The Plan of St. Gall a study of the architecture & economy of & life in a paradigmatic Carolingian monastery |
III. |
III. |
ILLUSTRATIONS |
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II. |
III. |
The Plan of St. Gall | ||
xi
ILLUSTRATIONS
FOR VOLUMES I, II, & III
[ILLUSTRATION]
figure | PRELIMINARIES | page |
[1] ill. I. vi | Map: Origin and Diffusion of Monastic Life in Asia and Europe, 4th-9th centuries | vi |
ill. I. xvii | Fulda. St. Michael's crypt. Capital | xvii |
ill. I. xx | Plan of St. Gall at scale of 1:1920 | xx |
ill. I. xxiii | Lorsch. Head of Christ in stained glass (9th cent.) | xxiii |
ill. I. xxiv | Plan of St. Gall with building numbers keyed to Index, pp. xx-xxvii | xxiv |
ill. I. xxvii | Silver coin, ca. 804 | xxvii |
PART I PREVIOUS LITERATURE, ORIGIN, PURPOSE, AND SPECIAL PROBLEMS | ||
[2] 1.X frontispiece | Plan of St. Gall. Recto of parchment showing Life of St. Martin, lower left corner | xxviii |
1.A | Plan of St. Gall. Verso of parchment showing Life of St. Martin | 4 |
1.B-C | Plan of St. Gall. Parchment | |
B. Folding sequence. C. Unfolding procedure and reading sequence | 5 | |
[3] 2 | Plan of St. Gall. Dedicatory legend | 8 |
[4] 3 | Plan of St. Gall. House for Horses and Oxen and their Keepers. Detail showing hands of both scribes | 12 |
[5] 4 | Plan of St. Gall. North porch, western paradise, showing hands of both scribes | 12 |
5 | Vita Sancti Bonifatii (Codex Augiensis CXXXVI), fol. 14 (9th cent.), showing hand of the main scribe of the Plan of St. Gall |
14 |
6 | Cologne Cathedral. 13th-century drawing of buttressed pier, southwest tower | 15 |
[6] 7 | Plan of St. Gall. Alignment of Outer School, House for Distinguished Guests, and Kitchen, Bake, and Brew House for Distinguished Guests |
16 |
[7] 8 | Plan of St. Gall. Alignment of Mill, Mortar, and Drying Kiln | 17 |
9 | Cologne Cathedral. 13th-century drawing of stairwell, southwest tower, detail of plan | 18 |
10. A-B | Plan of St. Gall | |
A. Ambo in nave of Church. B. Baptismal font | 19 | |
11. A-B | Plan of St. Gall | |
A. South tower of Church. B. North tower of Church | 19 | |
LEGEND: ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOR | ||
12 | Plan of St. Gall. Henhouse | 20 |
13 | Plan of St. Gall. Henhouse. Analysis of procedure in drawing circle | 20 |
ill. I. 25 | Gallo-Roman stylus | 25 |
14 | Cologne. Carolingian Cathedral. Hildebold's foundations (800-819), 1:600 | 26 |
15. A-B | Cologne. Carolingian cathedral (VIIB). Consecrated by Willibert, Sept. 27, 870 | |
A. Plan, 1:600. B. Longitudinal Section | 28 | |
16 | Cologne. Carolingian cathedral (VIIB). Interior view toward west | 29 |
17 | Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Cemetery. Tendril-shaped ornament | 30 |
18 | Godescalc Gospels (871-873), fol. 2r. Border framing Luke, detail | 30 |
19 | Godescalc Gospels (871-873), fol. 3r. Border framing Christ, detail | 30 |
20. A-B | Ada Gospels (9th cent.), fol. 6v | |
A, B. Columns of canon tables, details | 31 | |
21 | Harley Gospels (early 9th cent.), fol. 9r. Columns of canon tables, details | 32 |
22 | Lorsch Gospels (ca. 810), fol. 71r. Text of Matthew, detail | 32 |
23 | Lorsch Gospels (ca. 810), fol. 10v. Fifth cannon arch, detail | 33 |
24. A-B | Plan of St. Gall. Assembly of parchment and drawing details | |
A. Assembly of Plan from five pieces of parchment. B. Examination of conditions where drawing line crosses seams |
34, 36 | |
[8] 25-32 | Plan of St. Gall. Details of sewn parchment showing overlapped parts, seams, and drawing details, various sections (figs. 25-32 are part of a series) |
38-41 |
[9] 33-39 | Plan of St. Gall. Analysis of tracing, stages 1 through 7 | 42-48 |
[10] 40 | Plan of St. Gall. Stage 8 (final) of tracing | 49 |
41 | Codex Rhenaugensis (9th cent.). LXXIII, fol. 9v. Adamnan's plan (7th cent.) of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem (copied by Walahfrid Strabo) |
54 |
[11] 42 | Codex Rhenaugensis (9th cent.), LXXIII, fol. 9v. Adamnan's plan (7th cent.) of the Church of Mt. Sion (copied by Walahfrid Strabo) |
55 |
[12] 43 | Codex Rhenaugensis (9th cent.), LXXIII, fol. 12r. Adamnan's plan (7th cent.), Church of the Ascension, Mt. Olive (copied by Walahfrid Strabo) |
56 |
[13] 44 | Codex Rhenaugensis (9th cent.), LXXIII, fol. 18v. Adamnan's plan (7th cent.), cruciform church of Samaria (copied by Walahfrid Strabo) |
56 |
45. A-B | Egyptian wall relief from a tomb, vicinity of Schech Abd el Gurna | |
A. Tracing, relief of house. B. Plan of house rendered as a modern architectural drawing | 57 | |
46. A-C | Forma urbis Romae (205-208). Rendering of walls | |
A. Plan of Horrea Lolliana (fragment 25) showing walls rendered in straight-line projection typical of the plan |
||
B, C. Plans of temples (fragments 31b, 37a) of Argentina and Juno, showing cellar walls indicated by non-typical parallel lines |
58 | |
47. A-F | Forma urbis Romae (205-208). Renderings of arches in various aqueducts | |
A. Four arches (fragment 517). B. Five arches, perhaps of the Aqua Alsietina (fragment 223). | ||
C. Sequence of arches changing directions at an obtuse angle (fragment 612). | ||
D. Series of arches in vertical projection (fragment 215). | ||
E. Arches with vertical projection indicated by connecting loops walls and crossbars (fragment 413). | ||
F. Aqueduct with arches (fragment 480) | 60 | |
48 | Perugia. Marble slab of Claudia Octavia (3rd cent.). Plan of sepulchral monument at various scales, with rendered in parallel lines |
62 |
49 | Egyptian house plan (New Kingdom), showing wall thickness rendered in parallel lines | 63 |
50.A | Forma urbis Romae (205-208), fragment 13. Seating arrangement of the Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum), 1:1500 |
64 |
50.B | Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum). Composite plan showing building on four levels | 64 |
51.A | Forma urbis Romae (205-208), fragment 31. Theater of Marcellus (13 B.C.). Plan of semicircular seating and access by ramps and stairs |
|
51.B-C | Rome. Theater of Marcellus (13 B.C.). Plan | |
B. Plan showing substructure and two lower tiers of seating, ca. 1:800. | ||
C. Plan showing two upper tiers of seating, and gallery | 66 | |
52.A | Christchurch, Canterbury. Plan of Wibert's waterworks for the monastery (ca. 1165) | 70 |
[14] 52.B-C | Christchurch, Canterbury. Wibert's waterworks for the monastery (ca. 1165) | |
B. Interpretation: analysis by Willis, 1868; modified by Wysuph, Horn, and Born, 1975. | ||
C. Scheme of descent by gravity, interpreted by Horn and Born | 71, 72 | |
[15] 53 | Plan of St. Gall. What scheme of waterways? Site with presumptive waterways superimposed | 74 |
[16] 54 | Plan of St. Gall. House for Horses and Oxen | 75 |
55 | Plan of St. Gall. Monastery Church, 1:384 | 76 |
56 | Plan of St. Gall. Monastery Church as interpreted by Ostendorf | 76 |
57 | Diagram showing duodecimal division of Roman and medieval foot | 79 |
58 | Diagram showing sedecimal division of Roman and medieval foot | 79 |
59.A-D | Plan of St. Gall. Monastery Church, detail | |
A. South transept arm of Church. B, C, D. Construction of 2½-foot modular grid | 78 | |
60.A-C | Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Dormitory | |
A. Plan of Dormitory. B. Dormitory with 2½-foot modular grid superimposed. | ||
C. Probable scheme for construction of A | 80 | |
61 | Plan of St. Gall. Church and Claustrum with 40-foot grid, 1:384 | 82 |
62 | Plan of St. Gall. Site with 40-foot grid superimposed | 84 |
63 | Plan of St. Gall. Site as developed within a 160-foot grid | 86 |
64 | Plan of St. Gall. Monk's Vegetable Garden. Garden plots with 1¼-foot grid superimposed | 88 |
65.A-B | Plan of St. Gall. Kitchen and Bathhouse of the Sick | |
A. Plan. B. Plan with 1¼-foot grid superimposed | 90 | |
Diagram I | Sequence of progressive dichotomy used in scheme of measurements for the Plan of St. Gall | 92 |
Diagram II | The supermodule (160 feet) and its derivatives (640 and 480 feet) | 93 |
66.A-C | The Carolingian measure and scale used in designing the Plan | |
A. The Carolingian measure. B. The Carolingian scale. C. The Carolingian scale adapted to the notation of module |
94 | |
67 | Plan of St. Gall. Construction of layout of Church | 96 |
68 | Plan of St. Gall. Conseptual growth of the layout of the Church | 98 |
69 | Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Cellar | 102 |
69.A-C | Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Cellar | |
A. Layout of the Cellar. B. Cellar with 2½-foot grid superimposed. C. Probable method of construction. | 102 | |
ill.I.105 | Aachen, Palace Chapel, tribune. Bronze railing, ca. 800, detail | 105 |
71.X | Aachen, city center. Cadastral plan after 1800, with Charlemagne's palace grounds | 106 |
71.Y | Aachen, Site plan of Charlemagne's audience hall, and Palace Chapel (796-805), 1:900 | 108 |
71.Za-c | Aachen, Palace Chapel (796-805) | |
a. Plan of Chapel configuration, 1:400. b. Elevation of Chapel looking east. c. Elevation of Chapel looking south. (Drawings by L. Hugot; grids superimposed by author.) |
110, 111 | |
71.A | Schematic plan of a Roman castrum | 114 |
71.B | Kastel Kunzig, Passau, Germany. Roman military camp (1st-2nd cent.). Plan | 114 |
72 | St. Gervais, Geneva. Plan of a Carolingian villa (8th cent.), 1:1000 | 115 |
73.A-B | Dorestadt, Netherlands. Carolingian castellum (after 725-823) | |
A. Plan, 1:15000. B. Site plan | 116 | |
74 | Hartmann Schedel, Liber Chronicarum (1493), fol ccliiii. Fortified castellum of Sabatz-on-the-Sau | 117 |
ill.I.118 | "XVI Qualiter divina opera per diem agantur," Bodleian Library, Hatton 48, fols. 29r-29v | 118 |
75 | Plan of St. Gall. Tripartite division of principal tracts | 119 |
76 | Plan of St. Gall. Tripartite division of center tract | 120 |
77 | Plan of St. Gall. Grouping of buildings in threes | 120 |
77.X | Plan of St. Gall. The supermodule as units of three and four | 121 |
78 | Plan of St. Gall. Grouping of buildings as four in central tract | 122 |
79 | Plan of St. Gall. Grouping of buildings as seven in central tract | 122 |
80 | Plan of St. Gall. Grouping of buildings with open areas in seven and twelve | 123 |
80.X | Plan of St. Gall. The altars of the Plan: a trinity of sevens | 124 |
PART II THE MONASTERY CHURCH | ||
81 | Rome. St. Paul's Outside the Walls (385). Interior looking east (after Piranesi, 1749) | 126 |
[17] 82 | Plan of St. Gall. Church, showing areas reserved for monks, and those accessible to laymen, 1:640 | 130 |
83 | Plan of St. Gall. Access road to Church and Monastery grounds, perspective reconstruction | 130 |
[18] 84 | Plan of St. Gall. Atrium, towers, and western half of Church | 132 |
85 | Glendalough, Wicklow, Ireland. Medieval round tower (10th cent.) | 134 |
86 | Tabriz, Adarbadschan, Iran. Blue Mosque (1437-1467), elevation of facade, 1:300 | 136 |
87 | Pers (Deux-Sèvres), France. Mortuary lantern | 138 |
88 | Heddernheim, Germany. Altar of Mithras, Mithras sanctuary | 138 |
89 | Poitiers, France. Merovingian stone from church of Notre-Dame-l'Ancienne (?) | 140 |
90 | Lucca, Italy. Villa Grinini (8th cent.). Marble fragment with six-lobed rosette | 140 |
91 | Parçay-Meslay, France. Six-lobed rosette in masonry of monastic barn (1211-1227) | 140 |
92 | Hex signs of Pennsylvania Dutch barns | 140 |
[19] 93 | Plan of St. Gall. Nave and aisles of Church | 142 |
94 | Thasos, Macedonia. Presbytery of basilica (6th cent.) | 144 |
95 | Lutrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 97. Baptismal scene | 146 |
96 | Deerhurst, Gloucestershire, England. Saxon baptismal font in priory church (9th-10th cent.) | 146 |
97 | Aachen, Germany. Baptismal font (ca. 1100) | 146 |
98 | Salonika, Greece. Ambo, Hagia Sofia | 148 |
[20] 99 | Plan of St. Gall. Transept, Presbytery, east apse, and paradise | 150 |
100, 100.X | Stuttgart, Germany. Church bench from Alpirsbach monastery (13th cent.) | 152 |
101 | Hexam, Northumberland, England. Night stairs, priory church (12th-13th cent.) | 153 |
102.A-B | Roman coins showing celestial canopies | |
A. Medal (187) showing Janus under canopy | ||
B. Sestertius showing Domitian enthroned under canopy | 154 | |
103 | Rome. Old St. Peter's (319/322-377). Presbytery as rebuilt (594-604) by Gregory | 154 |
104 | Tyre, Palestine (Lebanon). Paulinus's basilica (314). Reconstructed plan based on Eusebius's description | 154 |
105 | Codex Amiatinus I (beginning of 8th cent.), fol. 5r. Prophet Ezra writing | 156 |
106 | Vienna, Austria. Carved ivory book cover (9th-10th cent.) showing Gregory writing at a lectern | 157 |
107 | Plan of St. Gall. Church and Claustrum, authors' interpretation | 158 |
108 | Plan of St. Gall. Church and Claustrum, transverse section, 1:256, looking east, authors' interpretation | 161 |
109 | Plan of St. Gall. Church, longitudinal section, 1:256, authors' interpretation | 161 |
110 | Plan of St. Gall. Church interior, view toward east apse, authors' interpretation | 161 |
111.A-B | Plan of St. Gall. Church, elevations, 1:256 | |
A. North elevation. B. South elevation, authors' interpretations | 165 | |
112 | Plan of St. Gall. Church seen from north, looking south | 166 |
113 | Plan of St. Gall. Church seen from west, looking east, 1:384 | 167 |
114 | Hochst-on-the-Main, Germany. Capital, St. Justinius's church (ca. 834) | 168 |
115.X | Reichenau-Mittelzell. Capital, Haito's church of St. Mary (806-816) | 168 |
115 | St. Gall, Switzerland. Capital excavated below the pavement of the present church | 169 |
116 | Neustadt-am-Main. Saviour's Church (after 768-769). Isometric view | 170 |
117 | Reichenau-Mittelzell. Haito's church of SS Mary, Peter, and Paul (consecrated 816). Elevation, 1:300 | 170 |
118 | Plan of St. Gall. Crypt, Ostendorf's interpretation | 172 |
119 | Plan of St. Gall. Crypt, Hecht's interpretation | 172 |
120 | Corvey-on-the-Wesser, Germany. Westwork of abbey church (873-885), ground floor | 172 |
121 | Reichenau-Oberzell. Church of St. George (890-896). Crypt from entry shaft | 174 |
122 | Fulda, abbey church. Hall crypt (817-819), 1:300 | 176 |
123 | Plan of St. Gall. Crypt, authors' interpretation | 177 |
124 | Paris. St.-Germain-des-Près (12th cent.). Roof system and typical truss, 1:150 | 178 |
125 | Paris. St.-Pierre-de-Montmartre (12th cent.). Roof system, 1:150 | 178 |
126 | Rome. Roof of Old St. Peter's recorded by Fontana (1694) | 179 |
127 | Two basic Roman roof types according to Virtruvius | 180 |
128 | Syria. Batuta Chapel, porch, south side | 181 |
129 | Syria. Brad Convent, pediment of porch | 183 |
130 | Plan of St. Gall. Church interpreted by Dehio according to corrective explanatory titles, 1:768 | 182 |
131 | Plan of St. Gall. Church interpreted by Reinhardt according to corrective explanatory titles, 1:768 | 182 |
132 | Plan of St. Gall. Church, perspective cut. Crypt and altar space as interpreted by Reinhardt | 184 |
133 | Neustadt-am-Main. Savior's Church (after 768-769). Plan, 1:600 | 184 |
134 | Reichenau-Mittelzell. Haito's abbey church of St. Mary (consecrated 816). Plan, 1:600 | 185 |
135 | St. Riquier (Centula). Angilbert's abbey church (790-799). Plan, 1:600 | 185 |
136 | Vreden. Carolingian abbey church of SS Felicissimus, Agapitas, and Felicitas (ca. 800). Plan, 1:600 | 186 |
137 | Plan of St. Gall. Church interpreted by Reinle according to corrective explanatory titles | 186 |
137.X-141 | Comparative church plans at scale of 1:1500 | 187 |
137.X. St. Riquier (Centula). 138. Fulda, Ratger's abbey church (802-807). | ||
139. Cologne, Hildebold's church of SS Peter and Mary (before 819). | ||
140. Plan of St. Gall, Monastery Church. 141. Rome, Old St. Peter's (319 322-377) | 187 | |
142 | Ephesos. First Church of St. John (state in 450). Plan, 1:600 | 188 |
143 | Bethlehem. Church of the Nativity (end of 5th cent.) Plan, 1:600 | 188 |
144, 145 | Thasos, Macedonia. Cruciform church (6th cent). Plan, 1:600, and schematic rendering | 189 |
146 | Salona, Dalmatia. Cruciform church (6th cent.). Egger's reconstruction | 190 |
147 | Kornelismünster, Germany. Abbey church of the Saviour (816-817). Plan, 1:600 | 190 |
148.A-C, X | Cruciform non-aisled churches with disengaged crossings. Plans | |
A. Tomarza, Cappadocia (5th-6th cent.), 1:600 | ||
B. Halvadere, Cappadocia (5th-6th cent.), 1:600 | ||
C. Pfalzel, near Trier. Abbey church of Adala (before 715) | ||
X. Sivri Hissar, Cappadocia (5th-6th cent.), 1:600 | 191 | |
149.A-B | Gerasa (Jerash), Palestine. Church of Prophets, Apostles, and Martyrs (464-465) | |
A. Plan, 1:600. B. Section, 1:400 | 192 | |
150 | Mousmieh, Syria. Praetorium (ca. 180). Plan, 1:600 | 192 |
151.A-B | Vagharshapat (Echmiadzin), Armenia. Church of St. Gayané (630-346) A. Plan, 1:600. B. Plan, 1:300 | 193 |
151.X a-d | Bande, Galicia, Spain. Church of Santa Comba (7th cent.) | |
a. Axonomic projection. b. Plan, 1:300. c. Plan, 1:600. d. Section, 1:250 | 193 | |
151.Y | Trier, Germany. North basilica (325-380). Isometric reconstruction redrawn from Krautheimer | 194 |
152.A-C | Germigny-des-Près. Church of Theodulf of Orleans (806-810) | |
A. Plan, 1:600. B. Plan, 1:300. C. Exterior view from southwest | 194 | |
153.A-B | Rome. S. Maria in Cosmedin (8th cent.). Crypt plan | |
A. Plan, 1:600. B. Plan, 1:125 | 195 | |
154.A-B | Rome. Old St. Peter's (319/322-377). Crypt | |
A. Plan, 1:600. B. Plan, 1:325 | 194, 195 | |
[21] 155.A-B | Plan of St. Gall. Fore choir and system of crypts. Plans | |
A. Plan, 1:600. B. Plan, 1:192 | 196 | |
156.A-B | Loire-Atlantique, France. St.-Philbert-de-Grandlieu (819). Crypt (847-859) | |
A. Plan, 1:600. B. Plan, 1:400 | 197 | |
157.A-B | Auxerre, France. Church of St.-Germain. Crypt (859) | |
A. Plan, 1:600. B. Plan, 1:400 | 197 | |
158.A-B | Flavigny-sur-Ozerain, France. Church of St. Pierre (864-878). Crypt plans | |
A. Plan, 1:600. B. Plan, 1:275 | 198 | |
159 | Lepcis Magna, Tripolitania. Basilica of Septimius Severus (146-211). Plan | 199 |
160 | St. Maurice d'Agaune, Switzerland. Carolingian basilica (end of 8th cent.). Plan, 1:600 | 200 |
161 | Corinth-Lechaion, Greece. Church of St. Leonidas (450-460?); atrium, 518-527. Plan, 1:600 (redrawn by E.B.) | 201 |
162 | Ravenna, Italy. Church of San Vitale (532-546). Plan, 1:600 | 202 |
163 | Werden casket (7th cent.). Fragment showing the Visitation | 203 |
164 | Plan of St. Gall. Altar arrangement | 204 |
165 | Plan of St. Gall. Axonometric view of altar & altar screens, authors' interpretation | 205 |
166 | Ravenna, Italy, San Giovanni Evangelista (424-434). Plan, 1:600, with square grid superimposed | 206 |
166.X | St.-Denis. Abbey church (775) redrawn from Crosby and Conant. Plan, 1:500 | 207 |
167.A-B | Neustadt-am-Main. Savior's Church (768-769) with square grid superimposed | |
A. Plan, 1:600. B. Plan, 1:300 | 208 | |
168 | St. Riquier (Centula). Abbey church (790-799). Plan, 1:600, with square grid superimposed (after Aachter) | 209 |
169 | Fulda. Plan, 1:600, of the abbey as attained under Ratger (802-817) with square grid superimposed | 210 |
170 | Rome. Old St. Peter's (319/322-377). Plan, 1:600, showing construction method by means of √2 rectangle (interpreted by Born) |
211 |
171 | Reichenau-Mittelzell. Haito's abbey church (consecrated 816). Plan, 1:600, with square grid superimposed | 212 |
172 | Cologne. Carolingian cathedral of SS Peter and Mary (founded by Hildebold, d. 819). | |
Plan 1:600, with square grid superimposed | 213 | |
173 | Plan of St. Gall. Monastery Church. Plan, 1:600 | 214 |
174 | Rome. Santa Maria Maggiore (432-440). Interior looking east | 215 |
175, 176 | Feddersen-Wierde. Aisled house of a chieftain, Warf layer IIB (1st-2nd cent. B.C.) Elevation, and plan | 216 |
177.A-D | Diagram illustrating two modes of space composition: aggregation, and bay division | |
A. Rome, St. Paul's. B. London, tithe barn at Great Harmondsworth. C. Speyer Cathedral. D. Amiens Cathedral |
217 | |
178 | Lindisfarne Gospels (ca. 700), fol. 2v. Great cruciform page | 218 |
179.A-B | Lindisfarne Gospels (ca. 700)., fol. 2v. Great cruciform page with square grid superimposed | |
A. First stage. B. Second stage | 219 | |
180.A-D | Lindisfarne Gospels (ca. 700), fol. 2v. Details of the great cruciform page | |
A. Photograph of square panel above arm of cross (fig. 187). | ||
B. Photograph of square grid visible on corresponding portion of folio 4r. | ||
C. Square grid with outlines of cross and lozenge pattern. | ||
D. Final state of pattern, authors' reconstruction | 220 | |
181 | Lindisfarne Gospels (ca. 700), fol. 138v. Cruciform page preceding Gospel of Luke | 222 |
182 | Diagram showing use of square grid in constructing the cruciform page (fig. 181) | 223 |
183.A-D | Ada Gospels (beginning of 9th cent.), fol. 59v | |
A. Canon tables, fol. 6v. B. Canon table, fol. 8v. C, D. Diagrams showing application of square grid in constructing canon tables of A, B |
224, 226, 227 | |
184.A-B | Ada Gospels (beginning of 9th cent.), fol. 59v | |
A. Portrayal of St. Luke. | ||
B. Diagram showing application of square grid in construction of arch framing | 228, 229 | |
185 | Codex Aureus of Echternach (11th cent.), fol. 2v. Christ in Majesty | 230 |
186 | Speyer Cathedral (1082-1106). Interior of nave looking east | 231 |
187 | William of Auvergne, Liber de Universo (1230-1236). Hierarchies of Heaven, State, and Church, authors' interpretation |
232 |
188.A-B | Hildesheim. St. Michael's Church (1010-1033) | |
A. Plan, 1:600. B. Longitudinal section, 1:450 | 233 | |
189.A-D | Jumièges. Abbey church (1040-1067) | |
A. Plan, 1:600. B. Longitudinal section, 1:450. C. South wall of nave. | ||
D. Recess of arch span (detail) | 234, 235 | |
190.A-B | Speyer Cathedral (1082-1106) | |
A. Plan. B. Longitudinal section | 236 | |
190.X | Genoels-Eideren Diptych (8th cent.). Back cover, Annunciation and Visitation | 238 |
PART III THE CLOISTERS AND THE ABBOT'S HOUSE | ||
191 | Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Cloister, Church, and the adjacent buildings | 240 |
[22] 192 | Plan of St. Gall. Principal claustral structures and the Monks' Cloister, authors' interpretation | 244 |
193.A-C | Umm-is-Surab, Syria. Convent of SS Sergios and Bacchos (489) | |
A. Plan, 1:600. B. Plan, 1:300. C. Section | 246 | |
194.A-B | Id-Dêr, Syria. Monastery (5th cent.) | |
A. Plan, 1:600. B. Section, 1:400 | 247 | |
195 | Inishmurry, Sligo, Ireland. Monastic cashel of St. Molaise (early 6th cent.) | 248 |
196 | St. Riquier (Centula). Abbey church and cloister of Angilbert (790-799), copied in 1612 from Chronicon Centulense (before 1088) |
250 |
197 | St. Riquier (Centula). 19th-century cadastral plan (1:4000) showing Gothic the abbey and churches of SS Benedict and Mary |
251 |
198, 199 | Lorsch. First monastery of Chrodegang (760-774). Plan, 1:600, and axonometric reconstruction | 252 |
200, 200.X | Lorsch. Monastery of Richbold (784-804). 12th-cent. plan, 1:1800, and projection | 255 |
201 | Lorsch. Monastery of Richbold (784-804). Isometric reconstruction, 1:1200 | 254 |
202 | Silchester, Hampshire, England. Roman basilica and forum (1st. cent. B.C.). Plan, 1:600 | 256 |
[23] 203 | Plan of St. Gall. Cloister yard | 257 |
204 | Dioscurides, Materia Medica (Codex Vindobonensis, 50. A.D.), fol. 48v. Savin plant (Juniperus sabina) |
258 |
205-207 | Ibiza, Spain. Savin plant (Juniperus sabina). Various growth habits | 259 |
[24] 208 | Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Dormitory and Warming Room, with Privy, Bathhouse, and Laundry | 260 |
209.A-D | Pfalz Werla, Germany. Hypocaust of fortified hall (920-930) of Henry I of Saxony | |
A. Firing chamber. B. Cross section through anteroom | ||
C. Cross section through firing chamber | ||
D. Longitudinal section through entire system | 261 | |
210 | Hartmann Schedel, Liber Chronicarum (1493), fol. CV. Wooden bathtub | 262 |
211 | Plan of St. Gall. Refectory, Vestiary, and Kitchen Refectory | 263 |
211.X | Plan of St. Gall. Refectory. Interior looking east, authors' reconstruction | 264 |
212 | Catalonia, Spain. Monastery of Poblet. Reader's pulpit in refectory (12th cent.) | 265 |
213 | Winchester Psalter (1150-1160), fol. 17v. Cupboard for drinking vessels, and butlers serving | 266 |
214 | Michael Wohlgemuth, Schatzbehalter (1491), fol. 86. Royal banquet | 267 |
215 | Burg Kreuzstein, Austria. Cupboard (14th cent.) | 268 |
216 | Halberstadt, Germany. Our Lady's Church. Romanesque cupboard | 269 |
217 | Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Kitchen, interpreted by Völkers | 269 |
218 | Kuchemaistrey (Augsburg, 1507). Kitchen with cook and maid | 269 |
219 | Georgius Agricola, De Re Metallica (1556), Book X, p. 446. Alchemist's workshop | 270 |
220 | Mesopotamia. Palace of Mari (2nd millennium B.C.). Kitchen stove | 271 |
221 | Pompeii. House of the Vetii. Hearth on arches | 272 |
222.A-B | Marmoutier, France. Kitchen of monastery | |
A. Plan, 1:150. B. Elevation | 273 | |
223.A-B | Fontevrault, France. Kitchen of monastery | |
A. Plan, 1:150. B. Elevation | 274 | |
224.A-C | Chichester, Sussex, England. Kitchen, bishop's palace (14th cent.) | |
A. Plan at scale of Plan of St. Gall, 1:192. B. Section, 1:96. C. Plan of St. Gall, Kitchen | 276 | |
[25] 225 | Plan of St. Gall. Cellar and Larder | 278 |
226 | Pompeii. Tavern sign showing transport of amphorae of wine | 280 |
227 | Nimes, Maison Carrée. Roman dolium | 278 |
227.X | Bogazköy, Ankara, Turkey. Temple 1 (1275-1229 B.C.) with pithoi | 281 |
228 | Boscoreale, Italy. Cave of Roman villa with dolia | 281 |
229.A-B | Wooden transport barrels | |
A. Mainz, Germany. Remains of Roman barrel. | ||
B. Haithabu site, northern Germany (9th cent.). Wooden transport barrel for wine, re-used as well shaft | 281 | |
230 | Augsburg, Germany. Roman relief of wine merchant's, cellar in Roman Germanic territory | 280 |
231 | Rome. Trajan's Column (113). Roman galley loading barrels from depot on bank | 282 |
232 | Cabrieres d'Aygues. Vaucluse, France. Gallo-Roman stone relief showing boatmen towing barrel-laden boat | 283 |
233 | Langres, France. Gallo-Roman relief showing cart-transported barrel | 284 |
234 | Bayeux Tapestry (1073-1083). Soldiers carrying wine and arms on a cart | 285 |
235.A-C | Plan of St. Gall. Monk's Cellar. Diagrams of wine storage capacity for 300 people | |
A. Measures of volumes of larger and smaller barrels compared. | ||
B. Allowance of 1 hemina per day. C. Allowance of 2 heminae per day | 286 | |
236 | Plan of St. Gall. Novitiate and Infirmary with their kitchens and bathhouses. Plan, 1:384 | 288 |
237 | Plan of St. Gall. Kitchen and Bathhouse type for Novitiate and Infirmary, authors' reconstruction | 289 |
238 | Roger of Salerno, Chirurgia (13th cent.), III, 25, fol. 7. Physician inspecting sample | 290 |
239 | Rome. Trajan's forum and basilica (dedicated 113). Plan | 291 |
240.A-B | Trier. Aula of imperial palace with colonnaded courts and narthex (ca. 330) | |
A. Plan, 1:350. B. Perspective view from southeast | 292, 293 | |
241.A-B | Konz (Contionacum), Germany. Imperial summer residence (4th cent.) | |
A. Plan, 1:600. B. Perspective reconstruction | 294 | |
242 | Kloosterberg, Netherlands. Roman villa, perspective reconstruction | 296 |
243 | Gerasa (Jerash), Palestine. Three Early Christian sanctuaries on axis (St. Theodore, 494-496; Gerasa, ca. 400; shrine of St. Mary). Projection, 1:800 |
297 |
244 | Canterbury. Saxon abbey church of SS Peter and Paul, and church of St. Mary (both 597-604). | |
Plan, 1:384 | 298 | |
245 | Book of Kells (8th cent.), fol. 188r. Opening word of St. Mark Gospels | 300 |
246 | Plan of St. Gall. Diagram of distribution of principal building masses, 1:1024 | 301 |
247 | Plan of St. Gall. Novitiate and Infirmary. Plan, 1:256, authors interpretation | 302 |
248.A-B | Plan of St. Gall. Novitiate and Infirmary, author's interpretation | |
A. Cross section through Cloister and Chapel, 1:256. B. West elevation | 304 | |
249.A-B | Plan of St. Gall. Chapels of Novitiate and Infirmary, authors' interpretation | |
A. Longitudinal elevation, chapels and section east to west, through cloister, 1:256. B. Longitudinal section through chapels, looking south |
306 | |
[26] 250. | Plan of St. Gall. Air view of Novitiate and Infirmary from southeast, author's interpretation | 308 |
[27] 251 | Plan of St. Gall. Abbott's House | 310 |
252 | Canterbury. Christchurch Monastery. Detail of plan (ca. 1165) showing abbot's house | 311 |
253 | Bayeux Tapestry (1073-1083). Harold and followers in solarium at Bosham | 312 |
254 | Plan of St. Gall. Abbot's House. Reconstruction by Fiechter-Zollikofer | 314 |
255 | Plan of St. Gall. Abbot's House. Reconstruction by Volkers | 315 |
256.A-B | Helmstedt, Germany. Marienthal monastery, Abbot's house (14th cent.) | |
A. Plan. B. Reconstruction | 315 | |
257 | Plan of St. Gall. Abbot's House, after model, authors' interpretation | 316 |
258.A-C | Plan of St. Gall. Abbot's House, authors' interpretation | |
A. Plan, 1:256. B. Longitudinal section. C. Transverse section | 318 | |
259.A-C | Plan of St. Gall. Abbot's House, exterior elevations, authors' interpretation, 1:192 | |
A. West elevation. B. East elevation. C. North elevation | 320 | |
260.A-C | Plan of St. Gall. Abbot's House, Kitchen, Bath, and Larder, authors' interpretation | |
A. Plan, 1:256. B. West elevation, 1:192. C. South elevation | 322 | |
PART IV THE MONASTIC POLITY | ||
Table i | Administrative and executive organization of a Benedictine monastery | 326 |
ill.I.329 | Majuscule letters (enlarged), Bodleian Library, Hatton 48, fols. 58r, 11v, 51v | 329 |
ill.I.330 | The Abbot, Bodleian Library, Hatton 48, fols. 7v-8r | 330 |
ill.I.332 | The Prior, Bodleian Library, Hatton 48, fol. 70v | 332 |
ill.I.333 | The Deans, Bodleian Library, Hatton 48, fol. 33v | 333 |
ill.I.334 | The Cellarer, Bodleian Library, Hatton 48, fol. 39r | 334 |
ill.I.336 | The Chamberlain, Bodleian Library, Hatton 48, fol. 40v | 336 |
ill.I.338 | The Opus Dei, Bodleian Library, Hatton 48, fol. 48v | 338 |
ill.I.340 | The Divine Office, Bodleian Library, Hatton 48, fol. 33r | 340 |
Table II | Approximate number of monks in certain Carolingian monasteries | 343 |
ill.I.344 | The Craftsman, Bodleian Library, Hatton 48, fols. 60r-60v | 344 |
[28] ill.I.345 | The Porter, Bodleian Library, Hatton 48, fol. 72v | 345 |
261-263 | Utrecht Psalter (ca. 830) | |
Details: fol. 7v, illustration for Psalm XXI (14); fol. 49v, illustration for Psalm LXXXIV (85); illustration for Psalm LXXVII (78) |
346, 348, 350 | |
263.X | Gospel of Gundohinus (ca. 754), fol. 12v. Christ in Majesty | 355 |
ill.I.356 | Ettelbrück. Marble fragment (5th cent.). Doves opposed on either side of a vase | 356 |
[TAILPIECE] |
xx
[ILLUSTRATION]
figure | PRELIMINARIES | |
ill.II.vii | Agnus dei (mid-8th cent.), Laon, ms. 137, fol. IV, detail | vii |
ill.II.ix | Lorsch Gospels (ca. 810), fol. 116r. "Incipit capitulare," detail | ix |
264.X frontispiece | Plan of St. Gall. Authors' interpretation | [ILLUSTRATION] |
PART V THE GUEST AND SERVICE BUILDINGS | ||
264.A-C | Plan of St. Gall. Perspectives of Outer School (interpreted by Keller, 1884) | |
A. Plan. B. Structure with roof removed. C. Internal open court. | 4 | |
265.A-C | Roman atrium house with rain catch-basin | |
A. Plan (after Luckenbach, 1910). B. Perspective (after Kahler, 1960). C. Longitudinal section | 6 | |
266 | Plan of St. Gall. Bird's-eye view of the monastery (model by Lasius for Rahn, 1877) | 7 |
267 | Plan of St. Gall. Reconstruction of the buildings of the Plan (model by Leemann, 1877) | 8 |
268 | Archaic Etrusco-Roman house. Reconstruction (after Petroni, 1942) | 10 |
269 | Poggio Gaiella. Etruscan ash urn (1st millennium B.C.) | 11 |
270 | Nendeln, Liechtenstein. Plan of a Roman villa (after Jenny) | 12 |
271 | Bilsdorf, Luxembourg. Plan of a Roman villa (after Oelmann, 1928) | 12 |
272.A-B | Bilsdorf, Luxembourg. Plan of a Roman villa (2nd-3rd cent.) | |
A. Plan with chambers identified, 1:200. B. Plan, 1:600 | 14 | |
273 | Bilsdorf, Luxembourg. Roman villa, perspective view, authors' reconstruction | 15 |
274.A-C | Plan of St. Gall. Outer School (after Oelmann, 1923-24) | |
A. Without roofs, and with walls at full height. B. Without roofs, and walls partly removed. C. With roofs |
16 | |
275 | Engadin, Switzerland. Plan of Swiss farmhouse (late 19th cent.) | 17 |
276 | Danish farmhouse showing timber construction of roof, detail | 17 |
277 | Plan of St. Gall. Bird's-eye view of the monastery (reconstruction by Fiechter-Zollikofer) | 18 |
278 | Plan of St. Gall. Outer School. Plan and elevation (interpreted by Fiechter-Zollikofer, 1936) | 19 |
NOTE ill. III. xx LAON. Gospel Book (mid-9th cent.) | ||
Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 63, fol. 26, 29·5 × 23·cm | ||
SCHOOL OF TOURS | ||
Selection of letters from an incipit page. Redrawn and shown about 1·75 × original size. | ||
Drawn capital letters of such elegance, refinement and perfection were never surpassed at any later period in the development of the drawn Roman Capital. |
||
279 | Plan of St. Gall. Outer School. Smoke outlet at roof ridge (after Fiechter-Zollikofer, 1936) | 19 |
280 | Plan of St. Gall. House for Distinguished Guests. Exterior perspective (after Völckers, 1949) | 20 |
281 | Plan of St. Gall. House for Distinguished Guests. Interior perspective (after Völckers, 1949) | 20 |
282 | Plan of St. Gall. Bird's-eye view of the monastery (reconstruction by Gruber, 1937) | 21 |
283 | Plan of St. Gall. Bird's eye-view of the monastery (reconstruction by Sorrell, 1966) | 22 |
284.A-B | North Germanic house of the Saga period (9th-13th cent.) | |
A. Plan. B. Perspective view of interior [ILLUSTRATION] |
25 | |
285.A-B | North Germaic house of the Saga period (9th-13th cent.) | |
A. Interior view. B. Exterior view | 26 | |
ill.II.27 | Bronze Scandinavian ornament (late Iron Age, 6th cent.) | 27 |
286 | House of the Lex Bajuvariorum (8th cent.). Plan | 28 |
287.A-D | House of the Lex Bajuvariorum (8th cent.). Reconstruction (Gruber, 1926) | |
A. Plan. B. Longitudinal section. C. Elevation. D. Transerve section | 30 | |
288 | House of the Lex Bajuvariorum (8th cent.). Axonometric view (Gebhard, 1951) | 32 |
288.Xa-c | Zwenkau-Harth, Germany. Aisled house of the Banded Pottery People (3rd millennium B.C.) | |
a. Key plan, 1:1200. b. Section, 1:120. c. Plan, 1:400 | 32 | |
289.A-B | House of the Lex Bajuvariorum (8th cent.). Authors' interpretation | |
A. Perspective with roof removed. B. Plan with structural members identified | 34, 35 | |
290 | Känne, Gotland, Sweden. Germanic long house (3rd-5th cent.). Plan, 1:300 | 36 |
291.A-C | Ljosta, Gotland, Sweden. Germanic house (3rd-5th cent.), reconstruction of Boethius and Nihlen | |
A. Foundation. B, C. Reconstruction of the dwelling | 37 | |
292.A-C | Iceland, Þorsardalur Valley. Hall Stöng (9th-13th cent.) | |
A. Plan, 1:150. B. Foundations after excavation. C. Interior view | 38 | |
293, 294 | Ezinge, Groningen, The Netherlands. House A, Warf-layer VI (4th cent. B.C.) | |
Foundations, and plan | 40, 41 | |
296 | Ezinge, Groningen, The Netherlands. Plan of cluster settlement, Warf-layer V (4th-3rd cent. B.C.) | 43 |
297 | Ezinge, Groningen, The Netherlands. Interior of House B, cluster settlement, Warf-layer V (4th-3rd cent. B.C.) |
44 |
298.A-B | Ezinge, Groningen, The Netherlands. Cattle barn, Warf-layer IV (2nd cent. B.C.) | |
A. Plan, 1:150. B. Authors' reconstruction showing roof framing | 46 | |
299 | Ezinge, Groningen, The Netherlands. Cattle barn, Warf-layer IV (2nd cent. B.C.) | 47 |
300.A-D | Pre- and protohistorical carpentry joints of Neolithic and Bronze ages | 48 |
301 | Wijchen, Gelderland, The Netherlands. Site plan, Iron Age houses (4th cent. B.C.), 1:125 | 49 |
302 | Wijchen, Gelderland, The Netherlands. Two Iron Age house plans (4th cent. B.C.), 1:125 | 49 |
303.A-B | Fochteloo, Friesland, The Netherlands. Houses of a West Germanic farmer and his retainers (1st-4th cent. A.D.) |
|
A. Air view of site, looking north. B. Plan of settlement, 1:1200 | 50 | |
304.A-C | Fochteloo, Friesland, The Netherlands. House of a wealthy Germanic farmer (1st-4th cent. A.D.) | |
A. Plan, 1:300. B, C. Plan, final condition | 51 | |
305.A-B | Leens, Groningen, The Netherlands. Aisled house with turf walls (700-1000 A.D.) | |
A. Plan, 1:150. B. Section; and excavation, 1:150 | 52 | |
306.A-B | Leens, Groningen, The Netherlands. Aisled house with walls (700-1000), transverse sections | |
A. House of Warf-layer B. B. House of Warf-layer B with wattlework walls | 52 | |
307 | Hodorf, Holstein, Germany. Aisled farm house (1st-2nd cent.). Plan, 1:200 | 53 |
308 | Hodorf, Holstein, Germany. Exterior view, aisled view, aisled house (1st-3rd cent.) | 54 |
309.A-B | Einswarden, Nordenheim, Germany. Post and wattle house (ca. birth of Christ) | |
A. Plan, 1:125. B. Reconstruction | 55 | |
310, 310.X | Aalburg, Luxembourg. Aisled house (5th cent. B.C.). Cross section; isometric view, 1:125 | 56 |
311 | Aalburg, Luxembourg. Aisled house (5th cent. B.C.). Plan, 1:125 | 56 |
312 | Wilhelmshaven-Hessens, Germany. Aisled house (6th-9th cent.). Exterior view | 58 |
313.A-C | Jemgum, Leer, Germany. Aisled house (7th-5th cent. B.C.) | |
A. Plan, 1:80 B. Cross section. C. Elevation | 60 | |
314 | Jemgum, Leer, Germany. Aisled house (7th-5th cent. B.C.). Exterior view | 61 |
315 | Feddersen Wierde, Germany. Aisled houses of Warf-layer B (1st-2nd cent.). Plan of site, 1:500 | 62 |
316.A-B | Feddersen-Wierde, Germany. Aisled house of a chieftain, Warf-layer B (1st-2nd cent.) | |
A. Plan, 1:300. B. Authors' reconstruction | 63 | |
317 | Feddersen-Wierde, Germany. House of the earliest settlement horizon (detail) | 65 |
318.A, C, D | Nauen-Barhorst. Migration period village (2nd-3rd cent.). Wall construction | 64 |
A. Vertical boards between slotted posts. | ||
C. Woven wattle infill between posts. | ||
D. Horizontal boards, lower edge slotted | 64 | |
318.B | Leigh Court Worcestershire, England. (ca. 1325). Woven wattle walls | 64 |
319, 320 | Elisenhof, Schleswig, Germany. Aisled house (9th cent.). Overview of the warf with remains of houses; detail of wattled walls |
66 |
321 | Antwerp, Belgium. Unaisled and aisled houses (early 11th cent.). Plans | 67 |
322 | Antwerp, Belgium. Aisled house (early 11th cent.) Reconstruction | 68 |
323 | Elp, Drenthe, The Netherlands. Aisled long house of a Bronze Age settlement (ca. 1250 B.C.). Plan, 1:175 | 69 |
324.A-B | Cheddar, Somerset, England. Aisled palace halls (12th and 13th cent.) | |
A. Composite plan, East Halls I, II, III, 1:500. B. Hall in 1100-1135, 1:300 | 70 | |
325.A, A.1 | Warendorf, Westphalia, Germany. House types of early medieval settlements (650-800) | |
A. Exterior view. A.1 Plan, House 47, level A, period 4, 1:250 | 72 | |
325.B, B.1 | Warendorf, Westphalia, Germany. House types of early medieval settlements (600-800) | |
B. Exterior view. B.1 Plan, House 7, level 4 period I, 1:250 | 73 | |
326.A-G | Warendorf, Westphalia, Germany. House types of early medieval settlements (650-800) | |
Drawings and plan types, 1:250 | 74, 75, 76 | |
327 | Ezinge, Groningen, The Netherlands. House B of Warf-layer V (3rd cent. B.C.) | 78 |
328 | Sturla Thordasson, Sturlunga Saga (13th cent.). Gizur's stofa at Flugumyr. | |
Order of seating as described in the text | 80 | |
329 | Plan of St. Gall. Basic house form (Kitchen and Bath of Novitiate) | |
330 | Plan of St. Gall. House variant 1 (Annex to Collective Workshop) | 83 |
331 | Plan of St. Gall. House variant 2 (House of Fowlkeepers) | 84 |
332 | Plan of St. Gall. House variant 3A (House of Physcians) | 84 |
333 | Plan of St. Gall. House variant 3B (House for Brood Mares) | 85 |
334 | Plan of St. Gall. House variant 4 (House for Sheep and Shepherds) | 85 |
335 | Albrecht Dürer. The Village of Kalkreuth (ca. 1500) | 86 |
336 | Engraving after Pieter Bruegel the Elder | 87 |
337 | Husterknupp, Lower Rhine Valley, Germany. Dwelling (9th cent.) | 88 |
338 | Stellerberg, Dithmarschen, Germany. House 3 of fortified settlement (9th cent.) | 88 |
[29] 339 | Leicester Castle, Leicestershire, England. Interior of great hall (ca. 1150) | 89 |
340 | Hereford, Herefordshire, England. Bishop's palace. Interior of great hall (ca. 1150) | 90 |
341.A-C | Chichester, Sussex, England. St. Mary's Hospital (end of 13th cent.) | |
A. Plan showing building at original length, 1:256. | ||
B. Longitudinal section at original length, 1:256. C. Transverse section | 91, 92, 93 | |
342 | Chichester, Sussex, England. St. Mary's Hospital (end of 13th cent.) | |
Scheme of construction drawn in perspective | 94 | |
343 | Chichester, Sussex, England, St. Mary's Hospital (end of 13th cent.). Perspective reconstruction of original interior |
95 |
344 | Nurstead Court, Kent, England. Manor hall (14th cent.). Exterior view drawn by Edward Blore before 1837 | 96 |
345 | Nurstead Court, Kent, England. Manor hall (14th cent.). Interior view drawn by Edward Blore before 1837 | 97 |
346.A-D | Nurstead Court, Kent, England. Manor hall (14th cent.). Reconstructed plan | |
A. Reconstructed plan, 1:128. B. Plan of existing conditions. | ||
C. Reconstruction of the building in its form prior to 1825, 1:192. | ||
D. Longitudinal section of existing portion, 1:64 | 98, 99 | |
347.A-C | Little Chesterford, Essex, England. Manor hall (ca. 1225 through 15th cent.). | |
A. Plan, condition in 13th cent. and later. | ||
B. Plan at ground level, existing conditions (1960). | ||
C. Section of principal post | 100 | |
348 | Little Chesterford, Essex, England. Manor hall (ca. 1320-30). Perspective of interior looking west | 101 |
349 | Great Coxwell, Berkshire, England. Barn of the abbey grange (14th cent.). View from northwest | 102 |
350.A-C | Great Coxwell, Berkshire, England. Barn of the abbey grange (14th cent.) | |
A. Plan, 1:256. B. Intermediate bay, 1:128. C. Transverse section, 1:128 | 104, 105 | |
351 | Great Coxwell, Berkshire, England. Barn of the abbey grange, (14th cent.). Interior looking south | 107 |
352 | Parçay-Meslay, France. Barn of the abbey grange (1211-1227). Exterior from northeast | 107 |
353 | Parçay-Meslay, France. Barn of the abbey grange (1211-1227). Interior looking east | 108 |
354.A-B | Parçay-Meslay, France. Barn of the abbey grange (1211-1227) | |
A. Plan. B. Transverse section | 110, 111 | |
355 | Parçay-Meslay, France. Barn of abbey grange (1211-1227). Interior looking into roof ridge (photo. Roberts) | 112 |
ill.II.113 | MAP: Tours and environs locating grange of Parçay-Meslay, 1:200,000 | 113 |
356.A-B | Chichester, Sussex, England. St. Mary's Hospital (13th cent.). Construction details of principal post, tie beam, roof plate |
114 |
357.A-B | Great Coxwell, Berkshire, England. Barn of the abbey grange (14th cent.). Construction details of principal post, tie beam, truss- and roof-rafter |
114 |
358.A-C | Plan of St. Gall. Hearths in several buildings, 1:192 | |
A. House for Distinguished Guests. | ||
B. Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers. C. Outer School | 117 | |
359 | Wijchen, Gelderland, The Netherlands. Iron Age house (4th cent. B.C.). Plan, 1:150 | 118 |
360 | Kraghede, Vendsyssel, Denmark. Iron Age house (4th cent. B.C.). Plan, 1:150 | 118 |
361 | New College, Oxford, England. The Great Hall (1378-1386). Lanterns on roof ridge | 119 |
362 | Magdalen College, Oxford, England. The Great Hall (1448-1480). Lanterns on roof ridge | 119 |
363 | Napa Valley, California. Dairy barn with louvers | 120 |
364 | Benecia, California. Ruined barn with louvers | 120 |
365 | Jean le Prince, Les Lavandières, (1770). Farm building with louver | 121 |
366 | Grimami Breviary (1490-1510), fol. 7v. Labors of July showing farm building with louver | 121 |
367 | Grimani Breviary (1490-1510), fol. 2v. Labors of February showing farm building with louver | 122 |
368 | Dutch Bible (Utrecht, 1465), fol. 153v (detail). Barn roof with hinged hatches | 122 |
369, 370 | Dutch farm building (18th cent.). Details of roof showing hatches | 123 |
371.A-B | Plan of St. Gall. Corner fireplaces in various buildings | |
A. Abbot's House. B. House for Distinguished Guests | 124 | |
372 | Mesopotamia, Palace of Mari (2nd millennium B.C.) Corner fireplace | 124 |
373 | Le Puy-en-Velay, France. Wall fireplace (12th cent.) | 125 |
374 | Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany. Corner fireplace (13th cent.) | 125 |
375 | Plan of St. Gall. House for Distinguished Guests. Corner fireplace, authors' reconstruction | 126 |
376 | Gryten, Västergotland, Sweden. Corner fireplace with hood and oven | 126 |
377 | Sannap, Halland, Sweden. Corner fireplace with hood and oven | 126 |
378 | Les Tres Riches Heures de Jean de France (15th cent.). February labors, (detail) showing fireplace | 127 |
379.A | Saalburg, Hesse, Germany. Fortified Roman camp showing pillared hypocaust | 128 |
379.B | St.-Remy, Bouches-du-Rhöne, France. Ruins of Roman pillared hypocaust at Glanum | 129 |
380 | Silchester, Hampshire, England. Channeled Roman hypocaust | 130 |
381.A-B | Plan of St. Gall. Firing chambers and smoke stacks, various buildings | |
A. Monks' Warming room. B. Warming Room of Novitiate | 131 | |
382.A-C | Plan of St. Gall. Baking ovens, various buildings | |
A. Monks' Bake and Brew House | ||
B. House for Distinguished Guests | ||
C. House for Pilgrims and Paupers | 132, 133 | |
383 | Taubried-am-Federsee, Wurttemburg, Germany. Neolithic baking oven | 133 |
384.A-B | Langenbeck, Harburg, Germany. Langobardic baking oven | |
A. Exterior view. B. Cross section | 133 | |
385 | Rome. Monument of the baker Eurysaces (1st cent. B.C.), detail | 133 |
386.A-C | Mesopotamia, Palace of Mari (2nd millennium B.C.). Baking oven | |
A. Plan. B. Section. C. Elevation of oven opening, 1:50 | 134 | |
387 | Behaim Codex (1505), fol. 246. Bakehouse with oven, kettle, and kneading tables | 135 |
388 | Tübingen University Library, Codex M.D. 2 (late 15th cent.), fol. 29v, detail. Children of Saturn baking pastries | 136 |
389.A-G | Plan of St. Gall. Kitchen stoves and brewing ranges in various houses | |
A. Monks' Kitchen. B. House for Distinguished Guests. C. House for Pilgrims and Paupers | ||
D. Novitiate. E. Infirmary. | ||
F. Monks' Bake and Brewhouse. | ||
G. House for Horses and Oxen and their Keepers | 137, 138 | |
390 | Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 207, detail. Cook stirring kettles | 139 |
[30] 391, 391.X | Plan of St. Gall. Lodging for Visiting Monks | |
X. Site plan | 140, 141 | |
[31] 392 | Plan of St. Gall. Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers | 141 |
393.A-E | Plan of St. Gall. Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers. Authors' interpretation, 1:192 | |
A. Plan. B. Longitudinal section. C. East elevation. D. Transverse section. E. North elevation | 142, 143 | |
[32] 394.A-B | Plan of St. Gall. Lodging of the Master of the Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers | |
A. Plan. B. Circulation pattern | 144 | |
[33] 395.A-B | Plan of St. Gall. Lodging of the Porter | |
A. Plan. B. Circulation pattern | 145 | |
[34] 396 | Plan of St. Gall. House for Distinguished Guests, with Kitchen Annex | 146 |
397.A-F | Plan of St. Gall. House for Distinguished Guests. Authors' interpretation, 1:192 | |
A. Plan. B. Longitudinal section. C. South elevation | ||
D. North elevation | ||
E. Transverse section. F. East elevation | 147, 148, 149 | |
398 | Plan of St. Gall. House for Distinguished Guests. Authors' reconstruction. Perspective showing nave | 150 |
399 | Plan of St. Gall. House for Distinguished Guests. Authors' reconstruction. Exterior view | 151 |
400 | Plan of St. Gall. Kitchen, Bake, and Brewhouse for Distinguished Guests. Authors' interpretation Roof framing with timbers removed |
152 |
401.A-D | Plan of St. Gall, Kitchen, Bake, and Brewhouse for Distinguished Guests. Authors' interpretation, 1:192 | |
A. Ground Plan. B. Transverse section. C. East elevation. D. West elevation | 154 | |
[35] 402, 402.X | Plan of St. Gall. House for Servants of Outlying Estates, and those in the Emperor's Following | |
X. Site plan | 156 | |
403.A-D | Plan of St. Gall. House for Servants of Outlying Estates, and those in the Emperor's Following. Authors' interpretation, 1:192 |
|
A. Ground plan. B. Longitudinal section. C. East elevation. D. Transverse section | 157 | |
404 | Plan of St. Gall. House for Knights and Vassals in the Emperor's Following | 158 |
405 | Plan of St. Gall. House for Knights and Vassals in the Emperor's Following. X-ray photograph of erased inscriptions |
159 |
406.A-E | Plan of St. Gall. House for Knights and Vassals in the Emperor's Following. Authors' interpretation, 1:192 | |
A. Ground plan. B. Longitudinal section. | ||
C. North elevation. D. Transverse section. E. East elevation | 160-164 | |
Map II.169 | The Frankish Empire ca. 830 A.D., 1:70,000,000 | 169 |
[36] 407 | Plan of St. Gall. The Outer School | 169 |
408.A-F | Outer School. Authors' interpretation, 1:192 | |
A. Plan. B. Longitudinal section. C. North elevation. | ||
D. South elevation. E. Transverse section. F. East elevation | 170-174 | |
409, 409.X | Plan of St. Gall. Lodging of the Master of the Outer School. X. Circulation pattern | 174 |
[37] 410 | Plan of St. Gall. House of the Physicians | 176 |
411 | Bartholomaeus de Montagnaro. Consila Medica (1434), fol. IV. A physician in his chambers | 177 |
412 | Kirkstall Abbey, Yorkshire, England. Infirmary plan (ca. 1150), 1:256 | 178 |
413.A-F | Plan of St. Gall. House of the Physicians. Authors' interpretation, 1:192 | |
A. Ground plan. B. Transverse section. C. North elevation. D. South elevation. | ||
E. West elevation. F. Longitudinal section | 179, 180 | |
[38] 414, 414.X-Y | Plan of St. Gall. Medicinal Herb Garden | |
X. Site plan showing circulation pattern. Y. Plan and section, 1:192 | 182, 183 | |
415 | Plan of St. Gall. Medicinal Herb Garden. Perspective view from northeast | 183 |
[39] 416 | Plan of St. Gall. House for Bloodletting | 184 |
416.X1-X.6 | House for Bloodletting. Authors' interpretation | |
X.1 Ground plan. X.2 Transverse section looking east | 184.x | |
X.3 Longitudinal section. X.4 North elevation. X.5 South elevation. X.6 East elevation | 185.x | |
417 | Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 61, detail. Physician bleeding a patient | 185 |
418 | Grimani Breviary (1490-1510), fol. 10, detail. Illumination for September. Physician bleeding a patient | 186 |
ill.II.188 | Plan of St. Gall. Site plan showing relationship among craft workshops | 188 |
[40] 419 | Plan of St. Gall. Great Collective Workshop and Annex | 190 |
420.A-F | Plan of St. Gall. Great Collective Workshop. Authors' interpretation, 1:192 | |
A. Ground plan. B. Longitudinal section. C. North elevation. D. South elevation. | ||
E. Transverse section. F. West section | 191, 192, 193 | |
421.A-C | Plan of St. Gall. Great Collective Workshop Annex. Authors' interpretation, 1:192 | |
A. Plan. B. Longitudinal section. C. North elevation | 194 | |
[41] 422 | Plan of St. Gall. House for Coopers and Wheelwrights and Brewers' Granary | 196 |
423 | Book of Hours (Musée Condé, ms. 1362). Labors of August. Coopers at work | 197 |
424 | Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 163, detail. Tuns on a caisson | 198 |
425.A-F | Plan of St. Gall. House for Coopers and Wheelwrights and Brewers' Granary. Authors' interpretation, 1:192 | |
A. Ground Plan. B. Longitudinal section. C. West elevation. D. East elevation. | ||
E. Transverse section. F. North elevation | 199, 200, 201, 202 | |
[42] 426 | Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Vegetable Garden, and House of the Gardener | 204 |
426.X | Plan of St. Gall. Site plan showing relationship of garden to poultry houses | 205 |
427.A-F | Plan of St. Gall. House of the Gardener & His Crew. Authors' interpretation, 1:192 | |
A. Plan. B. Longitudinal section. C. West elevation | ||
D. Transverse section. E. South elevation. F. Transverse section | 206, 207 | |
428 | Heures de Turin (ca. 1390), fol. 4. Labors of April showing garden planting beds | 208 |
429 | Grimani Breviary (ca. 1490), fol. 613. Garden with topiary trees | 209 |
[43] 430 | Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Cemetery and Orchard | 210 |
430.X | Rome. Church of St. John Lateran, Sancta, Sanctorum chapel. Enameled reliquary cross (817-824); and other styles of Carolingian crosses from coins |
213 |
[44] 431 | Plan of St. Gall. Granary | 214 |
431.X | Plan of St. Gall. Site plan showing relationships among grain processing facilities | 215 |
432 | Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 173. Stacking sheaves of grain in the field | 216 |
433 | Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 173v. Carting sheaves to the barn | 217 |
[45] 434.A-C | Little Wymondley, Hertfordshire, England. Priory barn (15th cent.) | |
A. Plan. B. Section, both 1:192. | ||
C. Exterior view from southwest (Chalk drawing made at the site, 1960) | 218, 219 | |
435.A-E | Plan of St. Gall. Granary. Authors' reconstruction, 1:192 | |
A. Plan. B. Longitudinal section. C. Transverse section. D. South elevation. E. West elevation | 220, 221 | |
436 | Plan of St. Gall. Site plan showing relationship of Brewers' Granary to other brew houses of the Plan | 222 |
437 | Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 74v, detail. Flailing sheaved grain | 223 |
[46] 438, 438.X | Plan of St. Gall. Drying Kiln, Mortar, and Mill | |
X. Site plan showing circulation pattern among these facilities | 224 | |
439.A-B | Gerhard Memling. Details from two paintings showing waterwheels | |
A. Seated Madonna (Florence, Uffizi Gallery; ca. mid-15th cent.). | ||
B. Madonna and Child (London, National Gallery; ca. 1468) | 226 | |
440.A-D | Hand-operated Roman mills (schematic drawings) | 227 |
441.A-C | Roman donkey mills | |
A. Mill in Pompeii. B. Section. C. Pompeii. Remains of a Roman bakery | 227 | |
442 | Rome. Fragment of sarcophagus (2nd cent. B.C.) showing horse harnessed to donkey mill | 228 |
443.A-B | Roman water mills showing details of drive mechanisms | 229 |
444.A-B | Arles, France. Roman industrial water mills (309-316) | |
A. Plan. B. Conjectural reconstruction | 229 | |
445 | Herrade de Landsberg. Hortus Deliciarum (1195), fol. 112a. Detail of mill mechanism | 230 |
446 | Medieval hand mill (14th cent.) | 231 |
447 | Hausbuch Master (ca. 1480). Milling apparatus | 231 |
448.A-E | Plan of St. Gall. Mill. Authors' interpretation, 1:192 | |
A. Plan. B. West elevation. C. South elevation. | ||
D. Longitudinal section. E. Transverse section | 232, 233 | |
449.A.1, 2 | Beltis, Lake Wallenstadt, Switzerland. Hand-operated oak mortars and pestles | 235 |
449.B | Le Thoronet, Var. France. Mortar and pestle | 235 |
449.C | Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 207. Cook using pestle | 234 |
450 | Modern trip-hammer | 236 |
451 | Hokusai. Japanese trip-hammer (18th cent.) | 236 |
452.A-C | China. Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-200 A.D.). Glazed clay models (details) | |
A. Model of farmyard with foot-operated trip-hammer. | ||
B, C. Models of trip-hammers | 238, 239 | |
452.D | Chengtu, Szechuan, China. Clay tomb tile (Eastern Han period, 230-220 A.D.) | 240 |
453 | Modern tilt-hammer. Plan and elevation | 241 |
454 | Plan of St. Gall. Tilt-hammer. Perspective view after Meringer | 241 |
455 | Spechtshart von Reutlingen. Flores Musicae (1488), fol. 7v. Water-powered tilt-hammer | 242 |
456 | Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Ms. late. 197, fol. 10r. Illustration of stamp mill attributed to an anonymous engineer of the Hussite Wars (ca. 1472-1486) |
243 |
457.A-D | Compludo, Leon, Spain. Medieval forge and water-powered trip-hammer | |
A. Perspective view of hammer mechanism. B. Plan of mechanism. C, D. Front and side views of hammer mechanism |
244 | |
458.A-F | Plan of St. Gall. Mortar House. Authors' interpretation, 1:192 | |
A. Plan. B. Transverse section. | ||
C. Longitudinal section. | ||
D. South elevation. E. West elevation. F. North elevation | 246, 247 | |
459.A-B | Plan of St. Gall. Drying Kiln. Authors' reconstruction, 1:192 | |
A. Plan. B. Longitudinal section | 248 | |
ill.II.248 | Pompeii. Carbonized loaf of bread | 248 |
460 | Pompeii. Roman atrium house. Baking establishment with living quarters | 249 |
460.X | Rome. Monument of P. Nonius Zethus of Ostia (later 1st cent.), showing donkey mill and baking implements | 250 |
461 | Canterbury. Plan of waterworks for Christchurch monastery (ca. 1165). Detail of monks' bake and brewhouse | 252 |
[47] 462, 462.X | Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Bake and Brewhouse | |
X. Site plan showing circulation pattern among grain facilities and brewhouses of the plan | 254 | |
[48] 463, 463.X | Plan of St. Gall. Kitchen, Bake and Brewhouse for Pilgrims and Paupers | |
X. Site plan showing circulation patterns from Brewers' Granary to other breweries | 257 | |
[49] 464 | Plan of St. Gall. Kitchen, Bake, and Brewhouse for Distinguished Guests | 256 |
465.A-D | Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Bake and Brewhouse. Authors' interpretation, 1:192 | |
A. Plan. B. North elevation. C, D. Longitudinal sections | 258, 260 | |
[50] 466, 466.X | Plan of St. Gall. Henhouse, House for Fowlkeepers, Goosehouse | |
X. Site plan of these facilities | 265 | |
467 | Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 169v, detail. Gooseherd | 266 |
468 | Meindert Hobbema. A Farm in Sunlight (mid-17th cent.) | 267 |
469.A-D | Plan of St. Gall. House of the Fowlkeepers. Authors' interpretation, 1:192 | |
A. Ground plan. B. Transverse section. C. West elevation. D. Longitudinal section | 269 | |
470 | Cheddar, Somerset, England. Saxon palace, structure X (10th cent.), interpreted as a poultry house, 1:96 | 270 |
471.A-B | Gospels of St. Medard of Soissons (9th cent.), fol. 12v. Details, canon arches | 271 |
472.A-B | Freiherr v. Ulm-Erbach. Chicken house (mid 19th cent.) | |
A. Plan. B. Elevation | 272 | |
473.A-C | Plan of St. Gall. Henhouse. Authors' reconstruction, 1:192 | |
A. Plan. B. Section. C. Elevation | 273 | |
474 | Plan of St. Gall. House for Horses and Oxen and Their Keepers | 274 |
475 | Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 171, detail. Harrowing | 275 |
476 | Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 170, detail. Plowing | 276 |
[51] 477 | Odilo's monastic guesthouse for the emperor's following (11th cent.). Diagrammatic plan | 277 |
478.A-B | Fontanella (St.-Wandrille). An interpretation of the monastic structures as they might have appeared in the time of Ansegis |
|
A. Diagrammatic plan, after the verbal description in Gesta abbatum Fontanellensium. | ||
B. Interpretive study of the architecture after the Gesta | 278, 279 | |
479 | Cheddar, Somerset, England. Interpretation of the long hall of the Saxon palace (9th cent.), 1:96 | 280 |
480 | Pilton, Somerset, England. Barn of Glastonbury Grange (15th cent.) | 282 |
482.A-G | Plan of St. Gall. House for Horses, Oxen, and Their Keepers. Authors' interpretation, 1:192 | |
A. Plan. B. Longitudinal section. C. East elevation. D. West elevation. E. South elevation. F, G. Transverse sections |
283-285 | |
[52] 483, 483.X | Plan of St. Gall. House for Cows and Cowherds | |
X. Site plan | 286 | |
[53] 484 | Utrecht Psalter (ca. 830), fol. 86r, detail. Milch cows | 287 |
485.A-D | Wickham St. Paul's, Essex, England. Barn 2 of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, London | |
A. Plan. B. Transverse section. C. Longitudinal section. D.1 Interpretation of external envelope. D.2, D.3 Two views of skeletal framing |
288 | |
486.A-E | Plan of St. Gall. House for Cows and Cowherds. Authors' interpretation, 1:192 | |
A. Ground plan. B. East elevation. | ||
C. Longitudinal section. D. Transverse section. E. North elevation | 290, 291 | |
[54] 487, 487.X | Plan of St. Gall. House for Foaling Mares and Their Keepers. X. Site plan | 292 |
[55] 488 | Utrecht Psalter (ca. 830), Psalm LXXII (73), fol. 41v, detail. Mare and foal | 293 |
[56] 489, 489.X | Plan of St. Gall. House for Goats and Goatherds. X. Site plan | 294 |
490 | Utrecht Psalter (ca. 830), Psalm XXII (23), fol. 45r, detail. Grazing goats | 295 |
[57] 491, 491.X | Plan of St. Gall. House for Swine and Swineherds. X. Site Plan | 296 |
[58] 492 | Utrecht Psalter (ca. 830), Psalm LXXIX (80), fol. 47r, detail. Swine | 297 |
[59] 493, 493.X | Plan of St. Gall. House for Sheep and Shepherds. X. Site plan | 298 |
[60] 494 | Utrecht Psalter (ca. 830), Psalm L (51), fol. 29r, detail. Sheep, Goats, Cows, Shepherd. | 299 |
495.A-E | Plan of St. Gall. Segments of Plan showing attached privies | |
A. House for Distinguished Guests. | ||
B. Poter's Lodging, Lodging of Master of the Outer School. | ||
C. Infirmary for Novices and their Master. | ||
D. House of the Physicians. E. Quarters for Visiting Monks | 300 | |
[61] 496.A-E | Plan of St. Gall. Segments of Plan showing separate privies | |
A. House for Distinguished Guests. B. Outer School. C. House for Bloodletting. | ||
D. Abbot's House. E.1, E.2 Infirmary and Novitiate | ||
[62] 497 | Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Privy | 302 |
498 | Ostia. Public Roman latrine (4th cent.) | 303 |
499.A-C | Miletos. North market hall public latrine (3rd-4th cent.) | |
A. Plan. B. Perspective, cutaway. C. Transverse section | 304 | |
500 | Piazza Armerina, Sicily. Villa of Emperor Maximianus (ca. 310). Plan | 305 |
501 | Cluny II. Monks' privy (Odilo's monastery, 994-1049). Plan | 306 |
502 | Christchurch, Canterbury, England. Plan of waterworks (ca. 1165). Monks' privy, detail | 307 |
503.A-C | Canterbury, Christchurch Monastery. Monks' Privy | |
A. Plan, 1:256. B. Transverse section. C. Arches supporting seats | 308, 309 | |
504.A-E | Oxford University, New College. College privy built by Bishop Wykeham (1380-1386) | |
A. Plan. B. Longitudinal section (both 1″ = 10′). | ||
C. Exterior view from New College Lane. | ||
D. Transverse section. E. Detail of seat, ½″ = 1′ | 310, 312, 313 | |
PART VI THE PLAN OF ST. GALL & ITS EFFECT ON LATER MONASTIC PLANNING | ||
505 | St Gall. Heinrich Vogtherr. "View of the city from the west" (1514), woodcut | 314 |
506.A-B | St. Gall. Site of the former monastery with its present buildings | |
A. Airview from northwest. B. Airview from southeast | 316, 317 | |
507 | Melchior Frank. "Die Loblich stadt Sankt Gallen . . ." (1596), etching | 318 |
508 | St. Gall. View of the abbey from the east (ca. 1642), detail of model | 320 |
509 | St. Gall. View of the abbey from the southeast (ca. 1642), detail of model | 321 |
509.X | Matthaeus Merian. "Abbey and City of St. Gall" (1638). View from east, etching | 322 |
509.Y-Z | Johannes Zuber. Cadastral plan of the city of St. Gall and environs (1832) | |
Y. Overview, 1:11500. | ||
Z. Detail showing central portion of city | 323 | |
510 | Gabriel Hecht. "Ichnographia." Measured plan of the monastery of St. Gall (1719) | 324 |
511.A-C | Gabriel Hecht. Measured drawings of the abbey church of St. Gall (1725-26) with suggestions for modification | |
A. Plan. | ||
B. Longitudinal section. | ||
C. Exterior elevation | 325, 326, 327 | |
512.A-C | St. Gall. Abbey Church. Plans, successive stages, 1:700 | |
A. Plan of Gozbert's church (830-837); Hardegger's reconstruction. | ||
B. Plan of church recorded by Hecht (1725-26). | ||
C. Longitudinal section by Hardegger based on Hecht (1925-26) | 328, 329 | |
513.A-B | St. Gall. Abbey church, conditions from 1439 to 1525 | 330 |
A. Plan by Hardegger based on Hecht (1725-26). | ||
B. View of church and claustral ranges by Hardegger, based on Frank (1507) | 330 | |
[63] 514 | Plan of St. Gall imposed on a 1965 cadastral plan of the city | 331 |
ill.II.332 | Morken, Rheinland. Francisc (throwing axe), 1:4 | 332 |
ill.II.333 | Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340). Owl border ornament, fol. 177v | 333 |
515 | Cluny. Plan of the monastery (ca. 1050) redrawn from Conant, various versions, 1:1200 | 335 |
516 | Bardney Abbey, Lincolnshire, England. Ground-level plan, 1:700, showing building campaigns from 12th through 15th centuries |
342 |
517 | Norfolk, England. Thetford Priory (1103-1104). Plan, 1:600, showing building campaigns from 10th through 16th centuries |
344 |
518 | Norfolk, England. Castle Acre Priory (ca. 1090). Plan, 1:600, showing building campaigns from 11th through 18th centuries |
346 |
519.A-B | Kirkstall Abbey, West Riding, Yorkshire, England | |
A. Ground plan, 1:800, showing building campaigns, 12th through 15th centuries. | ||
B. Site plan, 1:10,000 | 350 | |
520.A-B | Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire, England | |
A. Ground plan, 1:900, showing building campaigns from 12th through early 16th centuries. | ||
B. Site plan, 1:7000 | 352 | |
521.A-B | Clairvaux Abbey, Aube, France after engravings by Dom Milly (1708) | |
A. Plan. B. View from south | 354 | |
[64] 522 | St. Gall. Plan of the Baroque church showing excavated Carolingian foundations superimposed | 358 |
ill.II.357 | Monogram "Karolus" from a silver coin of Carolingian period II minting | 357 |
ill.II.360 | Plan of St. Gall. Site elevation from the south. | |
Authors' interpretation | 360 | |
[TAILPIECE] |
xxx
[ILLUSTRATION]
figure | PRELIMINARIES | page |
ill.III.x | Saint-Amand Apocalypse, fol. 19 (9th cent.), Angel with trumpet, redrawn detail | x |
ill.III.xi | Apocalypse (ca. 850), Stadbibliothek Trier, Codex 31, fol. 59v. REVELATION 18:17, redrawn detail | xi |
ill.III.xx | Laon Gospels (mid-9th cent.), Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 63, fol. 26. Selected capitals, Matthew Incipit, redrawn |
xx |
ill.III.xxx | Lorsch Gospels (ca. 810), fol. 4r, detail. Capital letters, redrawn and expanded | xxx |
ill.III.xxxii | Proliferation with 2 as unit of expansion | xxxii |
APPENDIX I CATALOGUE OF INSCRIPTIONS | ||
523 frontispiece | Victorius Aquitanus, Calculus (ca. 836), Bern Burgerbibliothek, Cod. 250, fol. IIV. Alphabet exemplar | xxxiv |
ill.III.ll | Ampersands redrawn from various sources | 11 |
524 | Codex Agiensis CXXXVI, fol. 2r (ca. 820), Caroline script in hand of main scribe of the Plan | 12 |
525 | Plan of St. Gall, keyed to Index of Building Numbers of the Plan | 14 |
NOTE: White numbers in black squares, used throughout the Catalogue, correspond to the number system of the Plan and its Index, pp. 14-15. (The same scheme of building identification is used in volumes I and II of this work to facilitate cross reference to the following Catalogue.) |
* | |
c.1 | Dedicatory Legend of the Plan (written in its upper margin) | 16 |
c.2 | Entrance to the Church (in the longitudinal axis of the Church, extended to the West) | 17 |
c.3 | 1 The Church, the atrium (western Paradise) | 18 |
526 | Church: site plan (1:384) | |
A diagram showing where items occur on the Plan of St. Gall that are treated in detail in pages 21 through 30. Identification: white numbers on black circles of diagram correspond to same identification numbers of the Catalogue. |
||
c.4-c.55 | Church of the Plan. Inscriptions within the Church as noted above | 21-30 |
c.56-c.57 | 1 a Scriptorium below, Library above | 31 |
c.58 | 1 b Sacristy below, Vestry above | 31 |
c.59 | 1 c Lodging for Visiting Monks | 32 |
c.60 | 1 d Schoolmaster's Lodging | 32 |
c.61 | 1 e The Lodging of the Porter | 33 |
* ill.III.xxx Das Lorscher Evangeliar, ed. Braunfels. Prestel Verlag, Munich Alba Iulia. fol. 4v Redrawn. Illustration shown 2·6 × original |
||
c.62 | 1 f The Porch giving access to the House for Distinguished Guests and to the Outer School | 33 |
c.63 | 1 g The Porch for reception of all visitors to the monastery | 33 |
c.64 | 1 h The Porch giving access to the quarters of serfs and to the Hospice | 34 |
c.65 | 1 i The Lodging of the Masters of the Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers | 34 |
c.66 | 1 j The Parlor for the Monks | 34 |
c.67 | 1 k The Tower of St. Michael (north tower) | 35 |
c.68 | 1 l The Tower of St. Gabriel (south tower) | 35 |
c.69 | 2 The Annex for the Preparation of Holy Bread and Holy Oil | 36 |
c.70-c.75 | 3 The Monks' Dormitory and the Warming Room below it | 36, 37, 38 |
c.76 | 4 The Privy of the Monks | 38 |
c.77 | 5 The Laundry and Bath House of the Monks | 38 |
c.78-c.82 | 6 The Monks' Refectory and Vestiary above it | 39, 40 |
c.83-c.84 | 7 The Monks' Cellar and Larder | 41 |
c.85 | 8 The Monks' Kitchen | 42 |
c.86-c.89 | 9 The Monks' Bake and Brew House | 42, 43 |
c.90 | 10 Kitchen, Bake, and Brew House for Distinguished Guests | 44 |
c.91-c.96 | 11 The House for Distinguished Guests | 45, 46, 47 |
c.97-c.99 | 12 The Outer School | 48, 49 |
c.100-c.104 | 13 The House of the Abbot | 49, 50 |
c.105 | 14 Kitchen, Cellar and Bath House of the Abbot | 51 |
c.106 | 15 The House for Bloodletting | 52 |
c.107 | 16 The House of the Physicians | 53 |
c.108-c.116 | 17 a, b, c, d The Novitiate and the Infirmary | 54, 59 |
c.117 | 18 The Kitchen and Bath House for the Sick | 59 |
c.118 | 19 The Kitchen and Bath House for the Novices | 60 |
c.119 | 20 The House of the Gardener | 60 |
c.120 | 21 The Goose House | 61 |
c.121 | 22 The House of the Fowl Keepers | 62 |
c.122 | 23 The Hen House | 63 |
c.123 | 24 The Granary | 64 |
c.124-c.125 | 25 The House for Workmen | 65, 66 |
c.126 | 26 The Annex of the Great Collective Workshop | 66 |
c.127 | 27 The Mill | 67 |
c.128 | 28 The Mortar | 67 |
c.129 | 29 The Drying Kiln | 68 |
c.130 | 30 The House of the Coopers, The Wheelwrights, and the Brewers' Granary | 68, 69 |
c.131 | 31 The Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers | 70, 71 |
c.132 | 32 The Kitchen, Bake, and Brew House for Pilgrims and Paupers | 71 |
c.133-c.134 | 33 The House for Horses and Oxen and Their Keepers | 72, 73 |
c.135 | 34 The House for the Emperor's Following | 74 |
c.136 | 35 The House for Sheep and Shepherds | 75 |
c.137 | 36 The House for Goats and Goatherds | 76 |
c.138 | 37 The House for Cows and Cowherds | 77 |
NOTE: ILLUSTRATIONS c.1-c.166 INCLUSIVE ARE IN COLOR [c.135 excepted] | ||
c.139 | 38 The House for Servants of Outlying Estates and for Servants travelling with the Emperor's Court | 78 |
c.140 | 39 The House for Swine and Swineherds | 79 |
c.141 | 40 The House for Brood Mares and Foals and their Keepers | 80 |
c.142-c.143 | W The Monks' Cloister Yard | 81, 82 |
c.144-c.162 | X The Monks' Vegetable Garden | 83, 84 |
c.163-c.165 | Y The Monks' Cemetery and Orchard | 85, 86, 87 |
c.166 | Z The Medicinal Herb Garden | 88 |
APPENDIX II | ||
THE CUSTOMS OF CORBIE CONSUETUDINES CORBEIENSES | ||
527 | Corbie Psalter (ca. 800), Amiens Municipal Library, MS. 18, fol. x. Initial Letter, and Carolingian miniscule | 90 |
528.A-B | Utrecht Psalter (ca. 830), fol. 35v. Two ways to sharpen a sword | 92 |
529 | Luttrell Osalter (ca. 1330), fol. 66b. Man with broad axe, dog, and goose | 98 |
530 | The Charter of Louis the Pious (9th cent.) | 100 |
531 | The Seal of Louis the Pious (9th cent.) | 102 |
ill.III.110 | MAP showing Corbie and Corvey and other monasteries | 110 |
532 | Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 204r. Beehive with fifteen bees | 116 |
ill.III.118 | DIAGRAM: Allotment of swine at Corbie | 118 |
ill.III.120 | Lorsch Gospels (ca. 810), fol. 8r. Example of lettering | 120 |
533.A-B | Merovingian coin (minted at Corbie?). A. Obverse. B. Reverse | 122 |
534 | Dorestad, the Netherlands. Carolingian bronze key (9th cent.) | 124 |
TABLE III | Genealogy: Descent of Early Carolingian Kings and of Adalhard's Family | 127 |
APPENDIX III | [ILLUSTRATION] |
|
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PLAN OF ST. GALL TO THE HISTORY OF MEASUREMENT |
||
535 | Ivrea, Aosta, Italy. Tombstone of Lucius Abeutius Faustus, Surveyor | 130 |
536 | The Works of Edmund Gunter. Title page, 1673 edition, London | 132 |
537 | Plan of the first survey made under the Land Ordinance of 1785 | 134 |
538 | A table for the use of the chain, Works of Edmund Gunter, 1673 | 137 |
539 | Marion County, Kansas. Aerial photograph showing township layout (Soil Conservation Survey, July, 1938) | 138 |
ill.III.139 | DIAGRAM: Division of lineal and aerial measurements of a typical United States land plot one mile square | 139 |
540.A-D | The Roman groma and diagrams of measurement schemes | 140 |
ill.III.141.A | Lorsch Abbey gateway (early 9th cent.). Tilework pattern | 141 |
ill.III.141.B | Fountains Abbey (11th cent.). Paving tile pattern | 141 |
ill.III.xxiii | ||
Proliferation with 2 as the linear agent of expansion | ||
The side of any square is 2 times the side of the proceeding square. | ||
The area of the nth square is (22)n-1. |
The Plan of St. Gall | ||