teel 'to be broad, flat'.
góbichoheí 'copperhead snake'. -bichohe-, cf. bicho 'his penis'.
gónaat'aí 'whip snake'. naat'a 'he flys about' 3rd person cont. imp.; naa- 'about'.
gódijáí 'blue racer'. dijá 'he runs fast' [imp. neut. intr.].
góha'iłtsáásí 'the snake that is whipped'. ha'iłtsáás, an unanalyzable form of the verb -ł-tsis 'to whip'.
góbitélegołtóí 'the red-bodied snake'. bitéle 'the front of his body'; gołtó 'it is red'.
"Now all the varieties of lizard:
- ma'ishóͅí'áłts'oͅoͅsí,
- ma'ishóͅínndeedzí,
- ma'ishóͅítsiitsaí,
- tségiishdichijeeí,
- ma'ishóͅínts'iilí,
- ma'ishóͅiłikijí,
- ma'ishóͅídich'ijí,
- ma'ishóͅítsee'áłdóͅóͅdí,
- ma'ishóͅídidzáí,
- ma'ishóͅízołgodatł'ijí,
- ma'ishóͅíhaaskéí,
- ma'isóͅínant'iní,
- ma'ishóͅídiłhiłí,
- ma'ishóͅítsee'iłch'áͅgołgijí,
- ma'ishóͅík'iyaagoch'iłi'í,
- ma'ishóͅítsiͅyaadasitíͅí.
- slender lizard,
- long lizard,
- big-headed lizard,
- lizard [var.],
- lizard [var.],
- spotted lizard,
- rough lizard,
- lizard [var.],
- fast-running lizard,
- blue-throated lizard,
- fierce lizard,
- hiding lizard,
- black lizard,
- forked-tail lizard,
- lizard [var.],
- lizard that lies on trees.
ma'ishóͅí 'lizard' [see linguistic notes to Chiricahua texts, 5.4].
ma'ishóͅítsiitsaí 'big-headed lizard'. -tsii 'head'; -tsa, a compounded form of ni-...-tsaa 'to be big' [imp. neut. intr.].
ma'ishóͅíłikijí 'spotted lizard'. łikij 'he is spotted, speckled, vari-colored'.
ma'ishóͅídich'ijí 'rough lizard'. dich'ij 'he is rough-surfaced'.
ma'ishóͅítsee'áłdoͅoͅdí 'lizard [var.]'. -tsee 'tail'; 'áłdoͅoͅ dí 'it is short' [?].
ma'ishóͅíhaaskéí 'fierce lizard'. haaské 'he is fierce, pugnacious' [si- perf. neut. with prefix ha-].
ma'ishóͅínant'iní 'hiding lizard'. nant'iͅ, 3rd person imp. of naa-ni-...[si- perf.]-d-'iͅ 'to hide' [mediopas.].
ma'ishóͅítsee'iłch'áͅgołgijí 'forked-tail lizard'. tsee- 'tail'; 'iłch'áͅ 'from each other'; gołgij 'there is a gap'.
ma'ishóͅítsiͅyaadasitíͅí 'lizard that lies on trees'. tsiͅ 'trees'; yaa- 'to it'; dah- 'on, upon'; sitíͅ 'he lies'.
"Now then, all varieties of rodent:
- lóosts'oͅoͅsébijanteelí,
- lóosts'oͅoͅsébitélegołgaí,
- lóosts'oͅoͅsébitseenndeedzí,
- lóosts'oͅoͅsédoodees'íͅdaí,
- lóosts'oͅoͅséłitsoí,
- lóostsoͅoͅséłíͅghe'naa'indilék'ehát'éí,
- łíͅghe'naa'indilé,
- lóosts'ooí,
- lóosts'oͅoͅsébindáahahitaí,
- lóosts'oͅoͅsébindáahoͅóͅ'áí,
- lóosts'oͅoͅsélóostsok'ehát'éí,
- lóosts'oͅoͅséditł'ooyé,
- goshts'ilé,
- tsiͅgełtsoií,
- tsék'edahdlohdeí,
- dlóͅóͅ'yeídó,
- dlóͅíntsoyeídó,
- lóó'sánéídó,
- lóó'sánéłitsoídó,
- lóó'sánébaadahdaach'iłgaí,
- lóó'sánéłizhiní,
- 'igáał'aashé.
- Big-eared mouse,
- harvest mouse,
- jumping mouse,
- shrew,
- white-footed mouse,
- short-tailed meadow mouse,
- gopher,
- rat,
- big-eyed rat,
- bulging-eyed rat,
- long-tailed rat,
- hairy field mouse,
- chipmunk,
- tree squirrel,
- rock squirrel,
- prairie dog,
- big prairie dog,
- ground squirrel,
- yellow ground squirrel,
- big spotted ground squirrel,
- black ground squirrel,
- [and] all other kinds.
lóosts'oͅoͅsé is, literally 'mouse'. Cf. Chir. lóó'sts'oͅoͅsé in linguistic notes to Chricahua texts, 38.34, §2.
lóosts'oͅoͅsébijanteelí 'big-eared mouse'. bijaa 'his ear'; nteel 'it is wide, broad'.
lóosts'oͅoͅsébitélegołgaí 'harvest mouse'. bitéle 'the front of his body'; gołga 'it is white'.
lóosts'oͅoͅsébitseenndeedzí 'jumping mouse'. bitsee 'his tail'; nndeedz 'it is long'.
lóosts'oͅoͅsédoodees'íͅdaí 'shrew'. doodees'íͅda 'he cannot see'.
lóosts'oͅoͅséłitsoí 'white-footed mouse'. łitso 'it is yellow'.
lóosts'oͅoͅséłíͅghe'naa'indilék'ehát'éí 'short-tailed meadow mouse'.
łíͅghe'naa'indilé 'gopher' [see linguistic notes to Chiricahua texts, 3.5, §2]; k'ehát'é 'he is like, similar to'.
lóostso 'rat'. Cf. lóosts'oͅoͅsé 'mouse'. -tso 'big' [?] .
lóosts'oͅoͅsébindáahahitaí 'big eyed rat'. bindáa 'his eyes'; hahita, probably a form of the theme -tá 'to start, jerk, move quickly' with the prefixes ha-hi- 'out'. In this and the following term, lóosts'oͅoͅsé has the meaning 'rat'.
lóosts'oͅoͅsébindaahoͅ óͅ'áí 'bulging-eyed rat'. hoͅ óͅ'á 'it extends out' [ha- 'out' plus the hi- perf. neut. intr. of -'á 'to extend [of a rigid object]'.
lóosts'oͅoͅsélóostsok'ehát'éí 'long-tailed rat'. lóosts'o 'rat'; k'ehát'é 'it is like, similar to'.
lóosts'oͅoͅséditł'ooyé 'hairy field mouse'. ditł'ooyé 'it is fuzzy, hairy' [?].
dlóͅóͅ'yeídó 'prairie dog'. Literally 'the prairie dog also'. The three terms following also have the enclitic -dó 'also'.
dlóͅíntsoyeídó 'big prairie dog'. dlóͅí, another form of the word dlóͅóͅ'ye 'prairie dog'. ntso 'it is big'; -ye ?; -í relative.
lóó'sáné 'squirrel' [no analysis].
"And now all kinds of antelope and deer:
- ch'ilaahé,
- biͅiͅí,
- tseenaagaaí,
- tseedatł'ijí,
- biͅntsaí,
- dziłdibéhé,
- góńt'ishé.
- Antelope,
- deer,
- white-tailed deer,
- Virginia deer,
- elk,
- mountain sheep,
- [and] all other kinds.
tseenaagaaí 'white-tailed deer'. tsee- 'tail'; naagaa 'whiteness moves about'.
tseedatł'ijí 'Virginia deer'. Literally 'the blue-tailed one'.
biͅntsaí 'elk'. biͅiͅ 'deer'; ntsaa 'it is big'.
dziłdibéhé 'mountain sheep'. dził 'mountain'; dibéhé 'sheep'. [this note in the print original contains a misprint, beginning this word with 'j' rather than 'dz'. --MEC]
"And now the various bears:
- diłhiłeeí,
- yaatsoií,
- shashłigai,
- shashntsaí,
- shashkáá'gooshchíílí,
- góńt'ishé.
- Black bear,
- brown bear,
- white bear,
- California bear,
- silver tip bear,
- and all other kinds.
diłhiłeeí 'black bear'. diłhił 'it is black'.
yaatsoií 'brown bear' [no analysis].
shashłigai 'white bear'. łigai 'it is white'.
shashntsaí 'California bear', ntsaa- 'it is big'.
shashkáá'gooshchíílí 'silver tip bear' [no analysis]
"And now the varieties of mountain lion:
- 'ídóítsee'áłdoͅoͅye,
- 'ídóíbitseenndeedzí,
- náshgojé,
- 'ídóíłkijí,
- náshgojéłikijí,
- náshgojétseenndeedzí,
- náshgojétsee'áłdoͅoͅdí,
- 'igáał'aashé.
- Short-tailed mountain lion,
- long-tailed mountain lion,
- wild cat,
- jaguar,
- spotted wild cat,
- ocelot,
- lynx,
- [and] all other kinds.
'ídóí 'mountain lion'.
'ídóítsee'áłdoͅoͅye 'short-tailed mountain lion'. tsee- 'tail'; 'áłdoͅoͅ ye 'it is short' [cf. note 5.3, paragraph 5].
'ídóíbitseenndeedzí 'long-tailed mountain lion'. nndeedz 'it is. long'.
náshgojé 'wild cat' [no analysis].
'ídóíłkijí 'jaguar'. łikijí 'it is spotted'.
"All the varieties of badger:
- naagóshch'ideeítsoí,
- naagóshch'ideełigaí,
- naagóshch'ideebighaa'áłdoͅoͅdí,
- k'eelííshé,
- k'eelííshéłkijí,
- 'igáał'aashé.
- Big badger,
- silver badger,
- coarse-haired badger,
- skunk,
- civet cat,
- [and] all others.
naagóshch'idee 'badger' [no analysis].
naagóshch'ideebighaa'áłdoͅoͅdí 'coarse-haired badger'. bighaa 'his hair'; 'áłdoͅoͅdí 'it is short' [see note 5.57].
k'eelííshé 'skunk'. Cf. Chir. gólizhé [linguistic note to Chircahua texts, note 15.1, §1].
"And now all the varieties of those with feathers, the varieties of hawk that kill:
- 'itsátsoí,
- iłch'áͅłgaií,
- 'itseełkijeeí,
- 'itseełgaií,
- 'éłchinéyiiłcha'í,
- 'itseełtsoií,
- gołgayá'itseełkijeeí,
- góńteelnaazhaaí,
- táłtł'áálíshentsaaí,
- giͅiͅyetso,
- 'igáał'aashé."
- Eagle,
- bald eagle,
- female golden eagle,
- male golden eagle,
- black hawk,
- red-tailed hawk,
- Winston's hawk,
- marsh hawk,
- osprey,
- sharpskin hawk,
- and all other kinds."
1. bit'a'góͅlíͅgóńt'ishé 'all the varieties of those with feathers'. bit'a' 'their feathers'; góͅlíͅ 'there are'; góńt'ishé 'varieties'.
2. 'igháͅí 'itsáńt'ishé 'the varieties of hawk that kill'. 'igháͅ, 3rd person imp. with indef. object of ...[hi- perf.]-gháͅ 'to kill several' [act. tr.]. 'itsá 'hawk, eagle'; ńt'ishé 'varieties'.
'itsátsoí 'eagle'. 'itsá 'eagle'; -tso 'big'.
'iłch'áͅłgaií 'bald eagle'. 'iłch'áͅ 'from one another'; łiga 'it is white'.
'itseełkijeeí 'female golden eagle'. -tsee 'tail'; łikij 'it is spotted'.
'éłchinéyiiłcha'í 'black hawk. The informant translated this 'he who cries like a baby'. 'éłchiné 'baby, child'. yiiłcha'- cannot be identified as a form of -cha 'to cry'.
'itseełtsolií 'red-tailed hawk'. Literally 'the yellow-tailed one'.
gołgayá'itseełkijeeí 'Winston's hawk'. Literally 'the spotted-tailed one of the prairies'. gołga 'plain, prairie, clearing'.
góńteelnaazhaaí 'marsh hawk'. Literally 'he who hunts about the flats'. naazhaa 'he goes about hunting'.
The last two terms cannot be analyzed.
"All the varieties of little birds:
- 'izhásheenant'áíteełgołgaí,
- 'izhásheenant'áíłibáyé,
- ch'éénndíyé,
- ch'éénndíyéłtsoyé,
- 'izhásheełtsoyé,
- 'izhásheetsiit'áłitóí,
- chaͅaͅniitłaahdí,
- 'izhásheebóódí,
- 'izhásheełibáyétsiiyaahanda'naahiłjiͅiͅí,
- jéjiłgaií,
- tsiͅiͅłkaałí,
- tsiͅiͅłkaałí'ént'íͅí,
- tsiͅiͅłkaałíntsaí,
- tsiͅiͅłkaalínłchéneeí
- t'áłtódí,
- gadeeí,
- góńt'ishé.
- Wax wing,
- titmouse,
- pine siskin,
- goldfinch,
- canary,
- red-crowned kinglet,
- winter wren,
- nuthatch,
- white-breasted creeper,
- white-breasted nuthatch,
- woodpecker,
- Lewis woodpecker,
- California woodpecker,
- Rocky Mountain hairy woodpecker,
- flicker,
- kingbird,
- [and] all other kinds.
'izhásheenant'áíteełgołgaí waxwing'. 'izháshee 'bird'; nant'áí 'chief'; teeł 'tule'; gołga 'plain'. Literally 'the chief bird of the plains' [?].
'izhásheenant'áíłibáyé 'titmouse'. łibá 'it is gray'.
ch'éénndíyéłtsoyé 'goldfinch'. Literally 'yellow pine siskin'.
'izhásheetsiit'áłitóí 'red-crowned kinglet'. tsiit'á 'top of the head'; łitó 'it is red'.
The next two terms are not analyzable.
'izhásheełibáyétsiiyaahanda'naahiłjiͅiͅí 'whitebreasted creeper'. tsii- 'head'; yaa- 'under'; handa' 'rising sheer'; naahiłjiͅiͅ, 'blackness moves about'. Literally 'the bird which is gray under the head [and] black from there up'.
jéjiłgalí 'white-breasted nuthatch'. jéji- 'breast'; łiga 'it is white'.
tsiͅiͅłkaałí 'woodpecker'. tsiͅ 'wood'; yiłkaał 'he pecks it'.
tsiͅiͅłkaałí'ént'íͅí 'Lewis woodpecker'. 'ént'íͅ 'he is a witch'.
tsiͅiͅłkaałíntsaí 'California woodpecker'. ntsaa 'it is big'.
The next term cannot be analyzed.
t'áłtódí 'flicker'. t'á- 'wing, feather'; -ł-tód- , a bound form łitó 'it is red'.
[Coyote] has now come to the various ravens, who are those of the class of carrion-eaters that fly.
Ntoͅíyiyáͅshé 'igáał'aashé naat'ashégóńt'isé'át'éí gaa'ye góńt'ishé dá'íłts'é baagóńyáí.
Gaa'ye'ichaͅaͅshchoshyiyáné beegodeeyáná'a.
- "Gaa'yentsaaí,
- gołgayágaa'ye,
- gaa'yezáͅáͅyéí,
- tseeshóͅóͅ'ye,
- góńt'ishé.
He has started with the ravens.
- "Raven,
- white-necked raven,
- crows,
- buzzard,
- [and] all other kinds.
1. The literal translation of the first line of this passage is as follows: "Those who eat bad things / all varieties of them / those who are of those that fly about / ravens / all kinds of them / first / that which he has come to. "
2. ntoͅíyiyáͅshé 'carrion-eaters'. ntoͅ ' it is bad, evil'; yiyáͅ 'they eat it'; -shé 'those of such and such a group'.
3. gaa'ye'itsaͅaͅshchoshyiyáné [this form appears in the text as gaa'ye'ichaͅaͅshchoshyiyáné--MEC] 'the ravens'. gaa'ye 'raven'; 'itsaͅaͅshchosh- 'carrion' [?]; yiyáͅ 'they eat it'.
4. gaa'yentsaaí 'raven'. ntsaa 'it is big'.
gołgayágaa'ye 'white-necked raven'. Literally 'plains raven'.
gaa'yezáͅáͅyéí 'crow'. -záͅáͅyé 'little'.
tseeshóͅóͅ'ye 'buzzard'. tsee- 'tail' -shóͅóͅ'- ye ?.
"Now [come] those who have cloven hoofs [and] those whose feet are bunched.
- Dziłágóochií,
- ghooniitseí,
- ndíígootł'idzí.
- Bikee'iłkee'iłaadaasijaaí, ma'tsoí.
- Ké'iłdénágoghe'dees'eesń bizáͅáͅyéí naadaach'izhooshí, chóónéńt'ií.
- Mountain pig,
- peccary,
- common pig.
- Those with bunched feet, the wolves.
- The little ones who run about with their feet turned wrong side out, all the varieties of dog.
1. bikee'iłch'áͅgołgijee 'those who have cloven hoofs'. bikee 'their feet'; 'iłch'áͅ 'from one another'; gołgij 'there is a gap'.
bikee'iłaadaasijaaí 'those whose feet are bunched'. 'ił- reciprocal; aa- 'to'; daa- distributive; sijaa 'a mass lies'.
2. shijaagheh dóͅóͅka 'you will tell me'. shijaa 'my ear'; -gheh 'in'; dóͅóͅka ?.
3. doobentsé'ikeesdaí 'which have not stopped by means of him'. doo-...-da negative; bee- 'by means of him' plus ntsé'ikees 'thoughts are to stop' [?]. I cannot analyze this form; cf. linguistic notes to Chiricahua texts, note 39.12, §4.
4. dziłágóochií 'mountain pig'. dził 'mountain'; -á, reduced form of -yá pp.; góochií, from the Spanish cochi 'pig'.
ghooniitseí 'peccary'. The informant translated this 'the big-toothed one'. ghoo- is probably 'tooth' but niitse- is not identifiable with ni-...-tsaa 'to be big'.
ndíí'gootł'idzí 'common pig'. 'The hard-nosed one' [?]. ndíí'-, cf. - ndí 'nose, nostril'; gootł'idz-, cf. ni-...-tł'idz 'to be hard'.
ma'choí 'the wolves'. ma'-, cf. mai, ma'ye 'coyote'; -cho 'big'.
ké'iłdénágoghe'dees'eesń 'those with their feet turned inside out'. ké- 'foot'; 'iłdénágo 'past one another, between one another' [cf. linguistic notes to Chiricahua texts, note 2.13, §6]; ghe'- 'inside'; 'dees'ees, the 3rd person perf. of the verb -'éés 'to move one's feet' with the prefix di- ?.
chóóné 'dogs'; ńt'ií 'all varieties'.
"Now I have become very tired.
naagoshndégo hishtsiłgo 'I shall howl and bark'. naagoshndé, 1st person imp. of naa-go-...[si- perf.]- ndé 'to shout around, to go about shouting' [act. intr.]. hishtsił seems also to be a 1st person imp. but I have no further information about it.
Here Coyote is forced to change his own appearance and condition just as he has transformed other plants and animals.
"Now you have given yourself the name 'Coyote'.
"Who are you who move me about the places I have not created?
From inside a cloud there was a roar of thunder.
K'osíghe'shíͅ daa'idiihndí.
K'osíghe'shíͅ 'itsátł'óólí 'iłch'áͅshíͅ nkeeńt'i.
Bi'álóólí góͅlíͅń nkeńyáná'a.
nDiigoosdzáńí díík'eh diyeesndáná'a.
Ńyolí, ńłch'i'íyił, sáííyił nkeedaayáná'a.
A rainbow had come down on both sides from inside the cloud.
He who was its power came down.
The whole earth began to shake.
The winds, breezes, and sands began to move.
1. daa'idiihndí 'there was a roar of thunder'. 3rd person distrib. imp. of 'i-di-|...[hi- perf.]-d- ndí 'a noise is made' [act. intr.].
2. 'itsáłtł'óólí 'rainbow'. 'itsáł- ?; -tł'óól, poss. form of tł'óól 'rope'.
3. bi'álóólí góͅlíͅń 'he was its power'. -'álóól 'spiritual power'.
Then the cloud moved down to the surface of the earth before him.
Nágo'a bidáashíͅ k'osí dándiigoosdzáńí bikáee nkeńyáná'a.
nDiií diihndíná'a.
Naahihndáná'a.
K'osí da'njoolná'a.
The earth roared.
It shook.
The cloud moved upward.
da'njoolná'a 'it moved upward'. Should read dah'njool, the 3rd person perf. of dah-di-|...[ni- perf.]-jooł 'a ball-like mass moves upward' [act. intr.] with indefinite subject [?].
The being who had just come,
nDéń dá'ákoodeeyáń, doodódanndéntóͅóͅyébiłch'indile'át'édań, nkeńyáná'a.
Goch'iͅiͅnińyáná'a.
He stood facing [Coyote].
doodódanndéntóͅóͅyébiłch'indile'át'édań 'he of whom one could certainly not say that he was an evil man'. doo-...-da negative; dóda- 'certainly' [?]; nndé 'man'; ntóͅóͅyé 'he is bad, evil'; biłch'indi 'one said to him'; -le optative encl.; 'át'é 'it is so'.
"Now, since you do not want to be human,
ni'iitséí 'your troubles'. -'iitsé 'troubles, misfortunes' [no analysis].
At this point, Coyote trotted away.
'Iͅiͅshíͅ, Tsék'eeshchíhé gháhá ch'éłdloojná'a.
Yee'a Tóbájiishchinéń sizíͅná'a.
Díík'eh niheendáná'a.
Doo'iyáagondédaná'a.
There stood Child of the Water.
Everything had stopped its motion.
Nothing made a noise.
Then he looked about him everywhere.
Nágo'a díík'eenyá naanóoghałná'a.
"All varieties of plant will clothe earth.
"The voices of all sorts of birds that do not [now] exist will be heard singing and making a noise.
k'aats'osí'át'éí 'arrows'. k'aa 'arrows'; ts'os 'feathers'; 'át'é 'it is so'. Perhaps 'feathered arrows' would have been a better translation.
dágóbí'iban'át'éí 'tanned skins'. Literally, 'those which are indeed their tanned skins'.
"People made in my image will follow me.
1. The literal translation of the first line is as follows: "Human beings / people like me / being in my trail."
2. k'ehgóͅzhónébeenaasháí 'I am one who lives by what is beautiful'. k'eh- 'by reason of'; góͅzhóné 'that which is beautiful'; bee- 'by means of it'; naashá 'I go about, I live'.
3. dooshé'edeegodiłndídago 'they are not to speak evil of me even to themselves'. This form is not clear: doo-...-da negative; shé- 'of me, about me'; 'édee- 'by means of oneself'. godiłndí seems to be a form of the verb 'to say' but that theme has the zero rather than the -ł- classifier. Where, too, does the connotation 'to speak evil' come from?
This reference to a heavenly father is probably the result of Christian influence. The older Apache refer to the source of their personal supernatural power by a word that can be roughly translated Giver of Life. Now this word and another of Spanish derivation sometimes are used in a vague way to allude to a creator. It is probably to this creator that Child of the Water addresses the sentence. I am satisfied that the conception is a recent one. Child of the Water is here asserting that the task of creation has been delegated to him by one in the sky. In the story of his birth, Child of Water's mother is given as White Painted Woman, and, as his name indicates, his father is the water. See Chiricahua text 1: "The Child of Water".
"Now I will cool the earth's surface.
Díík'eh dá'ághádzaaná'a.
Everything happened just so.
"Then, after this,
1. tł'ohnaaneesdidzída 'vines'. tł'oh 'plant'; naaneesdidz, 3rd person perf. of naa-ni-...[si- - perf.]-dis 'to twist about here and there' [act. intr.].
ndiibikáá'naaneesdidzída 'trailing vines' is the above word preceded by ndii 'ground, earth' and bikáá' 'on its surface'.
2. béńch'iyé 'pines'. Probably an archaic relative in -é of bé- 'against it' plus ńch'i 'wind blows' [ni- perf. neut. intr.].
"Now the rivers will flow.
"Even clouds will start to move.
"Even the varieties of cactus will have much fruit
"Now, my father, look at all I have made for you to give to humankind. Now, tell me of anything of any kind that is lacking."
"Yes, it is all good.
"Yes, now I know it.
nndiií gotahndaago 'since disease will be among them'. nndii 'disease, sickness', the 3rd person of ni-...-ndii 'to be hurt, sick; to have a pain' [imp. neut. intr.]. gotah 'among them' plus the 3rd person imp. of ni-...[si- perf.]-daa 'one person sits down' [act. intr.].
White Painted Woman came to him.
'Isdzánádleeshń kańyáná'a.
1. díík'ehí bich'iͅnzhóͅgo 'all of which will cure [diseases]'. díík'ehí 'all, every one'. bich'iͅiͅ 'to it'; nzhóͅ 'they are good'. Literally "all [the herbs] being good to [or, for] it [disease]".
2. 'éyaanádaa'shdiłk'áͅgo 'some they will customarily burn for their smoke'. 3a person distrib. iter. of 'é-yaa-'i-di-hi-...[si- perf.]-ł-k'aͅaͅ 'to bathe oneself in smoke, to purify oneself in smoke'. 'é- reflexive [?]; yaa- 'below, under [?]; 'i- ?; di-hi- 'fire' [?]. The theme alone means 'to burn'.
3. The last line of this passage is literally as follows: "These / medicines / these / herbs / these / medicines which are holy / they will be called."
The lines which follow give an inventory of many of the ways in which herbs are used by the Mescalero to cure and the ceremonial gestures and practises which accompany such use.
"Herb medicine, if they breathe you four times, they will be cured by your power
1. tł'oshé'izeeń 'herb medicine'. tł'oh 'herb, plant'; shé- ?; 'izee 'medicine'. Note that the terms designating medicines all have the relative -ń which is generally used only with nouns denoting persons.
2. nigoozhishdeeda 'if they breathe you'. 3rd person dual imp. with 2nd person obj. of hi-|... [si- perf.]-zhish 'to sip' [act. tr.]. -deeda 'if, whether' [encl.].
3. ndénágodadleeł 'they will be cured'. 3rd person dual fut. of the -d- form of -laa 'to become' [act. intr.] with the prefixes ndé-ná-. ndé is possibly the word for 'man, human being' and ná- the prefix 'again'. Literally 'they will become men again' [?].
"Another one, a medicine-that-lives,
"Now, here is the medicine-that-moves-for-you.
1. izeená'iiłndáń 'medicine that moves for you'. 'izee 'medicine'; ná- 'for you' [?]; 'iiłndá, a causative 3rd person imp. of -d- ndá to move' [?].
2. benkáá'naagodazo 'they will mark you with it'. bee- 'by means of it'; nkáá'- 'your surface'; the 3rd person dual fut. of naa-|...[si- perf.]-zo 'to make marks here and there' [act. intr.].
3. ndéná'yóͅóͅłchiiłdaał 'you will cure them'. This is obviously a 2nd person prog. with prefixes ndé-ná-'i- [cf. note 5.84, §3]. I cannot, however, identify the theme of which -ł-chiił is the progressive stem. -daał future tense enclitic.
"'Yellow medicine', you will be called.
"Now, from here on, there are all sorts of medicines, my grandson.
1. 'izeiłgóńlíͅń 'you who are with medicine'. 'izee 'medicine'; -ił- from yił- 'with it'; góńlíͅ-, 2nd person of go-ni-...-líͅ; 'to be'.
2. 'ílóhałí 'hail club'. 'íló 'hail'; hał 'club'. See the ethnological note 17 to the English Translation of this passage [listed as '5.17' among the Ethnological Notes] [a misprint in the original incorrectly directs the reader to note 5.18 here---MEC]
3. yengotsidaał 'they will pound you with it'. yee- 'by means of it' plus the 3rd person dual imp. with 2nd person obj. of ... [hi- perf.]-tsi 'to pound, strike' [act. tr.]. This is the rep. of -tsé 'to chop, strike'.
4. dáháíbich'iͅńzhóͅdaał 'you will cure anything'. dá- 'just'; háí, relative of há- 'any'; bich'iͅiͅ 'to it'; ńzhóͅ, 2nd person of ni-...-zhóͅ 'to be good' [imp. neut.intr.].
5. 'izeedoonáneeł'áͅdań 'medicine without end'. náneeł'áͅ seems to be a combination of ná- ? and the unanalyzable form neeł'áͅ 'there are a certain number'.
6. tł'ohbindáań 'red columbine'. tł'oh 'plant, herb, grass'; bindáa 'its eyes, seeds'.
The "hail club" was a type of war club in which a rock with many protruberances was used as the head. Great importance is laid on the proper handling of plants to be used as medicine, even to the detail of the type of rock for crushing them.
"Now you also, face medicine,
When the roots of a plant only are to be used for medicine or ceremony, the top parts are supposed to be replaced in the ground. "Face medicine" is one of the plants which are supposed to be so handled. White Painted Woman is here asking the plant not to take revenge on those who disobey this injunction from carelessness or ignorance.
"Now you also, red medicine
This maybe the tiger water lily. It will be noted that the Mescalero terms for which no English word is correspondent have been translated literally. See ethnological note 8 above.
"Now then, gray medicine,
"Now, that-redness-which-customarily-emerges-with-medicine,
'izeiłhanágachíń 'that redness which customarily emerges with medicine'. hanágachí, iter. of ha-go-...[hi- perf.]-chí 'redness emerges, comes out' [act. intr.]. ha- 'out'; go- place subject [?]. I do not know why go- becomes ga- in the text form; perhaps by vocalic infection from the preceding prefixes?
"Turquoise, if you do not cause trouble,
1. 'idishtł'ish, a synonym for datł'ijee 'turquoise'. No analysis.
2. doonaagóńłt'édago 'if you do not cause trouble'. naagóńłt'é, 2nd person of naa-gó-di-...-ł-t'é 'to be evil, bad' [imp. neut. intr.].
3. tséghánáségo 'a group moving through rock'. tsé 'rock'; ghá- 'through'; ná-...-ł-zé 'a group moves' [act. intr.]. n- ?.
"Yellow stone medicine, you too,
"Black stone medicine,
"Now, all of you that I will make medicines,
- Tsébééshdiłhiłí,
- tsédiłhiłí,
- tsédatł'ijí,
- tséłitsoí,
- k'eeshchíí,
- chíí,
- łeetsoí,
- datł'ijeí,
- tádídíń dáhaadí,
- dleeshí,
- gooshchíí,
- t'eeshí,
- Iron,
- black stone,
- blue stone,
- yellow stone,
- galena,
- red clay,
- yellow ochre,
- turquoise,
- any kind of pollen.
- White clay,
- ashes,
- charcoal,
tsébééshdiłhiłí 'iron'. 'stone'; béésh 'metal'; diłhił 'it is black'.
k'eeshchíí 'galena' [no analysis].
łeetsoí 'yellow ochre'. łee- 'dust'; -tso, compounded form of łi-ni-...-tso 'to be yellow'.
gooshchíí 'ashes' [no analysis].
"Now, from here on,
"Spurge, they will boil your leaves and seeds for food.
1. It will be noted that dáń 'food' has three possessive forms; -dáͅáͅ', -dáne, and -dáń.
2. 'it'aͅaͅńk'ojíń 'lamb's quarters'. 'it'aͅaͅ 'leaves'; ńk'oj-, related to ńk'óͅóͅj 'it is sour'?
"Since all kinds of medicines and plants are good for everything,
"Sunflower,
- "'Izeehoojiͅń,
- 'izeełtsoiń,
- 'izeełigań,
- 'izeedatł'ijń,
- "Sunflower,
- western skunk cabbage,
- fleabane,
- [and] blue weld
The last line in this passage is literally as follows: "Just mankind / just curing / for that reason / medicines / I have made you so."
'iałchííná 'just curing' cannot be analyzed. See note 5.86, §3.
"Living medicine,
- "'Izeehondááł,
- 'izeehoojiné,
- ha'ich'iidé,
- izeełtsoi,
- chogoshtł'ínee,
- 'izeełbáí,
- 'izeełgaí,
- 'izee'áłts'oͅoͅsí,
- tsiͅbiłnádaa'ch'iłt'ohí,
- sáí'izeeí,
- dlóͅóͅ'dáͅáͅ'í,
- tsiͅyanágołchiní,
- tségháneesáhee,
- 'izeebédoͅoͅsí,
- 'izeedatł'ijí,
- 'izeekéghashłizhihí,
- łíͅbizeeí,
- 'izeediłtaͅaͅí,
- 'iyánébidáͅáͅ'í,
- tł'ohbichahegóͅlíní,
- tł'oh'iigaaí,
- 'izeebit'aͅaͅdałghadzí,
- tsézhí,
- tsézhítsoí,
- ch'índeezee,
- ch'égołchiͅ,
- dzé,
- dzétsoí,
- tsiͅłtsoií,
- 'ichoͅoͅshí.
- "Living medicine,
- sunflower,
- osha,
- western skunk cabbage,
- dock,
- puccoon,
- fleabane,
- cloak fern,
- sumac,
- sage,
- prairie dogs' food,
- solanium tripolium,
- primrose,
- bitterroot,
- Jacob's ladder,
- eriogonium,
- eriogonium jamesii,
- cinquefoil,
- Mormon tea,
- coneflower,
- spectacle pod,
- perezia nana,
- sage,
- cudwood,
- wormwood,
- wildpumpkin,
- chokecherry,
- wild plum,
- algerita,
- wild rose.
izeehondááł 'living medicine'. hondááł, 3rd person prog. of -yá 'one person moves' [?].
ha'ich'iidé 'osha' An archaic relative in -é of the 3rd person imp. with indef. obj. of ha-|...[hi- perf.]-ch'ii 'to dig out, up' [act. tr.].
chogoshtł'ínee 'dock' [no analysis].
tsiͅbiłnádaa'ch'iłt'ohí 'sumac'. tsiͅ 'wood'; bił- 'with it'; plus the 3a distrib. imp. with indef. obj. of ná-...[hi- perf.]-ł-t'oh 'to smoke' [act. tr.]. Literally 'that wood with which they smoke'. Sumac is mixed with tobacco and smoked.
sáí'izeeí 'sage'. sáí 'sand'.
tsiͅyanágołchiní 'solanium tripolium'. tsiͅ 'wood' [?]; yaná- ?; gołchiní, relative of gołchiͅ 'it smells, has an odor' [?].
tségháneesáhee 'primrose' [no analysis but cf. note 5.94, §3].
'izeebédoͅoͅsí 'bitterroot'. -bédoͅoͅsí ?.
'izeekéghashłizhiní 'eriogonium'. kéghash 'root'; łizhiͅ 'it is black'.
łíͅbizeeí 'eriogonium jamesii'. łíͅ 'horse'.
'izeediłtaͅaͅí 'cinquefoil'. diłtaͅaͅ- ?.
'iyánébidáͅáͅ'í 'Mormon tea'. Literally 'cattle food'.
tł'ohbichahegóͅlíní 'coneflower'. tł'oh 'plant'; bichahe 'its hat'; góͅlíͅ 'there is'.
'izeebit'aͅaͅdałghadzí 'perezianana'. bit'aͅaͅ 'its leaves'; dałghadz 'they are jagged'.
tsézhí 'sage' [no analysis].
tsézhítsoí 'cudwood'. -tso 'big'.
ch'índeezee 'wormwood'. No analysis.
ch'égołchiͅ 'wild pumpkin'. ch'é- ?; gołchiͅ 'it smells, has an odor'.
dzétsoí 'wild plum'. dzé 'chokecherry'; -tso 'big'.
tsiͅłtsoií 'algerita'. Literally 'yellow wood '.
"Now, there will also be no lack of the different insects with man.
"All varieties of cattle,
- "'Iyáné góńt'ishé,
- łíͅ góńt'ishé,
- dziłá díík'ehí góͅlíní,
- shash 'ádaat'íͅyé,
- 'ídóí 'ádaat'íͅyé,
- dziłdibéhé 'át'íͅyé,
- biͅntsaí 'át'íͅyé,
- yánéłizhiní 'át'íͅyé,
- ch'ilaaí 'át'íͅyé.
- "All varieties of cattle,
- all varieties of horses,
- all that live in the mountains,
- those that are bears,
- mountain lions,
- mountain sheep,
- elks,
- buffaloes,
- antelopes.
"Now then, all of you who fly over the surface of the earth will be of value to humankind and I have made you so that all of your skins and flesh is of value to Indians [and] white men.
"And also, the skin, flesh, and anything else of all of you who live in the water will be of value to Indians and white men.
"Now then, there is nothing more of value to me that I can set down on the surface the earth for you.
"Now I shall put you all together.
1. 'iłeenahdiishndííł 'I shall put you all together'. 'iłee- 'by means of one another' [?]; nah- dual object; diishndííł, no analysis.
2. nahaagodiní'áͅ 'I have given you a chance'. 1st person perf. with place obj. of 0aa-di-ni-...[ni- perf.]-'aa 'to give someone a round object' [act. tr.].
The informant explained that this phrase means: "When they have drunk you four times mixed with pollen."
"I shall be with you in a little while.
nahtahádishxá 'I shall be with you'. nah- dual pronoun; -tah 'among'; hádishxá, no analysis.
Apparently somewhere in the preceding lines, White Painted Woman completed her remarks and Child of the Water began to talk. There is, however, no indication in the text of where this took place.
"Therefore, my children, my sisters, my brothers, my uncles, [and] all those who are variously related to me:
'áshíͅsíͅńne 'you who are related to me'. 2nd person with 1st person obj. of 'á-...-ł-zíͅ; 'to be related to' [imp. neut. tr.]. -ń relative; -ne 'people of such and such a group'. I am not certain of this analysis; see note 2.6, §4.
It is said by the Mescalero that Child of the Water will return to them some day. Since Child of the Water has been freely equated with Christ in recent years, it is quite possible that this is due to Christian influence and is the Apache version of the second coming of Christ.
The informant later told me that he should have followed this last line with an account of the dispersion of human beings over the earth and their division into peoples and tribes. This additional information was given to me in English.
Linguistic Notes by Harry Hoijer
1. 'iyáadó bíkáhinndáná 'why are you going to tire yourself out?' 'iyáa interrog. pronoun; -dó 'also, again'; bíká 'because of it'; hinndá, 2nd person imp. of hi-|...[ni- perf.]-yá 'to become tired' [act. intr.]. hi-| ?; -yá 'one person moves'.
2. The third line of this passage is literally as follows: "To a little / in the house / on the ground / you are sitting down / just as you meet it / you are jumping up again."
The verbs nóͅóͅdaałgo 'you are sitting down' and dahnááshdiyóͅóͅt'i 'you are jumping out again', being in the progressive mode, give the connotation that this behavior is Coyote's customary behavior.
dábidáńndáyá is composed of dá- 'just'; the 2nd person imp. of 0-dá-ni-...[ni- perf.]-yá 'one person meets someone' [act. intr.], and the postposition -ya.
3. koͅoͅshk'ee 'an empty or abandoned camp' [no analysis].
4. 'inánahíͅndił 'you are continually leaving us'. 2nd person iter. with 1st person dual obj. of 'i- |...[hi- perf.]- ndił 'to throw several objects away; to abandon' [act. tr.].
5. k'adéha'áda 'other places'. k'adé- ?; ha'- indefinite pronoun: -á, reduced form of -yá pp.; -da 'even' [?].
6. 'ákaada nałnaanóͅóͅka 'take us with you over there'. 'ákaa 'there'; -da 'even'. nał- 'with us' plus nanáá- 'about, here and there' and the 2nd person prog, of -ká 'several move' [act. intr.].
1. tóí dahdańlíͅ k'edaagóͅteel 'there are many broad rivers on [the road]'. tóí 'the waters'. dah- 'up' [?]; da- from daa- distrib.; ńlíͅ; 'they flow' [ni- perf. neut. intr.]. k'e- 'on'; daa- distrib.; góͅteel 'they are broad' [place subj.; imp. neut. intr. with ni- adj.].
2. daagońłch'ił 'there are dense forests'. daa- distrib.; go- place subj.; ńłch'ił 'there is a heavy growth of vegetation' [ni- perf. neut. intr.]. Cf. Chir. ńch'il, ńłch'il with the same meaning.
dootóyédaagóͅsida 'they cannot swim'. doo-...-da negative; tó 'water'; yédaagóͅsiͅ, 3rd person distrib. of 0é-go-ni-...-ł-ziͅ 'to know about' [imp. neut.].
1. nádaagóń'áͅ 'places'. ná- ?; daa- distrib.; go- place subject; ń'áͅ 'it lies' [ni- perf. neut. intr.].
2. doo'ákaashkéé'daahahkáda 'do not follow me over there'. doo-...-da negative; 'ákaa 'there'; -shkéé'-, bound form of shiké 'after me'; daahahká, 2nd person distrib. imp. of -ká 'several move' [act. intr.].
3. bínii- 'let it go' plus dáseen 'by myself' [?].
The third line of this passage is literally as follows: "Just / everything / water / wood / and / anything / I'll handle it."
1. dooháńbeenáá'íͅdláda 'do not imitate anyone again'. doo-...-da negative; háń 'anyone' plus the 2nd person imp. with indef. obj. of Oee-náá-...[? perf.]-d-lá 'to imitate again' [act. tr.]. ee- 'by means of'; náá- 'again' [requires the -d- class]; -lá 'to do, make'.
2. dádooshídaíná 'though I do not do it'. dá- 'just'; doo-...-da negative; shí independent first person pronoun; -í relative; -ná emphatic enclitic.
3. ch'éda'áͅt'íͅí 'your failures'. ch'éda- 'in vain'; 'áͅt'íͅ, 2nd person of 'á-ni-...-t'íͅ 'to be so' [imp. neut. intr.]; -í relative.
naheełt'éne 'our relatives'. naheełt'é 'they are like us, similar to us', 3rd person of 0ee...-ł-t'é 'to be like, similar to' [imp. neut. intr.]; -ne 'people of such and such a group'.
t'áͅyá náneełndiná'a 'he looked back'. t'áͅyá 'backward' plus the 3rd person perf. of ná-ni-...[ni- perf.?]-l-ndii 'to turn one's head back' [mediopas.]. Cf. note 5.16.
dá'ákandásóͅóͅndááł 'go right on in that direction!. dá- 'just'; 'ákaa 'there'; ndásá 'on, further'; hóͅndááł 'you are going' [2nd person prog.].
dáhanałndiná'a 'he raised his head'. dá- 'just' plus the 3rd person perf. of ha-ni-...[hi- perf.]-1-ndi 'to raise one's head' [mediopas.]. ha- 'up'; ni- ?; -1-ndi 'to move one's head'. Cf. note 5.10.
tsiͅbigodé 'óͅóͅ'áí bikétsinyá 'at the foot of a stump standing there'. tsiͅ 'tree'; bigodé 'its knee'. 'óͅóͅ'áí, relative in -í of 'i-...-'á 'a rigid object extends' [hi- perf. neut. intr.]. bikétsin 'its ankle' [see note 3.42, §2].
The first line of this passage is literally as follows: "I / Rump people / those of us who are called."
tł'aayáńne 'Rump people'. tł'aa- 'buttocks, rump'; -yá postposition [?]; -ń relative; -ne 'people of such and such a group'.
1. naanák'áͅ 'a ridge' [no analysis].
2. ts'ébaanaanáńt'ií 'cliffs'. ts'é 'rock'; baa- 'from it'; naa-ná- 'around about, circling around' plus the ni- perf. of -t'é 'to be strung' and the relative enclitic -í.
goláͅ 'there are many' [imp. neut. intr. with place subject]; -n 'times'; ihéhe 'thank you'; -łaha emphatic enclitic.
1. nandasitáͅ 'a ridge'; a synonym of naanák'áͅ [see note 5.25, §1]. nan- 'on one's side'; dah- 'on, upon'; sitáͅ 'a long slender object lies' [si- perf. neut. intr.]. See also nandahnáánástáͅ 'there was another ridge' later in this text passage. This is the above form with the added prefix nááná- 'again'.
2. łahde 'édeenáánátaná'a 'sometimes he ran'. łahde 'sometimes'. 'édeenáánáta, the 3rd person perf. of 'éd-ee-nááná-...[? perf.]-d-tá 'to run' [act. intr.]. 'éd- reflexive; ee- 'by means of'; nááná- 'again' [?]. -d-tá 'to move suddenly, [see note 4.3, §§7 and 13].
'ídóí 'mountain lion'. Cf. Chir. ńdóí [See linguistic note to Chiricahua text 17.25, §1].
dá'áádéjiͅ ndásé 'from that moment on'. dá- 'just, exactly'; -'áádé ?; -jiͅ 'to'. ndásé 'on, further'.
dágondéhé 'a voice'. dá- 'just' plus a relative in -é of gondé, 3rd person imp. of go-...[si- perf.]- ndé 'to shout' [act. intr.].
tó'iłgóͅlíͅí 'streams came together'. tó 'waters'; 'ił- 'together' [?]; góͅlíͅ; 'they were' [imp. neut. intr. with place subj. and ni- adj.]; -í relative.
1. dá'ándíídé 'truly, exactly, real, ordinary'. No analysis.
2. dákogohí 'right at that moment, then'. No analysis.
3. dooha'yóobich'iͅiͅyách'iłtinzhóͅda 'he was unable to talk to him at all'. doo-...-da negative; ha'yágo 'in any way'; bich'iͅiͅ- 'to him'; yách'iłti, 3a person imp. of yá-...[hi- perf.]-ł-ti 'to talk' [act. intr.] ; nzhóͅ ' it is good' [?]. The last mentioned form is often used as an intensifier but its position at the end of the combination is un- usual.
'indá'igáał'aashé 'all living creatures'. 'indá 'life, there is life' [sometimes heard 'iindá]; 'igáał'aa 'varieties, species' [cf. note 4.34]; -shé 'side, party'.
Following is an analysis of the plant names mentioned in this passage. Those terms not listed cannot be analyzed. For a more precise definition of the botanical terms given in this text, see the publication by Castetter and Opler cited in Ethnological Notes to Chiricahua Apache text 39.9, note 9.
teełts'ódzí 'spike rush'. teeł 'tule'; -ts'ódz, cf. hits'ódz 'it is tapered, pointed' [imp. neut. intr]; -í relative.
teełdishk'áͅí 'sedge'. dishk'áͅ 'it is blackish, clump-like, clod-like'.
teeł'áłts'oͅoͅsí 'slender tule'. 'áłts'oͅoͅs 'it is slender' [imp. neut. intr.; prefixes 'á-ni-].
tághe'tł'oh'iitooí 'water cress'. tá- 'water'; -ghe' 'in'; tł'oh 'grass, plant'; 'iitoo, perf. of 'i-|...[ni- perf.]-tó 'to become red' [act. intr.].
tł'oh'iigaaí 'white violet'. 'iigaa, perf. of 'i-|...[ni- perf.]-gá 'to become white' [act. intr.].
tł'oh'iitsooí 'asphodel'. 'its'oo, perf. of 'i| ...[ni- perf.]-tsó 'to become yellow,' [act. intr.].
tł'oh'iichíí 'side oats grama [var.]'. 'iichí, perf. of 'i-|...[ni- perf.]-chí 'to become red' [act. intr.].
tł'ohdiitł'ishí 'blue-eyed grass'. diitł'ishí, cust. of di-|...[ni- perf.]-tł'íísh 'to become blue' [act. intr.].
1. ndiibikátł'oh'igáał'aashé 'all the varieties of grass on the earth's surface'. ndii - 'earth'; biká 'its surface'; tł'oh 'grass'.
2. Following are the plant names in this passage that can be analyzed:
tłohkéstasí 'grama grass'. tł'oh 'grass'. késtas- ?; -í relative.
tł'ałdeií 'false flax'. tł'a-, compounded form of tł'oh 'grass'; -łdei ?.
tł'ołchídí 'big blue-stem grass'. -łchíd-, compounded form of the 3rd person of łi-ni-...chí 'to be red' [imp. neut. intr.]. [ch is ambiguously drawn in the print copy, and could be interpretted as ts'; but it is clear from context that the form intended is ch --MEC]
tł'ołtł'idzí [this appears as tł'ołtł'ijí in the text--MEC] 'wild violet'. -łtł'idz may be related to ni-...-tł'idz 'to be hard' or it may have been misheard for -łtł'ij which is possibly related to da-ni-...-tł'ij 'to be blue'.
ndébitł'ohí 'salt grass'. ndé 'people, indians'; bitł'oh 'their grass'.
dziłátł'ohkéstasí 'black grama grass'. dził 'mountain'; -á from -yá 'on';
tł'ohkéstasí 'grama grass' [see above].
tł'ohbindáantsaaí 'red columbine'. bindáa 'its eyes'; ntsaa 'they are big' [imp. neut. intr.]. bindáa, literally 'its eyes', is understood to refer to the seeds of the plant.
tł'ohbindáantł'idzí 'wild barley'. ntł'idz 'they are hard'.
tł'ohbindáa'áłts'oͅoͅ sí [the text in the original contains an apparent misprint in which this word appears as tł'ohbindáa'áłch'oͅoͅsí--MEC] 'side oats grama [var.]'. 'áłts'oͅoͅ s 'they are slender'.
tł'ohbindáa'iłaadaasijaaí 'rye grass'. 'ił- reciprocal; aa- 'to' plus daasijaa 'several masses lie' [si- perf. neut. intr. with the distrib.].
tł'ohbindáa'iłké'dasijaaí 'candy grass'. Literally 'the grass on which masses of seeds lie on top of one another'. 'iłké'- 'after one another'; dah- 'on, upon'.
tł'ohbindáa'iłké'ńt'ií 'sideoats grama [var.]' Literally 'the grass on which the seeds are strung out after one another'. ńt'i 'they have been strung out' [3rd person ni- perf.].
tł'ohdábilátabinndáadasijaaí 'big blue-stem grass'. Literally 'the grass the seeds of which lie massed just on its tip'. dábiláta 'just its tip'.
tł'ohbits'íládéídeesdzáí 'blue grass'. bits'íládéí 'its tassels'; deesdzá 'it extends upward, it sticks out' [?].
nanstáné 'mesquite'. A relative in -é of nan- 'on one's side' plus sitáͅ 'a long slender object lies' [si- perf. neut. intr.]. A variant form of this word, naastáné, is also heard. This is a relative in -é of naa- 'here and there' plus sitáͅ.
The next two terms are unanalyzable. tsésdisí 'screw bean' may be a compound of tsé 'rock' and -sdis-, a compounded form of hiisdis 'it has been twisted' [si- perf. pass.].
góńt'ishé 'all other varieties'. góńt'i, the ni- perf. with place subj. of -t'é 'to be strung out'; -shé 'side, kind'.
hoshditsinídó 'the thorny plants also'. hosh 'thorn, cactus'; ditsiní, relative of ditsiͅ 'tree'; -dó 'also'.
The next two terms cannot be analyzed.
hoshgóͅts'iisí [this form appears in the text as hoshgóͅts'iͅiͅsí--MEC] 'nipple cactus' is a compound of hosh 'cactus'; góͅts'iis- 'it is small [i. e., small-bodied]' [imp. neut. intr. with place subj. and ni adj.].
hoshbéí 'hedge-hog cactus'. -béí ?.
gołchídí 'prickly pear cactus'. Place subj. plus -łchíd-, a bound form of łichí 'it is red'.
hoshbizáͅáͅyéíłitsoí 'strawberry cactus'. bizáͅáͅyé 'little, small'; łitso 'it is yellow'.
goshk'an 'yucca' [no analysis]. The three terms following are compounds of goshk'an and łigaí 'it is white', nndeedz 'it is long, tall', and dijool 'it is ball-shaped', respectively.
ditsíͅńt'ishé 'all varieties of trees'. ditsíͅ 'trees' plus ńtishé [see note 5.44, last paragraph].
'ichíchiledódooná'gongaͅdí 'live oak'. 'ichíchile 'oak'; dó- ?; doo- negative. ná'gongaͅdí may bean some way related to ná-hi...-l-gaͅ 'to be dried up, to be dead [of a tree or plant]' [si- perf. neut. intr.].
'ighe'éłtsoi 'acorn oak'. 'ighe'é 'seed' [an archaic relative in -é of 'ighe' 'in something' ?]; -łtsoi, a relative form of łitso, 'it is yellow'.
tógóͅlíní 'willow'. tó 'water' plus the relative of góͅlíͅ 'it is'.
The next three terms are compounds of tógóͅlíní 'willow', the ni- perfective of the prefix complex ná-daa-'i-| [ná- 'around'; daa- distrib.; 'i-| ?] and the perfective stems of -gá 'to become white', -tó 'to become red', -chí 'to become red', and -tsó 'to become yellow', respectively.
tógóͅlíní 'willow'; t'aͅaͅ- 'leaves'; 'iłdá'- 'above one another'; dasilá 'several lie upon' [si- perf. neut. intr. with dah- 'on, upon'].
In the last term, łibá means 'it is gray' [imp. neat. intr.].
1. The fourth line of this passage is literally as follows: "Beautiful hills / being green / with all sorts of plants / they were extending out / they came into existence, it is said."
2. tł'ohí'ił'ánóo'át'éíbee 'with all sorts of plants'. tł'ohí 'plants'; 'ił'áné 'different, varied'; -go subord.; 'át'é 'it is so'; -í relative; -bee 'with them'.
3. hadaayeest'íͅ 'they were extending out' seems to be a distrib. 3rd person of ha-hi-...-t'íͅ 'to be extending up, out' [si- perf. neut..intr.]. ha-hi- 'out'; -t'íͅ 'to be'.
4. dziłídaahík'áͅ 'mountain ranges'. dziłí 'mountains'; daahík'áͅ 'ridges, ranges' [cf. note 5.25, §1]. Cf. also bizáͅáͅyóohík'áͅ 'small ridges' in the next line of text. bizáͅáͅyé 'small'; -go subord.; -hík'áͅ 'ridges'.
5. The last line of this passage is literally as follows: "Some / to a distance / there being ridges / some / to the vicinity / there being ridges, / only mountains / with them to out of sight / they could be seen all around, it is said."
6. 'inádaayeest'íͅ 'they could be seen all around' seems to be a -d- form of the theme -'íͅ 'to see' with the prefixes 'i- 'off, away'; ná- 'around' [?]; daa- distrib. The prefix complex is in the si- perfective but I do not understand the combination yee- preceding the si- prefix.
1. naadaagoosteel 'there were many plains everywhere'. naa- 'here and there'; daa- distrib.; go- place subject; and the si- perfective prefix. -teel 'to be broad, flat'. Cf. nádaagóńteel 'there were clearings'; ná- 'around' [?]; daa-go- distributive place subject; ń- 3rd person ni- perf.
2. łigotsaago 'broad'. This is apparently a verb łi-ni-...-tsaa 'to be broad' with the place subject prefix. Cf. ni-...-tsaa 'to be big'.
3. dágondéhé 'just like' [no analysis].
tóída hadaaslíͅ 'there were many springs also'. tóí 'the waters'; -da 'even'. hadaaslíͅ, distributive si- perf. neut. of -líͅ 'to flow' with the prefix ha- 'out, up'.
'idizhóóshé 'bullsnake' [no analysis].
góbitseeghálegóͅlíní 'rattlesnake'. gó 'snake'; bitsee 'his tail'; -yále 'rattles'; góͅlíͅ 'there are'.
gónaats'ísteelí 'black water-snake'. -naats'ís- ?, cf. -ts'ís 'body'; -teeł, cf. ni-...-teel 'to be broad, flat'.
góbichoheí 'copperhead snake'. -bichohe-, cf. bicho 'his penis'.
gónaat'aí 'whip snake'. naat'a 'he flys about' 3rd person cont. imp.; naa- 'about'.
gódijáí 'blue racer'. dijá 'he runs fast' [imp. neut. intr.].
góha'iłtsáásí 'the snake that is whipped'. ha'iłtsáás, an unanalyzable form of the verb -ł-tsis 'to whip'.
góbitélegołtóí 'the red-bodied snake'. bitéle 'the front of his body'; gołtó 'it is red'.
ma'ishóͅí 'lizard' [see linguistic notes to Chiricahua texts, 5.4].
ma'ishóͅítsiitsaí 'big-headed lizard'. -tsii 'head'; -tsa, a compounded form of ni-...-tsaa 'to be big' [imp. neut. intr.].
ma'ishóͅíłikijí 'spotted lizard'. łikij 'he is spotted, speckled, vari-colored'.
ma'ishóͅídich'ijí 'rough lizard'. dich'ij 'he is rough-surfaced'.
ma'ishóͅítsee'áłdoͅoͅdí 'lizard [var.]'. -tsee 'tail'; 'áłdoͅoͅ dí 'it is short' [?].
ma'ishóͅíhaaskéí 'fierce lizard'. haaské 'he is fierce, pugnacious' [si- perf. neut. with prefix ha-].
ma'ishóͅínant'iní 'hiding lizard'. nant'iͅ, 3rd person imp. of naa-ni-...[si- perf.]-d-'iͅ 'to hide' [mediopas.].
ma'ishóͅítsee'iłch'áͅgołgijí 'forked-tail lizard'. tsee- 'tail'; 'iłch'áͅ 'from each other'; gołgij 'there is a gap'.
ma'ishóͅítsiͅyaadasitíͅí 'lizard that lies on trees'. tsiͅ 'trees'; yaa- 'to it'; dah- 'on, upon'; sitíͅ 'he lies'.
lóosts'oͅoͅsé is, literally 'mouse'. Cf. Chir. lóó'sts'oͅoͅsé in linguistic notes to Chricahua texts, 38.34, §2.
lóosts'oͅoͅsébijanteelí 'big-eared mouse'. bijaa 'his ear'; nteel 'it is wide, broad'.
lóosts'oͅoͅsébitélegołgaí 'harvest mouse'. bitéle 'the front of his body'; gołga 'it is white'.
lóosts'oͅoͅsébitseenndeedzí 'jumping mouse'. bitsee 'his tail'; nndeedz 'it is long'.
lóosts'oͅoͅsédoodees'íͅdaí 'shrew'. doodees'íͅda 'he cannot see'.
lóosts'oͅoͅséłitsoí 'white-footed mouse'. łitso 'it is yellow'.
lóosts'oͅoͅséłíͅghe'naa'indilék'ehát'éí 'short-tailed meadow mouse'.
łíͅghe'naa'indilé 'gopher' [see linguistic notes to Chiricahua texts, 3.5, §2]; k'ehát'é 'he is like, similar to'.
lóostso 'rat'. Cf. lóosts'oͅoͅsé 'mouse'. -tso 'big' [?] .
lóosts'oͅoͅsébindáahahitaí 'big eyed rat'. bindáa 'his eyes'; hahita, probably a form of the theme -tá 'to start, jerk, move quickly' with the prefixes ha-hi- 'out'. In this and the following term, lóosts'oͅoͅsé has the meaning 'rat'.
lóosts'oͅoͅsébindaahoͅ óͅ'áí 'bulging-eyed rat'. hoͅ óͅ'á 'it extends out' [ha- 'out' plus the hi- perf. neut. intr. of -'á 'to extend [of a rigid object]'.
lóosts'oͅoͅsélóostsok'ehát'éí 'long-tailed rat'. lóosts'o 'rat'; k'ehát'é 'it is like, similar to'.
lóosts'oͅoͅséditł'ooyé 'hairy field mouse'. ditł'ooyé 'it is fuzzy, hairy' [?].
dlóͅóͅ'yeídó 'prairie dog'. Literally 'the prairie dog also'. The three terms following also have the enclitic -dó 'also'.
dlóͅíntsoyeídó 'big prairie dog'. dlóͅí, another form of the word dlóͅóͅ'ye 'prairie dog'. ntso 'it is big'; -ye ?; -í relative.
lóó'sáné 'squirrel' [no analysis].
tseenaagaaí 'white-tailed deer'. tsee- 'tail'; naagaa 'whiteness moves about'.
tseedatł'ijí 'Virginia deer'. Literally 'the blue-tailed one'.
biͅntsaí 'elk'. biͅiͅ 'deer'; ntsaa 'it is big'.
dziłdibéhé 'mountain sheep'. dził 'mountain'; dibéhé 'sheep'. [this note in the print original contains a misprint, beginning this word with 'j' rather than 'dz'. --MEC]
diłhiłeeí 'black bear'. diłhił 'it is black'.
yaatsoií 'brown bear' [no analysis].
shashłigai 'white bear'. łigai 'it is white'.
shashntsaí 'California bear', ntsaa- 'it is big'.
shashkáá'gooshchíílí 'silver tip bear' [no analysis]
'ídóí 'mountain lion'.
'ídóítsee'áłdoͅoͅye 'short-tailed mountain lion'. tsee- 'tail'; 'áłdoͅoͅ ye 'it is short' [cf. note 5.3, paragraph 5].
'ídóíbitseenndeedzí 'long-tailed mountain lion'. nndeedz 'it is. long'.
náshgojé 'wild cat' [no analysis].
'ídóíłkijí 'jaguar'. łikijí 'it is spotted'.
naagóshch'idee 'badger' [no analysis].
naagóshch'ideebighaa'áłdoͅoͅdí 'coarse-haired badger'. bighaa 'his hair'; 'áłdoͅoͅdí 'it is short' [see note 5.57].
k'eelííshé 'skunk'. Cf. Chir. gólizhé [linguistic note to Chircahua texts, note 15.1, §1].
1. bit'a'góͅlíͅgóńt'ishé 'all the varieties of those with feathers'. bit'a' 'their feathers'; góͅlíͅ 'there are'; góńt'ishé 'varieties'.
2. 'igháͅí 'itsáńt'ishé 'the varieties of hawk that kill'. 'igháͅ, 3rd person imp. with indef. object of ...[hi- perf.]-gháͅ 'to kill several' [act. tr.]. 'itsá 'hawk, eagle'; ńt'ishé 'varieties'.
'itsátsoí 'eagle'. 'itsá 'eagle'; -tso 'big'.
'iłch'áͅłgaií 'bald eagle'. 'iłch'áͅ 'from one another'; łiga 'it is white'.
'itseełkijeeí 'female golden eagle'. -tsee 'tail'; łikij 'it is spotted'.
'éłchinéyiiłcha'í 'black hawk. The informant translated this 'he who cries like a baby'. 'éłchiné 'baby, child'. yiiłcha'- cannot be identified as a form of -cha 'to cry'.
'itseełtsolií 'red-tailed hawk'. Literally 'the yellow-tailed one'.
gołgayá'itseełkijeeí 'Winston's hawk'. Literally 'the spotted-tailed one of the prairies'. gołga 'plain, prairie, clearing'.
góńteelnaazhaaí 'marsh hawk'. Literally 'he who hunts about the flats'. naazhaa 'he goes about hunting'.
The last two terms cannot be analyzed.
'izhásheenant'áíteełgołgaí waxwing'. 'izháshee 'bird'; nant'áí 'chief'; teeł 'tule'; gołga 'plain'. Literally 'the chief bird of the plains' [?].
'izhásheenant'áíłibáyé 'titmouse'. łibá 'it is gray'.
ch'éénndíyéłtsoyé 'goldfinch'. Literally 'yellow pine siskin'.
'izhásheetsiit'áłitóí 'red-crowned kinglet'. tsiit'á 'top of the head'; łitó 'it is red'.
The next two terms are not analyzable.
'izhásheełibáyétsiiyaahanda'naahiłjiͅiͅí 'whitebreasted creeper'. tsii- 'head'; yaa- 'under'; handa' 'rising sheer'; naahiłjiͅiͅ, 'blackness moves about'. Literally 'the bird which is gray under the head [and] black from there up'.
jéjiłgalí 'white-breasted nuthatch'. jéji- 'breast'; łiga 'it is white'.
tsiͅiͅłkaałí 'woodpecker'. tsiͅ 'wood'; yiłkaał 'he pecks it'.
tsiͅiͅłkaałí'ént'íͅí 'Lewis woodpecker'. 'ént'íͅ 'he is a witch'.
tsiͅiͅłkaałíntsaí 'California woodpecker'. ntsaa 'it is big'.
The next term cannot be analyzed.
t'áłtódí 'flicker'. t'á- 'wing, feather'; -ł-tód- , a bound form łitó 'it is red'.
1. The literal translation of the first line of this passage is as follows: "Those who eat bad things / all varieties of them / those who are of those that fly about / ravens / all kinds of them / first / that which he has come to. "
2. ntoͅíyiyáͅshé 'carrion-eaters'. ntoͅ ' it is bad, evil'; yiyáͅ 'they eat it'; -shé 'those of such and such a group'.
3. gaa'ye'itsaͅaͅshchoshyiyáné [this form appears in the text as gaa'ye'ichaͅaͅshchoshyiyáné--MEC] 'the ravens'. gaa'ye 'raven'; 'itsaͅaͅshchosh- 'carrion' [?]; yiyáͅ 'they eat it'.
4. gaa'yentsaaí 'raven'. ntsaa 'it is big'.
gołgayágaa'ye 'white-necked raven'. Literally 'plains raven'.
gaa'yezáͅáͅyéí 'crow'. -záͅáͅyé 'little'.
tseeshóͅóͅ'ye 'buzzard'. tsee- 'tail' -shóͅóͅ'- ye ?.
1. bikee'iłch'áͅgołgijee 'those who have cloven hoofs'. bikee 'their feet'; 'iłch'áͅ 'from one another'; gołgij 'there is a gap'.
bikee'iłaadaasijaaí 'those whose feet are bunched'. 'ił- reciprocal; aa- 'to'; daa- distributive; sijaa 'a mass lies'.
2. shijaagheh dóͅóͅka 'you will tell me'. shijaa 'my ear'; -gheh 'in'; dóͅóͅka ?.
3. doobentsé'ikeesdaí 'which have not stopped by means of him'. doo-...-da negative; bee- 'by means of him' plus ntsé'ikees 'thoughts are to stop' [?]. I cannot analyze this form; cf. linguistic notes to Chiricahua texts, note 39.12, §4.
4. dziłágóochií 'mountain pig'. dził 'mountain'; -á, reduced form of -yá pp.; góochií, from the Spanish cochi 'pig'.
ghooniitseí 'peccary'. The informant translated this 'the big-toothed one'. ghoo- is probably 'tooth' but niitse- is not identifiable with ni-...-tsaa 'to be big'.
ndíí'gootł'idzí 'common pig'. 'The hard-nosed one' [?]. ndíí'-, cf. - ndí 'nose, nostril'; gootł'idz-, cf. ni-...-tł'idz 'to be hard'.
ma'choí 'the wolves'. ma'-, cf. mai, ma'ye 'coyote'; -cho 'big'.
ké'iłdénágoghe'dees'eesń 'those with their feet turned inside out'. ké- 'foot'; 'iłdénágo 'past one another, between one another' [cf. linguistic notes to Chiricahua texts, note 2.13, §6]; ghe'- 'inside'; 'dees'ees, the 3rd person perf. of the verb -'éés 'to move one's feet' with the prefix di- ?.
chóóné 'dogs'; ńt'ií 'all varieties'.
naagoshndégo hishtsiłgo 'I shall howl and bark'. naagoshndé, 1st person imp. of naa-go-...[si- perf.]- ndé 'to shout around, to go about shouting' [act. intr.]. hishtsił seems also to be a 1st person imp. but I have no further information about it.
1. daa'idiihndí 'there was a roar of thunder'. 3rd person distrib. imp. of 'i-di-|...[hi- perf.]-d- ndí 'a noise is made' [act. intr.].
2. 'itsáłtł'óólí 'rainbow'. 'itsáł- ?; -tł'óól, poss. form of tł'óól 'rope'.
3. bi'álóólí góͅlíͅń 'he was its power'. -'álóól 'spiritual power'.
da'njoolná'a 'it moved upward'. Should read dah'njool, the 3rd person perf. of dah-di-|...[ni- perf.]-jooł 'a ball-like mass moves upward' [act. intr.] with indefinite subject [?].
doodódanndéntóͅóͅyébiłch'indile'át'édań 'he of whom one could certainly not say that he was an evil man'. doo-...-da negative; dóda- 'certainly' [?]; nndé 'man'; ntóͅóͅyé 'he is bad, evil'; biłch'indi 'one said to him'; -le optative encl.; 'át'é 'it is so'.
ni'iitséí 'your troubles'. -'iitsé 'troubles, misfortunes' [no analysis].
k'aats'osí'át'éí 'arrows'. k'aa 'arrows'; ts'os 'feathers'; 'át'é 'it is so'. Perhaps 'feathered arrows' would have been a better translation.
dágóbí'iban'át'éí 'tanned skins'. Literally, 'those which are indeed their tanned skins'.
1. The literal translation of the first line is as follows: "Human beings / people like me / being in my trail."
2. k'ehgóͅzhónébeenaasháí 'I am one who lives by what is beautiful'. k'eh- 'by reason of'; góͅzhóné 'that which is beautiful'; bee- 'by means of it'; naashá 'I go about, I live'.
3. dooshé'edeegodiłndídago 'they are not to speak evil of me even to themselves'. This form is not clear: doo-...-da negative; shé- 'of me, about me'; 'édee- 'by means of oneself'. godiłndí seems to be a form of the verb 'to say' but that theme has the zero rather than the -ł- classifier. Where, too, does the connotation 'to speak evil' come from?
1. tł'ohnaaneesdidzída 'vines'. tł'oh 'plant'; naaneesdidz, 3rd person perf. of naa-ni-...[si- - perf.]-dis 'to twist about here and there' [act. intr.].
ndiibikáá'naaneesdidzída 'trailing vines' is the above word preceded by ndii 'ground, earth' and bikáá' 'on its surface'.
2. béńch'iyé 'pines'. Probably an archaic relative in -é of bé- 'against it' plus ńch'i 'wind blows' [ni- perf. neut. intr.].
nndiií gotahndaago 'since disease will be among them'. nndii 'disease, sickness', the 3rd person of ni-...-ndii 'to be hurt, sick; to have a pain' [imp. neut. intr.]. gotah 'among them' plus the 3rd person imp. of ni-...[si- perf.]-daa 'one person sits down' [act. intr.].
1. díík'ehí bich'iͅnzhóͅgo 'all of which will cure [diseases]'. díík'ehí 'all, every one'. bich'iͅiͅ 'to it'; nzhóͅ 'they are good'. Literally "all [the herbs] being good to [or, for] it [disease]".
2. 'éyaanádaa'shdiłk'áͅgo 'some they will customarily burn for their smoke'. 3a person distrib. iter. of 'é-yaa-'i-di-hi-...[si- perf.]-ł-k'aͅaͅ 'to bathe oneself in smoke, to purify oneself in smoke'. 'é- reflexive [?]; yaa- 'below, under [?]; 'i- ?; di-hi- 'fire' [?]. The theme alone means 'to burn'.
3. The last line of this passage is literally as follows: "These / medicines / these / herbs / these / medicines which are holy / they will be called."
1. tł'oshé'izeeń 'herb medicine'. tł'oh 'herb, plant'; shé- ?; 'izee 'medicine'. Note that the terms designating medicines all have the relative -ń which is generally used only with nouns denoting persons.
2. nigoozhishdeeda 'if they breathe you'. 3rd person dual imp. with 2nd person obj. of hi-|... [si- perf.]-zhish 'to sip' [act. tr.]. -deeda 'if, whether' [encl.].
3. ndénágodadleeł 'they will be cured'. 3rd person dual fut. of the -d- form of -laa 'to become' [act. intr.] with the prefixes ndé-ná-. ndé is possibly the word for 'man, human being' and ná- the prefix 'again'. Literally 'they will become men again' [?].
1. izeená'iiłndáń 'medicine that moves for you'. 'izee 'medicine'; ná- 'for you' [?]; 'iiłndá, a causative 3rd person imp. of -d- ndá to move' [?].
2. benkáá'naagodazo 'they will mark you with it'. bee- 'by means of it'; nkáá'- 'your surface'; the 3rd person dual fut. of naa-|...[si- perf.]-zo 'to make marks here and there' [act. intr.].
3. ndéná'yóͅóͅłchiiłdaał 'you will cure them'. This is obviously a 2nd person prog. with prefixes ndé-ná-'i- [cf. note 5.84, §3]. I cannot, however, identify the theme of which -ł-chiił is the progressive stem. -daał future tense enclitic.
1. 'izeiłgóńlíͅń 'you who are with medicine'. 'izee 'medicine'; -ił- from yił- 'with it'; góńlíͅ-, 2nd person of go-ni-...-líͅ; 'to be'.
2. 'ílóhałí 'hail club'. 'íló 'hail'; hał 'club'. See the ethnological note 17 to the English Translation of this passage [listed as '5.17' among the Ethnological Notes] [a misprint in the original incorrectly directs the reader to note 5.18 here---MEC]
3. yengotsidaał 'they will pound you with it'. yee- 'by means of it' plus the 3rd person dual imp. with 2nd person obj. of ... [hi- perf.]-tsi 'to pound, strike' [act. tr.]. This is the rep. of -tsé 'to chop, strike'.
4. dáháíbich'iͅńzhóͅdaał 'you will cure anything'. dá- 'just'; háí, relative of há- 'any'; bich'iͅiͅ 'to it'; ńzhóͅ, 2nd person of ni-...-zhóͅ 'to be good' [imp. neut.intr.].
5. 'izeedoonáneeł'áͅdań 'medicine without end'. náneeł'áͅ seems to be a combination of ná- ? and the unanalyzable form neeł'áͅ 'there are a certain number'.
6. tł'ohbindáań 'red columbine'. tł'oh 'plant, herb, grass'; bindáa 'its eyes, seeds'.
'izeiłhanágachíń 'that redness which customarily emerges with medicine'. hanágachí, iter. of ha-go-...[hi- perf.]-chí 'redness emerges, comes out' [act. intr.]. ha- 'out'; go- place subject [?]. I do not know why go- becomes ga- in the text form; perhaps by vocalic infection from the preceding prefixes?
1. 'idishtł'ish, a synonym for datł'ijee 'turquoise'. No analysis.
2. doonaagóńłt'édago 'if you do not cause trouble'. naagóńłt'é, 2nd person of naa-gó-di-...-ł-t'é 'to be evil, bad' [imp. neut. intr.].
3. tséghánáségo 'a group moving through rock'. tsé 'rock'; ghá- 'through'; ná-...-ł-zé 'a group moves' [act. intr.]. n- ?.
tsébééshdiłhiłí 'iron'. 'stone'; béésh 'metal'; diłhił 'it is black'.
k'eeshchíí 'galena' [no analysis].
łeetsoí 'yellow ochre'. łee- 'dust'; -tso, compounded form of łi-ni-...-tso 'to be yellow'.
gooshchíí 'ashes' [no analysis].
1. It will be noted that dáń 'food' has three possessive forms; -dáͅáͅ', -dáne, and -dáń.
2. 'it'aͅaͅńk'ojíń 'lamb's quarters'. 'it'aͅaͅ 'leaves'; ńk'oj-, related to ńk'óͅóͅj 'it is sour'?
The last line in this passage is literally as follows: "Just mankind / just curing / for that reason / medicines / I have made you so."
'iałchííná 'just curing' cannot be analyzed. See note 5.86, §3.
izeehondááł 'living medicine'. hondááł, 3rd person prog. of -yá 'one person moves' [?].
ha'ich'iidé 'osha' An archaic relative in -é of the 3rd person imp. with indef. obj. of ha-|...[hi- perf.]-ch'ii 'to dig out, up' [act. tr.].
chogoshtł'ínee 'dock' [no analysis].
tsiͅbiłnádaa'ch'iłt'ohí 'sumac'. tsiͅ 'wood'; bił- 'with it'; plus the 3a distrib. imp. with indef. obj. of ná-...[hi- perf.]-ł-t'oh 'to smoke' [act. tr.]. Literally 'that wood with which they smoke'. Sumac is mixed with tobacco and smoked.
sáí'izeeí 'sage'. sáí 'sand'.
tsiͅyanágołchiní 'solanium tripolium'. tsiͅ 'wood' [?]; yaná- ?; gołchiní, relative of gołchiͅ 'it smells, has an odor' [?].
tségháneesáhee 'primrose' [no analysis but cf. note 5.94, §3].
'izeebédoͅoͅsí 'bitterroot'. -bédoͅoͅsí ?.
'izeekéghashłizhiní 'eriogonium'. kéghash 'root'; łizhiͅ 'it is black'.
łíͅbizeeí 'eriogonium jamesii'. łíͅ 'horse'.
'izeediłtaͅaͅí 'cinquefoil'. diłtaͅaͅ- ?.
'iyánébidáͅáͅ'í 'Mormon tea'. Literally 'cattle food'.
tł'ohbichahegóͅlíní 'coneflower'. tł'oh 'plant'; bichahe 'its hat'; góͅlíͅ 'there is'.
'izeebit'aͅaͅdałghadzí 'perezianana'. bit'aͅaͅ 'its leaves'; dałghadz 'they are jagged'.
tsézhí 'sage' [no analysis].
tsézhítsoí 'cudwood'. -tso 'big'.
ch'índeezee 'wormwood'. No analysis.
ch'égołchiͅ 'wild pumpkin'. ch'é- ?; gołchiͅ 'it smells, has an odor'.
dzétsoí 'wild plum'. dzé 'chokecherry'; -tso 'big'.
tsiͅłtsoií 'algerita'. Literally 'yellow wood '.
1. 'iłeenahdiishndííł 'I shall put you all together'. 'iłee- 'by means of one another' [?]; nah- dual object; diishndííł, no analysis.
2. nahaagodiní'áͅ 'I have given you a chance'. 1st person perf. with place obj. of 0aa-di-ni-...[ni- perf.]-'aa 'to give someone a round object' [act. tr.].
nahtahádishxá 'I shall be with you'. nah- dual pronoun; -tah 'among'; hádishxá, no analysis.
'áshíͅsíͅńne 'you who are related to me'. 2nd person with 1st person obj. of 'á-...-ł-zíͅ; 'to be related to' [imp. neut. tr.]. -ń relative; -ne 'people of such and such a group'. I am not certain of this analysis; see note 2.6, §4.
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