The Plan of St. Gall a study of the architecture & economy of & life in a paradigmatic Carolingian monastery |
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INDEX
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 | The Plan of St. Gall |  |
INDEX
TO
VOLUMES I II III
Printing style used for the INDEX follows conventional and standard book
usage. Roman numerals of the Index refer to volume numbers, I, II, III.
Old Style numerals refer to page numbers for that volume. References
to notes are preceded by the lowercase letter "n", and follow the page
number on which they occur, thus: II 274 refers to Volume II page 274;
I 48n14 refers to volume I page 48 note 14.
Numbers in square brackets following the names of specific buildings of
the Plan are the assigned building numbers as indicated in volume I,
pp. xxv-xxxvii, and volume III, p. 15. References in the Index apply to
textual matter proper, notes as indicated, extended captions (sometimes
lengthy), illustrations, maps, tables, or diagrams.
Many terms appearing in this Index are defined and rubricated in the
GLOSSARY, page 141ff, and in the CHRONOLOGY, page 201ff. For
illustrations listed in the sequence of their occurrence in the three
volumes, see LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, below, page xiff.
This index is the creation and work of Norma Farquhar, Los Angeles.
*A
Aachen: layout of certain streets of, I 104; cadastral plan of city center
after 1800, with Charlemagne's palace grounds, I 106 (fig.
71.X), 107; sketch of history of, I 107; baptistery of, I 111;
baptismal font, I 146 (fig. 97); treasury gospels, I 315, 317
Charlemagne's audience hall, I 105, 107; location in palace grounds,
I 104; shown in site plan, I 108 (fig. 71.Y), 109
palace chapel, I 27, 107, 112, 137n42, 207n60; value of Carolingian
foot used in construction of, I 95; modularity, I 103n59, 105,
110; location in palace grounds, I 104; bronze railing from
tribune, I 105 (ill.); secretarium, I 105; shown in site plan, I 108
(fig. 71.Y); plan, I 110 (fig. 71.Za); design of, based on concept
of spatial divisibility, I 110-111; construction techniques of,
I 159; lead roof cover, I 177; towers, I 202; westwork, I 208
palace of: layout of grounds, I 31; Synods of 816 and 817 held at,
I xxi, 53; modularity, I 104, 105, 109; shown in cadastral plan
(after 1800) of Aachen city center, I 106 (fig. 71.X), 107; details
for Plan of St. Gall worked out at, I 317; palace school, III 95
See also Council of Europe exhibition Karl der Grosse; Synod of
Aachen (802); Synods of Aachen (816, 817)
Aachener Normalexemplar, I x
Aalburg, Luxembourg, three-aisled house excavated at, II 58, 91;
(cross section, isometric view, and plan), II 56 (figs. 310-311)
abbacomites (lay abbots), III 95
See also Abbot(s)
Abbo, Bella Parisiacae Urbis (The Siege of Paris), III v, vi
abbot(s), III 111, 119; episcopal control resisted by, I 11n11;
issue of separate house for, I 21n10, 22, 23n30, 25, 25n46, 29,
323, 324; rules regarding dining of, I 22, 330, 331n25; seat of,
in the apse of the Church of the Plan, I 141, 143; seat of, in
the royal abbey of St. Denis, I 144; authority of, I 148, 245, 250,
283, 307, 326 (Table I), 337, 344, III 98n32, 105-106, 109;
and the scribes, I 155; place for, in the Monks' Refectory, I 263,
264, 286; provided with his own kitchen in the Rule of St.
Benedict, I 280; Haito's views on clothing of, I 283; duties
toward monks, I 283, 309, 324; responsible for the novices'
food and clothing, I 313; responsibilities toward the sick, I 314,
315; the link between the monastery and the secular world,
I 316; chamberlain of, I 326 (Table I), III 108n74; authority
and obligations of, according to the Benedictine Rule, I 328-329,
330-331, 353-354; described in Hatton 48, I 330 (ill.); office of,
elective, I 331; and the librarian, I 335; and roundsmen, I 336;
and abuse of the practice of deeding inheritance rights to
monasteries, I 337; accompanied by armed men when traveling,
I 347; as guests of monasteries, II 153, 155; responsibilities of
the chamberlain toward, II 188n7, 189; sleeping quarters of,
in Cistercian monasteries, II 349, 349n4, 356; essential qualities
of, according to St. Benedict, III 3; duties regarding gardening
tools, III 109; swine allotted to, at Corbie, III 118; to be
called "lord" or "father," III 120n143
See also Abbot's house; Abbot's House [13] of the Plan
abbot's house: location at the monastery of St. Gall, I 324, II 332;
lacking at Cluny, II 338, 347; lacking in autonomous English
Benedictine houses, II 347; in Post-Conquest English monasteries,
II 347-348; provided in later Cistercian abbeys,
II 349; at Fountains Abbey, II 353
See also Abbot's House [13] of the Plan
Abbot's House [13] of the Plan, I xxii, 166, II 127; living room,
I 13; inscriptions referring to, I 13, 310, 321, III 3, 4, 9, 49-50;
auditorium, I 22; and the monastic reform movement, I 22,
25n46; location, I 25n46, II 332; tracing of, I 44, 44 (fig. 35);
rendering of arcuated porches of, I 55; a multi-level structure,
I 59, 163n13; doors of, not indicated on the Plan, I 61; stone
construction envisaged for, I 61; rendering of windows in
porches of, I 68; stairs of, not indicated in the Plan, I 68;
modularity, I 80, 95; and the grouping of buildings in threes,
I 120 (fig. 77), 121; dormitory, I 123, 322, 323, 342; symbol
designating cupboard in, I 163-164; plan, I 310 (fig. 251);
reconstruction by Fiechter-Zollikofer, I 314 (fig. 254), II 17;
reconstruction by Völckers, I 315 (fig. 255); authors' interpretation
(based on model), I 316 (fig. 257); (plan and sections),
I 318 (fig. 258.A-C); (elevations), I 320 (fig. 259.A-C);
dimensions of house, grounds, annex, and privy, I 321; layout
and furnishings, I 321-322; authors' interpretation of house and
annex (plan and elevations), I 322 (fig. 260.A-C); other medieval
buildings of similar construction, I 322; reconstructions of,
I 323; corner fireplaces of, II 123-124, 124 (fig. 371.A);
typological roots of, II 161; plan showing location in relation
to health facilities, II 182 (fig. 414); privy, II 301, 301 (fig.
496.D), 302; annex of (see Abbot's Kitchen, Cellar, and
Bathhouse)
See also Abbot(s); Abbot's house
Abbot's Kitchen, Cellar, and Bathhouse [14], I xxii, 22; kitchen, I 22,
73; bathhouse, I 22, 267; in plan and elevations, I 322 (fig.
260.A-C); timber construction proposed for, I 322, 323;
number of servants in, I 342; in plan showing location in
relation to health facilities, II 182 (fig. 414); resemblance to
Annex of Great Collective Workshop, II 194; inscriptions for,
III 51
accessus ad confessionem, I 181; interpretation of, I 171, 173
Achter, Irmingard, I 27, 185; reconstruction of Carolingian church of
St.-Riquier by, I 221, 223, 250; (plan), I 209 (fig. 168)
acre: in quarter-section, III 135; relationship to other areal measures,
III 137 (ill.); in American land grid subdivision, III 139 (fig.
539)
See also Measurement, linear; —, land
actus (unit of Roman land measure), III 140 (fig. 540.B), 140n.
See also Measurement, land; Roman land surveying
Ada, Countess, I 68-69, II 230
Ada Ancilla Dei, I 30
Ada Gospels, I 32; "tendril" motif in, I 30; details of columns of canon
table, I 31 (fig. 20.A-B); produced by the Court School, I 33;
portrait of St. Luke, I 168, 228 (fig. 184.A); canon tables, I 224
(fig. 183.A), 226 (fig. 183.B); modular layout of illuminations
and canon tables in, I 229-230; (diagrams showing reliance on
square grid), I 225 (fig. 183.C), 227 (fig. 183.D), 229 (fig. 184.B)
Adalhard, Abbot of Corbie, I 336, II 305n15, III 169; regula mixta
defended by, I x; and the monastic reform movement, I 29; on
the function of the monks' warming room, I 258, 267, II 348;
on the diet of monks, I 277; laymen permitted in the refectory
by, I 280; on the managerial duties of the cellarer, I 288-289;
on monk's work in the kitchen, I 288-289; on the number and
disposition of pigs at Corbie, I 305, 307, III 118 (ill.); clothing
of novices described by, I 313; number of novices prescribed
by, I 313; brother of Wala, I 329 (see also Wala, Abbot of
Bobbio, Abbot of Corbie); informative Administrative Directives
(Statutes) written by, I 329, 341, 349, 351, II 153n20, 181,
III vi, 92n2, 93 (see also Customs of Corbie); prebendaries
listed by, I 341; number of monks under, I 343 (Table II);
number of prebendaries under, I 344; regulation of collections
from outlying estates by, I 349, III 112n99; directives on
reception and treatment of pilgrims and paupers, II 145, 152,
153n19, 261, III 112n96; De Ordine Imperii, II 163; laymen
employed at Corbie listed by, II 195; on the gardener and
gardening tools, II 203; account of grain handled at Corbie
by, II 222; on deliveries of hops to the monastery, II 223; on
mills and millers connected with Corbie, II 230, 232, 234,
III 106n63; on bread, II 257, 259; directives on tithing of hops
and their distribution for brewing, II 263; directives on
distribution of meat to serfs and guests, II 264n1; on tithing of
sheep, II 299; relations with Louis the Pious, III 92n1, 93;
relations with Charlemagne, III 92n1, 95; relations with
Benedict of Aniane, III 92n3; later career and influence of, III
93; and learning at Corbie, III 94n8; lands given to Corbie by,
III 94n11; and Paul the Deacon, III 94n12; Alcuin's nickname
for, III 94n13; brothers and sister of, III 94n14, 95; and the
Ermengard affair and Desiderius, III 94n15; De ordine palatii
(On the Structure of the Royal Court), III 94n15; and the
union of church and state, III 95, 97; family background of,
III 95, 99; (genealogical chart), III 126-127; and the landholdings
of Corbie, III 94n17, 98n32; and the education of lay
nobles at Corbie, III 97; reforms of, III 99; epitaph for,
III 99, 128; rubrics of, on instruction in congregation,
III 121-122; mentioned in Louis the Pious's charter of 815,
III 124; restoration of, discussed by Louis Halphen, III 182;
an authority in computus, III 185; life of, by Paschasius
Ratpertus, III 199
See also Corbie, monastery of
Adalhard "the Younger," III 92n1, 99, 124n
Adamnan, Abbot of Iona, I 54; De locis sanctis, I 53; plans of churches by
(copies by Walahfrid Strabo), I 54-56 (figs. 41-44)
"Ada School" manuscripts, I 30
Adelaide of Savoy, Duchess of Burgundy, II 197
Administrative Directives of Adalhard. See Customs of Corbie
Admonitio generalis of 789, I x; quoted on weights and measures, I 52;
on the enlistment of monks from various classes, I 337
Adrian I, Pope, I 196, 197
agora of Athens: water mill excavated in, II 226, 227n9; public latrine of,
II 302
Agricola, Georgius (Georg Bauer), III 169
Aidan, Saint, I 325
Aiken, Roger Cushing, I 237
Aislabie, William, II 353
aisled house. See Germanic house
Aisles and lean-to's: of a barn in Wickham, Essex, II 282; of livestock
houses of the Plan, II 287n43, 289; porticus used in the sense of
"aisle", III 5
Alamanni: early medieval houses of, II 25-27; settlement of, excavated
near Merdingen, Germany, II 77.
See also Lex Alamannorum
Alamannic writing style, III 10
Albers, Bruno, II 341
Alcuin, I 209, II 168, 170n11; poem on scribes by, I 145, 151, 155; and
the relation of church and state, I 208; and the establishment of
monastery schools, I 353; and bloodletting, II 187; and
development of Caroline cursive script, III 13; nicknames given
to court persons by, III 94n13, 95
Aldfrid the Wise of Northumbria, I 53n1
ale, perishability of, II 263, 263n47
See also Beer
Alfred, King of Wessex, II 76
Allobroges, invention of wooden wine casks attributed to, I 293
Alpirsbach, Romanesque church bench from monastery of, I 137, 152
(fig. 100, 100.X)
altar of Mithras, from the Mithras sanctuary, Heddernheim, I 138 (fig.
88)
altars: placement of altars of the Holy Cross, I 136; capitulary of
Charlemagne regarding, I 141; origin of canopy over, I 141;
high, and Carolingian architectural innovations, I 183; eastward
location of, required in Byzantine times, I 200
See also Altar of Mithras; Church of the Plan, altars
Altfrid, Bishop, Hildesheim cathedral built by, I 198
Ambrose, Saint, I 339
Amerine, M. A., I 292, 297n206
Amiens Cathedral, diagram showing spatial composition of, I 217 (fig.
177.D)
Ammun (monk), and the development of monachism, I 325
ampersand, used on the Plan, III 11
amphoras: for wine, I 280 (fig. 226), 295; used as public urinals, II 303
analogium (lectern), III 3
Anappes, Carolingian crown estate of, II 36, 41, 43
Andersen, J. K., I 263
Angilbert, Abbor of St.-Riquier (Centula), I x, 209, II 173, 340;
construction under, I 72n25, 245, III 6; directive on use of the
privy, I 262; number of monks under, I 343 (Table II)
See also St.-Riquier (Centula)
Angilgram, Archbishop of Metz, II 168
Anglo-Norman monasteries, and layout of St. Mary's Hospital,
Chichester, II 103
Anglo-Saxon monasteries, enclosing walls of, I 73
Anglo-Saxons: intrusion into Frisian territory, II 53; excavations of
houses in homeland of, II 69-70; missions among, sponsored by
Pope Gregory I, III 181
Aniane: water mills given to monastery of, II 230; Benedict of (see
Benedict of Aniane)
animal husbandry. See Livestock
Annex for Preparation of Holy Bread and Holy Oil [2], I xxii, 145; the
tracing of, I 42; symbol for "oil press" in, I 164; provided with
corner fireplace, II 125n18; inscription for, III 36
Annex of Great Collective Workshop [26], I xxiii; tracing of, I 46;
general spatial composition, II 82, 83; St. Gall house variant 1,
II 83 (fig. 330); in site plans, II 188 (ill.), 215 (fig. 431.X), 222
(fig. 436), 224 (fig. 438.X); plan, II 190 (fig. 419); crafts carried
on in, II 190, 196, 198; author's interpretation (plan,
longitudinal section, and north elevation), II 194 (fig. 421.A-C);
layout and dimensions, II 196; inscriptions for, III 66
Ansegis, Abbot of St.-Wandrille (Fontanella), I 12n16, 147, II 276;
proposed as author of the Plan, I 11, 12; building program of,
I 149n84, 177, 249, 258, II 278, 279, 340, III 180; burial place
of, I 249; Constitution of, I 341, 351, III 125-126; and the use of
hops for brewing beer, II 263
See also St.-Wandrille (Fontanella)
Antalya (Adalia), church of, I 193n27
Anthony, Saint, I 328, II 95; bathing rejected by, I 262; abstention of,
from wine, I 296; eremitic monachism of, I 325, 327
antiphonal singing, I 339
antiphonaries, I 137, 137n44, III 95
Antiquarische Gesellschaft of Zurich, I 2
Antwerp, Belgium: plan of aisled and unaisled houses of, II 67 (fig. 321);
eleventh-century aisled houses of, II 68, 70-71
Aquae Granis, street system of Roman town of, superimposed on
cadastral plan of city center of Aachen, I 106 (fig. 71.X), 107
aqueducts: arches of, depicted in fragments of the Forma urbis Romae,
I 60 (fig. 47.A-F); sometimes used by monasteries, I 69
archbishop, authority over abbots, I 331
arch chaplain (summus capellanus), II 164
Arculf, Bishop, I 53n1, 54
Ardo (biographer of St. Benedict of Aniane), I 265
Arens, Fritz Victor, I 3; and the scale of the Plan, I 87, 87n45, 103, 184;
and length of the Carolingian foot, I 95; and deviations in the
Plan from the modular grid, I 97
Argentein, Richard de, II 217n2
armarium, meaning of the term, I 149
armarius. See Librarian
Armenia, I 195
Arno, Abbot of St. Gall, I 73
Arnold of Benneval, Vita prima sancti Bernardi, I 69, 69n18, II 355
arson: in Lex Alamannorum, II 26; in Lex Bajavariorum II 27-28
art, character of Late Antique, Greco-Roman, and medieval, I 230
Arx, Ildefons von, I 6, 344, II 166
asceticism: of early desert monks, I vi, 327, 328; practiced in Lerins
settlement in Gaul, I 328; early monastic, and classical learning,
I 352
ashlar, as a building material in Carolingian times, I 159
See also Building materials; Masonry
Asia Minor, cenobitic monachism in, I 328
Athanasius, Saint: biographer of St. Anthony, I 262, 325; and the
diffusion of anchoritic monachism, I 325
Athenaeus, comments on wine, I 295
Athens. See Agora of Athens
atrium: semicircular atria, I 204, 206; etymology of the term, II 6,
9n14; house (see Roman architecture, atrium house)
See also Church of the Plan, atria
Aube River, used by the monastery of Clairvaux, I 69
Aubert, Marcel, II 349n3, 351n8, n11, 355n22
auditorium. See Inner parlor
Augerum, Sweden, excavations of medieval houses in, II 20n45
Augsburg, Germany, Roman relief showing cellar of wine merchant,
I 282 (fig. 230)
Augst, Switzerland, Roman basilica of, I 200, 245, 256
Augustine, Saint, I 332; sacred numbers discussed by, I 96, 119n2, 121,
123, 124, 125n28; The City of God (De Civitate Dei) quoted on
significance of numbers, I 118; and the spread of monasticism,
I 325; a protagonist of classical learning, I 353
Augustus, Emperor, Theater of Marcellus built by, I 66
Ausonius, II 226; Mosella (poem) quoted, II 227n10
authorship: medieval concept of, I 14; of the Plan (see Haito, Bishop of
Basel, Abbot of Reichenau, probable author of the Plan; Plan
of St. Gall, problem of authorship of)
Auxerre Cathedral, I 202
Avarii, I xii
axiality. See Carolingian churches, derivation of axial alignment of;
Centrality vs. axiality
B
Baalbeck, temple of, I 204
Babylonians: sacred numbers of, I 118-119, 121, 124; eight- or six-lobed
rosettes in art of, I 131; concept of daily time, I 353
Bachrach, Bernard, I 178n62
Bajuvarians: village of, excavated near Burgheim, Germany, II 77; and
the diffusion of hop cultivation, II 263n39.
See also Bajuvarian standard house; Lex Bajuvariorum
Bajuvarian standard house: II 25-26, 27-31, 43, 76, 77, 84, 115-116;
previous reconstructions (plan by Stephani), II 28 (fig. 286);
(plan, sections, and elevation by Gruber), II 30 (fig. 287.A-D);
(axonometric view by Gebhard), II 32 (fig. 288); compared to
the North Germanic house of the Saga period, II 33; authors'
interpretation, II 33; (perspective and plan), II 34-35 (fig.
289.A-B)
bakery (pistrinum), II 153, 251; of Christchurch monastery shown in
plan of waterworks, II 252 (fig. 461); of Cluny, II 338
See also Baking; Behaim Codex, bakehouse depicted in; Kitchen,
Bake, and Brew House for Distinguished Guests; Kitchen,
Bake and Brew House for Pilgrims and Paupers; Monks' Bake
and Brew House; Pistrinum, the term
baking: and brewing, I 114, II 249, 249n, 251, 257; and milling shown
combined on Roman monument, II 250 (fig. 460.X)
See also Bakery
Balthilde (English queen of Clovis II), III 95, III 105; endowment of
land to Corbie by, III 104n26, III 114n107
Bande, Galicia, Spain, Church of Santa Comba, I 193, 194; (axonometric
projection, plans, and section), I 193 (fig. 151.Xa-d)
Banded Pottery People, II 32, 34
Bänfer, Ludwig, II 278
Bantelmann, Albert, II 69
baptismal rites: space for, in Church of the Plan, I 128, 130 (fig. 82);
directive of 796 on, I 135; and length of the Church of the Plan,
I 189
baptismal fonts: font of Dr. Peter Ludwig of Aachen, I 135, 135n36, 146
(fig. 97); medieval, I 135, 135n38; font of the Plan, I 135, 142
(fig. 93); font in scene from Luttrell Psalter, I 146 (fig. 95);
Saxon font of Priory Church, Deerhurst, England, I 146 (fig. 96)
Barbara baths, I 317, 319
barbers, bloodletting performed by, III 187
Bardney Abbey, Lincolnshire, England, II 341; plan, II 342 (fig. 516);
early history, II 342; layout, II 343, 350
Bärhorst, Germany, Migration Period houses excavated at, II 69, 278
barley: in medieval Western European diet, II 247; used in brewing
beer, 261
Barlow, Claude W., II 266
barns: monastic barn of Ter Doest, Maritime Flanders, Belgium,
I 131n20; aisled North Germanic, II 24; number of grange
barns in medieval France, II 111; with purlin roofs, thirteenth-century
France, II 113n23; aisled monastic, II 167; layout of
medieval, II 215-216, 220; medieval, and modern combine
harvesters, II 216, 223; great tithe barn of Harmondsworth,
Middlesex, England, II 217n4; layout of monastic barns in
Wiltshire, Gloucester, and Somerset counties, II 278; fifteenth-century
barn at Tisbury, Wiltshire, II 278; (plan), II 282 (fig.
481); barn of Glastonbury Grange, Pilton, Somerset, England
(photo), II 281 (fig. 480); medieval barn in Wickham, Essex,
II 281-282
See also Benecia, California; Ezinge, Groningen, the
Netherlands, cattle barn of Warf-layer IV; Great Coxwell,
Berkshire, England, barn of the abbey grange; Parçay-Meslay,
France, barn of the abbey grange; Scof (unenclosed barn); Scoria
(wall-enclosed barn)
barrels: remains of Roman wooden transport barrel, I 281 (fig. 229.A);
wooden transport barrel re-used as well shaft, Haithabu, I 281
(fig. 229.B); Gallo-Roman stone relief showing barrel-laden
boat, I 283 (fig. 232); Gallo-Roman stone relief showing wine
barrel on cart, I 284 (fig. 233); barrel in scene from Bayeux
Tapestry, I 285 (fig. 234); size of, and the storage and
consumption of wine, I 286; comparison of volume of larger and
smaller, I 286 (fig. 235.A); of the Plan, I 292-293, 296, II 200;
history of, I 293, 295-296; constructional and viticultural
advantages of, I 295; from the first to the third centuries,
I 296n202; monastic contributions to the manufacture of,
I 352; made in House for Coopers and Wheelwrights, II 199
Barry, George, I 287n186
Basel, monastery of, I xi, 11
Basil, Saint, I 325, 327-328
Basilius, I 51
Batalha, Portugal, monastery of (monks' privy), II 313
bathhouses: of the Plan, I 22, 114, 267 (see also Abbot's Kitchen, Cellar,
and Bathhouse; Kitchen and Bath for the Novices; Kitchen and
Bath for the Sick; Monk's Laundry and Bathhouse); for novices
and healthy monks allowed by the Synod of 817, I 25
See also Bathing
bathing: medieval views on, I 21n9, 22, 25n46, 29, 262, 262n76, 265, 314;
wooden tub for, depicted in Liber Chronicarum, I 262 (fig. 210);
illumination of medical bath, I 290 (fig. 238), 315; contrasting
views on, in Egyptian and Benedictine monachism, I 328
See also Bathhouses
Battle Abbey, II 341, 348
Batuta Chapel, I 183
Bauernhaus im Deutschen Reich und seinem Grenzgebiete, Das, II 87
Baugulf, Abbot of Fulda, I 202, II 168
Baume-les-Messieurs, II 340, 341
Bayeux Tapestry: scene showing soldiers carrying wine and arms on a
cart, I 285 (fig. 234); barrel depicted on, I 296; detail showing
Harold and followers in solarium at Bosham, I 312 (fig. 253),
322; palace of William the Conqueror, I 322, 323
"beakers" (calices), a measure of capacity, I 303, 303n222
Beaulieu, abbey of, II 109; traces of night stairway in church, I 139,
253n49; reader's pulpit of refectory, I 268
Bec, abbey of, and the customs of Cluny, II 343
Beckwith, John, I 207n62
Bede, The Venerable, II 71, 175n11; and medieval weights and measures,
I 85n37, 39; De temporibus ratione, I 103n60, 354; Life of St.
Cuthbert by, I 262n76; beginning as an oblate, I 337, 338n10;
role in education, II 168n4; unsuccessful bloodletting described
in Ecclesiastical History of, II 185; death of, described by
Cuthbert, II 212n3
beds, size of, in the Plan, I 112-113
See also Monks' Dormitory
beehive huts of Irish monks, I 243, 248 (fig. 195)
beekeeping, and standard beehives, III 116 (fig. 532)
Beenken, Hermann, and the interpretation of the crossing, I 163, 169,
169n18
beer: making and storage of, and the Plan, I 303; discussed in the
Customs of Corbie, I 303, II 109, 117; monastic contribution to
making of, I 352; facilities for cooling, indicated on the Plan,
II 153; yeast culture needed in brewing of, II 251; different
types and qualities of, II 253; produced in Monks' Bake and
Brewhouse, II 254; brewed in Babylon and Egypt, II 259; and
monachism in Western Europe, II 259; process of brewing,
II 261; a substitute for wine, II 261; origin of hopping of,
II 263; brewed in outlying estates of monasteries, II 264; paid
to Fontanella, III 126.
See also Baking, and brewing; Kitchen, Bake, and Brew House
for Distinguished Guests; Kitchen, Bake, and Brew House for
Pilgrims and Paupers; Monks' Bake and Brew House
Befort, Iron Age houses of, II 71
Behaim, Balthasar, II 135
Behaim Codex, bakehouse depicted in, II 135 (fig. 387), 137
Behn, Friedrich: and the length of the Carolingian foot, I 95, 97;
excavator of the monastery of Lorsch, I 245
bells, I 131n13; not postulated for towers of the Church of the Plan,
I 129, 131
Beltis, Lake Wallenstadt, Switzerland, hand operated mortars and pestles
from, II 235 (fig. 449.A), 236
benches: in the Church of the Plan, I 137, 139, 141, 143; church bench
from the monastery of Alpirsbach, I 152 (fig. 100, 100.X); and
tables in the Refectory of the Plan, I 268
Benedict of Nursia, Saint: bishops' authority over abbots established by,
I 11n11; views on monks' bathing, I 22, 25, 262, 265; use of the
term officina by, I 51; daily ration of bread and wine for monks
established by, I 52, 278, 299, II 248; on duties of abbots, I 264;
and Monte Cassino monastery, I 277, 298, II 257; on the abbot
and the provost, I 326; monastic career of, I 328; on deans,
I 332; and the opus dei, I 339; and the proper scheduling of
religious services, I 353-354; and human sanitation, II 304; and
the rule of silence, II 347; and the term, forma, III 3; and the
term claustrum, III 5; attitude toward the state, III 97; account
of, by Gregory I, III 181
See also Rule of St. Benedict
Benedict Biscop, and the spread of monasticism, I 325
Benedictine monachism, I 327n1; versus the Irish monastic tradition,
I 24; related to the synthronon, I 144; reasons for success of,
I 328-329; and the spread of water-driven mills, II 232; and the
association of baking and brewing, II 257; and the Carolingian
search for cultural unity, II 279; innovations which became part
of the tradition of, II 345-348
See also Benedictine monasteries; Benedict of Nursia, Saint;
Monastic reform movement; Rule of St. Benedict
Benedictine monasteries, II 315, 335; number of monks at, I 342; layout
of Post-Conquest English, II 341-348, 353; customs of Cluny
adopted by many, II 343; layout of, continued by English
Cistercian monasteries, II 349; changes in monastic layout
made by, II 351, 355, 356
See also Benedictine monachism
Benedict of Aniane, Saint, I x, xi, 25n46, 131n13, III 7, 120n140,
122n147; and the monastic reform movement, I 21, 29, II 340,
341, III 94n14, 110n92; life of (Vita Benedicti abbatis
Anianensis), I 52n31, II 116; thatch and tile roofs used by,
I 176-177; and the monastery of Kornelismünster, I 190,
343n[o]; monastery at Inden built for, I 192, II 340; views and
habits regarding baths, I 265; views on monks' diet, I 277; and
monks' behavior and seating during meals, I 279; and the
monastic revival begun by Dunstan, II 343; and the issue of the
abbot's sleeping accommodations, II 347; relations with
Adalhard of Corbie, III 92n3; death of, III 93
Benicia, California, ruined barn with louvers, II 120 (fig. 364), 121
Benner, Richard, and John Elton, II 230, 233
Beowulf, Hall Heorot described in, I 275
Berger, Rainer, II 89n6
Berlière, Ursmer, I 342, 347, II 333
Bernhard (Frankish king), III 93; family relations of, III 99;
(genealogical chart), III 127
Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint, I 69, II 354, 355; Ordo Cluniacensis, II 345,
348
Bernard, Honoré, excavations of St.-Riquier by, I 251
Bernher (brother of Adalhard of Corbie), III 94n14
Bernini, Lorenzo, I 178
Berno, Abbot of Cluny, II 334, 341
Bernwick, Abbot of St. Gall, II 167n60
Bersu, Gerhard, II 71
Bessler, Hans, I 3, 6
Bethlehem: Constantinian Nativity Church of (seating arrangements),
I 143; Justinian Church of the Nativity, I 190, 217; (plan), I 188
(fig. 143)
Beyerle, Konrad, I 9n2, 11, 12n18, III 176
Bible: Old Testament measurements and the medieval measuring
system, I 85n39; large size of Carolingian Bibles, I 136;
hospitality of Abraham, II 139n1; Winchester Bible, I 266;
Maurdramnus Bible, III 95
Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana, depicted in Lorsch Gospels, II ix
bibliothecarius. See Librarian
Bikel, Hermann, II 166; Wirschaftsverhältnisse des Klosters St. Gallen,
I 3
Bilfinger, Gustav, Die Mittelalterlichen Horen und die Modernen Stunden,
I 353n26
Billiard, Raymond, I 295
Bilsdorf, Luxembourg: Roman villa excavated at, II 11; (plans), II 12
(fig. 271), 14 (fig. 272.A-B)
Bischoff, Bernhard, I 9n1, 13n1, 21n7, 31n25, II 166; paleographical
problems of the Plan treated by, I 6, 12, 13-14, 79, III 176; and
titles referring to length of the Church of the Plan, III 8; and the
origin of the Plan, III 9, 171; Plan viewed as a copy by, III 158
bishops: authority over abbots, I 11n11, 331, 331n26; convention at the
Danube, I 135; reception at monasteries, II 153, 155
Biskopa Sögur, II 127n26
blacksmiths, workshop, tools, and manufactures of, II 198
See also Crafts; Craftsmen
Blaine, Bradford B., Water-Power in Medieval Industry, II 245n61
Blandium, monastery of, II 343
Bloch, Marc: views on pestles of the Plan, II 237, 238; and diffusion of
the water-powered trip-hammer, II 245
Bloemen, F., Iron age houses excavated at Wijchen by, II 55, 57n79
See also Wijchen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
Blondel, Louis, I 202
bloodletting: place of bloodletters (sanguinatores) in the monastic
organization, I 326 (Table I); in monasteries, II 184, 185,
187-188; frequency of, 184.x-185.x; medieval portrayals of,
II 185 (fig. 417), 186, 186 (fig. 418); performed by physicians,
later by barbers, II 187; in the Rubrics of Adalhard, III 121
Blore, Edward, II 103
Blue Mosque, Tabriz, Iran, I 136 (fig. 86)
Bobbio, monastery of, I 355n33; jurisdiction of cellarers of, I 333; senior
chamberlain (camerarius) and abbot's chamberlain (camerarius
abbatis) at, I 335; trade with monastery of St. Gall, II 208;
script of, III 94n5
Boeckelman, Walter, I 143n61; and the dimensional inconsistencies of
the Plan, I 3, 30, 87, 183n70, 190, III 172; views on the synods
of Aachen, I 29, 29n18, 81; and the scale of the Plan, I 87, 103,
III 172
Boethius, Axel, views on the origin of the Roman atrium house, II 9,
9n14, n18
Bogazköy, Ankara, Turkey, Temple I with pithos, I 281 (fig. 227.X)
Böhner, Kurt, I 319
Bollandus, Johannes, III 169
Bond, Frances, I 135
Boniface, Saint, I 189, 202, III 95, 97
See also Fulda
Book of Hours, illustration of coopers at work, II 197 (fig. 423)
Book of Kells: opening word of St. Mark's Gospel, I 300 (fig. 245), 301;
illumination of opening word of St. Mark's Gospel related to
grouping of building masses on the Plan, I 319, 321
Borchard, Ludwig, I 59
Born, Ernest, I ix; and the 1965 model of the monastery of the Plan, I 7,
112, II 2; analysis of dimensions of Charlemagne's Palace
grounds by, I 105; drawing of interior of the Church of the Plan
by, I 162 (fig. 110); plan of crypt of the Church of the Plan by,
I 177 (fig. 123); capacity of barrels of the Plan calculated by,
I 286 (fig. 235.A-C), 303
Boscoreale, Italy, cave of Roman villa with dolia, I 281 (fig. 228)
Boso, Bishop of Constance, and the tomb of St. Gall, I 143
Boudewijn Hartsland, the Netherlands, medieval house site, II 71
Braat, W. C., excavator of Kloosterberg, I 317
See also Kloosterberg, the Netherlands
Brakspear, Harold, II 348
Bramante, Donato, I 178
Braun, Joseph, I 143n61
Braunfels, Wolfgang, I 6-7, 33, II 116n11; quoted, III 120; editor of
Das Lorscher Evangeliar (facsimile), III 172; and Council of
Europe exhibition Karl der Grosse, III 172
bread: projected daily needs of, at monastery of the Plan, II 132, 251;
antiquity of making of, II 136; allotment to pilgrims, II 145;
allotment to visiting paupers, II 152; facilities for leavening,
II 153; carbonized loaf from Pompeii, II 248 (ill.); different
types for different classes of people, II 253, 257; often baked
near a mill, II 255; baking of, in monastic bakeries, II 255; daily
allowance for monks, II 255; 255n18, 257; procedure for
making, in medieval times, II 255n16; supplies and allocation of,
at Corbie, II 233n28, 257, 259, III 103, 105, 106-107, 109, 117;
weight considered by synod of Aachen, 817, III 106n53
bread-warden. See Keeper of the bread
brevia (directives), III 91
Breviary of the Museum Mayer van den Bergh (Dutch Bible),
illustration showing hinged roof hatch, II 122 (fig. 368),
II 122-123
Brevium exempla, I 323n12, II 33, 36, 41, 43, 45; savin plant mentioned
in, I 246-247; description of a royal residence with solaria in,
I 322; and the development of managerial practice and theory,
I 351; materials used for building mentioned in, II 85, 161;
royal residence at Annapes mentioned in, II 127, 146
Brewers' Granary [30] of the Plan
See House of Coopers and Wheelwrights, and Brewers' Granary
brewing, facilities for, II 153, 251
See also Bake and Brew House for Distinguished Guests;
Baking, and brewing; Kitchen, Bake and Brew House for
Pilgrims and Paupers; Monks' Bake and Brew House
Brienne, Count of, II 167n62
Bronze Age, some carpentry joints attested for, II 116
Bruckner, Albert Theophil, I 151
Bruegel the Elder, Pieter, II 42; houses depicted by, related to the St.
Gall house, II 83; Dutch rural architecture preserved in
engravings of, II 86; engraving of Dutch village, II 87 (fig. 336);
layout of barns depicted by, II 216
Bruno, archbishop of Cologne, I 27
Bucholtwelmen, Germany, single-naved houses excavated in, II 76
Buckler, J. G., II 308, 309n31
building codes, modern, ratios of toilet seats to number of users
prescribed in, II 302-303
building materials, I 159; lack of information on, in the Plan, I 61; for
roofs, I 173, 175-178, II 116, 116n6; timber or mixed timber
and masonry possible for reconstruction of Outer School,
II 172; for monastic infirmaries, II 178; timber versus masonry
in reconstruction of House of the Physicians, II 179
See also Masonry; Roofs; Walls; Wood
Burgheim, Neuberg, Germany, early medieval Bajuvarian village
excavated near, II 77
Burg Kreuzenstein, Austria, cupboard, I 268 (fig. 215), 271
Bury St. Edmunds Abbey, II 341
Butler, Cuthbert, I 327n1
Butler (buticularius), II 163-164
butter, churning of, depicted in Utrecht Psalter, II 287 (fig. 484)
Byland Abbey, II 306; layout, II 351
C
Cabrières d'Aygues, France, Gallo-Roman stone relief, I 283 (fig. 232)
Cabrol, F., and H. Leclercq: Dictionnaire d'archéologie chrétienne et de
liturgie, I 3, II 5; and the interpretation of exemplare, I 9n2
See also Leclercq, Henri
Caelius Aurelius, On Medicine, II 176
Calefactory. See Monks' Dormitory and Warming Room, Warming
Room; Monks' warming room
California: University of, and the 1965 model of the monastery of the
Plan, I 7; Administrative Code, on the ratio of toilet seats to
numbers of users at camps, II 302
calves, tithing of, III 114
See also Cows; Cowmen
camera ("store room" or "supply room"), II 337, 337n17
camerarius. See Chamberlain
caminata (corner fireplace), the term, III 4
See also Corner fireplace(s)
caminatae (rooms with corner fireplaces), the term, III 4
caminus, etymology of, II 124-125
Camp, Charles, L., I 89n46, III 131
Campion, M. A., I 3, 9n2, 77n1, II 172
cancellarius. See Chancellor
Canisius, Henricus, rediscovery of the Plan by, I 2, 6, 11, III 173
Canterbury. See Christchurch Monastery, Canterbury; St. Augustine's
Abbey, Canterbury
Canterbury Psalter, plans of the waterworks of Christchurch Monastery
inserted into, I 69, 72, II 306 (see also Christchurch Monastery,
Canterbury)
cantor. See Choir master
capitalis rustica: occasional use of, in inscriptions on the Plan, I 13n7,
128, 139, 155, 311, II 268, III 8-9, 17, 19; parts of Plan with
occurrences of, listed, III 17
capitals, from ninth-century churches, I 168 (figs. 114, 115.X), 169
(fig. 115)
Capitula qualiter, III 7
Capitulare de villis: and Charlemagne's efforts to unify weights and
measures, I 52, 52n; savin plant mentioned in, I 246-247; and
royal estates, I 349, 351, II 45, 212; and the development of
managerial practice and theory, I 351; origin and purpose of,
II 33; articles bearing on architecture quoted, II 33, 35-36;
quoted on manufacture of war wagons, II 201-202; translated
by B. E. C. Guérard, III 91; note on, III 173; parts translated
by Georges Duby, III 177
Capitulare Hettonis, I xi
Capitulore monasticum, I 21
capitularies: regarding monastic practices, I 22, 53, 277, II 139, 341;
regarding military obligations of monasteries, I 347n1, n2; of
Carloman, Pepin III, and Charlemagne on military service of
vassals, III 96n30; of Charlemagne (see Charlemagne,
appropriate subheadings)
See also Capitulare de villis; Capitulare Hettonis; Capitulary of
Frankfort
Capitulary of Frankfort, I 52, 324
caretaker of the lamps (lucernarius), I 336
caritas, Christian concept of, and water power, II 226
Carolman, King of the Franks, I 347n1, III 96n30; and the monastery of
St. Gall, I 10
Caroline cursive (script): development and effect of, III 13 (fig. 523)
See also Carolingian minuscule
Carolingian churches: square schematism of, I 125, 127 (see also Square
schematism); building materials used for, I 159; background of
double-apsed plan, I 164; use of vaulting in, I 172; architectural
innovation of, I 183; monastic (capacity of), I 204; derivation of
axial alignment of, I 319, 319n39 (see also Centrality vs. axiality)
See also Church of the Plan; Cologne, Carolingian church; St.
Gall, monastery of, Gozbert's abbey church
Carolingian court, six leading functionaries of, II 163-164
Carolingian crown estates and their houses, II 33, 35-36, 41, 43, 45
Carolingian Empire, map showing centrality of St. Gall site, II 169
Carolingian foot, I 51, 94n54; computation of, I 94, regional variation of,
I 95; compared with other medieval feet, I 95; length of, as used
in the Plan, I 97
See also Measurement
Carolingian literature, "numerical composition" of, III v
Carolingian measurement system. See appropriate subheadings under
Measurement
Carolingian minuscule, III 175; used by main scribe of the Plan, III 9,
19; relationship to Caroline cursive, III 13; derivation and early
form of, III 92; first dated example of, III 95
Carolingian Renaissance: and Trajan's basilica and forum, I 291; and the
monastic office of librarian, I 335; a product of cultural
encounter between Germanic peoples and the heritage of
Antiquity, I 356; and Charlemagne's educational policies,
II 168; drawing in Utrecht Psalter an example of, II 295
(fig. 490) (see also Utrecht Psalter)
Carolingian rulers: and the spread of monasticism, I vi; genealogy of,
III 126-127 (chart)
carpentry joints, II 55, 116; of Neolithic and Bronze ages, II 48 (fig.
300.A-D); natural fork, II 54; of the Infirmary Hall of St.
Mary's Hospital, Chichester, II 103, 114 (fig. 356.A-B)
See also St. Andrew crosses
carters, II 275n21, III 108n83
Carus-Wilson, E. M., II 245
Cassian. See John Cassian, Saint
Cassiodorus, I 155; monastery of Vivarium founded by, I 68, II 176;
Institutiones, I 149, 156, II 175, 176; protagonist of classical
learning, I 353; views on medicine expounded in Introduction
to Divine and Human Proceedings, II 175-176
Castle Acre Priory, Norfolk, England, II 341, 348; plan showing
successive building campaigns, II 346 (fig. 518); layout, II 349,
350
castles, medieval tripartite division of, I 116.
See also Dorestad, Carolingian castellum; Sabatz-on-the-Sau
Caucasus region, hops in folklore of, II 263
cellarer(s): of servants (cellararius familiae), I 74, 326 (Table I), 333;
duties of, I 265, 279, 280, 288-289, 307, 326 (Table I), 333; in
the order of St. Pachomius, I 327; described in Hatton 48, I 334
(ill.); revenues received by, III 96n25; regulations regarding, in
the Customs of Corbie, III 97, 103, 109-111, 118-120
Celts: and the diffusion of monasticism, I vi; settlement of, at Aachen,
I 107; invention of wine barrels attributed to, I 278, 293;
Hallstatt settlement of, II 55n70; and the aisled timber house,
II 58
Central Asia, suggested area of origin of hopping beer, II 263
central fireplace. See Open fireplace
centrality vs. axiality, II 79, 81-82
Centula. See St.-Riquier (Centula)
centuria (unit of Roman land measure), III 140 (fig. 540.B)
See also Measurement, land; Roman land surveying
Cérizy-la-Forêt Church, diaphragm arches of, I 212, 234
Chaalis Abbey, number of outlying granges of, II 111
chain (unit of measure). See Gunter chain
chamberlain (camerarius), II 164, 337; duties of, I 258, 335, 349, II 188n7,
189, 200, 203; duties and rank of First Chamberlain (camerarius
primus), I 326 (Table I), III 108n74; described in Hatton 48,
of, II 189; regulations concerning, in Customs of Corbie,
III 103, 104n27, 105, 106, 108n74, n75, 109, 120n132
chancellor (cancellarius), II 164, III 95
chanting and singing, III 120n139, 122n149; antiphonal singing, I 339
(see also Antiphonaries); psalm singing in monks' daily worship,
I 346; mentioned in Customs of Corbie, III 110, 121, 122
See also Choirmaster
Chapel for the Novices. See Novitiate and Infirmary [17], Chapel for the
Novices
Chapel for the Sick. See Novitiate and Infirmary [17], Chapel for the Sick
chapter house: foot washing ritual performed in, I 309, 309n245; origin
of, II 336, 356; an innovation made at Cluny, II 345
See also Chapter meetings
chapter meetings: held on northern cloister walk, I 248-249, II 336; and
the Benedictine Rule, III 96n24; monks' conduct at close of,
III 120n139, n141
See also Chapter house
Charlemagne, III 96n30; monastic policy of, I x; unity, order, and
perfection as goal of, I x, xi, 52, 53; Admonitio generalis of 789,
I x, 52, 337; court of, I x, II 163-164; and the Rule of St.
Benedict, I xi, 243; and the union of church and state (sacerdotum
and regnum), I xi, 29, 144, 208, 347, II 155, III 97 (see also
Church and state); monks sent to all parts of the empire by,
I xii; Einhard, biographer of, I 11; educational policies of, I 24,
27, 353, II 168, 169; monastic policy of, and the Plan, I 25n46,
27; related to Hildebold, archbishop of Cologne, I 27;
coronation of, at Rome, I 27, 29, 143, 187, 214, II 155;
prototype plan probably drawn up in time of, I 29; and the
monastic reform movement, I 29, 81; manuscripts prepared at
request of, I 30; efforts to establish unified weights and
measures, I 52, 95; Forma urbis Romae possibly seen by, 165
(Comment); grievance of monks of Fulda against Abbot Ratger
presented to, I 105n63, 189-190, 339, 340, III 3-4; residence of,
at Aachen, I 107; capitulary regarding baptism, I 135n30;
capitulary to the effect that canopies should be placed over
altars, I 141, 141n50; capitulary regarding private oratories,
I 144-145, 173; capitulary regarding the copying of sacred
texts, I 151; letters to, from Pope Hadrian I, I 175; capitulary
mentioning tile as a roof cover, I 177; and the universal
Christian empire of Constantine the Great, I 189; capitulary
against homosexual acts of monks, I 252, 253n44; value of
hemina set by, I 296, 298, 299; value of modius set by, I 299,
III 106n51; authority over abbots, I 331; and military
obligations of monasteries, I 347, 347n1; traveling habits of,
II 155, 164; and his son, King Louis of Aquitaine, II 167n63;
water mills given to monastery of Aniane by, II 230; and the
daily allowance of bread to monks, II 257; size of pound
increased by, II 257; and the medieval use of hops, II 263;
Adalhard a schoolmate of, III vi; and the monastery of Corbie,
III 92n1, 93; policy toward Saxony, III 93; Alcuin's nickname
for, III 95; inventory of landholdings of St.-Wandrille ordered
by, III 96n19; capitulary on minting of coinage, III 96n20;
literacy made use of by, III 97; charter of immunities issued by,
III 99; mentioned in the charter of 815 of Louis the Pious,
III 124; in genealogical chart of Carolingian kings, III 127;
Notker's stories about (De Carlo Magno), III 191
See also Aachen, Charlemagne's Audience Hall; Aachen, Palace
Chapel; Aachen, Palace of; Capitulare de villis
Charles, F. W. B. and Jane, II 281
Charles II (the Bald): economic burden of royal visits under, II 156n31;
coinage under, III 96n20
Charles III (the Fat), III 191
Charles Martel, III 95
charter custodian (custos cartarum), place in monastic organization, I 326
(Table I)
charter of immunities (815), III 99, III 124
Chauci, II 71
Cheddar, Somerset, England: composite plan of successive aisled palace
halls, II 70 (fig. 324.A); twelfth-century hall, II 70 (fig. 324.B),
76; Saxon palace, II 76, 278; (circular enclosure), II 268, 270
(fig. 470); (interpretation of longhall), II 280 (fig. 479)
cheese: in monastic economy, II 264, 281; goat, II 289; tithing of,
III 115; paid to Fontanella, III 125
Chester Cathedral, Cheshire, England: reader's pulpit of refectory,
I 268; ambry of, I 271
Chichester, Sussex, England: kitchen of Bishop's Palace, I 287, 287n168,
n187; (plan and section), I 276 (fig. 224.A-B); St. Mary's
Hospital at (see St. Mary's Hospital)
chickens. See Poultry
Childebert (Merovingian king), I 190, 325
Childs, Alfred, I 299n221
Chilperic II (Frankish king), concessions to Corbie by, III 114n107
China: Han man-powered tilt hammer, II 237; Han hydraulic trip-hammers,
II 237, 245; Han pottery models showing trip-hammer
and forge, II 239 (fig. 452.A-C); Han man-powered
trip-hammers portrayed on rubbing of tomb tile, II 240 (fig.
452.D)
choirmaster (cantor): seat for, in the crossing square, I 141; function of,
in pre-Carolingian times, I 147; duties and place in monastic
organization, I 326 (Table I), 335, 339; and the Customs of
Corbie, III 97
choir stall, III 3
chorbates (Roman leveling device), III 130 (fig. 535)
See also Roman land surveying
Christ. See Jesus Christ
Christchurch Monastery, Canterbury, II 341; Wibert's plans of
waterworks of, I 63, 69, 70 (fig. 52.A), 72, 306, 306n27;
interpretational plan of waterworks of, I 71 (fig. 52.B), 72;
interpretation of water supply system as relying on gravity,
I 72 (fig. 52.C); Customs of Lanfranc produced for, I 309 (see
also Customs of Lanfranc); abbot's house, I 322; (in detail of
plan), I 311 (fig. 252); and architectural innovation, I 354; bake
and brew house, II 251; (in detail of plan), 252 (fig. 461);
monks' privy, II 306, 308; (in detail of plan), 307 (fig. 502);
(plan and transverse section), II 308 (fig. 503.A-B); (arches
supporting privy seats), II 308 (fig. 503.C); and the Customs of
Cluny, II 343; layout of, II 343, 345n11, 355
Chrodegang, Bishop of Metz, I 303n224; monastery of Lorsch built by,
I 245; and the Benedictine reform, I 325
Chronicle of Hariulf, I 171
See also Hariulf
Chronicle of Monte Cassino, III 5
Church and state (sacerdotum and regnum): in Carolingian times, I 144,
208, 232, 347, II 155, III 93, 95, 97, 99; and medieval principles
of organization, I 231
churches. See Carolingian churches; Cruciform churches; Early
Christian churches; Quincunx churches
Church [1] of the Plan, I xxi, 27, 50, 214; relation to other buildings of
the Plan, I xxii-xxiii; atria of, I xxii, 128, 187, 204, II 140, 144;
(in plan), 132 (fig. 84); dimensional inconsistencies of, I 3, 6,
77, 79, 87, II 339 (see also Plan of St. Gall, dimensional
inconsistencies of); western paradise, I 13, 40; tracing of, I 18,
35, 37, 42, 42 (fig. 33), 43, 43 (fig. 34), 47 (fig. 38); baptismal
font, I 19 (fig. 10.B); resemblance to the Carolingian church of
Cologne, I 27, 28; controversy over optimal length, I 29, 29n18,
30, 187, 189-190; length of, reduced, I 30, 104; details of sewn
parchment showing sequence of joining and drawing details,
I 38-39 (fig. 25.A-B), 40 (fig. 30), 41 (fig. 31); western apse,
I 40, 131; scale, I 51, 87, 87n40, n45, 89; inks used in drawing,
I 53; thickening of certain lines, I 53n1; multi-level choir and
crypt, I 59; rendering of doors, I 61; stone construction
envisaged for, I 61; rendering of different levels, I 61; stairs
represented in, I 65; apse of St. Peter, I 65; plans, I 76 (fig. 55),
187 (fig. 140), 214 (fig. 173); interpreted by Ostendorf (plan),
I 76 (fig. 56); plan of south transept arm with grid showing
reliance on a 2½-foot module, I 78 (fig. 59.A-D); plan with
40-foot module superimposed, I 82 (fig. 61); modularity and
square schematism, I 90-91, 93, 97, 211, 212, 221; in the central
zone of the Plan, I 91, 119 (fig. 75); stages in conceptual growth
of layout, I 97, 99, 101; (plans), I 96 (fig. 67), 98 (fig. 68);
provision for thickness of walls, I 99; modularity destroyed by
reduction of length, I 104, 233, 237; seating capacity, I 113;
parts inaccessible to laymen, I 115, 130 (fig. 82); and the
tripartite division of the central tract, I 120 (fig. 76); and the
and sacred numbers, I 123, 124; screens and railings, I 127;
general description, dimensions, and shape, I 127-128; western
half, in detail of Plan, I 132 (fig. 84); choir of St. Peter, I 133,
135; nave, I 133, 135-136, 160, 163 (see also Nave); presbytery,
I 139, 141, 143, 164; plan of nave and aisles, I 142 (fig. 93);
synthronon, I 143-144; plan of transept, presbytery, eastern
apse, and paradise, I 150 (fig. 99); authors' interpretation of
Church and Claustrum, I 159-160; (plan), I 158 (fig. 107);
(transverse section), I 161 (fig. 108); authors' reconstruction,
I 159-160, 162, 163-164, 166, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175-178;
(transverse and longitudinal sections), I 161 (figs. 108-109;)
(interior view), I 162 (fig. 110); (elevations), I 165-167 (figs.
111-113); directionalism, I 164; confessio, I 169, 171, 198; (in
plans), I 150 (fig. 99), 177 (fig. 123); Reisser's reconstruction,
I 169n19; reconstruction as modified by corrective titles, I 178,
180-181, 183-186; (plans), I 182 (figs. 130-131), 186 (fig. 137);
(plan of crypt and altar space), I 184 (fig. 132); position of
officiating priest in, I 180-181, 181n68; historical evaluation,
I 187-233 passim, 237-238; and St. Michael's at Hildesheim,
I 237; prototype of diaphragm arch in, I 237; and architectural
innovation, I 354
aisles: altars of, I 13, 133; (plan), I 142 (fig. 93); width, I 57, 91, 97,
99, 159; (shown in plan), I 98 (fig. 68); height of walls, I 160
altars: the high altar (Altar of SS. Mary and Gall), I 10, 31, 139, 141,
183, 191-192; (shown on plan), I 150 (fig. 99); (inscriptions for),
III 29; in the Church towers, I 13, 129, 167; in the aisles, I 13,
133; (shown in plan), I 142 (fig. 93); (inscriptions for),
III 25-26; rendering of crosses on, I 55; accessible by stairs,
I 65; of St. Michael and St. Gabriel, I 65; and number
symbolism, I 124 (fig. 80.X), 125n28, 204; number of, I 127,
189, 191, 195, 204, 208-209, 212; accessibility to monks and
laymen respectively, I 130 (fig. 82); of St. Peter and St. Paul,
I 131, 133, 133n23, 143; (inscriptions for), III 8, 29; Altar of
SS. John the Baptist and John the Evangelist, I 135; (shown on
plans), I 130 (fig. 82), 142 (fig. 93); Altar of the Savior at the
Holy Cross, I 135-136; (shown on plan), I 142 (fig. 93);
(inscription for), III 8; in the transept arms and crossing, I 139;
(inscriptions for), III 26-28; and extended eastern altar space,
I 187; arrangement of (plan), I 204 (fig. 164); axonometric view
of altars and altar screens (authors' interpretation), I 205 (fig.
165)
ambo: in details of Plan, I 19 (fig. 10.A), 142 (fig. 93); description
and location, I 136, 201
crossing: furnishings, I 137, 139, 152, 196; and square schematism,
I 137, 139, 212, 237; reconstructions, I 163-164, 169; arch-framed,
proposed, I 164, 169; (seen in interior view), I 162 (fig.
110); disengaged, I 187, 192, 195-196
crypt system, I 187; and the location of the tomb of St. Gall, I 141,
143; outer and inner crypt, I 144-145, 198; in plan, I 150 (fig.
99); previous reconstructions, I 169, 171; (Hecht's), I 172 (fig.
118); (Ostendorf's), I 172 (fig. 119), 173; (Reinhardt's), I 184
(fig. 132); authors' interpretation, I 177 (fig. 123), 181, 183;
plans of fore choir and, I 196 (fig. 155.A-B)
eastern apse (exedra): description, I 143-144; seen in plan of part of
the Church, I 150 (fig. 99)
eastern paradise: the drawing of, I 37n6; description, I 155; seen in
elevation of Church, I 166 (fig. 112)
fore choir, I 187; in Dehio's reconstruction, I 178; in Reinhardt's
reconstruction, I 180, 182, 183; (perspective cut), I 184 (fig.
132); related to antecedent and contemporary buildings,
I 190-192; function, I 195-196; and system of crypts, I 197;
(plans), I 196 (fig. 155.A-B)
inscriptions on the Plan for, I 50, 77; relating to altars, I 13, 31, 143;
in capitalis rustica, I 13n7, 139, 155, III 8, 17; writing of, I 50;
in verse, I 77, 128, III 7-8; giving dimensions of the Church,
I 77, 128, III 8, 23, 24-25; relating to the atrium, I 128; relating
to the towers, I 129; relating to the western apse, I 131; relating
to the nave, I 135, 136, 142 (fig. 93); relating to the presbytery,
I 139; relating to the crypt, I 144, 171, 173; relating to the
Sacristy and Vestry, I 145; referring to the Scriptorium and
Library, I 50, 147, III 31; referring to the eastern paradise,
I 155; referring to an inner confessio, I 169; in the crossing,
I 196; written by the second scribe, III 9; reproduced,
transcribed, and translated, III 18-30
Library [1a], I xxii; location, I 24, 147; entrances to, I 50, 141;
inscriptions pertaining to, I 50, 147, III 31; a multi-level
structure, I 59; administration of, I 147-148, 335; reading
collection of, I 148; size of, I 149; handling of books in, I 151;
and directional aspect of the Church, I 164; in elevation of the
Church, I 166 (fig. 112)
Monks' Parlor [1j], I xxii, II 144; contact between monks and
seculars in, I 115; location and function, I 245, 307, 309;
inscriptions referring to, I 307, II 337, III 34
porches [1f, g, h]: detail of Plan showing North Porch [1f] with text
in hand of both scribes, I 12 (fig. 4); inscriptions relating to,
I 13-14, III 8, 33-34
Sacristy [1b]: location, I xxii; in multi-level structure, I 59; modular
planning of, I 99; description, I 145; and directional aspect of
Church, I 164; corner fireplace in, II 125n18; inscriptions for,
III 31
Scriptorium [1a]: location, I xxii, 24, 147; inscribing of titles of,
I 50; a multi-level structure, I 59; windows indicated for, I 68,
II 132; modularity, I 99; deviation from modular format, I 101;
seven desks for scribes in, I 123; access to Library from, I 141;
layout and furnishings, I 147; administration, I 147, 335;
functions, I 149; number of writers accommodated by, I 151;
persons having access to, I 155; and the directional aspect of the
Church, I 164; seen in elevation of the Church, I 166 (fig. 112);
inscription for, III 31
towers [1k, l]: I 6, 129, 131, 187, 202, 207; in details of the Plan, I 19
(fig. 11.A-B), 132 (fig. 84); seen in elevations, I 166 (fig. 112),
167 (fig. 113); inscriptions for, III 12, 35
transept: modular dimensions of northern transept arm, I 101;
layout and furnishings, I 136-137, 139; inks used in drawing,
I 137; height, I 160, 163 (see also Transepts)
Vestry [1b], I xxii; a multi-level structure, I 59; description and
custodianship, I 145; and directional aspect of the Church,
I 164; inscription for, III 31, 39
See also Lodging for Visiting Monks; Lodging of the Master of
the Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers; Lodging of Master of the
Outer School; Plan of St. Gall, dimensional inconsistencies of;
Porter's Lodging; Road giving access to Church of the Plan
Cicero, Brutus, and wine-making, I 295
Cistercian monasteries, II 315, 335; and separate quarters for abbots,
I 324; outlying granges of, II 111; number of, in thirteenth-century
France, II 111; layout of, II 342, 345, 351n10, 349-355;
size of cloister yards of, in England, II 343n8; and location of
warming room, II 348; paradigmatic layout of the Plan altered
by, II 355-356
See also Cistercians; Clairvaux Abbey; Fountains Abbey;
Kirkstall Abbey
Cistercians: and the rule of silence, II 347; origin of, II 349; introduction
of lay brothers by, II 349; and monks' obligation of manual
labor, II 349, 357; relations with surrounding society, II 357;
changes in traditional monastic layout introduced by, II 357
See also Cistercian monasteries
Citeaux Monastery, layout, II 351
Clairvaux Abbey: reconstruction, I 69; outlying granges of, II 111; Dom
Milley's engravings of, II 113; water-powered trip-hammers of,
II 245; waterworks, II 245, 310; layout, II 349, 351, 355;
number of monks and lay brothers at, II 351n8; founding and
constructional history, II 354; plan and view from south, II 354
(fig. 521.A-B); thirteenth-century work on, III 176
Clapham, A. W., and the layout of Cluny, II 336, 338, 340, 341
Clarendon Palace, II 89n3
Clark, Patricia, III 7
classical illusionism, I 33
classical learning, and the monasteries, I 352-353
Classical School of interpretation of the guest and service buildings of the
Plan, II 2, 3, 5-6, 9-13, 18-20
Claudia Octavia, marble slab of, with plan of sepulchral monument, I 59,
62 (fig. 48)
Claussen, Hilde, I 199
claustrum, meanings of, I 151n103, III 5-7
See also Cloister of the Plan; Cloisters
clerks (clerici), III 102n4; discussed in Customs of Corbie, III 103
cloigtheach ("bell tower"), I 134 (fig. 85)
Cloister of the Novices. See Novitiate and Infirmary, Novitiate
Cloister of the Plan, I 50; location in sheets of parchment of the Plan,
I 35; scale, I 51; rendering of arcaded walls, I 55; stone
construction envisaged for, I 61; rendering of windows, I 68;
modularity, I 89-91, 97; (plan with 40-foot module superimposed),
I 82 (fig. 61); located in the central zone of the Plan,
I 91, 119 (fig. 75); and provision for thickness of walls in the
Plan, I 99; square schematism of, I 99, 101; and sacred numbers,
I 124; authors' interpretation (plan showing wall thickness),
I 158 (fig. 107); (transverse section), I 161 (fig. 108); (principal
structures in cutaway perspective), I 244 (fig. 192); height of
wall, I 160; plan with adjacent buildings, I 240 (fig. 191);
purpose, I 241; defined, I 241; galleried porches of, I 248-249
See also Claustrum; Cloisters; Monks' cloister yard; Monks'
Cloister Yard [W] of the Plan
Cloister of the Sick. See Novitiate and Infirmary, Infirmary
cloisters: origin of, I 3, 242, 243, 245, 245n7; four-cornered, II 356
See also Cloister of the Plan
Clothaire III (Frankish king), a patron of Corbie, III 95, III 114n107
Cluniacs: seating arrangement of choir of monks in churches of, I 137;
reform movement of, I 324, II 348; monasteries of, II 315, 341;
growth of, II 334; and the institution of lay brothers, II 339n35;
Thetford Priory founded by, II 344; and the rule of silence,
II 347; changes in monastic layout made by, II 356
See also Cluny
Cluny: daily work of scribes at, I 155; kitchens, I 284; and architectural
innovation, I 354; capacity for accommodating royal visits,
II 164-165, 165n50; unusual role of, II 165; described in
Customs of Farfa, II 275, 333, 334, 336; reconstruction of guest
house, II 277 (fig. 477), 277n26; privy of royal guest house,
II 302; monks' privy, II 305; (plan), 306 (fig. 501); origin and
history, II 334-335; plan showing versions of various periods,
II 335 (fig. 515); layout of, and the Plan, II 336-340, 341n41;
inner parlor, II 337, 345; sacristy, II 338; and the Benedictine
movement, II 340-341, 343; influence of uses of, on the Regularis
Concordia, II 343n4; innovations made at, II 345-348; and the
rule of silence, II 347; probable source of sign language and the
auditorium, II 347, 347n22; and the layout of Cistercian
monasteries of England, II 349
Cluny II: and the layout of Post-Conquest English Benedictine
monasteries, II 343; warming room, II 348, 353n15
See also Cluniacs; Customs (Consuetudinaries) of Farfa;
Customs of Udalric
Codex Amiatinus, prophet Ezra portrayed in, I 149, 151, 156 (fig. 105)
Codex Augienses CXXXVI, I 13, 14
Codex Aureus of Echternach, Christ in Majesty, I 230 (fig. 185)
Codex Lindisfarniensis. See Lindisfarne Gospels
Codex Rhenaugensis LXXIII, Adamnan's plans of churches in, I 54-56
(figs. 41-44), 59
Codex 397 of St. Gall, inscriptions from the wall of the aula of Abbot
Grimoald of St. Gall recorded in, I 324
coins: silver, I xxvii (ill.), II 212, 213 (fig. 430.X); Roman, showing
celestial canopy, I 154 (fig. 102.A-B); monograms, in second
period of Carolingian coinage, II 357 (ill.); minting of, under
Pepin, Charlemagne, and later, III 96n20, 122; limited use of,
in Charlemagne's empire, III 98n34; coinage practices in
Carolingian period, III 122 (fig. 533.A-B)
Cologne:
Carolingian church, I 183, 202, 211, 215; plan of Hildebold's
foundations, I 26 (fig. 14); discovery of remains of, I 26, 27,
79n8, 81; and the Church of the Plan, I 26n8, 27, 29, 81, 105,
214; nave wall supports, I 27; length, I 27, 79n8, 81, 187, 189;
construction, I 28; reconstructed floor plan and longitudinal
section, I 28 (fig. 15.A-B); dedication, I 29; interior view, I 29
(fig. 16); square schematism, I 127, 221, 225; crossing arches,
I 170; plan, compared with plans of similar churches, I 187
(fig. 139); extended altar space, I 189, 192; and the Carolingian
disengaged crossing, I 195; counter apse, I 202; semicircular
atrium, I 206; plan with square grid imposed, I 213 (fig. 172);
prototype of diaphragm arch in, I 237; night stairs, I 253n49;
and location of monks' cloister, II 340; reconstruction, III 201
Cathedral: grooves and prickings visible on thirteenth-century
parchment plan of, I 15, 15n3, 18; (fascimile details), I 15 (fig.
6), 18 (fig. 9); excavations under (see Cologne, Carolingian
church, discovery of remains of)
Merovingian cathedral, I 26n12; remains of floor of, I 26 (fig. 14)
colonus, I 341
Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater), shown in fragments of Forma urbis
Romae, I 59, 61, 64 (fig. 50.A-B), 65 (Comment)
Columban, Saint, I 131n13, II 259; and the diffusion of monasticism,
I 243, 325, III 94n5; Rule of, III 95
Columella, on Roman livestock and poultry raising, II 268, 270, 274, 287,
289
"column," meanings of symbol used in Plan for, I 163-164
Columna angularis exterioris ordinis, II 31
column of Trajan. See Trajan, Column of
Compludo forge: medieval trip-hammer of, II 238-239, 239n51, 241,
245, 247; (perspective view of hammer and drawings of parts of
the hammer mechanism), II 244 (fig. 457.A-D); geographical
location of, II 239n49
compluvium ("rainhole"), II 3, 3n3, 5, 6n10, 9; shown in plan,
perspective, and section of Roman atrium house, II 6 (fig.
265.A-C)
computus, I 354, III 170, 185
Conant, Kenneth John, Cluny studied by, II 277n26, 334-335, 336, 338,
339, 339n35, 340, 341n41, 343
concentor, I 326 (Table I), 335, 339
concordus regularis, I 315
confessio: of the Plan, I 169, 171, 198; (plans), I 150 (fig. 99), 177 (fig.
123), 198; of Gozbert's church, I 173; of Flavigny, I 198; of St.
Germain of Auxerre, I 198, 199n39
Conrad I (German king), I 281
Constable (comes stabulari), II 164
Constance, Bishop of, I 11
Constance, Lincoln, I 247n16, n17
Constantine the Great, I 141, 189, 200
Constantinian transept basilica, Carolingian revival of, I 256
Constitution (Constitutio Ansigisi abbatis). See Ansegis, abbot of
St.-Wandrille, Constitution of
Consuetudinaries (consuetudines), I 74, 335, III 91; Consuetudines)
Cistercienses, II 349
See also Consuetudo; Custom of Subiaco; various entries under
Customs
consuetudo (universally binding code of rules), I 20, 53
contubernum, the term, I 263
Conventus ad Ripas Danubii (Convention of bishops at the Danube),
I 135
coopers, II 194, 200-201, 202
See also House of Coopers and Wheelwrights, and Brewers'
Granary
Corbie, monastery of, III 98n36, III 175; receipt, raising, and
disposition of swine at, I 74, 307, III 106n63, 107, 115, 118-120
(see also Swine); circulating books of, I 149; Latin-cross plan of
church of, I 191; mealtime customs of, I 279; jurisdiction of
cellarers of, I 333, III 96n25, 97, 103, 109-111, 118-120;
jurisdiction and rank of chamberlain at, I 335, III 103, 104n27,
105, 106, 108n74, n75, 109, 120n132; number of prebends at,
I 342, 344, II 195, 208; number of monks at, I 343 (Table II),
342n[e]; capacity for accommodating pilgrims, II 144; staff of
porter at, II 153; craftsmen employed at, II 195; gardens and
garden workers of, II 208; duties and privileges of millers
employed by, II 230, 235, III 106n63, 107-108, 116; supplies
and allocation of bread at, II 233n25, 257, 259, III 103, 105,
106-107, 109, 117; sheep received and maintained by, II 299,
III 115-116; and the rule of silence, II 347, III 110, 121, 122,
123; policies of Louis the Pious toward, III 93; "ab script" of,
III 94n5; land holdings and other tenures of, III 94n11, 95,
96n17, n18, 113, 114n106, n107; number of Christian knights
supported by, III 95; residents of, largely noblemen, III 95;
library, III 95; education at, III 95, 97, 98n28; founding and
development of, III 95, 114n107; coins issued by abbot of,
III 96n20; abbot in charge of property of, III 98n32; importance
prebends at, III 103, 104-105, 104n23, 104n24, 111-112,
118-119 (see also Prebends); number of persons accommodated
by, III 106; Charter of 815 of Louis the Pious regarding, III 124
See also Customs of Corbie
Corinthian atrium house, II 5
See also Roman architecture, atrium house
Corinth-Lechaion, Church of St. Leonidas, I 143, 206; (plan), I 201
(fig. 161)
corner fireplace(s): in the Abbot's House, I 310, 318, 321, II 124 (fig.
371.A), III 52; in the apartment of the master of the Infirmary
and the "room for the critically ill," I 314; and technological
standards, I 352; used in various structures of the Plan, I 352,
II 124; symbol for, on the Plan, II 123; a prerogative of higher-ranking
members of the monastery, II 123, 124; origin and early
development of, II 124-128; of the House for Distinguished
Guests, II 124 (fig. 371.B), 146, 162; thirteenth-century, of
Frankfurt, II 125 (fig. 374), 128; with wooden hoods, II 128;
hooded circular type proposed for the Plan, II 128; diffusion
from Near East, II 128-129, 129n34; in Lodging for Visiting
Monks, II 140; in Porter's Lodging, II 153; in Lodging of the
Master of the Outer School, II 174, 175; in the House of the
Physicians, II 179, 181; of House for Bloodletting, II 184
See also Open fireplace(s)
Corpus Consuetudinum Monasticarum, I 7, 20n, III 3, 97, 98n38
Corvey convent, Saxony, III 95, III 128; establishment of, III 93
Corvey-on-the-Weser Abbey Church, I 163; Altar of the Holy Cross,
I 136; construction techniques, I 159; reconstruction by
Effmann, I 169n18; vaulted ground story, I 171; westwork,
I 172 (fig. 120), 208
Council of Europe exhibition Karl der Grosse, I vii-x, 6-7, 33, 104, 112,
171n28, II 2, 116, 116n11; III 172
See also Model of the buildings of the Plan, prepared for the
Council of Europe exhibition Karl der Grosse, Aachen (1965)
Council of Mainz (813), I 332
counter apse: of the Church of the Plan, I 187; sources of, I 199-200; as
sanctuary for the founding saint, I 202; a reflection of liturgical
changes, I 204
Count Palatine (comes palatinus), II 164
Court (Palace) School of illumination: related to the prototype plan,
I 30-31, 33; manuscripts ascribed to, I 30, 33; related to the
Plan, I 105, 308; Ada Gospels a product of, I 225; modular
layout used by, I 229; canon arches in Gospels of St. Medard of
Soissons painted in style of, II 271 (fig. 471.A-B).
See also Ada Gospels; Godescalc Gospels; Gospels of St.
Medard de Soissons; Lorsch Gospels; Utrecht Psalter
courts: monastic, attached to churches in Syria, I 242; monastic and
secular, III 95
cows: monastic use of, II 264, 281
See also Calves; Cowmen; House for Cows and Cowherds
cowmen, status of, II 275n21
crafts: carried on in a monastic community, I 238; practiced in the Great
Collective Workshop, II 189, 190, 191, 195
See also Craftsmen
craftsmen: houses and workshops for, I 242, II 189; 195; types of,
employed by monasteries, I 341; craftsman described in Hatton
48, I 344 (ill.); at Corbie under Adalhard, I 344; no individual
fireplaces in houses of, II 124; number of, at a monastery,
II 195-196; work and living quarters for, at Cluny, II 338;
mentioned in Customs of Corbie, III 103; supervised by
chamberlains, III 108n74
See also Annex of Great Collective Workshop; Familia (lay
workers); Crafts; Great Collective Workshop; House of Coopers
and Wheelwrights, and Brewers' Granary
Crocker, Richard L., I 137n44, 139, 230; work on the Carolingian
sequence, III 175
Crosby, Sumner McKnight, I 219n86; interpretation of early Carolingian
church of St.-Denis, I 207 (fig. 166.X)
crosses: Altar of the Savior at the Holy Cross in Church of the Plan,
I 135-136, 142 (fig. 93), 204 (fig. 164); altars of the Holy Cross,
I 136; associated with the rosette motif, I 140 (figs. 89, 90);
types of Carolingian crosses, II 212, 213 (fig. 430.X); early
symbolic configuration, III 130
crossing: "abgeschnürte Vierung" a precursor of the arch-framed
crossing, I 169; of Savior's Church, Neustadt-am-Main, I 170
(fig. 116); (plan), I 184 (fig. 133); origin of disengaged crossing,
I 192-193, 195
See also Church [1] of the Plan, crossing; Cruciform churches,
non-aisled, with disengaged crossings
cruciform churches: plans and illustrations, I 56 (fig. 44). 188-190 (figs.
142-146), 192 (fig. 149.A-B); development and examples,
I 190-192, 194; non-aisled, with disengaged crossings (plans),
I 191 (fig. 148.A-C, X)
crypts: corridor and hall, I 171, 196-197; crypt of Fulda abbey church,
I 176 (fig. 122); of various churches shown in plans, I 195-198
(figs. 153-158); Carolingian innovation regarding, I 196
See also Church [1] of the Plan, crypt system
cupboard(s): depicted in the Winchester Psalter, I 266 (fig. 213); depicted
in Schatzbehalter, scene of royal banquet, I 267 (fig. 214); of
Burg Kreuzstein, Austria, I 268 (fig. 215); of Our Lady's
Church, Halberstadt, Germany, I 268 (fig. 216); in the Refectory
of the Plan, I 269
curtis, meaning of, II 41n43
Curtius, Ernst Robert, III v, 175
Custom of Subiaco (Consuetudines Sublacenses), I 250, 252, 277, 279
Customs of Cluny. See Customs (Consuetudinaries) of Farfa; Customs of
Udalric; Ordo Cluniacensis
Customs of Corbie (Consuetudines Corbeienses; Statutes or Directives of
Adalhard), I 7, II 144, III 175; beakers (calices) mentioned in,
I 299, 303, 303n222; on rations of bread and beer or wine to
pilgrims and paupers, I 303, II 133; an example of a brevium,
III 91; significance for scholarship, III 91, 97, 112n99;
translation of, III 91-128; free of Irish influence, III 95; and
the monastery's share of the production of monastery-owned
villas, III 96n23; motivation and scope, III 97; rules for lay
officials lacking in, III 97; Rule of St. Benedict a model for,
III 97; and service of vassals, III 97, 98n30; style and scope,
III 99; surviving manuscript and printed copies, III 99; related
to the Plan, III 99, 183
See also Adalhard, Abbot of Corbie; Corbie, monastery of
Customs (Consuetudinaries) of Farfa (Consuetudines Farfenses),
II 165n50, 349; on the monks' kitchen, I 284; on foot washing,
I 309, 309n245, II 337-338; royal guest house of Cluny
described in, II 164-165; 275-276; on monks' latrine of Cluny
II, II 305-306; on the privy of the house for distinguished
guests, II 312; monastery of Cluny described in, II 333-334,
336-337, 339, 341, 341n41; and the workshop for workmen and
craftsmen, II 339n27; auditorium mentioned in, II 345, 347
See also Cluny
Customs of Lanfranc, I 309, II 187, 212n3, 347, 347n28
Customs of Le Bec, I 309, 309n245
Customs of Udalric (Ulrich, Ulric) (Consuetudines Cluniacenses
antiquores): bells mentioned in, I 131n13; kitchen equipment
described, I 287-288; on the abbot's sleeping arrangements,
I 324, II 338, 347; on the rules for bloodletting, II 187
See also Cluny
custos panis. See Keeper of the Bread
Cuthbert, Saint, I 240, 262n76, II 212n3
Cynewulf (poet), I 323n11
D
Dair Baramus, Coptic monastery of, I 273n117
dairymaids, status of, II 275n21
dairy products, in monastic economy, II 281
See also Cheese; Cowmen; Cows; Dairymaids; Milk
Damian, Peter, II 347
Damous-el-Karita, Church of (semicircular atrium), I 206
Danes, Bardney Abbey wrecked by, II 342
See also Denmark
Dante, Divine Comedy, I xi
Davis, E. L., II 263
dean (decanus): senior and junior, in the monastic organization, I 326
(Table I), 336, 341; jurisdiction, I 332; evolution of office of,
I 332, 333n36; described in Hatton 48, I 333 (ill.); mentioned in
Customs of Corbie, III 102n9, 103, 109, 111, 118n130, 119, 121
decanus, the term, I 332
See also Dean
Dedicatory legend of the Plan. See Letter of transmittal of the Plan
Deerhurst, Gloucestershire, England, Saxon baptismal font of Priory
Church of, I 135, 146 (fig. 96)
Dehio, Georg, I 3; and the Church of the Plan, I 79, 163, 171, 178,
183-184; (reconstruction), I 182 (fig. 130); and the Latin-cross
plan, I 190, 191, 191n20; and square schematism, I 213, 219;
and the Bajuvarian standard house, II 31, 33
Denmark: farmhouse of, II 13; (detail showing timber roof construction),
II 17 (fig. 276); three-aisled houses excavated in, II 48;
broadside entrance of Iron Age house of, II 79; Pfettendach the
standard roof of, II 109
See also Danes
Deschamps, Paul, III 5
Desiderius, Abbot of Monte Cassino, III 5
D'Estampes, Robinet, II 208
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, II 62
Deventer, Oberijessel, the Netherlands, Iron Age houses excavated at,
II 71
diaphragm arches: in abbey church of Jumièges, I 237, 237n111; (detail
of arch span), I 234 (fig. 189); sources of, I 237-238
Dietmar, Abbot of Monte Cassino, I 283-284
digit (digitus), unit of measure, I 85n37
Digot, Auguste, I 11n4, 12n13
Dimont, Charles, II 253
Dionysios, Greek deity, I 278
Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite, I 232
Dioscurides, Pedanius, I 258, II 176; Herbal of, I 246, 247n17;
(illustration of savin plant from sixth-century copy of), I 258
(fig. 204)
Diringer, David, I 291
diversitas (disparate traditions), I 52
Divine Office, The, described in Hatton 48, I 340 (ill.)
dogs, fed at mills, III 107
dolia, I 295; Roman dolium, Nimes, Maison Carrée, I 280 (fig. 227)
Domesday Book, I 352, II 230
Domitian (Roman emperor), depicted on a coin, I 154 (fig. 102.B)
domus, meaning of, I 13n1, II 77-78, 145n14, 280, III 4, 97; as term for
entire house, II 289, III 26; liberi and servi, II 76; term applied
to workshop at Cluny, II 339n27
donkey mills, Roman, II 225, 227 (fig. 441.A-C), 228 (fig. 442)
See also Mills
doors: rendering of, in the Plan, I 61, 63, 68; rendering of, on the marble
slab of Claudia Octavia, I 62 (fig. 48); sometimes omitted from
Plan, I 68, 69n2, n3; door of the Refectory of the Plan, I 269
Doppelfeld, Otto, II 78n2; and dimensional inconsistencies of the Plan,
I 3, 79, 81, III 176; Carolingian church remains excavated by,
at Cologne, I 26, 26n12, 27, 79n8, 81, 253n49; and the
relationship between the Cologne Carolingian church and the
Church of the Plan, I 26n7, 27, 29; and the length of the
Carolingian foot, I 95; excavations at Bärhorst, Germany,
II 57n79, 69, 278
Dopsch, Alphons, I 9n2, 12n18; Plan viewed as product of monastic
reform movement by, I 20, 22, 24, III 184; Plan viewed as a
copy by, III 176
Dorestad: Carolingian camp at, I 116; Carolingian castellum (plan and
site plan) I 116 (fig. 73.A-B); artifacts, III 124 (fig. 534)
dormitorium, the term, I 260
dormitory of a Carolingian monastery, probable heating system of, II 132
See also Monks' Dormitory
Drogo Sacramentary, I 181n68
Drusian foot, I 95, 97
See also Measurement
Drying Kiln [29], I xxiii, 50, II 1, 212, 222; poor alignment of drawing
of, I 16, 17 (fig. 8); tracing of, I 45, 45 (fig. 36); number of
servants in, I 342; in site plans, II 215 (fig. 431.X), 222 (fig.
436), 224 (fig. 438.X), 254 (fig. 462.X); in plan with Mortar and
Mill, II 224 (fig. 438); location and dimensions, II 225;
inscription for, II 225, 248, III 68; furnace or oven of, II 248;
function of, II 248; authors' reconstruction (plan and section),
II 248 (fig. 459.A-B)
DuCange, Dom, III 3, 7; Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis, III 176
Duft, Johannes, I 17n6, 137n44, 305n232; and the Plan, I 1, 6, 97; and
the 1952 facsimile edition of the Plan, I 3; Studien zum St.
Galler Klosterplan, I 6; and the International Symposium at St.
Gall, I 6
Dunstan: English monastic revival begun by, II 343; and the rule of
silence, II 347
Dupree, A. Hunter: "On the Significance of the Plan of St. Gall for the
History of Measurement," I 89n46, III vi, 129-137; and the
English pace, I 103, 103n59; studies in mensuration,
III 131-132
Durand, Georges, I 250
Dürer, Albrecht, II 42, 135; houses painted by, and the St. Gall house,
II 83; watercolor of the village of Kalkreuth, II 86 (fig. 335);
layout of barns depicted by, II 216
Durham: Cathedral, I 252; abbey, I 354, II 341, 345n9; rites of, II 348
Dürigen, Bruno, II 268, 270
Dutch Bible, illustration of Ruth lying with Boaz, II 122 (fig. 368),
122-123
E
Early Christian churches, I 110, 111, 215; and the development of
Carolingian architecture, I 33, 193, 194, 195, 202, 242; of the
Holy Land, I 55; (plans), I 54-56 (figs. 41-44); St. Paul's
Outside the Walls, I 126 (fig. 81); interiors, in the time of
Constantine the Great, I 127; prototype, I 132, 160, 225;
pulpits, I 136; seating arrangement of choir of monks in, I 137;
Near Eastern, I 147, 170; and the Church of the Plan, I 160, 162;
with arch-framed crossings, I 170; vaulting in crypts and
westworks, I 172; roofs, I 172, 173, 175-176, II 109; quincunx,
I 184 (see also Quincunx churches); T-shaped basilica, I 190 (see
also Fulda, Ratger's church); occasionally cruciform, I 191 (see
also Cruciform churches); crossing, I 193, 195; counter apse,
I 199-200; number of officiating priests and size of congregation,
I 204; aggregate space composition in, I 213, 217 (fig. 177.A);
and the trend toward square schematism, I 219, 221; Roman,
contrasted with Carolingian churches, I 221; triumphal arch,
I 237; and the principle of axiality of churches, I 319; of Rome,
studied by Richard Krautheimer, III 161
See also Bethlehem, Justinian Church of the Nativity; Ephesos,
First Church of St. John; Old St. Peter's Church
Eastern Church, introduction of antiphonal song to, I 339
Ebbo, Archbishop, I 208
Edelmann, Heinrich, I 6
Edgar, King of England, II 343
education. See Inner school; Lodging of Master of the Outer School;
Outer School; Schools
Effmann, Wilhelm, I 3, 191n20; Church of the Plan studied by, I 79, 81,
163, 169n18, 171; reconstruction of Carolingian church of
St.-Riquier (Centula) by, I 209, 250
Egger, Rudolf, I 193
Eglolf, Abbot of St. Gall, I 169; church of St. Gall partly rebuilt by,
II 319, 325, 326, 329; monks' refectory and dormitory at St. Gall
rebuilt by, II 329; choir of, shown in plan and view of St. Gall
abbey church, II 330 (fig. 513.A-B); abbot's palace rebuilt by,
II 332
Egypt: eremitism and cenobitic monachism in, I vi, 119n4, 243, 327-328;
use of vertical and horizontal projection in art of, I 55, 57; house
(tracing of relief of, and modern rendering as a plan), I 57 (fig.
45.A-B); architectural drawing of, I 59; house plan (New
Kingdom) with walls rendered by parallel lines, I 63 (fig. 49);
earthenware amphorae used for storing wine, I 295; sanctuary of
Menas, at Abu Mina, I 319
Eidgenössische Kommission für Denkmalpflege, II 358
Eigil, Abbot of Fulda, III 3; building program of, I 171, 176, III 6,
6n52; opposed to overambitious building programs, I 190; Life
of, III 6
Einhard: proposed as author of the Plan, I 11-12, 12n13, III 189;
basilica of, at Steinbach-in-the-Odenwald (windows), I 173;
Church of SS. Peter and Marcellinus at Seligenstadt roofed in
lead by, I 177-178; Translation and Miracles of the Holy
Martyrs Peter and Marcellinus, I 207n57; on Charlemagne's
travel habits, II 164, 166; Life of Charlemagne, II 166;
Einswarden, Nordenheim, Germany, aisled house excavated at, II 55n68,
58; (plan and reconstruction), II 55 (fig. 309.A-B)
Ekkehards, the four, of St. Gall, I 24
Ekkehart (Ekkehard) IV: on books of the St. Gall library, I 1n1; a
teacher in both schools of St. Gall monastery, I 24; Casus sancti
Galli (History of the Monastery of St. Gall), I 24, 147, 253, 261,
280-281, 329, II 116, 170, 211, 259, 297, 336; on scribes, I 155;
on the non-admission of outsiders to the cloister, I 280-281; on
alcoholic beverages, I 305; Benedictiones ad menas, I 305n232; on
the social background of monks at St. Gall, I 337; on the fire of
937 at St. Gall, II 116, 329; medical skill of Iso and Notker II
praised by, II 178, 179n13; last hours of various monks described
by, II 211; Liber Benedictionum, II 211, 264; on bread
production at St. Gall, II 259, 259n22; on the eating of meat,
II 264; shod horses mentioned by, II 272n18; account of Abbot
Ruodman of Reichenau's visit to St. Gall, II 327; and the layout
of the cloister of St. Gall, II 329; and the function of the
warming room, II 348
eleemosynarium, II 337-338
Elisenhof, Schleswig, Germany: overview of the Warf with remains of
houses, II 66 (fig. 319); detail of house of, II 66 (fig. 320);
village of aisled houses excavated at, II 66, 69-70
Elp, Drenthe, the Netherlands, Bronze Age settlement excavated at,
I 225, II 71, 91, 93; (plan of longhouse), II 69 (fig. 323)
Elton, John. See Bennet, Richard, and John Elton
Ely Abbey, II 188, 341
Emden, medieval settlement excavated at, II 59, 71
Emmaus, basilica of, I 143
Engadin, Switzerland, house of, II 13; (plan), II 17 (fig. 275)
England: early Irish type monasteries in, I 243; spread of monasticism
in, I 325; surviving medieval houses of, II 88; use of variant of
Sparrendach in, II 103, 109; medieval vertical water mills not
well attested in, II 225n5; measurement system of (see
appropriate subheadings under Measurement)
Ephesus: First Church of St. John (plan), I 188 (fig. 142); early
Byzantine monastic complex, I 319
Epidaurus, basilica of, I 193
Erdmann, Wolfgang, I 252
Erlingsson, Thorsteinn, II 45n51
Ermengarde (Lombard princess), II 94n15, 95
Ethelbert (Anglo-Saxon king), II 230
Etruscans: and the diffusion of grapevine culture, I 278; houses of, II 9,
9n18; ash-urn house of Poggio Gaiella, II 9, 10, 11, 11 (fig.
269); reconstruction of Etrusco-Roman house, II 10 (fig. 268)
Ettelbrück, marble fragment showing two doves opposed on either side of
a vase, I 356 (ill.)
Eugenius II, Pope, III 95
Eugippius, I 151
Eusebius, I 143; reconstructed plan of Paulinus's basilica, Tyre, based on
description in History of the Church by, I 154 (fig. 104)
Ewerardus, Abbot of Freckenhorst, I 253
exemplata: meaning of, I 9n2, III 2; Plan referred to as, I 15
explanatory titles of the Plan. See Inscriptions on the Plan
Expositio Hildemari. See Hildemar
Ezinge, Groningen, the Netherlands: medieval settlements of, II 49, 51;
House A of Warf-layer VI, II 51, 52; (foundations), II 40 (fig.
293); (plan), II 41 (fig. 294); excavated by van Giffen, II 51, 57;
circular village of Warf-layer IV, II 52-53, 55; cluster settlement
of Warf-layer V, II 52, 55, 86; (exterior view), II 42 (fig. 295);
(plan), II 43 (fig. 296); cattle barn of Warf-layer IV, II 52, 63,
82, 91; (reconstruction and plan), II 46 (fig. 298.A-B);
(excavation photo), II 47 (fig. 299); three-aisled houses of
Warf-layer IV-III, II 53; destruction of settlement at,
associated with Saxon migration, II 53, 71; reconstruction of
buildings of, II 55n71; predecessors of Iron Age houses of,
II 71; resemblance of guest and service buildings of the Plan
to Iron Age dwellings of, II 78; House B of cluster settlement of
Warf-layer V, II 78, 95, 96; (interior reconstruction), II 44
(fig. 297); (drawing), II 78 (fig. 327); broadside accessibility of
houses of, II 79; houses of, and centrality vs. axiality, II 82;
Sparrendach proposed for Iron Age houses of, II 103
Ezra, the prophet, depicted in Codex Amiatinus I, I 156 (fig. 105)
F
familia (lay workers), I 341; intus ("inner family") and foris ("outer
family"), I 341, 344; number of, postulated for the Plan, I 342
Farfa: monastery of, II 275; Customs of (see Customs [Consuetudinaries]
of Farfa)
Farnham Castle, II 89n3
Feddersen-Wierde, Germany: successive settlements excavated at,
II 59, 65; plan of aisled houses of Warf-layer II B, II 62 (fig.
315); roof-supporting posts of house of the earliest settlement
horizon, II 65 (fig. 317); predecessors of aisled longhouses of,
II 71; interstices between posts, II 71; broad side entrances,
II 79; axiality of houses, II 82; house of a chieftain from
Warf-layer II B, II 91; (authors' reconstruction and plan after
Haarnagel), I 216 (figs. 175-176), II 63 (fig. 316.A-B)
fences: on estates described in the Brevium exempla, I 36, 41, 41n43.
n44, 43
of the Plan: tracing of fence between Monks' Refectory and Great
Collective Workshop, I 38 (fig. 26); rendering or omission of
gates in, I 68; and the likelihood of a peripheral wall, I 73; and
probable overall dimensions of the monastery grounds, I 91;
fence in site plan of Drying Kiln, Mortar, and Mill, II 224
(fig. 438.X); in the area of the livestock buildings, II 279
Fendel, Joseph, I 3
fertilizer, provided by poultry droppings, II 266
Festus, atrium defined by, II 9n14
Fiechter-Zollikofer, H., I 3; reconstruction of the Church of the Plan,
I 163, II 17; reconstruction of the Abbot's House, I 314 (fig.
254), 323, II 17; bird's-eye view reconstruction of the monastery
of the Plan, II 15, 18 (fig. 277); reconstruction of the Outer
School, II 15; (plan and elevation), II 19 (fig. 278); (smoke
outlet), II 19 (fig. 279); interpretation of the St. Gall House,
II 17, 18-19
Finchale Abbey, II 341, 348
Finland, hops in folklore of, II 263, 263n39
fireplaces, rendering or omission of, in the Plan, I 68
See also Corner fireplace(s); Open fireplace(s)
Flavian Amphitheater. See Colosseum
Flavigny-sur-Ozerain, France, Church of St. Pierre, crypt, I 159, 171,
198; (plans), I 198 (fig. 158.A-B)
flebotomatus, the term, II 184n30, n31
See also Fleotomatis
flèche. See Lantern
Fleckenstein, Joseph, III 96n16
fleotomatis: term used on the Plan, II 184; meaning and derivation,
II 184n28
See also Flebotomatus
Flinders Petrie, William M., I 94n54
flooding: at Ezinge, II 52; at Hodorf, II 57; at Feddersen-Wierde, II 65
See also North Sea, risings and fallings of,
Florence: Church of San Miniato al Monte, I 176; (diaphragm arches),
I 234; San Pier Scheraggio (diaphragm arches), I 234
Flugumyr, wedding banquet at, I 275
Fochteloo, Friesland, the Netherlands: houses of West Germanic farmer
and his retainers, II 57, 59; (air view and plan), II 50 (fig.
303.A-B); main house of West Germanic farmer, II 58, 63, 71,
79; (plans), II 51 (fig. 304.A-C); interstices between posts in
excavated houses of, II 71; axiality of houses of, II 82;
Sparrendach proposed for Iron Age houses of, II 103
Foigny Abbey, number of outlying granges of, II 111
Fontana, Carlo, detail of engraving showing roof of Old St. Peter's,
I 175, 178, 179 (fig. 126)
Fontanella. See St.-Wandrille (Fontanella)
Fontenay Abbey Church, night stairs of, I 139, 253
Fontevrault, abbey kitchen, I 276, 287; (plan and elevation), I 274 (figs.
223.A-B)
Fontmorigny Abbey, number of outlying granges of, II 111
food and drink: diet of monks, I 74, 275, 277, 279, II 264, 295, 350, III 9;
desert monks' attitude toward, I 272, 296; beer and wine
allowances to monks, I 296, 298-299, 303; provided to the poor,
II 152, III 105; of monks following bloodletting, II 187, 188;
monks' three daily meals, II 188; nuts, II 212; barley and oats
in medieval Western European diet, II 247; allowances to
prebends according to Customs of Corbie, III 103-104;
handling of food in monks' refectory of Corbie, III 111
meat: provided for serfs, workmen, and sometimes monks, II 264;
sources of, II 293, 299; restricted allowance of, for monks,
II 295; served in Kirkstall refectory in the fifteenth century,
II 350
See also Ale; Beer; Bread; Cheese; Livestock; Milk; Poultry;
Sheep; Swine; Wine
foot-washing, I xxii, 258, 262n76; by servers, I 280; history and spread
of, I 307; monastic practice of, I 307, 309; described in Customs
of Farfa, I 309, 309n245, II 337-338; of distinguished guests,
II 153
forestarii (monastic foresters), II 295
forma: the term, III 3; unitatis, I 52n31, 53
Forma urbis Romae (plan of Rome): use of both vertical and horizontal
projection on, I 57; single-line definition of walls used on, I 57,
59; fragments showing rendering of walls in plans of Horrea
Lolliana and temples of Argentina and Juno, I 58 (fig. 46.A-C);
scale of, I 58, 59n12, 61, 65 (Comment); description, I 58, 65
(Comment); rendering of multi-storied structures in, I 59, 61;
rendering of arches in aqueducts, I 60 (fig. 47.A-F); relationship
to the Plan, I 63, 65 (Comment); fragments showing seating
arrangement of the Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum), I 64
(fig. 50.A); fragment showing semicircular seating of Theater
of Marcellus, with access ramps and stairs, I 67 (fig. 51.A)
Formigé, Jules, interpretation of Fulrad's church of St.-Denis, I 219,
219n86
formula (bench): meanings of the term, I 137, III 2-4; from monastery
of Alpirsbach, I 152 (fig. 100, 100.X)
Formulae Sangallenses Miscellaneae, early reference to hydraulic trip-hammer
in, II 245
fornax super arcus, inscription on stove of Monks' Kitchen, I 284, 287,
II 137, 138
See also Kitchen stove(s)
Forsyth, George H., I 191n20; development of church architecture
studied by, I 147, 191; and the Church of St. Catherine at
Mount Sinai, I 175-176, 183; on the porticus of Ansegis's abbey
of St.-Wandrille, I 249, 249n26
Fortunatus (poet), I 319n33
Fountains Abbey, I 268, II 306, 349n3, n4; location of abbot's house,
II 349; layout, II 351, 355; ground plan and site plan, II 352
(fig. 520.A-B); site, founding, and constructional history, II 353
France, Jean de (Duc de Berry), II 208; Tres Riches Heures, I 287, II 84,
128; (detail of illustration), II 127 (fig. 378)
France: pied royale of, 183; medieval measures used in building,
I 94n54, 95 (see also Measurement); twelfth-century funerary
light towers of, I 129; little known of early medieval house
construction in, II 77; layout of medieval barns, II 216;
medieval vertical water mills not well attested in, II 225n5; and
the influence of Adalhard of Corbie, III 93
Frank, Melchoir, etching of air view of abbey and city of St. Gall by,
II 318 (fig. 507), 319, 322, 332
Franks: early medieval houses of, II 25-26; Bajuvarians under control of,
II 27; settlement of, excavated in Gladbach, Germany, II 77;
and the diffusion of hop cultivation, II 263n39; and written
documents, III 95; law of (see Lex Salica); cultural concepts
treated, III 197
Freckenhorst, hypocausterium of, I 253
Frederic Barbarossa, I 107
free man (homo liber), I 341
Freisingen Abbey, and the use of hops, II 263
Fretter, William B., I 293n196, 297n206, 303
Frisians (Frisii), II 69; Ezinge an Iron Age hamlet of, II 45 (see also
Ezinge, Groningen, the Netherlands); prototypes of Los-hus of,
II 57, 57n75; territory of, invaded by Saxons, II 71; Sparrendach
possibly used by, II 103; eighteenth-century farmhouse with
hinged hatch covering smoke hole, II 123; (roof flaps), II 123;
(roof flaps), II 123 (figs. 369, 370)
Frotharius, Bishop of Toul, proposed as author of the Plan, I 11, 11n4, 12
Fructuosus, San (Saint): founder of Spanish monachism, II 238-239;
monastic economy and water power of Compludo under,
II 241-242, 245; monastic rules of, II 266-267, 267n7, III 179
fruit trees: indicated on the Plan, II 211-212; selective breeding and
grafting practised in Carolingian lands, II 212
See also Monks' Orchard
Fulda, I 338n12; capital in St. Michael's crypt, I xvii (ill.); monks'
complaint about excessive building program, I 27, 105n63, 340,
II 264, III 3-4; deposition of Abbot Ratger of, I 30, 105n63,
233, III 8; Altar of the Savior, I 133n24; number of scribes
employed at, I 151n100; ties with Rome, I 189; abolition of
ritual of washing feet of the brothers proposed by abbot of,
I 309; and the status of deans, I 332; number of monks at, I 343
(Table II), 342n[c]; and management of the outlying estates,
I 349; and architectural innovation, I 354; location of cloister
yard, II 340; petition of monks of, regarding the use of kneeling
benches, III 4
Ratger's church: dimensions, I 27, 30, 79n8, 160, 163, 175, 187,
II 167; completed during Charlemagne's reign, I 29; Altar of
the Holy Cross, I 136; hall crypt, I 171; (plan), 176 (fig. 122);
plan, I 187 (fig. 138); counter apse, I 202; shrine of St. Boniface,
I 202; plan with square grid superimposed, I 210 (fig. 169);
square schematism, I 211, 215, 221; west facing, I 214; layout,
I 247; described in verse by Hrabanus Maurus, III 5
See also Hrabanus Maurus, Abbot of Fulda; Ratger, Abbot of
Fulda
fullers, workshop and work of, II 196, 198, 199
Fulrad, Abbot of St.-Denis: construction under, I 72n24, 163; and the
trend toward square schematism, I 219; and the Benedictine
reform, I 325
Fulrad, Abbot of St.-Quentin, and military obligations of the monastery,
I 347
funerary light towers, I 129
furlong (unit of measure), III 139
See also Measurement, linear; Roman land surveying
furnace: depicted by Georgius Agricola, I 270 (fig. 219); (caminus)
indicated on the Plan, I 352
See also Hypocaust(s)
Furness, II 349n3
G
Galassi, Giuseppe, I 206
Galen, remarks on wine in De antidotis, I 295; Therapeutics and other
works of, studied by physicians, II 176; extracts from, in the St.
Gall monastery library, II 178
Galicia: man-powered tilt-hammer of, II 237; St. Fructuosus's remarks
on, II 266-267
Galician Rule, II 266
Gall, Saint, I 131n13, II 318; sarcophagus of, in crypt of Otmar's church,
I 10, 171; first settlement at St. Gall built by, I 10n3, 69, 103,
243; access to tomb of, on the Plan, I 59, 61, 130 (fig. 82), 144,
150 (fig. 99), 173, 181, II 359; location of tomb of, on the Plan,
I 139, 141, 143, 171; coffin stolen and recovered, I 143; burial
place in early Irish oratory and in Gozbert's church, I 143, 171;
relics of, in Baroque church, II 316; life of, by Walahfrid
Strabo, III 199; high altar of the Church of the Plan dedicated
to St. Mary and (see Church [1] of the Plan, altars, the high
altar)
See also Life and Miracles of St. Gall, The; Life of St. Gall
Gall, Ernst, I 3; views on Church of the Plan, I 79, 81, 99, 163, 171
Galla Placidia, mausoleum of, in Ravenna, I 151, 156
Gallo-Roman stone reliefs. See under Gaul
Gallus II Alt, Abbot of St. Gall, building campaign of, II 324; horizon of,
in excavations below pavement of the Baroque church at St.
Gall, II 358
Ganshof, François L., I 349, II 166, III 96n19, n23
Gantner, Joseph, I 3, 114
gardener (hortolanus): duties and place in monastic organization, I 326
(Table I), II 203; gardeners of Corbie, I 335, II 208; apparently
a monk, I 342; supervised by the chamberlain, III 108n75; food
and money allowance to, III 109; carts provided for, III 109
See also Gardens; House of the Gardener
gardens: scribal entries on the Plan regarding, I 13, 13n7; pratellum of the
Novitiate, I 313; hortus of Roman atrium house, II 6; Nutzgarten
(utility garden) and Ziergarten (pleasure garden), II 161;
painting of hortus conclusus (Paradiesgärtlein), II 203; pleasure
garden depicted in Grimani Breviary, II 209 (fig. 429); plants
raised in gardens of Corbie, III 108, 108n72, 109; Adalhard's
instructions for maintenance of, III 108-109; Walahfrid
Strabo's work on monastic gardens, III 199
See also Gardener; House of the Gardener; Medicinal Herb
Garden; Monks' Vegetable Garden
Gatti, Guglielmo, 162
Gauert, Adolf, II 155
Gaul: and the diffusion of monasticism, I vi, 325; Gallo-Roman stone
reliefs, showing barrels being moved, I 283 (fig. 232), 284 (fig.
233), 296; wooden casks used for wine storage in Cisalpine Gaul,
I 295; early use of beer in, II 259
See also Lerins
Gebhard, Thorsten, reconstruction of the Bajuvarian standard house,
II 31; (axonometric view), II 32 (fig. 288)
geese. See Poultry
Genoels-Elderen Diptych, back cover showing Annunciation and
Visitation, I 168, 238-239 (fig. 190.X-Y)
Genrich, Albert, interpretation of Einswarden houses, II 58
Gerald (monk), death of, II 211
Gerasa (Jerash), Palestine: Cathedral of, I 143, 297 (fig. 243); Church of
the Prophets, Apostles, and Martyrs (plan), I 192 (fig. 149.A);
(section), I 192 (fig. 149.B); (crossing), I 193; projection
showing three Early Christian sanctuaries aligned on an axis,
I 297 (fig. 243)
Gerberga (wife of Carloman), III 92n1; lands given to Corbie by,
III 96n18
Germain, Saint, tomb of, I 197, 198, 199n39
Germanic house: modularity, I 223, 225, 227; Germanic banquet halls
related to monastic refectories, I 273, 275; study of, and
Germanistic studies, II 2; and the interpretation of the St. Gall
house, II 13-14, 20; Northern, of the Saga period, II 23-26, 33,
42, 79, 80-81, III 194, 198; (plan), II 24 (fig. 284.A);
(perspective view of interior), II 25 (fig. 284.B); (interior and
exterior views), II 26 (fig. 285.A-B); (light and smoke holes),
II 118-120; aisled antecedents (key plan, section, and plan),
II 32 (fig. 288.Xa-c); Carolingian sources on, II 33, 35-36, 41,
43, 45; with and without a row of center posts, II 34; longhouse
of Känne, Gotland, II 45, 82, 93; (plan), II 36 (fig. 290);
Migration Period, of Löjsta, Gotland (foundation and
reconstruction, II 37 (fig. 291.A-C); of Þórsárdalur Valley,
Iceland (plan, foundations, and interior view), II 38-39 (fig.
292.A-C); archaeological evidence for, II 45, 47-49, 51, 77; not
practical in urban setting, II 67, 68; Scandinavian boat-shaped
longhouses, II 72; long persistence of, II 76; resemblance to
guest and service buildings of the Plan, II 77-79, III 183, 184;
placement of entrance, II 79; relation of Northern longhouse to
larger category of, II 79-82; and centrality vs. axiality, II 79,
81-82; used in medieval England, II 88; wall or corner
fireplaces not a feature of, II 126; dormitory at Carolingian
monastery of Fontanella a variant of the longhouse type of,
II 278; excavations of, by Werner Haarnagel, III 182 (see also
Haarnagel, Werner); Gudmund Hatt's excavations of Iron Age
examples in Denmark, III 183
See also Aalburg, Luxembourg; Antwerp, Belgium; Bärhorst,
Germany; Cheddar, Somerset, England; Einswarden,
Nordenheim, Germany; Elisenhof, Schleswig, Germany; Elp,
Drenthe, the Netherlands; Ezinge, Groningen, the Netherlands;
Fedderwen-Wierde, Germany; Fochteloo, Friesland, the
Netherlands; Hodorf, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; Jemgum,
Germany; Leens, Groningen, the Netherlands; Lex
Alamannorum; Lex Bajuvariorum; St. Gall house; Warendorf,
Westphalia, Germany; Wijchen, the Netherlands;
Wilhelmshaven-Hesse, Germany
German Romanesque, square schematism of, I 127
Germany: lack of knowledge about early medieval house construction in,
II 77; southern, layout of traditional barns of, II 216; medieval
vertical water mills not well attested in, II 225n5; and the rule of
silence in monasteries of, II 347; and the influence of Adalhard
of Corbie, III 93
Germigny-des-Prés, Church of Theodulf of Orleans, I 159, 193; (plans
and exterior view), I 194 (figs. 152.A-C)
Gernrode, abbey church of: nave walls, I 212; modularity, I 237
Geroaldus, Abbot of St.-Wandrille, I 12n16
Gerungus, proposed as author of the Plan, I 11, 12
Gervold, Abbot of St.-Wandrille, conventual buildings built by, II 340
Gesta Abbatum Fontanellensium, I 258, II 278
Gesta Abbatum Lobbensium, II 310
Gesta Aldrici, III 6
Gesta Sanctorum Patrum Fontanellensis Coenobii, quoted, I 149n84
Giffard, Godfrey, Bishop of Worcester, II 167n62
Giffen, Albert Egges van, II 59, 69, 83; Iron Age dwelling at Ezinge
excavated by, II 45, 51-53, 57, 77, III 180; and mats of Frisian
farmhouse, II 53n64; excavations near Fochteloo, Rhee, and
Sleen, II 57
Gill, Eric, I 291
Gille, Bertrans, II 237, 245
Gindele, Corbinian, Father, I 137
Gizur Thorvaldsson: description of home of, II 24, 80, 81; drawing of
stofa of, II 80 (fig. 328)
Gjerstad, E., II 9n18
Gladbach, Neuwied, Germany, Frankish settlement excavated at, II 77
Glastonbury Abbey, I 266; kitchen, I 287; barn at Pilton, Somerset, a
dependency of, II 278
Glattburger, Johannes Casper, Church of St. Gall surveyed by, II 319,
327n17
Glendalough, Wicklow, Ireland, medieval round tower, I 134 (fig. 85)
Glocke (bells), etymology of, I 131n13
Glossaria Ansileubi, III 94n8
Gloucester Abbey, II 341, 345n11; irregular layout, II 345n9
goatherds, II 289
See also Goats; House for Goats and Goatherds
goats: monastic uses of, II 264, 298; tithed to Corbie, III 115
See also Goatherds; House for Goats and Goatherds
Godescalc (monk), I 30
Godescalc Gospels, I 32, 168, 238; "tendril"-shaped design used in,
I 30; details of borders from, I 30 (figs. 18-19); produced by
Court School, I 33
Godwin, Earl of Wessex, I 312
goldsmiths, workshop and work of, II 196, 198, 199
Gonzales, Florentino-Augustin Diez, I 239, 239n51, 241
Goosehouse [21], I xxiii, 50, II 1; inscription referring to, I 13n7, II 268,
III 9, 17, 61; tracing of, I 46, 47 (note for fig. 40), 49 (fig. 40),
50; and grouping of buildings in seven and twelve, I 123 (fig.
80); designed with standard modules, I 125; in site plans, II 205
(fig. 426.X), 215 (fig. 431.X), 265 (fig. 466.X); in plan of
buildings for poultry and their keepers, II 265 (fig. 466); layout
and design, II 268; classical, medieval, and modern parallels,
II 268; building materials, II 270; location, II 270, 332
Gordon, Arthur E., II 250; III 130 (fig. 535)
Gospel of Gundohinus, Christ in Majesty, I 355 (fig. 263.X)
Gospels of St. Medard of Soissons, I 32; "tendril"-motif found in, I 30;
produced by the Court School, I 33; details of canon arches, II
271 (fig. 471.A-B)
Gothic churches, I 215; arch-framed bay division of, I 111, 217; use of
single detached towers in, I 202; modularity, I 225, 238, II 356
Gotland, Sweden: discoveries regarding medieval house construction in,
II 20; Migration Period houses of, II 45, 78n8, 119; house
entrances on end walls, II 79
See also Känne, Gotland, Sweden; Löjsta, Gotland, Sweden
Gozbert the Younger (monk, nephew of Abbot Gozbert), I 10n1, 143n57
Gozbert, Abbot of St. Gall, II 232; Plan drawn at request of, I xi, xxi,
10-11, 20, 187, II 319; letter of transmittal of the Plan addressed
to, I xi, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, III 15, 173; and the paradigmatic nature
of the Plan, I xxi, II 315; reconstruction of the monastery by,
I 10, 147, II 279, 319; monastery of, I 10, II 318, 319; period
of prosperity under, I 11; and the debate over authorship of the
Plan, I 12n18; Plan made during abbacy of, I 25; and the Plan of
the Church, I 53n1; and contradictory titles in the Plan, I 79; a
life of St. Gall written at the request of, I 141n57; number of
scribes under, I 151; number of monks under, I 343 (Table 11);
travels of, II 167n60
See also St. Gall, monastery of, Gozbert's abbey church
Grado, Istria, synthronon in late fourth-century churches of, I 143
Graf, Hugo, I 3, 191, 191n20; and the Church of the Plan, I 79, 99
Grain: facilities for handling, II 1; (for storing and threshing), II
215-224; (for grinding, crushing, and parching), II 225-248,
254; stacking of sheaves and flailing of grain depicted in Luttrell
Psalter, II 216 (fig. 432), 223 (fig. 437); in medieval Western
European diet, II 235, 247-248; supplies, allocation, and tithing
of, at Corbie, III 106-108, 113
Granary [24], I xxiii, 50, 341, II 1, 167; tracing of, I 46; and the grouping
of buildings in threes, I 120 (fig. 77, 121; proposed
reconstruction of roof, II 115; floor area, II 214; plan, II 214
(fig. 431); dimensions and entrance, II 215; layout, II 215-216;
inscriptions for, II 215, 217n1, III 64; in site plans, II 215
(fig. 431.X), 222 (fig. 436); authors' reconstruction, II 217;
(plan, sections, and elevations), II 220-221 (fig. 435.A-E)
Gratian (West Roman emperor), north basilica of Trier rebuilt by,
I 193, 195, 219
Gravensend, Stephen de, II 103
Great Collective Workshop [25], I xxiii, 1, 50; location, I 23, II 189;
tracing of fence adjoining, I 38 (fig. 26); tracing of, I 46;
rendering of doors in, I 63; meals of laymen possibly cooked
and eaten in, I 74; and the grouping of buildings in threes,
I 120 (fig. 77), 121; crafts practiced in, I 335, 347, II 189, 190,
191, 195; Ferdinand Keller's interpretation, II 3n1; in site
plans, II 188 (ill.), 215 (fig. 431.X), 222 (fig. 436), 224 (fig.
438.X); dimensions, II 189; layout, II 189, 190; explanatory
titles referring to, II 189, III 65-66; in plan with Annex, II 190
(fig. 419); authors' interpretation (ground plan, sections, and
elevations), II 191-193 (figs. 420.A-F); entrance, II 192;
windows proposed for, II 193; well organized, II 199; privy
omitted from plan of, II 311-312
Great Coxwell, Berkshire, England, barn of the abbey grange, II 220;
(view from northwest), II 102 (fig. 349); (plan), II 104 (fig.
350.C); (transverse section), II 105 (fig. 350.A); (section
showing bracing strut), II 105 (fig. 350.B); (interior), II 106
(fig. 351); (dimensions), II 109; (roof), II 109; (construction
details), II 109, 113, 114 (fig. 357.A-B), 115
Great Palace of Byzantium, mill depicted on mosaic of, II 225-226,
227n9
Greco-Roman culture: baking and brewing practices, II 249; Jupiter,
Juno, and Minerva triad, I 119
See also Greece; Greeks; Roman —; Romans; Rome
Greece: churches of (screens), I 135; (seating arrangements), I 143;
(cross plan), I 190; (Early Christian basilicas with tripartite
transepts), I 193; peristyle house, I 242, II 4
See also Greco-Roman culture; Greeks; Hagia Sofia, Salonica
Greeks: and wine, I 278, 295, II 259; foot washing practiced by, I 307;
concept of daily time, I 353; military division of night, I 354;
hops not cultivated by, II 263; Strabo's comments on cities of,
II 302
See also Greco-Roman culture; Greece
Greenland, saga-age houses of, entered on broad side, II 79
Gregorian chant, I 346
Gregory of Nyssa, Saint, I 191; Gregorii Magni Dialogi, I 328
Gregory of Tours, Saint: History of the Franks, I 129; water mills
discussed by, II 229, 232-233
Gregory the Great, Pope, remodeling of Old St. Peter's by, I 141 143,
154, 197; depicted on carved ivory book cover, I 157 (fig. 106);
presumed author of Vere dictum, I 157; on the virtues of
splayed windows, I 173; and the spread of monasticism, I 325;
and antiphonal singing, I 339; and the term claustrum, III 5
Gregory III, Pope, I 197
Grimani Breviary: buildings with louvers represented in, II 121-122
(figs. 366-367), 122; oven with chimney shown in, II 138,
dormer windows depicted in, II 174; bloodletting depicted in,
II 186, 186 (fig. 418); illumination of garden with topiary trees,
II 203, 209 (fig. 429)
Grimoald (Grimald), Abbot of St. Gall, I 24, I 147n76, II 178, III
199; number of books owned by, I 151; abbot's palace built
by, I 324, II 332; office of librarian instituted under, I 334n62;
number of monks under, I 343 (Table II); travels of, II 167n60;
St. Otmar's chapel built by, II 332
Gristeder Esch, aisled Iron Age houses excavated at, II 77n111
groma (Roman surveyor's instrument), III 130 (fig. 535); construction
and use of, III 140 (fig. 540.A)
See also Roman land surveying
Groszmann, Dieter: reconstruction of the abbey church of Hersfeld,
I 183, 187; views on Ratger's church at Fulda, I 207
Grothenkamp, Holstein, ninth-century village found at, II 70
Gruber, Karl, I 3; reconstruction of the Church of the Plan, I 163;
reconstruction of Monks' Kitchen, I 287; reconstruction of
Abbot's House, I 323; Die Gestalt der deutschen Stadt, II 18;
interpretation of the St. Gall house, II 18-19; reconstruction
of the monastery of the Plan, II 21 (fig. 282)
Gruber, Otto, reconstruction of the house of the Lex Bajuvariorum,
II 30 (fig. 287), 31
Gryten, Västergotland, Sweden, corner fireplace with dome-shaped
hood and oven, II 126 (fig. 376)
Gudmundsson, Valtyr: and the North Germanic house of the saga
period, II 23, 25-26, 45, 48-49; limited effects of findings of,
II 25n5
Guérard, B. E. C., III 185; and outlying estates of St.-Germain des Prés,
I 345, 349, II 234; Capitulare de Villis translated by, III 91
Guérard, M. G., and Carolingian measures of capacity, I 299n217, 303
guest and service buildings of the Plan, I xxii, 31n34, 310; problem of
reconstruction of, 16, 8, 112; scale used for, I 51; heating
devices of, I 68, 352, II 117-134; listed, II 1; reconstructions
of, II 2-22; literary evidence of prototypes of, II 23-45;
archaeological evidence of prototypes of, II 45-77; usually
single-storied, II 78-79; compared to saga house of a chieftain,
II 81; general spatial composition, II 83; supporting frame
and walls, II 83-85; reconstruction of roofs, II 85, 115-116;
reconstruction of roof louvers, II 121, 123; windows,
II 133-134; baking ovens, II 134-138; kitchen stoves and
kettles, II 138; related to Germanic timber house, III 183,
199; Oelmann's view of, III 191; studied by Keller and Willis,
III 200
See also St. Gall house; Visitors, facilities on the Plan for;
Workshops; specific buildings
Gull-póris saga, II 119
Gundohinus (scribe), I 355
Gunter, Edmund, III 135; editions of works, III 132 (fig. 536)
See also Gunter chain
Gunter chain, III 135, 136, 139; table for use of, III 137 (fig. 538)
Gunther, Archbishop of Cologne, I 27
Gunthram I (Frankish king), II 127
Guntrada (sister of Adalhard of Corbie), III 94n13, 95
Guyer, Samuel: interpretation of crossing of Church of the Plan, I 163;
early disengaged crossings pointed out by, I 192, 193; Early
Christian basilicas discussed by, I 193n26; and the square
schematism of the Plan, I 212, 213, 221; views on Carolingian
civilization, I 213, 217
H
Haarnagel, Werner, II 69; aisled houses excavated by, II 57-59
Häberle, Alfred, I 307n236
Habertus, Abbot of Laubach, II 230
Habertus, Abbot of Lobbes, I 69n15
Hadamar, Abbot of Fulda, renovation by, I 176 (fig. 122)
Hado, Abbot of Corbie, III 99
Hadrian (Roman emperor), temple of Trajan built by, I 291
Hadrian I, Pope: letters to Charlemagne, I 175; addition to Old St.
Peter's by, I 207n61
Hadrianic Antiphons, given to Corbie library, III 95
Hafner, P. Wolfgang, I 9n1, II 175n19, III 96n24; study of Hildemar's
commentary on the Rules of St. Benedict, 16; on the Monks'
Warming Room, I 258; on use of the dormitory in the Abbot's
House, I 324n25
Hager, Georg: views on chapter houses, I 249; interpretation of St.Wandrille,
II 278, 341n44; reconstruction of Cluny, II 336;
analysis of Farfa Customs, II 340
Hagia Sophia, Salonica: pulpit, I 136; ambo, I 148 (fig. 98)
Haithabu, oak transport barrel found in, I 281 (fig. 229.A), 295-296
Haito, Bishop of Basel, Abbot of Reichenau, I xxi, 171; probable author
of the Plan, I xi, xxi, 11-12, 14, 25, III 184; career of, I xi,
xxi, 11, 339; and the Benedictine reform movement, I xi, 22,
25n46; Statutes of Murbach promulgated by, I 21, 21n7; views
on monks' bathing, I 21n9, 265; and abbot's right to live in a
separate house, I 21n10; comments on directives of the first
synod of Aachen, I 22, 23-24, 29, 72n21, II 184n33; and
monastic schools, I 23-24; and dating of the Plan, I 25; and
the Church of the Plan, I 30, 53n1; and the preparation of the
Plan, I 53; church of, at Reichenau-Mittelzell, I 163, 170 (fig.
117), 183, 192, 212, 221, 238, II 21; views on clothing of
monks, I 283; rule regarding craftsmen, II 189; account of
vision of the afterworld by, put into verse by Walahfrid Strabo,
III 199
See also Statutes of Murbach
Haito III, Abbot of Reichenau, I 171
Halberstadt, Germany: cathedral, I 208, 271; Romanesque cupboard
of Our Lady's Church, I 267 (fig. 216), 271
Haldern, Germany, single-naved houses excavated at, II 76
Hall, Bert A., II 248n67
Hallinger, Kassius: Corpus Consuetudinum Monasticarum, I 7; and the
sunroom at Cluny, II 339n35
Halphen, Louis, III 93, 96n16
Halvadere, Cappadocia, cruciform church (plan), I 191 (fig. 148.B)
hammers. See Trip-hammers/tilt-hammers
Hanftmann, B., I 95
Hanslik, Rudolphus, III 167
Haralds saga hardráda, II 119
Hardegger, August, I 3; view of contradictory explanatory titles of the
Plan, I 79; interpretation of Abbot Gozbert's church at St. Gall,
I 184, II 319-321, 326, 327n17, 332, 359; (plan), II 328 (fig.
512.A); co-author of Baudenkmäler der Stadt St. Gallen, II 319;
reconstruction of St. Gall abbey church of 1439 to 1525 (plan
and view), II 330 (fig. 513.A-B)
Hardesbüttel, Germany, medieval house sites of, II 71
Hardy, Thomas, quoted, on a barn, II 107
Hariulf, Chronicle of (Chronicon Centulense; the Chronicle of St.Riquier),
III 6; on the location of the tomb of St. Richarius in
the abbey church, I 171; on possessions of monks at
St.-Riquier, I 209n71; Angilbert's church and cloister depicted
in 1612 copy of, I 250 (fig. 196); on education of the nobility at
St.-Riquier, I 337, II 168; armed men kept by Abbey of
St.-Riquier, I 347; reliability of, questioned, I 347n9; on the
size of the retinue of a traveling abbot or prior, II 166
Harley Gospels: "tendril" motif found in, I 30; details of columns of
canon tables, I 32 (fig. 21); produced by the Court School, I 33
Harnesses for horses, diffusion to Europe, II 238
Harold, Earl of Wessex, depicted in Bayeux Tapestry, I 312 (fig. 253)
Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, great tithe barn, (diagram
showing bay division) I 217, (fig. 177.B); II 217n4
Hartmut, Abbot of St. Gall, I 334n62, II 178; number of books owned
by, I 151; Hartmut's tower shown in reconstruction of St. Gall
abbey church (plan and view), II 330 (fig. 513.A-B)
Haskins, Charles Homer, Renaissance of the Twelfth Century, I 149
Hatt, Gudmund, II 57n79
Hatton 48; "XVI Qualiter divina opera per diem agantur." I 118 (ill.);
majuscule letters, I 329 (ill.a-c); The Abbot, I 330 (ill.); The
Prior, I 332 (ill.); The Dean, I 333 (ill.); The Cellarer, I 334
(ill); The Chamberlain, I 336 (ill.); The Opus Dei, I 338 (ill.);
The Divine Office, I 340 (ill.); The Craftsman, I 344 (ill.);
The Porter, I 345 (ill.); note on inscription illustrations, I 345n
Hauck, Albert, III 93
Hausbuch Master, drawing of water-driven milling apparatus by, II 231
(fig. 447), 234, 247
Hautvilliers Abbey, Utrecht Psalter made in, I 346
Hayles abbey church, Gloucestershire, traces of night stairway, I 139,
253n49
hearth. See Corner fireplace(s); Open fireplace(s); "Hearth on arches"
"hearth on arches" (fornax super arcus), I 284, 287, II 137, 138
heating: no facilities for, in Scriptorium of the Plan, I 147; no facilities
for, in Monks' Refectory of the Plan, I 271-272; development
of devices for, I 352; devices for, II 117-132
See also Corner fireplace(s); "Hearth on arches"; Hypocaust(s);
Open fireplace(s)
Hecht, Gabriel: drawings of Abbot Gozbert's church at St. Gall, I 184,
II 321, 326; drawing of St. Gall monastery site, II 319;
drawings of St. Gall Monastery with proposed renovations,
II 319-320; measured plan of the Monastery of St. Gall, 1719
("Ichnographia"), II 324 (fig. 510), 332; and the length of
Gozbert's church, II 325-326, 327n17; suggestions for
modification of the St. Gall abbey church, 1725-26 (plan),
II 325 (fig. 511.A); (longitudinal section), II 326 (fig. 511.B);
(exterior elevation), II 327 (fig. 511.C); plan of St. Gall abbey
church as recorded by, 1725-26, II 328 (fig. 512.B)
Hecht, Josef, I 3, 9n2, 143n61; reconstruction of the Church of the
Plan, I 79, 79n8, 163, 178; (crossing unit), I 163; (crypt), I 171,
172 (fig. 118); Plan viewed as a copy by, III 176, 183
Hecht, Konrad, I 37n7, 90n49; "Schema oder Bauplan," problem of the
Plan reviewed by, I 6, 113n2; shrinkage of parchment of the
Plan estimated by, I 35, 97; views on linear rendering of walls
on the Plan, I 57; and the scale of the Plan, 187n41, III 183
Heidelberg Castle, wine storage cask in, I 295
Heiric: crypt of St.-Germain of Auxerre by, I 198; De Miraculis Sancti
Germani, I 199n38
Heistulf, Bishop of Mainz, I 176
Hekla, Mount, eruption of, II 38, 48
Héliot, Pierre, III 98n28, n36
Helmers, M. F. interpretation of Frisian farmhouse mats, II 53n64
hemina: precise measure unknown, I 296, 297n211, 298, 303; of St.
Benedict and later, I 296, 299; inflation of value of, in
Carolingian times, I 298-299
Hemmerode Monastery, I 317
henhouse of Freiherr von Ulm-Ehrbach, II 268, 270, 271n13; plan and
elevation, II 272 (fig. 472.A-B)
See also Henhouse [23] of the Plan
Henhouse [23] of the Plan, I xxiii, II 1; inscription referring to, I 13n7,
18, II 268, III 9, 17, 63; tracing of, I 18, 20, 46, 50; and
grouping of buildings as twelve, I 123 (fig. 80); designed with
standard modules, I 125; in site plans, II 205 (fig. 426.X), 215
(fig. 431.X), 265 (fig. 466.X); plan, II 265 (fig. 466); classical,
medieval, and modern parallels, II 268; layout and design,
II 268; building materials, II 270; location, II 270, 332;
authors' reconstruction (plan, section, and elevation), II 273
(fig. 473.A-C). See also Henhouse of Freiherr von Ulm-Ehrbach
Henning, Rudolf, I 3, II 22, "Das Deutsche Haus in seiner historischen
Entwicklung," II 13; interpretation of the St. Gall house,
II 13, 20, III 183
Henry I, King of England, II 76
Henry I of Saxony, I 255
Henry III, German King and Emperor, I 230
Henry III, King of England, Liberate Rolls of, II 120; (quoted on
hearths and louvers), II 121n11
Henry IV, Emperor, and Speyer II, I 231
Henry IV, Abbot of St. Gall, II 332
Henry VIII, King of England, monastic life suppressed by, II 341
Henry of Auxerre, I 103n59
Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester, I 266
Henschen, Gottfried, III 169
herbs, II 181, 182, 183, 183n27
herdmaster, functions of, III 115
heredium (unit of Roman land measure), III 140 (fig. 540.B)
See also Measurement, land; Roman land surveying
Hereford, Herefordshire, England, great hall of the bishop's palace,
II 88, 91, 115; (interior), II 90 (fig. 340)
Hermanns, T., and the Ezinge aisled houses, II 54
hermitism, I vi, 69, 325, 327
See also Monks, desert
Herodotus, I 293n196
Herrade de Landsberg, Abbess of Hohenburg, II 231n23; illustration
of two women tending a watermill, II 230 (fig. 445), 234
herreria ("iron forge"), as a place-name, II 242, 242n57
Hersfeld, abbey church of, I 183, 187
Hertford Castle, II 89n3
Hertig, Louis, and the location of the tomb of St. Gall on the Plan, I 171
Heures de Turin, scene showing raised garden beds, II 203, 208 (fig. 428)
Heusinger, Bruno, size of emperor's travelling retinue estimated by,
II 166
Hexham, Northumberland, England, night stairs of priory church,
I 139, 153 (fig. 101), 253
hex signs, on Pennsylvania barns, I 131, 140 (fig. 92)
Heyne, Moritz, I 3, II 126
Hiberno-Saxon school of illumination, I 33, 308, 329; and the Ada
Gospels, I 225; modular layout of, I 229
See also Lindisfarne Gospels
"high seat" (hásæti), II 79
Hildebold, Bishop, Archbishop of Cologne, I 190; and the monastic
reform movement, I 25n46; career of, I 26n6; Carolongian
church of Cologne ascribed to, I 27, 127, 183, 187, 206, II
340; relationship to the Plan, I 29, 31, 105
See also Cologne, Carolingian church
Hildemar of Corbie, I 87n45; on the monk who takes care of the serfs'
food and drink, I 74; on distribution of books at Lent, I 148,
149n86; quoted on scribes, I 155; on the size of the cloister
yard, I 184, 246, II 340, 343, III 6, 6n48; monks' cloister
defined by, I 241n2; on how monks may wake each other, I 250
precautions against homosexual acts of monks, I 252-253;
on the monks' privy, I 259, II 305n24; on bathing, I 265,
267; on monks' food and drink, I 275, 277, 277n134, 298;
classification of youths of the monastery by age, I 313; on the
infirmary, I 314; on abbot's obligations in inviting the
brethren, I 324; and the office of master of the children, I 336;
on roundsmen, I 336; on supervision of boys raised in the
Novitiate, I 339; special functionaries in chanting of psalms
listed by, I 339; on proper treatment of visiting monks,
II 140-141; on the duties of the porter, II 153; use of term
uacatio by, II 172, 174; physicians' instruments listed by,
II 181; blacksmiths' tools listed by, II 198; on tailors, II 198;
on the term pistrinum, II 253; the term propensa explained by,
II 255n18; commentary on the Rule of St. Benedict, III 198
Hildesheim: Carolingian cathedral, I 197, 198, 208; St. Michael's
Church, I 211, 212, 215, 237; (plan and longitudinal section),
I 233 (fig. 188.A-B)
Hilduin of St. Denis, I 232
Hilton, R. H., II 275n21
Hiltrud, Saint, II 230
Hincmar, Bishop, Archbishop of Reims, I 147, 198-199; directive
regarding baptismal fonts, I 135; and the Cathedral of Reims,
I 177, 208; and the economic burden of royal visits, II 156n31;
administrative body of the Carolingian court described by,
II 163; Pro institutione Carlomanni regis, III 94n15
hinged roof hatches: in roofs of Lowland houses, II 122-123; hinged
hatch shown in Breviary of the Museum Mayer van den Bergh,
II 122 (fig. 368); of an eighteenth-century Netherlands farm
(cross section and exterior perspective), II 123 (figs. 369-370)
See also Louvers; Smoke hole
Hippocrates, II 178; On Herbs and Cures, II 176
Hirsau, auditorium of, II 345
Historia Tripertita (Tripartite History), III 92n1, 95
Historisches Museum, St. Gall, Switzerland, I 6, II 5
Historische Verein des Kantons St. Gallen, facsimile reproduction of the
Plan published by, I 3, 6. See also Plan of St. Gall, Löpfe-Benz
facsimile edition
Hittites: large pithos in temple storeroom of, I 281 (fig. 227.X); dolia
used by, I 281
Hobbema, Meindert, painting of A Farm in the Sunlight, II 267 (fig.
468), 268
Höchst-on-the-Main, St. Justinius's church (capital), I 168 (fig. 114),
169
Hodorf, Holstein, Germany, aisled farm house: plan, II 53 (fig. 307);
exterior view, II 54 (fig. 308); model, II 57; excavation and
description, II 57-58; interstices between posts, II 71; evidence
for light and smoke holes, II 119
Hokusai: man-powered trip-hammer depicted by, II 236 (fig. 451), 237
Holwerda, J. H., Dorestad excavated by, I 117n16
Holy Sepulcher Church of Jerusalem, Adamnan's plan, I 54 (fig. 41), 55
Homestead Act of 1863, III 139
Honoratus (Saint Honorat), Lerins founded by I 325, III 94
Hope, William Henry St. John, II 349n3, 353n15, 355n20
Hope-Taylor, Brian, excavations at Yeavering, II 71
hops: paid to Corbie, II 223, III 117; used in brewing, II 261, 263,
263n46, n47; origin and diffusion of use of, II 263, 263n39
Horn, Walter, I ix-x, 6, 89n46; and preparation of a model of the Plan,
I xi-xii, 112; on shifting during tracing of the Plan, I 41n8;
reconstruction of the Plan by, II 19; analysis of measurement
system used in the Plan by, III 133; and the belief that medieval
architectural drawings were not made to scale, III 133;
Germanic timber house related to medieval bay system and
guest and service buildings of the Plan by, III 184
horses: needed by monasteries, II 264; 274; used as draft animals, II
272, 274; horse drawing a harrow depicted in Luttrell Psalter,
II 275 (fig. 475); mating and breeding of, II 287, 289; fed at
mills, III 107; tithing of foals, III 114
See also Harnesses for horses; Horseshoes; House for Horses
and Oxen and their Keepers
horseshoes, early evidence of use of, II 272n18
Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers [31], I xxii, xxiii, 13n1, 31n34, II 1,
139, 155, 339; listed in indexes to building numbers of the
Plan, I xxvii, III 15; in sequence of tracing, I 45, 45 (fig. 36);
rendering of doors, I 63; privy omitted from plan of, I 72n32,
II 144, 311-312; and the grouping of buildings in threes,
I 120 (fig. 77), 121; Ferdinand Keller's interpretation, II 3,
3n1; inscriptions on the Plan for, II 3, 144, III 2, 70-71;
arrangement of tables and benches in, II 24, 81; functions of
interior areas, II 77; general spatial composition, II 85; plan
showing hearth, II 117 (fig. 358.B); testu, II 123; no individual
fireplaces in, II 124; number of visitors accommodated by,
II 133, 144; as shown on the Plan, II 141 (fig. 392); authors'
reconstruction (plan, sections, and elevations), II 142-143
(fig. 393.A-E); description of main house, II 144-145; food
and drink provided to visitors at, II 152; in site plans, II 222
(fig. 436), 224 (fig. 438.X); Willis's views on, III 200
See also Kitchen, Bake, and Brew House for Pilgrims and
Paupers; Paupers; Pilgrims
hospitaler, in the Customs of Corbie, III 97, 105, 106
hosteler (hostellarius), II 145
See also Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers; Lodging of Master
of the Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers
hotels, ratio of toilet seats to number of users, II 302-303
hotzen house, II 31
House for Bloodletting [15], I xxii, 50, 315, II 1, 167, 178, III 8;
drawing of, I 101; masonry possible for walls, II 84, 185.X;
sick ward provided with corner fireplace, II 124, 185.X;
physicians employed in, II 181; location and dimensions, II
184; plan, II 184 (fig. 416); inscriptions referring to, II 184,
III 52; dining space, II 185; authors' reconstruction (plan,
elevation, sections), 184.X-185.X; problems in reconstruction,
II 188; site plan, II 188 (ill); privy, II 301-302; (in plan),
II 301 (fig. 496.C)
See also Bloodletting; Physicians
House for Brood Mares and Foals and Their Keepers [40], I xxiii, II 1,
176, 286; tracing of, I 48, 49 (fig. 40); problem of dimensions
of, I 101; and grouping of buildings in seven, I 123 (fig. 80);
layout and design, I 287; function of interior areas, II 78;
St. Gall house variant 3B, II 85 (fig. 333); inscriptions referring
to, II 287, III 80; plan and site plan, II 292 (fig. 487, 487.X)
See also Houses for livestock and their keepers
House for Cows and Cowherds [37], I xxiii, II 1, 176; tracing of, I 48,
49 (fig. 40); dimensions, I 101, II 280; and grouping of buildings
in seven, I 123 (fig. 80); functions of interior areas, II 78;
layout and design, II 279; inscriptions referring to, II 279,
III 77; medieval parallels, II 281; plan, II 286 (fig. 483); in
site plans, II 286 (fig. 483.X), 294 (fig. 489.X); authors'
reconstruction (plan, elevations, and sections), II 290-291
(fig. 486.A-E)
See also Cowmen; Cows; Houses for livestock and their keepers
House for Distinguished Guests [11], I xxii, 13, 17, 31n34, 115, 166,
316, 324n25, II 1, 109, 139, 286, 339; inscriptions referring to,
I 13n1, II 155, 160, III 2, 3, 45-47; lack of alignment in
drawing of, I 16; detail of plan showing overlapping edges of
sheets of parchment, I 38 (fig. 25.A); sequence of tracing, I 44,
44 (fig. 35); rendering of doors, I 61; modularity, I 80, 95; guest
capacity, I 113-114, II 162; privies, I 113-114, II 300-302;
(in segments of the Plan), II 300 (fig. 495.A), 301 (fig. 496.A);
arrangement of tables and benches in, I 113, II 24, 81; and the
grouping of buildings in threes, I 120 (fig. 77), 121; symbol
designating cupboard in, I 163-164; Ferdinand Keller's interpretation,
II 3; hearth, II 4; (shown in plan), II 117 (fig.
358.A); interpreted by Robert Willis, II 5n5, III 200; Rudolf
Henning's interpretation, II 14; reconstruction by Otto
Völckers, II 17; (exterior perspective), II 20 (fig. 280); (interior
perspective), II 20 (fig. 281); functions of interior areas, II 77;
masonry possible for walls, II 84; general spatial composition,
II 85; reconstruction of roof, II 115-116; testu square, II 123;
term used to indicate bedrooms in, II 124; corner fireplaces,
II 124, 124 (fig. 371.B); (reconstruction), II 126 (fig. 375);
windows, II 134; in plan with kitchen annex, II 146 (fig. 396);
location, II 155; dimensions, II 155; (of central hall), II 161;
layout, rooms, and furnishings, II 155, 160, 162-163; authors'
reconstruction, II 161; (plan, sections, and elevations),
II 147-149 (fig. 397.A-F); (perspective showing nave), II 150
(fig. 389); (exterior view), II 151 (fig. 399)
See also Kitchen, Bake, and Brew House for Distinguished
Guests
House for the drying of fruit. See Drying Kiln
House for Goats and Goatherds [36], I xxiii, II 286; and grouping of
buildings in seven, I 123 (fig. 80); functions of interior areas,
II 78; layout, dimensions, and capacity, II 289; inscriptions
for, II 289, III 75; plan and site plan, II 294 (fig. 489, 489.X);
and the term domus, II, 289, III 4, 76
See also Houses for livestock and their keepers
House for Horses and Oxen and Their Keepers [33], I xxiii, 50, II 1,
167, 286, 339; detail of Plan showing hands of both scribes,
I 12 (fig. 3); inscription for, I 13, II 271, 272, III 9, 72-73;
details of Plan showing manner and sequence of tracing,
I 39 (fig. 29), 41 (fig. 31), 45 (fig. 36); rendering of doors,
I 63; function, I 74; plan, I 75 (fig. 54); and the grouping of
buildings in threes, I 120 (fig. 77), 121; upper story, II 78;
location of benches and tables in, II 81; longest house on the
Plan, II 82; possible cooking area in, II 138 III 72; plan
showing cooking and brewing facilities, II 138 (fig. 389.G); in
site plans, II 215 (fig. 431.X), 224 (fig. 438.X), 274 (fig. 474);
layout, II 271-272, 274; dimensions, II 271-272, 283;
medieval and protohistoric parallels, II 274-280; authors'
interpretation, II 278-279; (plan, sections, and elevations),
II 283-285 (fig. 482.A-G)
See also Houses for livestock and their keepers
House for Servants of Outlying Estates and for Servants Traveling with
the Emperor's Court [38], I xxii, 341, II 1, 78, 139, 155, 289,
339; drawing of, I 48; in western part of tripartite division of
the Plan, I 119 (fig. 75); and groupings of buildings in seven,
I 123 (fig. 80); Ferdinand Keller's interpretation, II 3; inscriptions
referring to, II 165, 166, III 2, 78; plan, II 156
(fig. 402); in site plans, II 156 (fig. 402.X), 215 (fig. 431.X);
authors' interpretation (plan, sections, and elevation), II 157
(fig. 403.A-D); dimensions and location, II 165; layout,
II 165-166; lack of inscription in peripheral space, III 78
House for Sheep and Shepherds [35], I xxiii, II 1, 286; rendering of
doors, I 63; and the grouping of buildings in seven, I 123 (fig.
80); Ferdinand Keller's interpretation, II 3; inscriptions
referring to, II 3, 297, III 75; functions of interior areas, II 78;
St. Gall house variant 4, II 85 (fig. 334); layout and design,
II 297; plan and site plan, II 298 (fig. 493, 493.X)
See also Houses for livestock and their keepers; Sheep
House for Swine and Swineherds [39], I xxiii, II 1, 286; and grouping
of buildings in seven, I 123 (fig. 80); functions of interior
areas, II 78, 289, 293; layout and design, II 289; inscriptions
referring to, II 289, III 79; plan and site plan, II 296 (fig.
491, 491.X); lack of inscriptions in peripheral space, III 79
See also Houses for livestock and their keepers; Swine
House for the Vassals and Knights who travel in the Emperor's
Following [34], II 1, 139, 339; uncertain identification of,
I xxii, II 155, III 13, 74; condition of drawing and titles of,
I xxii, II 166, III 13, 74; tracing of, I 48; location, I 91; in the
western part of the tripartite division of the Plan, I 119 (fig. 75);
capacity for accommodating servants, I 342; placement of
entrance, II 79; plan, II 158 (fig. 404); x-ray photograph of plan
of, II 159 (fig. 405); authors' interpretation (plan, sections,
and elevations), II 160-164 (fig. 406.A-E); presumptive
purpose, II 166; dimensions and housing capacity, II 166-167;
constructional implications, II 167; layout and furnishings,
III 74
House of Coopers and Wheelwrights, and Brewers' Granary [3], I xxiii,
50, II 1; detail of Plan showing manner of drawing, I 39 (fig.
28); sequence of tracing, I 45, 45 (fig. 36); and grouping of
buildings in threes, I 120 (fig. 77), 121; in site plans, II 188 (ill.),
215 (fig. 431.X); plan, II 196 (fig. 422); authors' interpretation
(plan, sections, and elevations), II 199-202 (fig. 425.A-F), 202
Brewers' Granary: reconstruction, II 202; titles referring to,
II 222, 223, 223n8, 261, III 69; in site plans, II 222 (fig. 436),
254 (fig. 462.X), 256 (fig. 463.X); location, area, and layout,
II 222, 261; storage bins, II 223
House of Coopers and Wheelwrights: location, I 23, II 189,
199-200; hearths and louvers omitted in plan of, I 68; layout,
II 199-200, 201; dimensions, II 199, 201; inscriptions referring
to II 200, III 12, 68-69; Brewer's Granary attached to, II 222;
in site plan, II 224 (fig. 438.X)
See also Coopers
House of the Fowlkeepers [22], I xxiii, II 1, III 8; manner of drawing,
I 50; and groupings of buildings in twelve, I 123 (fig. 80);
designed with standard modules, I 125; Ferdinand Keller's
interpretation II 3; inscriptions referring to, II 3, III 62;
placement of entrance, II 25n3, 79; function of interior areas,
II 78; general spatial composition, II 83, 84; St. Gall house
variant 2, II 84 (fig. 331); in site plans, II 205 (fig. 426.X), 215
(fig. 431.X); plan and site plan of buildings associated with
poultry, II 265 (fig. 466, 466.X); dimensions, II 265, 267;
location, II 267; layout, II 267-268; authors' interpretation
(plan, sections, and elevation), II 269 (fig. 469.A-D)
See also Goosehouse; Henhouse; Poultry
House of the Gardener [20], I xxiii, 50, II 1, 176, 281, 286, III 8; doors
omitted in plan of, I 68; and grouping of buildings in twelve,
I 123 (fig. 80); general spatial composition, II 83; walls, II 84;
St. Gall house variant 3B, II 85 (fig. 333); fireplace, II 124;
possibility of windows, II 134; location and dimensions, II 203;
authors' interpretation, II 203; (plan, sections, and elevations),
II 206-207 (fig. 427.A-F); inscriptions for, II 203, III 12, 60;
plan and site plan, II 204-205 (fig. 426, 426.X)
See also Gardener; Gardens
House of the Physicians [16], I xxii, 50, II 1, III 8; drawing of, I 101;
placement of the entrance, II 25n3; functions of interior areas,
II 77-78; general spatial composition, II 83; walls, II 84;
St. Gall house variant 3A, II 84 (fig. 332); sick ward provided
with corner fireplace, II 124; plan, II 176 (fig. 410); location,
II 176, 178, 181; rooms, II 178; inscriptions referring to,
II 178-179, III 12, 53; dimensions and capacity, II 179;
authors' interpretation (ground plan, sections, and elevations),
II 179-180 (fig. 413.A-F); layout and windows, II 181; privies
in segment of Plan, II 300 (fig. 495.D)
See also Physicians
houses for livestock and their keepers, I 242, II 144, 264-267, 292;
location, I 91, 119 (fig. 75); listed, II 1; and centrality vs.
axiality, II 82; timber walls proposed for, II 85; general spatial
composition, II 85; not provided with individual fireplaces,
II 124; probable absence of windows, II 134; in site plan
showing relationships among grain processing facilities,
II 215 (fig. 431.X). See also specific buildings
houses for poultry and their keepers: on the Plan, II 1, 267-271; Roman,
II 268
See also Goosehouse; Henhouse of Freiherr von Ulm-Ehrbach;
Henhouse [23] of the Plan; Poultry
Hrabanus Maurus, Abbot of Fulda: proposed as author of the Plan, I
11, 12; De Laudibus Sanctae Crucis, I 119n2; an oblate at Fulda,
I 338n12, 339; and the term porticus, III 5; cloister of Fulda
completed by, III 6n52
Hrodbert, Bishop of Salzburg, Life of, III 6
Hubert, Jean, I 197, 251 319n33
Hugot, Leo, I 105n63; and the length of the Carolingian foot, I 95;
Palace of Aachen studied by, I 104-105, 107, 109; plan and
elevations of Aachen Palace Chapel by, with superimposed
grids, I 110-111 (fig. 71.Za-c)
Hugue de Rochecorbon, Abbot, II 109
Hungersdorf, Germany, medieval house sites of, II 71
Huns, and the diffusion of the hydraulic trip-hammer, II 245
Hussite engineer, anonymous, vertical-pestle stamp mill depicted by,
II 243 (fig. 456), 245, 247, 247n67
Husterknupp, Germany, ninth-century site (reconstruction of house),
II 83, 88 (fig. 337); (carpentry joints of), II 116
Hyams, Edward, views on wooden wine casks, I 293, 295
Hyginus, I 95
hypocaust(s), III 4: of Freckenhorst, I 253; of Pfalz Werla, I 253, 255;
of the monastery of St. Gall, I 255; and technological
development, I 352
of the Plan, I 253, 255, 258, II 125, 130-132, 348; (of warming
room of the Novitiate, I 313; (for living and sleeping quarters
of the sick), II 125; (firing chambers and smoke stacks of),
II 131 (fig. 381.A-B)
Roman, I 253, 352, II 128, 130; (of the imperial palace of Trier),
I 292; ("pillared"), II 128-129 (fig. 379.A-B); (channeled),
II 130 (fig. 380), 131n37
I
Iceland: excavations of medieval houses of, II 20, 20n45, 48-49;
placement of entrance in saga-age houses of, II 79; the ell used
in, II 80, 80n, 81n15; Pfettendach the standard roof of, II 109;
introduction of the wall fireplace to, II 126
See also Flugumyr; Germanic house, Northern, of the Saga
period; Sturlunga Saga; þórsárdalur, Iceland, Hall Stöng
Id-Der. See Syria, convent of Id-Der
Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch, I 339
illumination of manuscripts: expression of modularity in, I 223;
Romanesque, I 230; carried on by monks, I 238; and grouping
of building masses in the Plan, I 319, 321; Irish, I 325;
illusionism rare in, II 287.
See also Court (Palace) School of illumination; Hiberno-Saxon
school of illumination; Illuminators (miniatores)
illuminators (miniatores), place in monastic organization, I 326 (Table I)
See also Illumination of manuscripts
Illyrians, and the history of wine barrels, I 293, 295
impluvium (rain catch basin), II 3, 3n3, 5, 6, 6n10, 9; misinterpreted
as a hearth, II 11; Roman villa with, at Bilsdorf, Luxembourg
(plans), II 14 (fig. 272.A-B); (perspective), II 15 (fig. 273)
Inden, monastery of, II 340; Carolingian church of, I 192, 195
Inishmurry, Sligo, Ireland, monastic cashel of St. Molaise, I 243,
248 (fig. 195)
ink: colors used on the Plan, I 53, III 3, 9; red, used in architectural
drawings, I 55
"In Latrino," II 313
inner parlor (auditorium): of Cluny, II 338; function, Ii 345, 345n12;
an innovation, II 345, 347, 347n22; and the rule of silence, II
346-347, 355-356
inner school: and the reforms of the second synod of Aachen (817),
I 24-25, 25n41, II 168; of the Plan, I 24, II 168, 173
inscriptions on the Plan, III vi; destruction of titles for the House for
the Vassals and Knights who travel in the Emperor's Following,
I xxii, II 166, III 74; distinction between general and specific
titles, I 13; in verse, I 13, 13n1, 77, 128, II 155, 165, 172,
III 7-8, 7n58, n59; and origin of the Plan, I 13-14; variations
in literary style of, I 31n25; manner and sequence of writing,
I 49-50; used to indicate multiple levels, I 59, 63, 150 (fig. 99),
163; giving dimensions, I 81, 83; writing of, probably supervised
by Reginbert, I 151; careful placement of, I 185n73; regarding
facilities for bathing and washing, I 267; and the Classical
School of interpretation of the Plan, II 3-5, 12-13, 16; and the
Northern School of interpretation of the Plan, II 13;
abbreviations used in, II 117, 117n2, III 11-12; for a room with
its own fireplace, II 123-124; referring to hypocausts, II 125,
131; referring to baking ovens, II 134; referring to kitchen
stoves, II 137, 138; referring to privies, II 300; number of,
III 1; importance to scholarship, III 1; Latinity of, III 1,
2-8; seven problematical words of, III 2; visual display in,
III 8; style of writing and other paleographic details, III 9-10;
catalogue of, giving reproductions, transcriptions, and
translations, III 13-88
See also Testu; Toregma, toregmata; for inscriptions referring
to specific buildings, see under building name.
International Symposium at St. Gall, on the Plan, I 6, 15n1, 89n46,
II 78n2, III 197
Inunwan, II 28; meaning of, II 29n20
Iona, monastery of I 53n1; founding of, and the spread of monasticism,
I 325
See also Adamnan, Abbot of Iona
ipsa domus, meaning of, II 202n1, 203
Irabach (river), II 314, 318
Iran. See Blue Mosque
Ireland: iron bells of, I 131n13; medieval round tower of, I 134 (fig. 85);
high status of scribes in, I 155; St. Gall visited by monks and
abbots from, II 141n12
See also Hiberno-Saxon school of illumination; Irish monastic
tradition
Irish monastic tradition, I 144; origins, I vi, 325; and the early settlement
at St. Gall, I 10; versus the Benedictine tradition, I 24; and
monastic enclosing walls, I 73; towers of the Plan not connected
with, I 129; lavra system of missionaries, I 242; "scattered"
plan of early establishments, I 243; sixth-century cashel of
Inishmurry, Sligo, I 248 (fig. 195)
See also Columban, Saint; Rule of St. Columba
Irminon, Abbot of St.-Germain des Prés, I 345; and military obligations
of the monastery, I 347; Polyptique of, I 349, 351, III 97, 185
Iron Age: ring forts (cashels), I 243; houses of, II 47, 57, 57n79, 76,
77n111 (see also Aalburg, Luxembourg; Einswarden,
Nordenheim, Germany; Ezinge, Groningen, the Netherlands;
Feddersen-Wierde, Germany; Fochteloo, Friesland, the
Netherlands; Hodorf, Holstein, Germany; Jemgum, Germany;
Källberga, Alunda (Uppland), Sweden; Känne, Gotland,
Sweden; Kraghede, Vendsyssel, Denmark; Leens, Groningen,
the Netherlands; Lojsta, Gotland, Sweden; Nauen-Bärhorst,
Germany; Wijchen, Gelderland, the Netherlands;
Wilhelmshaven-Hesse, Germany); carpentry joints of, II 116
iron forge, depicted in woodcut by Spechtshart, II 242 (fig. 455)
See also Compludo forge; Herrería
Isidore of Seville, I 305n232, II 176, III 116, 185; and number
symbolism, I 119n2; quoted on use of splayed windows,
I 173n41; and the term claustrum, III 5; quoted, III 100;
on eating swine, III 118, study of, III 178
Isle of Man, aisled houses excavated on, II 71
Iso, monk of St. Gall, I 24, II 178
Italy: Frankish monks sent to, I xii; and the influence of Adalhard of
Corbie, II 93
See also Florence; Old St. Peter's Church; Ravenna; various
entries under Roman; Romans; Rome
ivory: book cover made of, depicting Pope Gregory the Great, I 157
(fig. 106); carving in, carried on by monks, I 238
J
Jans, Jan, Landelijke Bouwkunst in Oost-Nederland, II 87
Japan, tilt-hammer of, II 237; (depicted by Hokusai), II 236 (fig. 451)
Jarrow and Monkwearmouth, monastery of, II 212n3; Codex Amiatinus
copied in, I 149; and the spread of monasticism, I 325; Bede's
education and life at, I 338n10; number of monks at, I 342n2
Jean de Gorze, I 72n26
Jefferson, Thomas: land measurement system proposed by, III 135;
and the metric system, III 137
Jehan Shah, I 136
Jemgum, Germany: Bronze Age to Early Iron Age aisled houses of,
II 59, 71, 79; aisled house of (plan, cross-section, and elevation),
II 60 (fig. 313.A-C); (exterior view), II 61 (fig. 314); centrality
of houses of, II 82
Jerome, Saint, I 145n65, 332; Latin translation of the Rules of St.
Pachomius by, I 72n19, 325, 327n2, 342n1
Jerusalem: Church of the Holy Sepulcher (Adamnan's plan), I 54 (fig.
41); Anastasis Church, I 319
Jesus Christ: personal attributes of, and the six- or eight-lobed rosette,
I 138; foot washing practiced by, I 307, 307n237, 309; and the
term abba, I 330
Jeulin, Paul, II 355
Jews: the number twelve in number symbolism of, I 124; eight- or
six-lobed rosettes in art of, I 131; foot washing practiced by,
I 307; possible origin of antiphonal song in church of, I 339
John (biographer of Odo, Abbot of Cluny), II 341
John, Bishop of Ephesus, church built over tomb of, I 188
John Cassian, Saint, I 332, 333n36; Institutiones, I 155n110; and the
diffusion of monasticism, I 325
John of Milan, probable author of Regimen sanitatis salernitanum, II 187
John the Baptist, Saint, patron saint of Corbie, III 102n10, 103
Johnson, Samuel, quoted, III 168
Jonas of Bobbio, Life of St. Columban, II 259
Jones, Charles W., I 7, 119n2, 271n102, 329, 342n2, II 139n1, 153n19,
III 12; and medieval weights and measures, I 85n37, n39; and
the sacredness of the number forty, I 103n60; translation of
Alcuin's poem, On the Scribes, I 145; comments on scribes,
I 155n110; and medieval abstraction, I 230; on personal
cleanliness in the Middle Ages, I 262n76; on Bede, I 354; and
the meaning of uacatio, II 175n18; translation of "In Latrino,"
II 313; translation of the Customs of Corbie, III vi, 91-128
Jouven, Georges, inner crypt of Flavigny excavated by, I 198
Joyce, J. G., Roman judiciary basilica of Silchester excavated by, I 245
jugerum (unit of Roman land measure), III 140 (fig. 540.B)
See also Measurement, land; Roman land surveying
Jumièges Abbey: existence of early separate chapter house in, doubted,
I 249, II 336; dormitory, I 260; number of monks at, I 342;
and architectural innovation, I 354; layout, II 340; church,
I 215; groin-vaulted aisles, I 172; narrow elongated shapes
of, I 211; arches, I 212, 237 (detail of recess of arch span), I 235
(fig. 189.D); longitudinal section and plan, I 234 (fig. 189.A-B);
south wall of nave, I 235 (fig. 189.C); modularity, I 237; bay
division noted by C. Pfitzner, III 192
Jung, P., I 314n13
Juniperus sabina. See Savin plant
Justinian I (Byzantine emperor), Nativity Church in Bethlehem built
under, I 188, 190
Kalevala, hops and brewing of beer mentioned in, II 263n39
Kalkreuth village, in watercolor by Albrecht Dürer, II 86 (fig. 335)
Källberga, Alunda (Uppland), Sweden, evidence of light and smoke
holes in Iron Age houses of, II 119
Känne, Gotland, Sweden, aisled Germanic longhouse of, II 45, 82,
93; (plan), II 36 (fig. 290)
Karl III (son of Louis the Pious), II 164
Karl der Grosse Exhibition. See Council of Europe exhibition Karl der
Grosse
Karlmann (son of Louis the Pious), II 164
Karschunke, Siegfried, I ix, ixn; model of the Plan constructed by, I 7,
II 116n11
Kaspar, Abbot of Breitenlandenberg, I 2
Kastel Künzig, Passau, Germany, Roman military camp at (plan), I 114
(fig. 71.B)
keeper of the bread (bread-warden; custos panis): place in monastic
organization, I 326 (Table I); duties of, I 333, II 259; in
Customs of Corbie, III 97, 106, 106n49, 107
keeper of the charters (custos cartarum), duties of, I 336
keeper of the clothes (vestiarius): duties of, and place in the monastic
organization, I 326 (Table I); at the monastery of Corbie, I 335,
III 97, 120, 120n132
keeper of the orchard (custos pomorum), I 336; duties of, and place in
the monastic organization, I 326 (Table I)
keeper of the vineyards (custos vinearum), I 332
Keller, Ferdinand, I 9n2, 143n61, II 19, 20, 86; first scholarly description
of the Plan by, I 2-3, III 186; and the identity of
"Gozbertus," I 10n1; and the interpretation of pisale, I 253;
views on Monks' Privy, I 259; and the Monks' Parlor, I 307;
interpretation of guest and service buildings of the Plan, II 3,
3n1, 153n19, 166, 280, III 186; interpretation of the Outer
School, II 4 (fig. 264.A-C), II 172, 174, 175n19; views on the
Mill, II 225, 230; views on the Mortar, II 236, 237; and mus
(porridge), II 248; and the identity of some trees of the Plan,
II 86
Kero (monk), II 248
kettles: indicated on the Plan, II 137-138 (fig. 389.A, F-G), 138;
depicted in Luttrell Psalter, II 139 (fig. 390)
king (or emperor): proper reception of, at monasteries, II 153;
accommodations for visits of, on the Plan, II 155, 156n31, 164,
166; size of travelling entourage of, II 165
kingfisher, Christian symbolism of, II 185
Kirkstall Abbey, II 306; infirmary, II 179, 181 181n17; (plan), II 178
(fig. 412); rère-dorters of monks and lay brothers, II 309;
layout, II 349, 349n3, n4, 351, 353, 355, 355n22; plan and
site plan, II 350 (fig. 519.A-B); misericord, II 350; warming
room, II 353n15; alignment of refectory, II 355
Kitchen, Bake, and Brew House for Distinguished Guests [10], I xxii,
17, 73, II 1, 139, 153, 155, 251, 253; tracing of, I 16, 37, 44, 44
(fig. 35); baking oven, II 133, 134; (in plan), II 132 (fig. 382.B);
plan showing baking and brewing facilities, II 137 (fig. 389.B);
kitchen stove, II 138, 153: in plan with House for Distinguished
Guests, II 146 (fig. 396); reconstruction of roof framing, II 152
(fig. 400); inscriptions for, II 153, 165, III 44; authors'
interpretation (plan, section and elevations), II 154 (fig.
401.A-D); dimensions, rooms, and furnishings, II 165;
bakery, II 255; site plan and plan, II 256 (figs. 463.X, 464)
See also Kitchens of the Plan; Kitchen stoves
Kitchen, Bake, and Brew House for Pilgrims and Paupers [32], I xxii,
73, II 1, 139, 144; in detail of Plan showing joining of peices of
parchment, I 41 (fig. 32); tracing of, I 45, 45 (fig. 36); baking
oven, II 134; (shown in plan), II 133 (fig. 382.C); plan showing
kitchen stove and brewing range, II 137 (fig. 389.C); kitchen
stove, II 138, 144; dimensions, II 151, 153; in site plans, II 222
(fig. 436), 224 (fig. 438.X); area, II 251, 253; plan, II 257
(fig. 463); inscriptions referring to, III 71
See also Kitchens of the Plan; Kitchen stoves
Kitchen and Bath for the Novices [19], I xxii, 73, 267, 315, II 83; and
the monastic reform rules on bathing, I 22; modularity, I 95;
and grouping of buildings in twelve, I 123 (fig. 80); authors'
reconstruction, I 289 (fig. 237); timber framing proposed for,
1 321; the basic St. Gall house form, II 82 (fig. 329); baking
and brewing facilities, II 138; (plan), II 137 (fig. 389.D);
inscriptions referring to, III 60
See also Bathhouses, of the Plan; Bathing; Kitchens of the Plan;
Kitchen stoves
Kitchen and Bath for the Sick [18], I xxii, 73, 267, 315, II 83; and the
monastic reform rules on bathing, I 22; plan, and plan with
1 1/4-foot grid superimposed, I 90 (fig. 65.A-B); modularity,
I 95; and grouping of buildings in twelve, I 123 (fig. 80);
authors' reconstruction, I 289 (fig. 237); timber framing
proposed for, I 321; cooking facilities, II 138; (plan), II 138
(fig. 389.E); in plan showing relation to other health facilities,
II 182 (fig. 414.X); function of kitchen, II 185; inscriptions
referring to, III 59
See also Bathhouses, of the Plan; Bathing; Kitchens of the Plan,
Kitchen stoves
kitchens of the Plan: six, I 73; question of a kitchen for serfs and
workmen, I 73-74; functional design, I 114; stoves and brewing
ranges, II 137-138 (fig. 389.A-G) (see also Baking; Brewing,
facilities for; Kitchen stoves); for preparing food for guests,
II 139
See also Abbot's Kitchen, Cellar, and Bathhouse; Kitchen,
Bake, and Brew House for Distinguished Guests; Kitchen,
Bake, and Brew House for Pilgrims and Paupers; Kitchen and
Bath for Novices; Kitchen and Bath for the Sick; Monks'
Kitchen
kitchen stoves: square, arch-supported, I 269-272 (figs. 218-221);
stove of Monks' Kitchen, I 284, 287, II 137, 138; (interpreted
by Völckers), I 269 (fig. 217); of the Plan (seen in plans), II
137-138 (fig. 389.A-G); of Kitchen, Bake, and Brew House for
Pilgrims and Paupers, II 138, 144; of Kitchen, Bake, and
Brew House for Distinguished Guests, II 138, 153, 165
Klein, Alexander, II 278
Kloosterberg, the Netherlands, Roman villa, I 308, 317; (perspective
reconstruction), I 296 (fig. 242)
Knoepfli, Albert, I 212-213
Knonau, Meyer von, I 10n1, II 167n60
Knowles, David, I 275; and monastic administration, I 336; on
bloodletting in monasteries, II 187; on child oblation, II 347
Konrad (II), Emperor, and Empress Gisela, portrayed in Codex Aureus
of Echternach, I 230 (fig. 185); Speyer I begun by, I 231
Konz (Contionacum), Germany, Roman imperial summer residence,
I 290, 308, 317, 319; (plan and perspective reconstruction),
I 294 (fig. 241.A-B); (channeled hypocaust), II 131n37
Kornelismünster: plan of abbey church, I 190 (fig. 147); layout, I 247;
number of monks at, I 343 (Table II), 343n [o]
Kraeling, Carl H., I 193
Kraghede, Vendsyssel, Denmark, Iron Age houses of (house plan), II
118 (fig. 360); (light and smoke holes), II 119
Krautheimer, Richard, III 5n35; views on location of the tomb of St.
Gall in the Plan, I 171; views on Ratger's church at Fulda,
I 187; views on tripartite transepts of Early Christian churches,
I 193n26; views on sources of medieval European counter apses,
I 199n44
Kreusch, Felix, and the length of the Carolingian foot, I 95
Kuchemaistrey, woodcut of "Kitchen with Cook and Maid," I 269 (fig.
218), 287
Kutsch, Ferdinand, and the length of the Carolingian foot, I 95, 97
Laistner, M. L. W., Thought and Letters in Western Europe, 500-900 A.D.
III 98n28
land, measurement of. See Measurement, land
Land Ordinance of 1785. See Measurement, land, system of the American
Land Ordinance of 1785
Landric, Abbot of Jumièges, III 69n19
Lanfranc, Prior of Bec, Archbishop of Canterbury, I 309;
distribution of books to monks at Lent described by, I 149,
149n86; Christchurch, Canterbury, built by, II 343; and the
Customs of Cluny, II 343
Langobardic baking oven, II 133 (fig. 384, 384.B)
Langres, France, Gallo-Roman stone relief, I 284 (fig. 233)
lantern (flèche), II 120, 121n12; lanterns on roof ridge of the Great Hall
of New College at Oxford, II 119 (fig. 361)
See also Mortuary lantern
Laon, monastery of, I 155
Lasius, Georg, bird's-eye view of a reconstruction of the monastery of
the Plan by, II 7 (fig. 266), 8
Laterculi (shingles), II 29n25, 31
Latin, used in inscriptions on the Plan, III 1, 2-8
Latin-cross churches. See Cruciform churches
latrines. See Privies; Roman latrines
Laurentius, Bishop at Hólar, Iceland, II 126, 126n26
lavra system of the monks at Lerins, I 242
law codes, a source of archetectural information, II 26. See also Lex
Alamannorum; Lex Bajuvariorum; Lex Salica
lay brothers: accommodation of, and the layout of Cistercian monasteries,
II 349, 351, 356, 357; regulations applying to, II 351n7;
numbers of, in certain monasteries, II 351n8; evolution of
accommodations for, II 351n12, n13; used at Clairvaux, II 354,
355
laymen: educated in monastry schools, I 23-25, 29: place for, in the
nave of the church of the Plan, I 135; confraternization of,
I 281; employed by monasteries, I 341; proposed number of,
for monastery of the Plan, I 344; educated at Corbie, III 97,
98n28, 102n8; Adalhard's directives on, III 103, 111
lean-to's. See Aisles and lean-to's
leather, in monastic economy, II 264
Leclercq, Henri, I 307n236, II 175n19; views on authorship of the Plan,
I 11n4; interpretation of various parts of the Plan, I 65n1,
77n1, II 166, 172, 184, 253
See also Cabrol, F., and H. Leclercq
Leclercq, Jean, I 24
lecterns: in the nave of the Church of the Plan, I 136; scribes' term for,
III 3
lectio divina, I 148, 339
Leens, Groningen, the Netherlands: aisled house, II 57; (plan, section,
and excavation), II 52 (fig. 305.A-B); (transverse sections),
II 52 (fig. 306.A-B); importance of archaeological finds at,
II 71; Sparrendach proposed for Iron Age houses of, II 103
Lehmann, Edgar, I 3; views on the Plan, I 25n46, 79, 81, 163, 213n73
Lehmann, Julius (Jules Leemann): model of buildings of the Plan
executed by, I 6, 323, II 5, 5n7, 8 (fig. 267), 268
Lehmann, Paul, I 2n3
Lehmann-Brockhaus, Otto, III 3, 5
Leicester Castle, Leicestershire, England: aisled hall, II 88; (interior),
II 89 (fig. 339); (roof), II 89n6
Leigh Court, medieval woven wattlework from, II 64 (fig. 318.B)
Leittlich, monastery of, II 338
Le Mans Cathedral, altars, I 136, 209
Lenoir, Albert, II 19; Plan discussed in Architecture monastique, I 3;
interpretation of St. Gall house, II 3, 3n3; views on molae of the
Plan, II 225, 230
Leo I (the Great), Pope, I 331n26
Leo III, Pope, I 197
Leonardo da Vinci, trip-hammers with vertical pestles attested by, II 245,
247
Lepcis Magna, Tripolitania, Basilica of Septimius Severus, I 164, 200,
256; (plan), I 199 (fig. 159)
Le Puy-en-Velay, Haute-Loire, France, twelfth-century wall fireplace,
II 125 (fig. 373), 127, 127n28
Lerins, III 94n14; monachism of, I 242, 328; and the diffusion of
monasticism, I 325
Lesne, Émile, I 72n26; Histoire de la propriété ecclésiastique, I 7; and the
817 regulation regarding monastic schools, I 24; on the place
where meals of servants were prepared, I 73-74; and the
interpretation of servitores, I 75n48; on secular and clerical
relations, III 97; on Corbie, III 98n28; on Adalhard's
Directives, III 99
Le Thoronet, Provence, France: millstone of abbey of, II 233n25, 236;
hand-operated mortar and pestle from, II 235 (fig. 449.B), 236
letter of transmittal of the Plan, I xxi; addressed to "Gozbertus," abbot
of St. Gall, I xi, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, III 15, 173; reproduced,
transliterated, and translated, I 8 (fig. 2), 9, III 16; information
gained from, I 9; and authorship of the Plan, I 12n13; written
by the main scribe, I 13, 79; Haito not author of, I 14, not part
of the prototype plan, I 31; direction of inscription, I 50; use of
word officinae in, I 51; problems of interpretation, III 2;
abbreviation used in, III 11
Levillain, Leon, III 92n1; on Emperor Louis's charter of immunities,
III 99; study of the original endowment of Corbie by, III
114n107; edition of Adalhard's Directives by, III 188
Levinus, Abbot, II 310
Lewes Abbey, II 306, 341, 348; Thetford Priory founded by Cluniac
monks from, II 344
Lex Alamannorum, II 13; information on Germanic house of the
Alamanni conveyed in, II 26-27, 43, 45, 76, 77
See also Alamanni
Lex Bajuvariorum, information on Germanic house of the Bajuvarians
found in, II 27-29, 31, 33, 43, 76, 77
See also Bajuvarians; Bajuvarian standard house
Lex Salica (Salic law), II 33, 76, 77
Liberate Rolls, II 120; quoted on hearths and louvers, II 121n11
Liber Ordinis S. Victoris Parisiensis, II 345
Liber Pontificalis, III 5
librarian (bibliothecarius; armarius), I 147, 147n76, 155, 339; duties of,
I 148, 326 (Table I), 335; place in monastic organization, I 326
(Table I); the first known, at St. Gall, I 334n62; evolution of
office of, I 335; and the Customs of Corbie, III 97
library. See Church of the Plan, Library
lidus, I 341
Liessies, monastery of, I 68-69, II 230
Lievelde, the Netherlands, medieval house site of, II 71
Life and Miracles of St. Gall (Vita Galli confessoris triplex), I 141,
141n57, 143
Life of Abbot Athala of Bobbio, II 229
Life of Duke William, III 7
Life of Father Romanus, II 229
Life of St. Gall (Vita sancti Galli), II 295
Life of St. Martin (Vita sancti Martini), I 2n1; superimposed on part
of the Plan, I xxii, xxviii (fig. 1.X), II 166; survival of the Plan
due to, I 1-2; studied by P. Lehmann, I 2; on verso of the Plan,
I 4 (fig. 1.A), II 158, 166; folding sequence of parchment, I 5
(fig. 1.B); unfolding and reading sequence I 5 (fig. 1.C);
recovery of text of, I 6
Life of St. Philibert, I 249
Life of St. Remy, II 229
Lindisfarne, monastery of, I 325
Lindisfarne Gospels: great cruciform page, I 218 (fig. 178); (with
square grid superimposed, showing stages of layout), I 219
(figs. 179.A-B); (details, with authors' interpretation of final
stage of pattern), I 220 (fig. 180.A-D); cruciform page
preceding Gospel of Luke, I 222 (fig. 181); (diagram showing
use of square grid in constructing of), I 223 (fig. 182); modular
grid used in designing ornamental pages and canon tables of,
I 227, 229
Lindsay, Wallace Martin, Notae Latinae, III 12
literacy: used by Charlemagne, III 97; among the Teutoni, III 97;
Pirenne quoted on, III 98n28
See also Writing and written documents
Little Chesterford, Essex, England, Manor Hall (plans and cross
section), II 100 (fig. 347.A-C); (perspective reconstruction of
the interior), II 101 (fig. 348); (layout and construction), II 109;
(Gothic arches), II 115
Little Wymondly, Hertfordshire, England, priory barn, II 115, 216,
217n2; (plan, section, and exterior view). II 218-219 (fig.
434.A-C); (dimensions), II 219
Liuthard, first known librarian of St. Gall, I 147n76, 334n62
livestock: number of keepers of, proposed for monastery of the Plan, I
342; numbers of, accommodated by the Plan, I 351; monastic
use and management of, I 351, II 264-267; facilities on the
Plan for, listed, II 1; area set aside for, in the Plan, II 267;
status of caretakers of, II 275n21; fed at mills, III 107; tithing
of, III 114-115
See also Calves; Cows; Horses; Houses for livestock and their
keepers; Sheep; Swine; specific buildings for livestock
Lloyd, Nathaniel, History of the English House, II 128
Lobbes, monastery of: wooden palisade enclosure, I 73; number of
monks at, I 251n37, 343 (Table II)
Loches, monastery of, water mill, II 229
locus foci, meaning of the term, II 117
See also Open fireplace(s)
Lodging for Visiting Monks [1c], I xxii, II 139; and the second synod of
Aachen (817), I 23, II 140; inscribing of titles of, I 50; modular
scale of beds, I 80; and provision in the Plan for thickness of
walls, I 99; in elevation of Church, I 166 (fig. 112); corner
fireplaces, II 125n18; dimensions, layout, and and guest
capacity, II 140; probably a lean-to structure, II 140, 141;
plan and site plan, II 140-141 (fig. 391, 391.X); inscriptions
for, II 140, III 32
Lodging of Master of the Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers [1i], I
xxii-xxiii, II 125n18, 139; beds in, I 342; fireplace, II 124; plan
and circulation pattern, II 144 (fig. 394.A-B); description,
II 153; inscriptions for, III 9, 34
See also Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers; Master of the
Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers
Lodging of Master of the Outer School [1d], I xxii, 342, II 1, 125n18;
inscribing of titles of, I 50; and provision in the Plan for thickness
of walls, I 99; in elevation of the Church of the Plan, I 166
(fig. 112); corner fireplace, II 124; probably a lean-to structure,
II 141; plan and site plan showing circulation pattern, II 174
(fig. 409, 409.X); rooms, II 174; inscriptions for, II 174, III 32;
location and layout, II 175; attached privy, II 300 (fig. 495.B)
See also Master of the Outer School; Outer School [12] of the
Plan; Outer schools
Loggan, David, Oxonia illustrata, II 120
Löjsta, Gotland, Sweden, three-aisled house excavated at, II 45, 48;
(foundation and reconstruction), II 37 (fig. 291.A-C)
Lokris, Greece, basilica, I 193
Lomello Church, diaphragm arches, I 234
"longfires," II 45, 45n54
longhouse: at Känne, Gotland, Sweden, II 45, 82, 93; (plan), II 36
(fig. 290); plan of Bronze Age longhouse at Elp, Drenthe, the
Netherlands, II 69 (fig. 323); Scandinavian boat-shaped, II
72; Northern, and the Germanic house, II 79-82
See also House for Horses and Oxen and their Keepers; St.Wandrille,
monks' dormitory
Löpfe-Benz facsimile of the Plan
See Plan of St. Gall, Löpfe-Benz facsimile edition
Lorenzo di Credi, II 225n1
Lorsch, monastery of: head of Christ in stained glass window of, I xxiii
(ill.); Lorsch Gospels produced in, I 33 (see also Lorsch
Gospels); size of library holdings, I 151; westwork, I 208;
layout of, and the Plan, I 245; plan and axonometric
reconstruction, I 252 (figs. 198-199); Church of St. Nazarius,
I 254; isometric reconstruction, I 254 (fig. 201); twelfth-century
plan and projection, I 255 (fig. 200, 200.X); circular
staircase tower, I 323; gate house, I 323; (modularity of), I
103n59
Lorsch Gospels: "tendril" motif in, I 30, 32 (fig. 22); produced by the
Court School, I 33; detail of "incipit capitulare," II ix (ill.);
detail of Luke Incipit, III 120 (ill.); present disposition of
parts of, III 172
Los-hus, Frisian, II 47, 57
Lothar (son of Charles the Bald), II 169n6
Lotharingian customs, II 343n4
Lotz, Wolfgang, III 7
Louis, René, I 171, 198, 199n38
Louis IV (Frankish king), II 169n6
Louis the German (East Frankish king), I 324, 347
Louis the Pious, Emperor, I 11, 324, II 33, 156n31, 167n63; and
Benedict of Aniane, I x, 21; and the drive toward uniformity,
I x, 53; and the relations between church and state, I xi, 208,
347; monks sent to all parts of the empire by, I xii; and the
monastic reform movement, I xxi, 20, 81, 243, II 340; and the
Plan, I xxi, 25n46, 29; monastery of St. Gall placed under
jurisdiction of, I 10n13; Capitulare monasticum promulgated
by, I 21; monastic life under, I 27; Abbot Ratger of Fulda
deposed by, I 30, 190, 331; and Hildebold, I 31; uniform
weights and measures supported by, I 52, 299, III 106n51;
abbey church of Kornelismünster founded by, I 190; and the
monastery of Inden, I 192, II 340; capitulary regarding
management of outlying estates, I 349; and monastic
hospitality, II 155, 156n31, 164; and the medieval use of hops,
II 263; and the synods of Aachen, II 340, 343; petition of the
monks of Fulda to, III 3-4; relations with Adalhard of Corbie,
III 92n1, 93; charter of immunities issued by, III 99, 100
(fig. 530), 124; seal of, III 102 (fig. 531); decree on dispensing
tithed goods to the poor, III 112n96
louvers: rendering of, in the Plan, I 68; depicted in the Grimani
Breviary, II 121 (fig. 366), 122, 122 (fig. 367); of the Great
Collective Workshop, II 189
See also Testu
Lower Saxony, Wohnstallhaus of (see Wohnstallhaus, Lower Saxon)
Lübeck, Museum of, I 271
Lucca, Italy, Villa Grinini (marble fragment with six-lobed rosette),
I 140 (fig. 90)
lucernarius (caretaker of the lamps), I 336
Ludger, Bishop, I 238
Ludwig, Peter, I 135
Lund, Carl Bertil, I 7, II 2
Luttrell Psalter: Illistrations from (baptismal scene), I 135, 146 (fig. 95);
(cook stirring kettles), II 139 (fig. 390); (bloodletting), II 185
(fig. 417), 186; (tuns on a caisson), II 198 (fig. 424); (flailing of
sheaved grain), II 214, 223 (fig. 437); (stacking of sheaves in the
field), II 216 (fig. 432); (carting sheaves to the barn), II 217
(fig. 433); (cook using mortar and pestle), II 234 (fig. 449.C),
236; (gooseherd and geese), II 266 (fig. 467; (horse-drawn
harrow), II 275 (fig. 475); (ox-drawn plow), II 276 (fig. 476);
(owl border ornament), II 333 (ill.); draft animals depicted in,
II 274; realism in marginal scenes, II 287
Luxeuil, monastery of: and the spread of monasticism, I 325; beer
served at, II 259; founded by Columban, III 94n5; Corbie
founded by monks from, III 95; rules used by, III 95
M
Mabillon, Jean, II 169n6; Annales ordinis sancti Benedicti, I 2; Adalhard's
"Rubrics" published by, III 99; and the Plan, III 173, 186,
189; sketch of career of, III 189
McCann, Abbot Justin, English translation of the Rule of St. Benedict
by, III 167
Macarius (monk), I 325
Maderna, Carlo, and New St. Peter's, I 178
Magdalen College, Oxford, England, Great Hall (lantern-surmounted
ridge), 11 119 (fig. 362); (roof construction), II 120, 122
magister pauperum, rules for, in the Customs of Corbie, III 97
See also Master of the Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers
Magister pulsantium. See Master of the Novitiate
Magister scolae exterioris. See Master of the Outer School
Magyars, monastery of St. Gall sacked by, I 1, 73
Malone, Carolyn Marino, II 315
malthouses and their brews, tithing of, III 116-117
mandatum: meaning of, I 307; hospitum, I 307, 309; fratrum, I 307, 309,
309n245
See also Foot-washing
mansi (manses), size of, III 96n16
manure mats, II 44, 47, 52, 53n64
Marcellus (Irish monk), in charge of Inner School of the monastery of
St. Gall, I 24
Marcellus, Theater of: rendering of, in the Forma urbis Romae, I 59,
61; (plan of semicircular seating and access by ramps and stairs),
167 (fig. 51.A); plans showing semicircular seating, I 66 (fig.
51.B-C)
Marcolini, Francesco, I 175
Marienthal monastery, abbot's house (plan and reconstruction), I 315
(fig. 256.A-B), 323
market halls, II 113n24; Pfettendach used in, II 113
See also Roman architecture, market halls
Markward, Abbot of Fulda, renovation by, I 176 (fig. 122)
Marmoutier, monastery of: kitchen, I 274, 276, 287; (plan and elevation),
I 273 (fig. 222.A-B); and the diffusion of monasticism, I 325;
number of monks at, I 343 (Table II); Parçay-Meslay a
dependency of, II 109, 113
Marseille, founding of, I 278
Martin, Saint, I 325. See also Life of St. Martin
Martin du Gard, Roger, 237; and diaphragm arches at Jumièges, I 235
masonry: and square schematism, I 225; sometimes used by early Irish
monasteries, I 243; use of, mentioned in Brevium exempla,
II 43, 45, 85; preferred for urban dwellings, II 68; and the
St. Gall house, II 84; used in Carolingian churches, I 159
combined with timber, I 230, II 146, 161; proposed for House for
Distinguished Guests, II 161
intended for nuclear claustral structures of the Plan, I 61; Church
of the Plan, I 159; Monks' Dormitory and Warming Room,
I 258; Monks' Refectory, I 264; Monks' Bathhouse and
Laundry, I 267; Novitiate and Infirmary, I 302, 321; Abbot's
House, I 316, 323; House for Bloodletting, II 188
used in England: in feudatories, II 88; in St. Mary's Hospital,
Chichester, II 92; in Nurstead Court Manor House, II 99; in
monastic infirmaries, II 178
See also Ashlar; Building materials
master carpenter, I 332
Master of the Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers (procurator
pauperum), I 128, 335, II 144, 153, 153n20; duties and place in
monastic organization, I 326 (Table I)
See Also Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers; Lodging of the
Master of the Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers; Magister
pauperum
Master of the Infirmary (magister infirmorum), apartment of, I 73, 313,
314, II 124; place in monastic organization, I 326 (Table I)
See also Novitiate and Infirmary, Infirmary
Master of the Novitiate (magister pulsantium), I 313, 335; duties and
place in monastic organization, I 326 (Table I); individual
privy provided for, II 300
See also Novitiate and Infirmary, Novitiate
Master of the Outer School (magister scolae exterioris), II 134; duties and
place in monastic organization (Table I), I 326; individual
privy provided for, II 300
See also Lodging of the Master of the Outer School; Outer
School [12] of the Plan; Outer schools
masters of the children (magistri infantum), I 336
Mathilde, Queen, I 285
Matifou, Algeria, church of, I 200
Matthew, Saint, quoted on scribes, I 145n66
Mau, August, II 6, 7n13, 8n19
Maubuisson Abbey, II 306, 308; monks' privy, II 309
Maurdramnus, Abbot of Corbie, III 94n9
Maurdramnus Bible, III 95
Mayeul, Abbot of Cluny II, II 334-335; church built by, II 339-340
mayors (maiores), I 341; duties of, III 108-109, 115
meals, of monks, II 188
See also Food and drink
measurement; the metric system and the figure 200, I 83, 85, 87, 87n42
(see also Metric system); possible dichotomy in theory and
practice regarding, in medieval times, I 85n39; system used in
medieval French architecture, I 94n54; of time in the early and
medieval West, I 353-354, 353n26, n29; system of the Plan,
and the history of measurement, III 131-132, 133, 136-137,
139; English system established by law by 1300, III 136
capacity: Carolingian, I 52-53, 298-299, III 106, 106n50 (see also
Hemina; Modius); Roman, I 298
land: system of the American Land Ordinance of 1785, I 89n46,
III 131, 134 (ill), 135, 137, 138 (ill.), 139; English system, I 103,
III 136; Carolingian bonuarium, III 106n62, 107; Roman and
American systems, and the areal measurement system of the
Plan, III 131-132, 133, 136, 137, 139, 140 (fig. 540.A-B)
linear: diagrams showing duodecimal and sedecimal division of the
Roman and medieval foot, I 79 (figs. 57-58); pied royal de
I 83, 85, 85n39; Roman foot, I 83, 95, III 133; Carolingian
inch, I 85; Carolingian system, and the scale of the Plan, I 85,
94 (fig. 66.A-C) (see also Carolingian foot); the digitus and units
derived from it, I 85n37; Drusian foot, I 94n54, 95, 97, III 133;
Carolingian yardstick of 40 inches, I 97; English, Carolingian,
and Roman pace, I 103, 103n59; the ell of medieval Iceland,
II 80, 80n, 81n15; Württemberg foot, II 323, 327n17;
dimensions of Gozbert's church, monastery of St. Gall, in
Carolingian feet, II 325, 327n17; the groma, III 130 (fig. 535),
140 (fig. 540.A); beliefs about history of, III 133; Roman,
and the Plan, III 133; English foot, III 133, 136; Roman and
English mile, III 133, 136, 137; the Gunter chain, III 135,
136, 137 (fig. 538) 139; Roman and American systems, III 137;
English statute rod, III 139; Carolingian, and the American
land measuring system, III 139
weight: Carolingian, I 52-53; Roman pound, II 257
meat. See Food and drink, meat
mechanical crank, diffusion of, to Europe, II 238
medical facilities of the Plan, II 1, 175-188; plan showing traffic patterns
to and from, II 182 (fig. 414)
See also House for Bloodletting; House of the Physicians
Medicinal Herb Garden [Z], I xxii, II 1, 178; manner of drawing of,
I 37; lack of proper alignment of, I 101; location, dimensions,
and plants raised in, II 181; authors' interpretation (plan, site
plan showing circulation pattern, and section), II 182 (fig. 414,
414.X-Y); perspective view from northeast, II 183 (fig. 415);
in site plan, II 205 (fig. 426.X); plant designations written by
second scribe, III 9; inscriptions relating to, III 88
medicine: surgery, I 290; study and transmission of classical, II 176,
178; Regimen sanitatis salernitanum, a treatise on, II 187
See also Bloodletting; Medical facilities of the Plan; Medicinal
Herb Garden; Physicians
Meier, P. Gabriel, II 172
Meinhard, Abbot of Maursmünster, II 188n7
Memling, Gerhard, details of paintings of, showing water wheels,
II 225, 226 (fig. 439.A-B)
mensae (tables), II 160
Merdingen, Freiburg, Germany, Alamannic settlement excavated near,
II 77
Merian, Matthaeus, air view of the abbey and city of St. Gall by,
I 319, 322 (fig. 509.X)
Meringer, Rudolf, II 247; views on tilt-hammers of the Plan, II 237;
(reconstruction), II 241 (fig. 454); modern trip-hammer
discussed by, II 239
Merovingian carved stone, with cross and rosette motif, I 140 (fig. 89)
Merrit, Anita, I 35n5
Mesopotamia, Palace of Mari: kitchen stove, I 271 (fig. 220, 287; corner
fireplaces, II 124 (fig. 372), 126, 127n24, 129; baking oven, II
136; (plan, section, and elevation of oven opening), II 134
(fig. 386.A-C)
Metlach, church of, and the trend toward square schematism, I 219
metric system: and the figure 200, I 83, 85, 87, 87n42; and the scale of
the Plan, I 89; introduction and establishment of, III 137
Mettler, Adolf, II 349n3, 351n10, n12, n13; and the reduction in size
of the warming room, II 348
Metz, School of, ivory book cover in style of, I 157 (fig. 106)
Mayvaert, Paul, III 6, 7
miles christi (Christian warrior), II 95
Miletus, public latrine of the north market hall, II 301; (plan,
perspective, and section), 304 (fig. 499.A-C)
military obligations of the monastery, I 347
milk: goat, II 289; tithing of, III 114, 115
Mill [27] of the Plan, I xxiii, 50, II 1; poor alignment of, I 16, 17
(fig. 8); the tracing of, I 46, 46 (fig. 37); water powered, I 69,
91, II 230, 233-234; location and dimensions, I 69, II 225;
millstones (molae) of, I 113, II 233, 233n25; and the grouping
of buildings in threes, I 120 (fig. 77); number of servants in,
I 342; in site plans, II 215 (fig. 431.X), 222 (fig. 436), 254
(fig. 462.X), 256 (fig. 463.X); in plan and site plan with Drying
Kiln and Mortar, II 224 (fig. 438, 438.X); authors'
interpretation (plan, elevations, and sections), II 232-233 (fig.
448.A-E); inscriptions referring to, III 67.
See also Milling; Mills
Milley, Dom, plan and engravings of Clairvaux Abbey by, II 113, 354
(fig. 520.A-B), 355
milling: combined with baking in Rome, II 249, (donkey mill and baking
implements shown on monument of P. Nonius Zethus of
Ostia), II 250 (fig. 460.X); a specialized function in medieval
Europe, II 251
See also Mills
mills: a motif in paintings, II 225, 225nl; mill depicted on mosaic of
the Great Palace of Byzantium, II 225-226, 227n9; hand
driven, II 225, 230; (fourteenth-century drawing), II 231
(fig. 446); man, animal, or water powered, II 225-227, 228,
230, 233; driven by divine power, II 225n7; water mill near
Dover, II 230; earliest pictorial representation of a medieval
water mill, II 231n23; on outlying monastic estates, II 234;
and millers connected with Corbie, II 235, III 106n63, 107108,
116; vertical pestle stamp mill, II 243 (fig. 456), 247n67
See also Donkey mills; Mill [27] of the Plan; Milling; Millstones
millstones: size of, on the Plan, II 233, 233n25; size of medieval, II
233n25
minarets, I 129
Minden, church of, I 208
ministeria, or officia (administrative departments), I 329
ministeriales, explanation of the term, III 118n130
minutione sanguis, De, II 185
missi dominici, I x, 252, III 95; and Charlemagne's efforts to unify
weights and measures, I 52; Theodulf of Orleans a missus
dominicus, I 193; as distinguished guests of monasteries, II 155
Mita (haystack or stacked sheaves of wheat), II 28, 29n17, 76
Mithras, cult of, I 138
See also Altar of Mithras
Mittelalterliche Hausbuch, medieval trip-hammers with vertical pestles
attested by, II 245
moat or ditch with palisade, I 72n22, 73; surrounding early Irish
monasteries, I 243
Modderman, P. J. R., Iron Age houses excavated by, near Deventer,
Holland, II 71
model of the buildings of the Plan: prepared for the Council of Europe
exhibition Karl der Grosse, Aachen (1965), I ix, ixn, 6-7, 7n42,
104, 112, 159, 171n28, 308, 316, II 2, 116, 116n11, III 184;
by Lasius for Rahn (1877), I ix, II 7 (fig. 266); new, being
prepared for the University Art Museum, University of
California, Berkeley, I ixn, 7n42; by Julius Lehmann (Jules
Leemann; 1877), I 6, 323, II 8 (fig. 267)
modius: and the Carolingian goal of unity of measures, I 52; inflation of,
I 298-299; and the Customs of Corbie, I 303, 303n222, III 106,
108; value set by Charlemagne, III 106, 106n51; value of, III
106n50
modularity: modular units used in the Plan, I 89-91, 93, 95, 97, 103-104,
103n59, 112-113, 125; and the sequence of progressive
dichotomy used in measurements for the Plan, I 92 (Diagram I);
the supermodule and its derivatives, I 93 (Diagram II); and the
Carolingian measure and scale, I 94 (fig. 66.A-C); and the layout
of the Church of the Plan, I 96 (fig. 67), 98 (fig. 68), 99, 137,
143, 160, 177, 196; and the scale of the Plan, I 97; deviations
from the 40-foot module in the Plan, I 97; of the Monks' Cellar
and Larder, I 101; use of the standard module in providing
space for wall thickness in the Plan, I 159; Carolingian, and
groin-vaulting, I 172; and small cruciform churches, I 191;
altars and altar screens of the Church of the Plan arranged
according to, I 205 (fig. 165); of Ratger's abbey church of
Fulda, I 210 (fig. 169); and the tendency to produce narrow
elongated shapes, II 211; trend toward, I 217; of the Plan, and
architectural innovation, I 354; in layout of burial plots in the
Monks' Cemetery, II 210, 211, 212n1; a part of trans-Alpine
monastic planning, II 356
combined with sacred numbers in the Plan, I 88, 121, 123-124, 125
(see also Sacred numbers); in layout of the Cloister Yard, I 100
(fig. 69); the supermodule as units of three and four, I 121
(fig. 77.X);
demonstrated by superimposition of a modular grid over parts of
the Plan: south transept arm of the Church of the Plan, I 78
(fig. 59.A-D); Monks' Dormitory, I 80 (fig. 60.A-C); Church
and claustrum with 40-foot grid, I 82 (fig. 61); site of Plan
with 40-foot grid, I 84 (fig. 62); site of Plan within a 160-foot
grid, I 86 (fig. 63); Monks' Vegetable Garden with a 1 ¼-foot
grid, I 88 (fig. 64); Kitchen and Bathhouse of the Sick (plan,
and plan with 1 ¼-foot grid), I 90 (fig. 65.A-B); Monks'
Cellar and Larder (plan, plan with 2 ½-foot grid, and possible
scheme by which layout was constructed), I 102 (fig. 69.A-C)
See also Square schematism
Moengal-Marcellus (Irish monk), II 141n12
Molaise, Saint, I 248
monachism, rise and spread of, I 327-328
See also Benedictine monachism; Monasteries; Monasticism;
Monastic reform movement; Monks
monasteries: under Charlemagne, I x; effect of the Plan of St. Gall on
planning of, I xi; as quiet self-contained retreats, I xii;
architecture of, influenced by the monastic reform movement,
I 22-25; internal divisions of compounds of, I 116; Early
Christian, of Syria and North Africa, I 116; collections of books
at, I 147-148; resemblance to vast manorial estates, I 241,
245n7; sources on administrators of, I 329; practice of deeding
inheritance rights of oblates to, I 337; royal, I 337, 351; number
of monks at various Carolingian monastries, I 342, 343 (Table
II); military obligations of, I 347, III 92 (fig. 528); cultural
contributions of, I 351-352; superior technology of, I 352, II
232; intellectual pursuits in, I 352-353; and innovations in
architecture, I 354; building materials of infirmaries of, II 178;
descriptions of deaths in, II 212n3; role of, in the diffusion of
the use of water power, II 229-230, 232, 242; layout of, and the
Carolingian search for a new order, II 279; planned sanitation of,
II 304; functionality in layouts of, II 357; changing relationship
of, to society, II 357; synthesis of Roman and Teutonic culture
by, III 116n123; first monographic treatment of architecture of,
Julius von Schlosser, III 195
See also Anglo-Norman monasteries; Anglo-Saxon monasteries;
Monastery enclosure walls; Outlying estates; Schools
monasterium, the term, I 24
monastery enclosure walls: absent in the Plan, I 65, 73; of wood at
St.-Denis, I 72n24; of masonry at St.-Riquier, I 72n25;
defensive, I 72n26; Anglo-Saxon, I 73; significance and purpose
of, I 73
monasticism: origin and diffusion of Western, I vi (map), 325; cenobitic
(see Pachomius, Saint; Tabennisi)
See also Monachism; Monasteries; Monastic reform movement;
Monks
monastic reform movement, I 7; under Louis the Pious, I xxi, 81, 243,
II 340; and the Plan, I 20-21, 25n46, III 150; rulings of, which
affected monastic architecture, I 22-23; nature and goals of,
I 24; results of, I 24-25; trend of, away from the Irish tradition,
I 129; and the Church of the Plan, I 208, 237; and the diet of
monks, I 277 (see also Food and drink)
See also Benedictine monachism; Synods of Aachen
monks: housing of, at the early settlement of St. Gall, I 10n3, n9;
required to work, I 23; advanced training of, I 24; as servers,
I 75n48, 279-280; seven daily services performed by, I 123;
number of, at Carolingian monasteries, I 191, 342; rules for
sleeping and waking of, I 249-250, 323-324; bedding and
personal property of, I 250; rules regarding conversation
among, I 250 (see also Silence, rule of); homosexual crimes of,
I 252; desert, I 265n78, 272, 296, 327 (see also Hermitism);
meals of, I 275, 279; clothing of, I 282-284; social background
of, I 337; daily routine of, I 339; and the management of
outlying estates, I 349; proper treatment of, as visitors, II 141;
rules for being bled, II 187-188; knives carried by, II 195n10;
customs surrounding death of, II 211; individual privies
provided for visiting monks, II 300; punishment of, II 336;
changing relationship of, to society, II 357; Adalhard's rules
regarding kitchen service of, III 110-111; secular names not
to be used by, III 120n143; and the rule regarding calling
anything "my own," III 120n144, 121; diet of (see Food and
drink)
See also Novices; Oblates
Monks' Bake and Brew House [9], I xxii, xxiii, II 1, 153, 222, 251, 253;
monks required to work in, I 23, 264; details of sewn parchment
showing manner of drawing, I 38 (fig. 27.A); in sequence of
drawing, I 46; doors omitted in rendering of, I 68; and the
grouping of buildings in threes, I 120 (fig. 77), 121; part of
monks' cloister, I 241; number of servants in, I 342; baking
oven of, II 132 (fig. 382.A), 134; plan showing cooking and
brewing facilities, II 138 (fig. 389.F); in site plans, II 215
(fig. 431.X), 222 (fig. 436), 224 (fig. 438.X), 254 (fig. 462.X);
location, dimensions, and layout, II 253-254; inscriptions
referring to, II 253, 261, III 42-43; plan, II 254 (fig. 462);
servants' quarters and flour-storage lean-to, II 257; authors'
interpretation (plan, longitudinal sections, and elevations),
II 258, 260, 262 (fig. 465.A-F)
Bake House, II 253; layout and equipment, II 255; capacity of
oven, II 259, 259n26
Brew House: temperature of, suitable for fermentation of beer, II
261; layout and equipment, II 261
See also Baking, and brewing
Monks' Cellar and Larder [7], I xxii, 341, II 144; manner of drawing
shown in detail of sewn parchment, I 39 (fig. 25.B); in sequence
of drawing, I 43 (fig. 34); draftsman's rendering of, I 59, 68; a
multilevel structure, I 59, 163n13; inscriptions referring to, I
59, 292, III 41; stone construction envisaged for, I 61;
wavering western long wall of, I 101; modular layout, I 102
(fig. 69.A-C); and the tripartite division of the center tract,
I 120 (fig. 76); and the grouping of buildings as four, I 122
(fig. 78); part of the monks' cloister, I 241; related to Greek
and Roman architecture, I 242; in authors' interpretation of
principal claustral structures and the monks' cloister, I 244
(fig. 192); plan, I 278 (fig. 225); dimensions, I 292; in site
plans, II 222 (fig. 436), 224 (fig. 438.X)
Cellar: storage function, I 114; casks, I 284, 285, 292-293, 303, 305
II 200; (diagrams showing capacity), I 286 (fig. 235.A-C)
Larder: stairs to, omitted from Plan, I 65; layout not indicated on
Plan, I 305; probable contents, I 307; II 296
See also Cellarer(s)
Monks' Cemetery and Orchard [Y], I xxii, xxiii, 50, 88, II 1; inscriptions
for, I 13, II 211-212, III 8, 9, 85-87; symbol denoting trees
in, I 30 (fig. 17), 248; tracing of, I 47; inscribing of, I 50; scale
used for, I 51; great cross of, I 55, 302, III 8; in the eastern
tract of the tripartite division, I 91, 119 (fig. 75); and the
grouping of buildings in twelve, I 123 (fig. 80); plan, II 210
(fig. 430); burial plots, II 210, 211, 212n1; dimensions, II 211;
damage to plan of, II 211; trees of, II 211-212; location,
II 211, 332
Monks' cloister yards: scribes sometimes found working on walks of,
I 151, 151n103; shape and location of, in Carolingian
monasteries, II 340
See also Monks' Cloister Yard [W] of the Plan
Monks' Cloister Yard [W] of the Plan, I xxii, xxiii; tracing of, I 43, 43
(fig. 34); manner of inscribing titles of, I 50; dimensions, I 87,
87n45, 99, 246, 339-340, 343, III 6n48; method of developing
layout of yards and walks, I 100 (fig. 69); and the sacred number
ten, I 123; access to Church from, I 245; sealed off, I 245-246;
puzzle of savin plant in, I 246-248, III 2, 82; inscriptions
referring to, I 246, 248-249, III 2, 4, 5, 81-82; plan, I 257
(fig. 203); in site plan of Brewers' Granary, II 222 (fig. 436)
See also Monks' cloister yards
Monks' Dormitory and Warming Room [3], I xxii; a multi-level
structure, I 59, 163n13; stone construction envisaged for, I 61;
stairs of, omitted from the Plan, I 65, 253; in authors'
interpretation of the principal claustral structures (plan), I 244
(fig. 192); general description, I 249; inscriptions referring to,
I 249, III 4, 36; reconstruction, I 258; in plan with Privy,
Bathhouse, and Laundry, I 260 (fig. 208); in site plan of
Brewers' Granary, II 222 (fig. 436)
Dormitory: absence of underdrawing in internal layout, I 17;
beds (arrangement and number), I 17, 114, 123, 249-250, 252,
342; (dimensions), I 87n45; drawing of, I 42-43, 43 (fig. 34);
draftsman's rendering of, I 59, 68; modular layout, I 80 (fig.
the tripartite division of the center tract, I 120 (fig. 76); and
the grouping of buildings as four, I 122 (fig. 78); and the
sacred number seven, I 123; part of the monks' cloister, I 241;
connection with Greek and Roman architecture, I 242; rules
regarding furnishings of, I 250, 252; stairs leading from,
I 253; question of heating of, I 258, 260; furnishings and
location, I 260
Warming Room, I xxii, xxv; rendering of, I 59; symbol for
"chimney stack" in, I 164; part of monks' cloister, I 241;
inscriptions for, I 253; heated by hypocaust, I 253, 255, 258,
II 125, 130; (plan showing firing chambers and smoke stacks),
II 131 (fig. 381.A); function, I 258, 267, 309, II 336; and the
warming room of Abbot Odilo's monastery of Cluny, II 336;
size of, compared to size of warming rooms in other monasteries,
II 348
See also Monks' warming room
Monks' Kitchen [8], I xxii, 73, II 82; covered passageway adjoining, in
detail of Plan showing seaming of sheets of parchment, I 38
(fig. 27.A); drawing of, I 43; and the grouping of buildings as
seven, I 122 (fig. 79); part of monks' cloister, I 241; in authors'
interpretation of principal claustral structures, I 244 (fig. 192);
interpretated by Völckers, I 269 (fig. 217); plan, I 276 (fig.
224.C); dimensions and layout, I 284; furnishings, I 284,
287-288; inscriptions referring to, I 284, 287, III 42;
reconstruction of architectural shell of, I 287; rules governing
work in, I 288-289, 289n191; cellarer in charge of, I 333; plan
showing kitchen stove and brewing range, II 137 (fig. 389.A);
in site plan of Brewers' Granary, II 222 (fig. 436); location, II
224, 254
See also Kitchens; Kitchen stoves
Monks' Larder. See Monks' Cellar and Larder
Monks' Laundry and Bathhouse [5], I xxii, 65, 262, 267; and the
monastic reform rules regarding bathing, I 22; drawing of,
I 42; and the grouping of buildings as seven, I 122 (fig. 79);
part of the Monks' Cloister, I 241; in authors' interpretation of
principal claustral structures and monks' cloister, I 244, (fig.
192); in site plan of garden and poultry houses, II 205 (fig.
426.X); inscriptions for, III 38
See also Bathhouses; Bathing
Monks' Parlor. See Church [1] of the Plan, Monks' Parlor
Monks' Privy [4], I xxii; drawing of, I 42; access to, not indicated in the
Plan, I 65, 262n70; openings for ventilation, I 68; and grouping
of buildings as seven, I 122 (fig. 79); symbol for "a table with a
lantern" in plan of, I 164; part of the monks' cloister, I 241;
in authors' interpretation of principal claustral structures and
the monks' cloister, I 244 (fig. 192); layout, I 259; 261;
sanitation arrangements, I 261-262; in site plan of Monks'
Vegetable Garden and poultry houses, II 205 (fig. 426.X);
size and capacity, II 301, 302; plan, II 302 (fig. 497); modularity
and use of sacred numbers, II 302; inscriptions relating to,
III 38
monks' refectory: junior cellarer in charge of cleanliness of, in larger
monasteries, I 333; location and alignment of, in Cistercian
and Benedictine abbeys of England, II 351, 353, 355n22, 356,
357; alignment of, in the Plan, at Clairvaux, and in English
monasteries, II 355; Adalhard's rules on operation of, at
Corbie, III 109-111
See also Monks' Refectory and Vestiary [6] of the Plan
Monks' Refectory and Vestiary [6] of the Plan, I xxii, 13; fence
adjoining, in detail of Plan showing seams of the parchment,
I 38 (fig. 26); drawing of, I 43, 43 (fig. 34); a multi-level
structure, I 59, 163n13; draftsman's rendering of, I 59, 65, 68;
stone envisaged for, I 61; location related to 160-foot modules,
I 91; part of the monks' cloister, I 241; connection with Greek
and Roman architecture, I 242; in authors' interpretation of
principal claustral structures and the monks' cloister, I 244
(fig. 192); in plan with the Monks' Kitchen, I 263 (fig. 211);
inscriptions referring to, I 267, 268, III 2, 3, 39-40; in site plan
of Drying Kiln, Motar, and Mill, II 224 (fig. 438.X); alignment
of II 355
Refectory: persons admitted to, I 73, 280, II 141; dimensions, I
87n45, 91, 263, 264; modularity, I 91, 95, 97; seating capacity,
I 113; furnishings, I 113, 123, 125n35, 263, 268-269, 271, II
141; and the tripartite division of the center tract, I 120 (fig. 76);
and the grouping of buildings as four, I 122 (fig. 78); symbol
designating furnishings in, I 163-164; authors' reconstruction
(interior view), I 264 (fig. 211.X); lack of facilities for heating,
I 271-272; eating in silence in, I 272; layout of, in historical
perspective, I 272-273; unique construction of entrance to,
III 39 (ill.)
Vestiary: upstairs from the Refectory, I 59, II 337; function and
probable furnishings, I 281, 284
See also Keeper of clothes (vestiarius)
Monks' Vegetable Garden [X], I xxiii, 13n7, 50, II 1; scale used for,
I 51; use of submodule in, I 95; (plan with 1 ¼-foot grid
superimposed), I 88 (fig. 64); and the sacred number three,
I 121; and grouping of buildings in twelve, I 123 (fig. 80);
location, dimensions, fencing, and layout, II 203; inscriptions
referring to, II 203, III 9, 17, 83-84; in plan and site plan with
the House of the Gardener, II 204-205 (fig. 426, 426.X);
plants raised in II 204-205, 208, II 108n72
Monks' Vestiary. See Monks' Refectory and Vestiary [6] of the Plan
monks' warming room (calefactory): at Cluny, II 337; 353; in the layout
of Post-Conquest English monasteries, II 348, 353; 355n22,
n23; in Kirkstall Abbey, II 353n15; changes in size and location
of, II 356
See also Monks' Dormitory and Warming Room, Warming
Room
Montagnaro, Bartholomaeus de, Consilia Medica, depicting a physician
in his chambers, II 177 (fig. 411)
Monte Cassino, monastery of, III 99; customs of, I 189; and St.
Benedict, I 277, 298; delegation from Charlemagne sent to,
I 298; bread baking at, II 256n18; bread ration at, II 256n19;
irregular layout, II 345n9
See also Theodomar
Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey, II 345n9
moratum, allowed on certain days in the Customs of Corbie, II 104,
104n20
Morimond Abbey, number of outlying granges of, II 111
Moritz, L. A., on Roman vertical water mills, II 225n5
Morris, William, II 102
Mortar [28], I xxiii, 50, II 1, 198, 222; poor alignment of, in the Plan,
I 16; (plan), I 17 (fig. 8); tracing of, I 46, 46 (fig. 37); water
supply required by, I 16; 91; and the grouping of buildings in
threes, I 120 (fig. 77); number of servants in, I 342; in site
plans, II 215 (fig. 431.X), 222 (fig. 436), 254 (fig. 462.X), 256
(fig. 463.X); in plan and site plan with Drying Kiln and Mill,
II 224 (fig. 438, 438.X); location and dimensions, II 225;
inscriptions referring to, II 236, III 67; hydraulic trip-hammers
of, II 236-238, 245, 247, III 160; (Meringer's reconstruction,
perspective view), II 241 (fig. 454); authors' interpretation
(plan, sections, and elevations), II 246-247 (fig. 458.A-F)
See also Trip-hammers/tilt-hammers
mortars and pestles, hand-operated, II 234-235 (fig. 449.A-C)
Mortet, Victor, III 5
mortuary lantern, from Pers, Deux-Sèvres, France, I 138 (fig. 87)
Mount Olive, Church of the Ascension, I 55; (Adamnan's plan), I 56
(fig. 43)
Mount Sion, Church of, I 55; (Adamnan's plan), I 55 (fig. 42)
Mousmieh, Praetorium. See under Syria
Moutier-en-Der, abbey of, II 167n62
Moyen Moutier, monastery of, II 338
Much Wenlock Abbey, II 341
Mühlberg, Fried, I 27
Müller, Iso, I 133; altars of the Plan studied by, I 6; and the debate over
the authorship of the Plan, I 12n18
Multiplication of the Bread, Church of the, at et-Tabgha, I 143
Mumford, Lewis, Technics and Civilization, I 353n26
Murbach, Statutes of. See Statutes of Murbach
Mus (porridge), II 247-248
Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Münster, II 74
N
Napa Valley, California, dairy barn with louvers, II 120 (fig. 363)
Nauen-Bärhorst and Nauen, Germany, Migration Period houses of
wall construction), II 64 (fig. 318.A, C-D); (light and smoke
holes), II 119
nave, and the development of the counter apse, I 202, 204
See also Church of the Plan, nave
Near East: seating arrangements for ecclesiastical dignitaries in Christian
churches of, I 143; monachism of, I 144
See also Mesopotamia
necessarium (privy), II 140
See also Privies; Roman latrines
Neckham, Alexander, Summa de nominibus utensilium, II 88
necrologium of St. Gall, monks skilled in medicine listed in, II 178
Needham, Joseph, views on trip-hammers, II 237, 245
Nendeln, Liechtenstein, farmhouse excavated near, II 11; (plan), II 12
(fig. 270)
Neustadt-on-the-Main, Savior's Church, I 215; crossing tower, I 163;
arch-framed crossing, I 169; isometric view, I 170 (fig. 116);
extended altar space, I 183, 192; plan, I 184 (fig. 133); and the
Carolingian disengaged crossing, I 195; plan with square grid
superimposed, I 208 (fig. 167.A-B); and the trend toward
square schematism, I 219
Neuwirth, Joseph, I 12, 249
New College, Oxford: Great Hall (lanterns on roof ridge), II 119 (fig.
361; (roof construction), II 120, 122; College privy built by
Bishop Wykeham, II 308-309; (plan, sections, exterior view,
and detail of seat), II 310-313 (fig. 504.A-E)
Nicetus, Bishop of Trier, I 319n33
Niermeyer, Jan Frederick, I 269n102, III 3, 7
night stairs: of Noirlac Abbey Church, I 139; of Priory Church, Hexham,
Northumberland, England, I 153 (fig. 101); of the Plan, I 245,
II 343; preserved examples, I 253, 253n49; of English
monasteries, II 343; of Cistercian monasteries, II 343, 349;
and the location of the chapter house, II 345
Nihlen, John and Nils, excavations in Gotland, II 45
Nivelles Abbey Church, diaphragm arches, I 234
Noirlac Abbey Church, Cher, night stairway, I 139
Noirmoutier (island), III 92n1, 93
Nordin, Frederik, II 20n45
Norman architecture, re-emergence of square schematism in, I 237;
churches (see Jumièges Abbey, church; St. Vigor-de-Bayeux;
Cérizy-la-Fôret Church; St. Gervaise-de-Falaise; St. Georges-de-Boscherville)
Normandy, Romanesque churches of, I 90
Normans: influence of, on English monasteries and monasticism, II 343
Norsemen: Dorestad castle destroyed by, I 117n16; probable outpost of,
on Isle of Man, II 71
See also Danes
North Africa, paleo-Christian double-apsed churches, I 164, 199-200
northern linearism (ms. style), I 33
Northern School of interpretation of the St. Gall house, II 13-15,
17-19, 20
North Germanic house. See suitable subheadings under Germanic house
North Sea, risings and fallings of, II 49, 51, 52
See also Flooding
Norway: aisled houses excavated in, II 48; location of entrance in
Migration Age houses of, II 79; Pfettendach the standard roof
of, II 109; introduction of corner fireplaces and chimneys to,
II 126
Norwich Abbey, II 341
Noth, Gerhard, I 53n1
Notker, Abbot of St. Gall, I 305
Notker II (physician and monk at St. Gall), II 178, 179n13
Notker Balbulus (the Stammerer), teacher, proofreader, and author at
St. Gall, I 24, 151, 175, 191; librarian of St. Gall, I 147n76,
334n62
Notker Labeo, I 147n76, 155; teacher at St. Gall, I 24; Ekkehart IV's
account of the death of, II 211
Notre-Dame de Soissons, III 94n14, 96n16
novices, I 155, 311; chapel provided for, I 69n4 (see also Noviatiate and
Infirmary, Chapel for the Novices); supervision, classification,
and provisioning of, I 313; duties of, I 313, III 103; vesting
of, I 313, III 105, 106n47; admission of, I 337, 339; discipline
of boys raised as, I 339; living and sleeping quarters of, heated
by hypocausts, II 125; integrated with regular monks, II 347
See also Novitiate; Novitiate and Infirmary
novitiate: location of, at Cluny, II 338, 347; separate, unnecessary by
the end of the eleventh century, II 356; of the Plan (see
Novitiate, Novitiate and Infirmary)
Novitiate and Infirmary [17] of the Plan, I xxii, 50; on sheet 4 of
parchment, I 35; tracing of, and joining together of parchment,
I 47, 47 (fig. 38); scale used for, I 51; vertical and horizontal
projection used in rendering of, I 55; stone construction envisaged
for, I 61; privies, I 73, II 301-302; (plans), II 300
(fig. 495.C), 301 (fig. 496.E 1-2); located in the eastern zone of
the Plan, I 91, 119 (fig. 75); and the grouping of buildings in
twelve, I 123 (fig. 80); symbol for "chimney stack" in plan of,
I 164; warming rooms, I 253; plan, with kitchens and bathhouses,
I 288 (fig. 236); layout possibly influenced by layout of the aula
of the imperial palace of Trier, I 292; resemblance to imperial
summer residence at Konz (Contionacum), Germany, I 294;
general description, I 311; classicism of design of, I 315;
Roman imperial prototypes, I 317, 319; in context of the whole
Plan, I 319, 321; authors' interpretation, I 321; (plan), I 302
(fig. 247); (cross section and west elevation), I 304 (fig. 248.A-B);
(chapels in elevation and section), I 306 (fig. 249.A-B); (air
view), I 308 (fig. 250)
Chapel for the Novices [172]: in longitudinal elevation and
longitudinal section of the chapels of the Novitiate and
Infirmary, I 306 (fig. 249.A-B); layout, I 311
Chapel for the Sick [17b]: in longitudinal elevation and longitudinal
section of chapels of the Novitiate and Infirmary, I 306 (fig.
249.A-B); layout, I 311; in site plan, II 182 (fig. 414)
Infirmary [17d], I 50, 242 (see also Physicians; Sick, the);
inscriptions on the Plan for, I 13n7, 310n2, 311, 313, III 4-7,
9, 12, 17, 54-59; scale used for, I 51; rendering of windows in,
I 68; located in eastern zone of the Plan, I 91; submodule
apparently used in planning of, I 95; layout and rooms,
I 313-314; admission to, I 314-315; corner fireplace, II 124;
served by physicians of the House of the Physicians, II 181
Novitiate [17c], I 242 (see also Novices); rendering of windows in,
I 68; submodule apparently used in planning of, I 95; books
kept in, I 148; layout and rooms, I 311, 313; twelve beds in
dormitory of, I 342; corner fireplace, II 124; warming room
(plan), II 131 (fig. 381.B)
quarters of Master of the Infirmary, I 313 (see also Master of the
Infirmary); privy lacking in, I 73; provided with corner
fireplace, I 314, II 124
number symbolism, in Abbo's Siege of Paris, III v
See also Sacred numbers
Nurstead Court Manor Hall, Kent, England, II 313; exterior view,
II 96 (fig. 344); interior view, II 97 (fig. 345); reconstructed
plan, II 98 (fig. 346.A); plan of existing conditions, II 98
(fig. 346.B); reconstruction of the building in its form prior
portion, II 99 (fig. 346.D); history of, II 103; structural
description and layout, II 103, 109; Gothic arches of, II 115
Nussbaum, Otto, I 181n68
nuts and nut trees, II 212
O
oblates (oblati), I 311, II 347; admission to a monastery, I 337;
inheritance rights of, sometimes deeded to monasteries, I 337;
adult as prebendaries, I 341; decreased number of, by end of
the eleventh century, II 356; and external students, III 102n8
odd-jobbers (matricularii), I 341
Odilo, Abbot of Cluny, II 275; Customs of Farfa written under, I 309,
II 343; Cluny built by, II 333, 334-335; (diagrammatic plan
of guest house), II 277 (fig. 477); and the sleeping
accommodations for the abbot, II 338
Odo, Abbot of Cluny, II 334, 341
Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, and the Bayeux tapestry, I 285
Oelmann, Franz, I 3, II 19, 22; connection between the Plan and the
Roman castrum rejected by, I 114; interpretation of the St. Gall
house, II 10-11, 12-13, 20, III 166; interpretation of the Roman
villa at Bilsdorf, Luxembourg, II 11-12, 11n24, n25;
interpretation of the Outer School (views without roof, with
roofs and walls partly removed, and with roofs), II 16 (fig.
274-A-C)
officiales (individual office holders), I 329
officina, meaning of, I 9n1, III 2; meaning of officinae in the letter of
transmittal of the Plan, I 51
Olaf Kyrre, King of Norway, and the introduction of corner
fireplaces with chimneys to Norway, II 126
Öland: three-aisled houses excavated in, II 48; location of entrance in
Migration Age houses of, II 79
Old St. Peter's Church, I 164; altars, I 131, 133, 133n24, 141, raised
presbytery, I 141; 154 (fig. 103); synthronon, I 143; location
of tomb in, I 171; nave, I 175; roof, I 175, 179 (fig. 126); plan,
I 187 (fig. 141); Abbot Ratger's church at Fulda modeled after,
I 187, 210, 213, 221; plans of the crypt, I 194-195 (fig. 154.A-B)
and the development of the Western counter apse, I 202;
construction method based on a √2 rectangle, I 221; (plan),
I 211 (fig. 170)
Old Upper Suebian farmhouse, II 31
Old Yeavering, England, Anglo-Saxon royal palace and timbered
houses excavated at, II 71
open fireplace(s) (locus foci), II 4, 160; rendering or omission of, in the
Plan, I 68; "hearth on arches" (fornax super arcus) in the
Monk's Kitchen, I 284, 287, II 137, 138; and the development
of heating technology, I 352; and the testu[do], II 5, 13, 78;
Oelmann's interpretation, II 16 (fig. 274.B); in House for
Distinguished Guests, II 20, 160, III 46 (ill.); foca et wactas
(fireplaces and fire guards), II 33, 33n33; characteristic of the
Germanic aisled house, II 77, 128; in guest and service
buildings of the Plan, II 117; and the louver, II 117-123; in
the House of the Physicians, II 178-179; in the house for
bloodletting, II 184; of the main building of the Great
Collective Workshop, II 189; in the House of the Gardener,
II 203; in the House of the Fowlkeepers, II 267; in the
House for Horses and Oxen and their Keepers, II 271-272; in
the House for Cows and Cowherds, II 279; in English
monasteries, II 348; superseded by wall fireplaces, II 348n31,
n39; in the "common living room" or "principal room" of
certain buildings of the Plan, III 4
See also Corner fireplaces
opus dei, I 338n20, 339, III 95, 120n138; described in Hatton 48, I 338
(ill.)
opus manuum, I 339-340
See also Cistercians, and monks' obligation of manual labor
orchards, outlying, of the monastery of St. Gall, II 212. See also Monks'
Cemetery and Orchard
Ordo Cluniacensis, II 338
Ordo Qualiter, II 341; Regularis Concordia influenced by, II 343, 343n4
Ordo Romanus, I 181n68
Orléans Cathedral, modular division of nave walls, I 234
Orléansville, Algeria, church of, I 200
Ostendorf, Friedrich, I 3; interpretation of Church of the Plan, I 76,
79, 81, 99, 163; (plan of crypt), I 172 (fig. 118)
Ostia, Roman public latrine, II 303 (fig. 498)
Otmar, Abbot of St. Gall, II 319n5; conversion of monastery to the
Benedictine rule under, I 10; construction under, I 10, 10n9,
imprisoned and exiled, I 11; church of, I 171, II 319, 325,
329; horizons of, below the pavement of the Baroque church
at St. Gall, II 358
Otto II, Emperor, II 295, 297
Ottonian architecture: modularity of, I 225, 237; (plan and section of
St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim), I 233 (fig. 188.A-B); and
Jumièges Abbey Church, I 234; "box-space" of, I 236
Oundle, monastery of, I 73
"outer family," relative number of persons in, I 344
Outer School [12] of the Plan, I xxii, 17, 25n41, 166, 316, II 1; lack of
alignment in drawing of, I 16; location, I 23, 24, II 168, 329;
laymen and secular priests educated at, I 24; tracing of, I 44, 44
(fig. 35); inscribing of titles of, I 50; rendering of doors in,
I 61; and the grouping of buildings in threes, I 120 (fig. 77),
121; books kept in, I 148; low roof suggested for, I 314;
Ferdinand Keller's interpretation, II 3n1; (plan in perspective,
perspective with roof structure removed, and perspective
showing internal open court), II 4 (fig. 264.A-C); H. Fiechter-Zollikofer's
reconstruction, II 15; (plan and elevation), II 19
(fig. 278); (smoke outlet at roof ridge), II 19 (fig. 279.A-B);
Franz Oelmann's interpretation (without roofs, with roofs and
walls partly removed, and with roofs), II 16 (fig. 274.A-C);
layout, II 85, 174; plan showing fireplaces, II 117 (fig. 358.C);
windows, II 134; route from, to Church, II 140, possible
alternate route, III 32; plan, II 169 (fig. 407); rooms and
entrance, II 169, 173; authors' interpretation (plan, sections
and elevations), II 170-173 (fig. 408.A-F); dimensions, II 172,
174; inscriptions on the Plan for, II 172, 174, 175n18, n19,
III 2, 48-49; student capacity, II 173, 175; privy, II 300-302;
(plan), II 301 (fig. 496.B)
See also Lodging of the Master of the Outer School; Master of
the Outer School; Outer schools
outer schools: established by reform resolutions at Aachen, I 24-25,
II 168; advanced level of, II 168. See also Outer School [12]
of the Plan
outlying estates, of a monastery, I 349, II 266
ovens: neolithic oven from Taubried am Federsee, Wurttemburg,
Germany, II 133 (fig. 383); Langobardic baking oven,
Langenbeck, Harburg, Germany, II 133 (fig. 384, 384-B),
137; Roman oven depicted on monument of the baker
Eurysaces, II 133 (fig. 385); Mesopotamian oven of the Palace
of Mari (plan, section, and elevation), II 134 (fig. 386.A-C);
in various buildings of the Plan, II 134, 138, 153, 255; (plans),
II 132-133 (fig. 382.A-C); domed oven depicted in Codex
M. D. 2, Tübingen, Wurttemburg, Germany, II 136 (fig. 388),
137; origin and history of, II 136-137; medieval, II 255
overseers (circatores), I 249
Ovid, Fasti, II 9n14
oxen: needed by monasteries, II 264, 274; used as draft animals, II 272,
274; shown drawing a plow in the Luttrell Psalter, II 276 (fig.
476); used by millers, III 107; provided to gardeners, III 109.
See also Oxherds
Oxford University. See New College
oxherds, quarters of, on the Plan, II 274, 283 (fig. 482.A-B)
See also Oxen
P
pace (passus): Carolingian, I 103; English and Roman, I 103n59; in
Roman land measure, III 140 (fig. 540.B)
See also Measurement, linear; pes; Roman land surveying
Pachomius, Saint: founder of cenobitic monachism, I 73, 325, 327, 328;
monastery founded by, at Tabenissi, I 73, 342; monasteries
founded by, and the sacred number three, I 119n4; refectory
established by, I 272-273; organization of order of, I 327
Rule of, I 327n2, 341n1; on wine, I 296, 296n203
Paderborn Abbey Church, counter apse, I 202
Palace School. See Aachen, Palace of, palace school; Court (Palace)
School of illumination
Palazzo Borghese, re-used roof timbers of, I 178
Palazzo Farnese, re-used roof timbers of, I 178
Palazzo Nardini, III 7
Palestine: screens in churches of, I 135; axiality of Early Christian
churches of, I 297 (fig. 243), 319.
See also Tyre, basilica of
Palladius, Bishop of Bythnia, III 173; views on monks' drinking of wine,
I 296
Papal See, and the diffusion of monasticism, I vi, 325
Papenbroek, Daniel van, III 169
papyrus, received by Corbie, III 114n107
paradisus, the term, I 128n3
parc (granary), II 28, 29n16, 76
See also Granary
Parçay-Meslay, barn of the abbey grange, II 115, 161, 167, 220; (sixlobed
rosette in masonry), I 140 (fig. 91); (exterior view), II 107
(fig. 352); (interior view), II 108 (fig. 353); (Pfettendach roof),
II 109; (partial destruction by fire), II 109n21, 110; (plan),
II 110 (fig. 354.A); (transverse section), II 111 (fig. 354.B);
(interior looking up into the roof ridge), II 112 (fig. 355);
(structural methods and features), II 112, 113; (map showing
location), II 113 (ill.); (dimensions), II 113.
parchment: feasibility of tracing with, I 16, 17n6; marks left on, by
compass, I 18; in monastic economy, II 264
See also Parchment of the Plan
parchment of the Plan, I 15n5; absence of underdrawing on, I 15-17;
number of pieces of calfskin and sequence of joining, I 34 (fig.
24.A), 35, 37; physical description, I 35; conditions where
lines of the drawing cross overlapping seams, I 36 (fig. 24.B);
(shown in details), I 38-41 (figs. 25-32); successive stages in
tracing of the Plan on, I 37, 40, 42-49, 42-49 (figs. 33-40);
shrinkage of, I 94, 97; seam of, and dimensions of the Monks'
Kitchen and the Monks' Cellar and Larder, I 284n176, 292;
damaged area, II 174
See also Life of St. Martin; Parchment; Plan of St. Gall
parlor. See Church of the Plan, Monks' Parlor; Inner parlor (auditorium)
Parrot, André, excavations in Mesopotamia, II 126, 127n24, 129, 136
Partridge, Loren, I 179
Paschasius Ratpertus, III 175; epitaph for Adalhard of Corbie
written by, III 99, 128; biography of Adalhard by, III 198
Patrick, Saint, and the diffusion of monasticism, I 325
Patroni, Giovanni, views on Roman atrium house, II 9, 9n14, n18;
reconstruction of Etrusco-Roman house by, II 10 (fig. 268)
Pattison, William D., III 13
Paul, Saint: cult of Saints Peter and Paul, I 133; altar dedicated to, I 143
Paul I, Pope, I 232
Paul II, Pope, III 7
Paul III, Pope, and Old St. Peter's Church, I 178
Paul the Deacon (Paulus Diaconus): St. Benedict's original hemina
mentioned in History of the Lombards by, I 298; poetic tribute
to Adalhard by, III 94n12; Carolingian epitome of, III 178
Paulinus, Bishop, basilica of Tyre built by, I 143, 154 (fig. 104)
Paulinus, Saint, I 147
paupers: reception and treatment of, at monasteries, II 139, 152;
reception of, at Cluny, II 337; regulations concerning, in
Customs of Corbie, III 105-106, 112n96.
See also Foot-washing; Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers;
Magister pauperum; Master of the Hospice for Pilgrims and
Paupers
Pelagius, Verba Seniorum, I 155n110
Pellena River, Italy, monastery founded on, I 68
Pennsylvania Dutch. See Hex signs
pensilis, the term, III 4
Pepin I, I 232
Pepin III, III 98n30; tithing initiated by, II 223n5
Pepin the Short, King of the Franks, I 68, 107, III 99; and the monastery
of St. Gall, I 10; coronation of, I 187, 355; capitulary regarding
military obligations of men of the church, I 347n1, n2;
educated in a monastic school, II 169n6; and the early medieval
use of hops, II 263; mints under, III 96n20, 122 (fig. 533A-B)
per cola et commata (by clauses and phrases), I 145, 145n65
pertica (perch), instrument, and unit of land measure, III 140 (fig.
540.A-B), 140n
See also Measurement, linear; Roman land surveying
Perugia, marble slab of Claudia Octavia with plan of sepulchral
monument, I 59, 62 (fig. 48)
pes (basic unit of Roman measure), II 139n, 140 (fig. 540.A)
See also Measurement, linear; Roman land surveying
Pessin, Marc, I 41n8
pestles (pilae) of the Plan, II 236, 237
See also Mill [27] of the Plan; Mills; Mortars and pestles
Petau, De Nithardo Caroli Magni nepote, I 250
Peter and Paul, Saints, cult of, I 133
Peterborough Abbey, II 341
Petronius, and wine-making, I 295
Petrović, Nevenka, churches of Ravenna area studied by, I 206, 217
Pevsner, N., quoted, II 353
Pfalzel, Adala Abbey Church (plan), I 191 (fig. 148.C); (disengaged
crossing), I 192; (and the trend toward square schematism),
I 219
Pfalz Werla, tenth-century hypocaust, I 253, 255, II 132; (plan of firing
chamber, cross section through anteroom, cross section
through firing chamber, and longitudinal section through entire
system), I 261 (fig. 209.A-D)
Pfettendach (purlin-roof), II 88, 103, 109; variant of, II 109; surviving
examples of, II 109; of Parçay-Meslay, II 113; possible for
guest and service buildings of the Plan, II 115
See also Roofs
pharmacy: state of, in Carolingian times, II 176; ninth-century,
based largely on plants, II 182
See also Medicinal Herb Garden
Philibert, founder of Jumièges, II 340
Philippi, public latrine of gymnasium of, II 301
phlebotomy. See Bloodletting
Physicians (medici): place in monastic organization, I 326 (Table I),
II 175; and the Plan, I 342; accommodations for the chief
physician in the Plan, II 124, 134, 300, III 53; not always
monks, II 181; duties of, II 181, 187; depicted performing
bloodletting, II 185 (fig. 417), 186 (fig. 148)
Piazza Armerina, Sicily, plan of villa of Emperor Maximianus, II 305
(fig. 500)
pigs. See Swine
pilgrims: numbers of, attending a Carolingian church, I 204; as visitors
to a monastery, II 139, 144; part of tithed goods dispensed to,
II 112n96.
See also Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers
Pilton, Somerset, England, barn of Glastonbury Grange, II 278;
(photo), II 281 (fig. 480)
Pinder, Wilhelm, views on the Plan, I 79
pipes, terra cotta, I 74; used by Romans for water supply, I 75
Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, I 110; engraving of St. Paul's Cathedral
(interior), I 126 (fig. 81)
Pirenne, Henri: on literacy in Carolingian times, III 98n28;
"Pirenne thesis" set forth in Mahomet et Charlemagne, III 192
pisale, term used for rooms with subterranean firing chamber for heating,
III 4
See also Hypocaust(s)
pistrinum, the term, II 294n3, 253, 255, III 4
See also Bakery
Plan of St. Gall, III 98n28; significance of, I vii, 3; utopian or
paradigmatic nature of, I xi, xii, xxi, 20, 24, 57, 98, 342, II 331;
influence of, I xi, II 315-359 passim; practical character of,
I xi, II 340; reproduced, I xx (ill.), III 14 (ill.); description
of the manuscript, I xxi; buildings and grounds of, I xxi-xxiii;
located at St. Gall, I xxi, 10; problem of elevation of, I xxiii;
with building numbers keyed to Index to Building Numbers of
Plan (I xxv-xxvii), I xxiv (ill.); index to building numbers of
I xxv-xxvii, III 15; recto of parchment, I xxviii (fig. 1.X);
original meaning of, lost, I 2; previous literature on, I 2-3, 6-7;
linen backing, I 2, 6; problem of authorship, I 2, 11-12, 11n4,
14, III 2; Löpfe-Benz facsimile edition, I 3, 6, 77n2, 94, III 2,
2n1, 13, 186, 193; dimensional inconsistencies of, I 3, 77, 79,
81, 83, 87, III 172, 176, 193, 200 (see also Church [1] of the
Plan, dimensional inconsistencies of); verso of parchment, I 4
(fig. 1.A); destruction of some titles on, I 6 (see also House for
the Vassals and Knights who travel in the Emperor's Following,
condition of drawing and titles of); problem of whether it is a
schematic drawing or a building plan, I 6, 112-113; question
of construction methods followed in, I 8; meant to be viewed
from west to east, I 8; detail showing hand of both scribes,
I 12 (fig. 4) (see also Scribes of the Plan); a tracing, I 15-19,
15n5, 31, 48 (note for fig. 40), 81, 89, III 184; relation to
Synod of 817 at Aachen, I 21; relation to the monastic reform
movement, I 22-23, 25n46, II 356, III 176; date of, I 25;
related to Charlemagne's educational and administrative policies,
I 27; variations in literary style of texts of, I 31n25; dimensions
of, I 35n2; manner and sequence of inscribing titles of, I 49-50;
conceptual homogeneity of, I 50-53; colors of ink used on, I 53,
55, III 3, 9; method of rendering, I 53-63, 163; omissions and
oversights, I 65, 68-69, 73-74, 314, III 43 (ill.); site with
presumptive waterways superimposed, I 74 (fig. 53); first
modified drawing of, published by Dehio and von Bezold,
I 79n7; peripheral enclosing walls absent in, I 91; transverse
division of, into four principal buildings sites, I 91; overall
dimensions of monastery grounds, I 91, 92, 93, 95, 97;
difficult or insoluble features of, I 101; reasons for survival of,
I 112; realism of, I 113; population accommodated by, I 113,
342; and the Roman castrum, I 114-116; use of sacred numbers
in, I 118, 119, 124 (see also Sacred numbers); probable numbers
of persons fed in such a monastery daily, I 303; grouping of
building masses, I 319, 321; (diagram), I 301 (fig. 246); bird's-eye
view reconstruction (1876), II 7 (fig. 266); reconstruction
by H. Fiechter-Zollikofer, II 15, 18 (fig. 277); reconstruction
by Walter Horn (1957, 1958), II 19; reconstruction by Karl
Gruber, II 21 (fig. 282); reconstruction by Alan Sorrell, II 22
(fig. 283); imposed on a cadastral plan of St. Gall of 1965, III 331
(fig. 514); an example of a brevium, III 91; related to the
Customs of Corbie, III 99, III 183; relation to the Rule of St.
Benedict, III 167; reproduction of, by Ferdinand Keller,
III 186
drawing of: alignment of certain buildings of, I 16 (fig. 7), 17
(fig. 8); details showing drawing of circles, I 19 (figs.
10.A-B, 11.A-B); analysis of procedure in drawing a circle on,
I 20 (figs. 12-13), III 22, 61; sequence of drawing and joining
of sheets of parchment, I 35; conditions where lines of the
drawing cross seams, I 36 (fig. 24.B), 37, 38-41 (figs. 25-32);
distribution of drawings on the sheets of the parchment, I 37;
successive stages of tracing, I 37, 40, 42-49, 42-49 (figs. 33-40);
difficulties of the draftsman while drawing the Monks' Cellar,
I 102; done at Reichenau, III 171
layout of, II 357 and the layout of Cluny, II 336-341; and the
layout of English post-Conquest monasteries, II 343, 345, 349
Life of St. Martin: on verso and on lower left corner of recto of the
parchment, I 1-2; (recto), I xxviii (fig. 1.X); (verso), I 4 (fig.
1.A); folding of the parchment, and unfolding and reading
sequence, I 5 (fig. 1.B-C) (see also Life of St. Martin)
modularity of, I 31; 2 ½-foot module used in, I 78, 80, 89; site with
40-foot grid superimposed, I 84 (fig. 62); site as developed
within a 160-foot grid, I 86 (fig. 63); and overall dimensions of
the monastery grounds, I 92, 93; purposeful modifications of
modular schematism, I 97, 99; the supermodule as units of
three and four, I 121 (fig. 77.X)
sacred numbers used in, I 118-119, 121, 123-125; tripartite
division of principal tracts, I 119 (fig. 75); tripartite division
of center tract, I 120 (fig. 76); grouping of buildings in threes,
I 120 (fig. 77); the supermodule as units of three and four), I 121
(fig. 77.X); grouping of buildings as four and as seven in the
central tract, I 122 (figs. 78-79); grouping of buildings with
open areas in seven and twelve, I 123 (fig. 80); altars of the plan
as a trinity of sevens, I 124 (fig. 80.X)
scale of, I 8, 59n12, 61, 80, III 195; controversy about, I 6, 77, 79,
81, 83, 85, 87; Reinle's views on, I 51, 81, 83; the view that the
Plan was not drawn to scale, I 77, 77n1, III 200; authors'
conclusions regarding, I 87, 87n40, 89, 101, 103; early
expression of the view that the scale was consistent, I 87, 143;
and Carolingian measure, I 94 (fig. 66.A-C), 95, 97; and the
function of the Plan, I 112-114. See also Inscriptions on the
Plan; International Symposium at St. Gall, on the Plan; Letter
of transmittal of the Plan; Models of the buildings of the Plan;
Parchment of the Plan; Prototype plan
Platner, Samuel Ball, I 291
Pleydenwurff, Hans, I 267
Pliny the Elder: on wooden casks made by Alpine people, I 293,
293n196; views on wine, I 295; observations in Historia
Naturalis on Warf dwellers of the Netherlands area, II 51; iron
deposits of Eastern Leon mentioned by, II 242; on baking,
II 249; and the early use of beer, II 259
plow: shown in the Luttrell Psalter, II 276 (fig. 476); Roman, II 276.
See also Plowmen
plowmen, high social status of, II 275n21. See also Plow
plumb bob: use of with groma, III 130 (fig. 535), 140 (fig. 540.A)
See also Groma; Roman land surveying
Poblet, monastery of (reader's pulpit in the refectory), I 265 (fig. 212), 268
Poeschel, Erwin, I 10n9, 143n61, II 78n2; conceptual homogeneity of
the Plan questioned by, I 50-51; quoted on linear rendering
of walls in the Plan, I 56n9; and deviations in the Plan, from the
modular grid, I 97; and the altars of St. Peter and St. Paul, I
133n23
Poggio Gaiella, Etruscan ash-urn house of, II 9, 10, 11, 11 (fig. 269)
Poland, man-powered tilt-hammer of, II 237
pole. See pertica
Polo, Marco, and diffusion of the hydraulic trip-hammer, II 237, 245
Polyptique. See Irminon, Polyptique of
Pompeii: house of the Vetii (hearth on arches), I 272 (fig. 221), 287;
tavern sign showing transport of amphorae of wine, I 280 (fig.
226); "Pompeian primehouse," II 9; architecture of, not
related to the St. Gall house, II 11; donkey mills of, II 227
(fig. 441.A-C); carbonized loaf of bread from, II 248 (ill.);
baking establishment with living quarters, II 249, 249 (fig. 460)
Poole, Rachel L., I 354
porch, porticus used in the sense of, III 4-5. See also Church [1] of the
Plan, porches; Porticus
Porcher, Jean, I 355
porter (portarius), I 128, 130, II 134, III 97; and the disposition of pigs
at Corbie, I 307, III 118, 120; place in the monastic organization,
I 326 (Table I); duties of, I 326 (Table I), 335, 349, II 139, 153,
222; described in Hatton 48, I 345 (ill.); hosteller subject to
directives of, II 145; Benedictine Rule quoted on, II 153;
Master of the Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers subordinate to,
II 153; individual privy provided for, II 300; revenue received
by, III 96n25; regulations in the Customs of Corbie on, III 105,
106, 113-117
See also Porter's Lodging
Porter's Lodging [1e], I xxii, II 125n18, 139; inscribing of titles of,
I 50; and provision in the Plan for thickness of walls, I 99; in
elevation of the Church, I 166 (fig. 112); five beds in, I 342;
corner fireplace, II 124; term used to indicate bedroom in, II
124; probably a lean-to structure, II 141; plan and circulation
pattern, II 145 (fig. 395.A-B); location and rooms, II 153;
plan showing attached privy, II 300 (fig. 495.B); inscriptions
on the Plan for, III 33
See also Porter
porticus: meaning and medieval uses of the term, I 249n26, III 4-5
5n33, 6; of the Novitiate, I 313; Roman porticus villas, I 317
poultry: monastic uses of geese, II 264; sometimes eaten by monks, II
264, 266; eggs in the monastic diet, II 266; area set aside for,
in the Plan, II 267; raising of, II 270; fed at mills, III 106n63,
107; Customs of Corbie on the tithing of chickens, geese, and
eggs, III 116; chickens, geese, and eggs paid to Fontanella, III
125, 126
See also Goosehouse; Henhouse; House of the Fowlkeepers
Poynter, Ambrose, II 103
praecentor, I 326 (Table I), 335, 339
praepositus. See Provost
Prato, use of hydraulic trip-hammers in medieval fulling mills of, II 245
prebends (praebendarii; prouendarii), I 341; number of, at Corbie, II
195; gardeners assisted by, at Corbie, II 208; the term
prebendae, III 102n1; mentioned in Customs of Corbie, III 103,
104-105, 104n23, n24, 111-112, 118-119
Pretz, major flour mill at, II 226
Price, Lorna, II 249n
prie-dieu (kneeling bench), III 4; Latin term for, III 3
Prince, Jean le, "Les Lavandières" (ink drawing showing a louver or
testu), II 121 (fig. 365), 122
prior. See Provost
Priscian, I 155; De figuris numerorum liber ii, I 85n39
privies: in a royal guest house, II 276; monastic, with water channels
for flushing waste, II 302, 308; ideological differences underlying
architecture of Roman privies and medieval monastic
privies, II 305; of Kirkstall Abbey and the Abbey of
Maubuisson, II 309; in the house for visiting nobility at Cluny,
II 339
of the Plan: sometimes omitted in the drawing, I 65, 73; location
of, and water channels, I 69, 91; absent from certain buildings,
I 72n32; provided in buildings intended for clerics and nobles,
I 75n; lacking in the apartment of the master of the Infirmary
and the "room for the critically ill," I 314; aligned north of the
Church, I 320; access to, from the guest and service buildings,
II 79; of the Lodging for Visiting Monks. II 140, 300 (fig.
495.E); lacking in the Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers, II 144;
of the Porter's Lodging, II 153, 300 (fig. 495.B); of the House
for Distinguished Guests, II 160, 162, 300 (fig. 495.A), 301
(fig. 496.A); of the Outer School, II 169, 173, 174, 175, 300
(fig. 495.B), 301 (fig. 496.B); in the House of the Physicians,
II 179, 300 (fig. 495.D); attached, shown in segments of the
Plan, II 300 (fig. 495.A-E); individual and communal, II
300-301; inscriptions referring to, II 300, III 32, 38, 47, 50, 56;
origins of types of, II 301; separated, shown in segments of
the Plan, II 301 (fig. 496.A-E); ratio of toilet seats to number
of users, II 302-303, 339; medieval parallels to, II 305-313;
problem of facilities for serfs, workmen, and paupers, II
310-311; philosophical implications of treatment of, II 310-312
See also Monks' Privy; New College, Oxford, College privy
built by Bishop Wykeham; Roman latrines
procurator pauperum. See Master of the Hospice for Pilgrims and
Paupers
propensa, the term, I 277, 277n130
prototype Plan, I 27; date of, I 25; likelihood of Hildebold's involvement
in, I 29; related to the Court School, I 30, 31, 33;
mechanical aids used in drawing of, I 37; peripheral wall
apparently present on, I 73; based on a consistent scale, I 89;
length of church of, I 187; and the Carolingian disengaged
crossing, I 195
See also Plan of St. Gall
Provost (prior; praepositus), III 118n130, 120n141, 122n149; duties
and authority of, I 148, 265, 307, 326 (Table I), 332, 33, 349,
III 105, 109, 117, 120n139, n141, 122n149; access to scriptorium
permitted to, I 155; discretion of, regarding wine permitted
to monks, I 296; place in the monastic organization, I 326
(Table I); St. Benedict wary of office of, I 326, 331-332; one
for each house of monk-craftsmen, I 327; described in
Hatton 48, I 332 (ill.); and roundsmen, I 336; accompanied by
armed men when traveling, I 347; references to, in the Customs
of Corbie, III 102n9, 103, 105, 106, 111, 117, 119; and
religious services, III 120n139
Prüm, number of monks at, I 343 (Table II)
psalters: Carolingian, I 136; illuminated, I 346
See also Illumination of manuscripts; Illuminators; Luttrell
Psalter; Utrecht Psalter; Winchester Psalter
Pseudo-Paulus, I 51
pulsantes ("those who knock"), I 311, 313
See also Novices
Q
"Qualiter divina opera per diem agantur, XVI," from Hatton 48, I 118
(ill.)
quills for writing, II 264
quincunx churches, I 170; Near Eastern, I 193; and the rise of the
Carolingian Latin-cross church, I 194
R
Racholf (monk of Fulda), I 176
Rahn, J. R., I 3, II 19, 22; and the towers of the Plan, I 129; graphical
reconstruction of the Church of the Plan, I 163; reconstruction
of the St. Gall house, II 3, 5, 10-13; reconstruction of the Plan,
II 7 (fig. 266); and the meaning of testu, II 9
Rahtz, Philip, excavations at Cheddar, Somerset, England, II 71, 76,
268, 268n10, 278
See also Cheddar, Somerset, England
rainhole. See Compluvium
Ramm, Germany, medieval house sites of, II 71
Ranck, Christian, I 3; on the early German house, II 14
Ratger, Abbot of Fulda: deposed, I 30, 189-190, 331, 339; complaints
against, I 191n9, II 264; abuse of practice of deeding
inheritances of oblates to the monastery by, I 337n8; Fulda
built by, II 340
See also Fulda, Ratger's church
Ratpert (monk of St. Gall), I 151, 155; a teacher in the schools at St.
Gall, I 24; chronicles of St. Gall by, I 329; death of, described
by Ekkehart IV, II 211
Rave, Wilhelm, I 3; views on the Plan, I 79, 81, 83, 83n33; and the
length of the Carolingian foot, I 95; and the connection
between the Plan and the Roman castrum, I 114
Ravenna: mausoleum of Galla Placidia, I 151, 156; known to the court
of Charlemagne, I 207n60
churches of: San Vitale (plan), I 202 (fig. 162); early use of detached
towers, I 202, 206; San Giovanni e Paolo, I 206; San Pier'
Maggiore, I 206; San Giovanni Evangelista, I 206, 219; (plan
with square grid superimposed), I 206 (fig. 166); and the trend
toward square schematism, I 217; modularity of some proto-medieval
churches, I 217, 219
reader (hebdomadarius), I 272, 284; term and duties of, I 279
See also Reader's pulpit
reader's pulpit (analogium): in the monastery of Poblet, Catalonia, I 265
(fig. 212); of various monasteries, I 268; in the Refectory of the
Plan, I 268-269
See also Reader
Reading Abbey, II 341, 345n11
refectory. See Monks' refectory; Monks' Refectory and Vestiary [6] of
the Plan
Regimen sanitatis salernitanum, quoted on phlebotomy, II 187
Reginbert (headmaster of the school at Reichenau): proposed as possible
author of the Plan, I 11, 12; not author of the Plan, I 12n18;
librarian at Reichenau, I 13, 151, III 10, 176; and the
medieval concept of authorship, I 14; possibly identified with
the second scribe of the Plan, I 14, 14n16, III 19
Regula Benedicti. See Rule of St. Benedict
Regula magistri, I 155n110
regula mixta (mixed rules), I 24; and the monastic reform movement,
I 20; and the Carolingian concept of unitas, I 52; abolished
under Charlemagne, I 243
Regularis Concordia, II 343, 343n4
Reichenau
Mittelzell, monastery of, I 21; Walahfrid Strabo as abbot of, I xi
(see also Walahfrid Strabo); Haito as abbot of, I xi, xxi, 12
(see also Haito, Bishop of Basel, Abbot of Reichenau); Plan of
St. Gall made in the scriptorium of, I xxi, 8, 13, III 171; and
the survival of the Plan, I 1; hagiographical manuscript
written in, I 13; explanatory titles of the Plan written at, I 13-14,
III 9; and the reform regulations, I 23; copy of Adamnan's
De locis sanctis written in, I 53, 55; writing school of, I 151;
Haito's church of SS. Mary, Peter, and Paul, I 183, 195, 215;
(crossing tower), I 163; (capital from), I 168 (fig. 115.X), 170;
(arch-framed crossing), I 169; (elevation), I 170 (fig. 117);
(plan), I 185 (fig. 134); (altar space), I 192; (altars), I 209;
(plan with square grid superimposed), I 212 (fig. 171);
(square schematism), I 221; (modularity reflected in system of
alternating supports), I 233, 237; existence of early chapter
house at, doubted, I 249, II 336; Pirmin's abbey of, I 252;
hypocaust system of, I 255n54, II 132; and deans, I 332;
Walahfrid Strabo's Hortulus written at, II 181, 183; plants
likely to have been raised at, II 183; headmaster of monastic
school at (see Reginbert)
Oberzell, Church of St. George, I 171; (crypt), I 174 (fig. 121);
(counter apse), I 202
Reims Cathedral: and glass windows, I 147; roofed with lead under
Bishop Hincmar, I 177; relics at St. Remi deposited in crypt,
I 198-199; westwork, I 208
Reinhardt, Hans, I 9n2, 23n36, 307n236, II 175n19; and the 1952
facsimile edition of the Plan, I 3, 6, III 193; views on authorship
of the Plan, I 11; view of the Plan as a product of the monastic
reform movement challenged by, I 20, 22; conceptual
homogeneity of the Plan questioned by, I 50; views regarding
stairs of the Plan, 165n1; belief of, that the Plan was not drawn
to scale, I 77n1; view that titles rather than drawing reflect the
original intent of the Plan, I 79; connection between the Plan
and the Roman castrum rejected by, I 114-115; views on the
towers of the Plan, I 129; and the location of the tomb of St.
Gall in the Plan, I 171; reconstruction of the Church of the
Plan in the light of the corrective titles, I 180-181, 182 (fig. 131),
183, 184 (fig. 132); and detached towers, I 206; and the square
schematism of the Church of the Plan, I 212, 213n73, 221; and
the interpretation of the House for Servants of Outlying
Estates and Servants Traveling with the Emperor's Court, II
166; and the interpretation of a title referring to the Outer
School, II 172
Reinle, Adolf: and the dimensional inconsistencies of the Plan, I 3, 6,
81, 83; conceptual homogeneity of the Plan questioned by, I 50,
51, 51n13, 53; and the Carolingian foot, I 51, 51n16;
reconstruction of the Church of the Plan, I 185-186; and the
square schematism of the Church of the Plan, I 221
Reisser, Emil: views on the scale of the Plan, I 83, 87n45; reconstruction
of Church of the Plan, I 169, 169n19; hypocaust of Haito's
abbey of Reichenau excavated by, I 255n54
relics: effects of veneration of, on church architecture, I 191, 197, 200,
202, 209; of St. Remi, I 199; of St. Gall (see under Gall, Saint)
René, Duke of Anjou, Livre du Cuer d'Amours Espris, II 128
Rhee, excavations near, II 57
Rhineland, Romanesque churches of, I 90
Rice, David Talbot, The Dark Ages, II 19
Richard (Carolingian count), III 96n19
Richbold, Abbot of Lorsch, I 245
Richer, Prior of St. Gall, I 305
Rieck, Gustav, excavations at Aalburg, Luxembourg, II 58
Rievaulx Monastery, II 306; number of monks and lay brothers at,
II 351n8
Rings, Hejnum, Sweden, excavations of medieval houses in, II 20n45
road giving access to the Church of the Plan: inscription relating to,
I 13n7, 128, III 8-9, 17; dimensions and location, I 128;
perspective reconstruction, I 130 (fig. 83)
Robert II, II 169n6
Robert, Duke of Normandy, II 187
Roche Abbey, Yorkshire, England, II 306; layout, II 351
Rochester Abbey, II 341
Roger of Salerno (Rogerius Salernitanus), I 290; Chirurgia (illumination
of a medical bath), I 290 (fig. 238), 315
Roman architecture: architectural drawings, I 55, 57, 59, 159 (see also
Claudia Octavia, marble slab of, with plan of sepulchral
monument; Forma urbis Romae); the Pantheon, I 110; influence
of, on the Plan, I 116; triumphal columns, I 129; market halls,
I 164, 256 (see also Lepcis Magna, Tripolitania); church roof
tradition, I 175, 176; two basic roof types according to
Vitruvius, I 180 (fig. 127); judiciary basilicas, I 200, 245, 256;
villas and palaces, I 245, 288, 302, 317, 319n33 (see also
Kloosterberg, the Netherlands, Roman villa; Konz
(Contionacum), Germany; Silchester, Hampshire, England,
Roman judiciary basilica excavated in; Trier, aula of imperial
palace); and Ansegis's cloister at St.-Wandrille, II 297
atrium house, I 242 (see also Bilsdorf, Luxembourg); "Tuscan,"
II 3, 5; testudinate, II 5-6; tetrastyle, II 5, 12; plan,
perspective, and longitudinal section, II 6 (fig. 265.A-C);
views on origin of, II 6, 6n12, 9; hearth generally lacking in
atrium of, II 8n19, 9, 9n14
castrum, I 91; schematic plan of, I 114 (fig. 71.A); and the Plan, I
114-116
See also Colosseum; Hypocaust(s), Roman; Pompeii; Roman
latrines; Roman mills; Rome
Roman art: eight- or six-lobed rosettes in, I 131; illusionist tradition of,
I 308
Roman capital letters (capitales quadratae), I 291; III, xx (ill.); use of
in manuscript titling, III 13 (fig. 523); inscription on memorial
stone, III 130 (fig. 535)
Roman coins, showing celestial canopy, I 154 (fig. 102.A-B)
Romanesque churches, I 215; of Normandy, I 90; of Europe, I 104;
crossing unit, I 164; Italian, with single detached towers, I 202
(see also San Vitale, Church of); bay divided construction of,
I 217; and square schematism, I 221, 225; modularity of, I 225,
236, 238, II 356
Romanesque cupboard, I 267 (fig. 216)
Romanesque illuminations, synthesis of antique and medieval styles in,
I 230
Roman foot, I 83; duodecimal and sedecimal division of, shown in
diagrams, I 79 (figs. 57-58); length in centimeters, I 95
See also Measurement
Roman land surveying: instruments used in, III 130 (fig. 535), 140
(fig. 540.A); units of subdivision, areal and lineal, III 140
(fig. 540.B)
See also Measurement, land
Roman latrines: private, II 302, 303
public, II 301-302; of the north market hall at Miletus, II 301;
(plan, perspective, and section), II 304 (fig. 499.A-C); at
Ostia, II 303 (fig. 498)
Roman mills: "Vitruvian," or horizontal water mills, II 225-226, 229
(fig. 443.A); vertical water mill, II 225, 229 (fig. 443.B); water-powered
flour mill at Barbegal, II 226; (plan and reconstruction)
II 229 (fig. 444.A-B); hand operated, II 227 (fig. 440.A-D);
donkey mills, II 227 (fig. 441.A-C)
Romans: and the origin and diffusion of monasticism, I vi; and the
diffusion of grapevine culture, I 278, plow of, depicted in the
Utrecht Psalter, I 348 (fig. 262); and the invention and diffusion
of the corner fireplace, II 126, 128-129; trip-hammers of,
II 245; wine preferred over beer by, II 259; hops used by, II
259; hypocausts of (see Hypocaust(s), Roman); seals, and
symbolic effigies, III 102
wine storage methods of, I 295; tavern sign from Pompeii showing
Roman amphora, I 280 (fig. 226); dolium, I 280 (fig. 227);
cave of a Roman wine merchant with large dolia buried in the
sand, I 281 (fig. 228); relief showing cellar of a wine merchant
with wine barrels, I 282 (fig. 230); bas-relief on Trajan's
Column showing loading of wooden wine barrels on a Danube
galley, I 282 (fig. 231); relief showing boatmen towing a boat
laden with wine barrels, I 283 (fig. 232); relief showing a wine
barrel being transported on a mule-drawn cart, I 284 (fig. 233)
See also Roman—; Rome
Roman settlements: settlement at Aachen, I 104; layout of insulae of
cities, I 112; plan of military camp at Kastel Künzig, Passau,
Germany, I 114 (fig. 71.B); grid-planned cities, I 116; eating
arrangements in military camps compared to monks' refectories,
I 272-273; "pillared" hypocaust of fortified military camp,
Saalburg, Hesse, Germany, II 128 (fig. 379.A), 130; sanitation
of cities, II 302
See also Aquae Granis; Konz (Contionacum), Germany; Rome
Rome: relation of aspects of the Plan to, I 133; Church of San Clemente,
I 135; Church of Santa Sabina, I 135; Constantinian basilicas
of, I 143; New St. Peter's Church, I 178; Church of Santa
Maria in Cosmedin (crypt), I 195 (fig. 153.A-B), 196; examples
of corridor crypts in, I 197; Santa Maria Maggiore (interior
looking east), I 215 (fig. 174); influence of imperial court
ceremonial of, on the layout of monks' refectories, I 275;
Trajan's Column (bas-relief showing loading of barrels on a
galley), I 282 (fig. 231); Trajan's Basilica and Forum (plan),
I 291 (fig. 239); water power never widely used in, I 352;
detail of the monument of the baker Eurysaces, showing an
oven, II 133 (fig. 385), 136; baking and milling combined in,
II 249; monument of P. Nonius Zethus of Ostia showing
donkey mill and baking implements, II 250 (fig. 460.X);
sanitation facilities of, II 301-302 (see also Roman latrines).
See also Forma urbis Romae; Marcellus, Theater of; Old St.
Peter's Church; St. Paul's Cathedral, Rome
Römerturm, Frankfurt-am-Main, thirteenth-century corner fireplace,
II 125 (fig. 374), 128
Rondahl, E., II 23, 25
roof flaps. See Hinged roof hatches
roofs: of Early Christian churches, I 172, 173, 175-176, II 109;
timber-framed, of medieval churches, I 173, 175-176; roof of
the Church of the Plan, I 173, 175, 176; roof covering of
Carolingian churches, I 176-178; timbered roof of the kitchen
of the bishop's palace at Chichester (seen in section of the palace),
I 276 (fig. 224.B); turf-covered roof of a three-aisled house of
the Migration Period, Gotland, II 45; of the guest and service
buildings of the Plan, II 83, 85, 115-116; vernacular medieval,
II 88; cruck construction, II 89n7; arched construction, II 91;
materials used for, in the Carolingian empire, II 116, 116n6;
louvered, II 120, 121-122
See also Hinged roof hatches; Louvers; New College, Oxford,
Great Hall; Pfettendach; Sparrendach
Roover, Florence Elder de, I 151n103
rosettes, six- or eight-lobed: symbolism of, I 131; survival of, in hex
signs on Pennsylvania Dutch barns, I 131, 140 (fig. 92); on the
monastery barn of Ter Doest in Maritime Flanders, Belgium,
I 131n20; on the altar of Mithras, I 138 (fig. 88); medieval
uses of motif of, I 140 (figs. 89-91); in plan of the Henhouse
and Goosehouse, II 268; construction of, III 62
Rosweyde, Heribert, III 169
roundsmen (circatores), duties of, I 336
Rule for Canons and Capitula, and the Regularis Concordia, II 343
Rule of St. Benedict (Regula Benedicti): and the spread of monasticism,
I vi, 325, 329; established under Charlemagne, I x; on the
abbot, I x, 330-331, 331n26; (separate kitchen for), I 22;
(separate house for) I 323; and the Plan of St. Gall, I xii; and
the design of monastic communities, I xii, 241; Hildemar's
commentary on, I 6, 184, 246 (see also Hildemar); Monastery of
St. Gall converted to, I 10; and the monastic reform movement,
I 20-21; on bathing, I 22, 328; reference to separate quarters
for visiting monks lacking in, I 23; and the meaning of officina,
I 51; on the monastic need for a good water supply, I 68; and the
lectio divina, I 148, 149n78, 339; rivalry of, with Irish
monachism, I 242; and Carolingian striving toward unity,
I 243; highly organized communal life of, I 243, 245n7; on how
monks are to sleep and awaken, I 249-250, 260, 323-324;
regarding clothing of monks, I 250, 282, 328; and the Customs
of Subiaco, I 252; on times for using the privy, I 262; refectory
made mandatory by, I 263; monks' meals and diet prescribed
by, I 272, 275, 277, 296, 299, 328, II 255, 255n18; and the reader
I 279; on service in the kitchen and refectory, I 279; on
association of monks with visitors from the outside world, I 280;
on storage of lay clothing of prospective monks, I 284; and
the hemina, I 298; original manuscript of, I 298; both mandatum
fratum and mandatum hospitum required by, I 307, 309; on
novices, I 311, 337; on the infirmary and care of the sick, I 314;
compared to Egyptian monachism, I 328; spirit of, I 328-329;
duties of administrators defined in, I 329; letters from oldest
extant copy of, I 329 (ill.); on the cellarer, I 333; and the master
of the novices, I 335; and physicians, I 335, II 175, 175n2; and
the practice of deeding inheritance rights to monasteries, I 337;
on admission to monkhood of men of all classes, types, and
ages, I 337, 337n1; regarding admission of priests and clerics
as novices, I 339; and opus manuum, I 340; and military
obligations of monasteries, I 347; on reception of guests, and
kitchens for guests, II 139, 139n1; on the porter, II 145, 153;
on the importance of hospitality to the poor, II 155; silent on
bloodletting, II 185; on craftsmen, II 189; Carolingian
commentaries on, and human sanitation, II 305; interpretation
of, in the eleventh century, II 355; spread of, III 94n5; used
at Luxeuil, III 95; a model for Adalhard's Customs of Corbie,
III 97, 99; cited editions of, III 167; significance of, III 167;
Basilius's commentary on, III 156; Regula Magistri Auctor
Incertus, Cognomine Magister, ad Monachos Regula believed to
be a predecessor of, III 193
See also Benedict, Saint
Rule of St. Columba, I 72n22
Rule of St. Columban, III 95
See also Columban, Saint
Rule of St. Pachomius, Latin translation by St. Jerome, I 72n19, 325,
327n2, 342n1
Ruodlieb, I 269n102
Ruodman, Abbot of Reichenau, II 295; nocturnal visit of, to the abbey
of St. Gall, I 261, II 305n23, 327
Ruthard, Count, I 10n1; property of the abbey of St. Gall seized by, I 11
Ruth lying with Boaz, depicted in the Dutch Bible, II 122 (fig. 368),
122-123
S
Saalburg, Hesse, Germany, "pillared" hypocaust of fortified Roman
camp, II 128 (fig. 379.A), 130
Sabatz-on-the-Sau, Yugoslavia: medieval castellum of, I 116; (depicted in
Liber Chronicarum), I 117 (fig. 74)
Sabratha, Tripolitania, church of, I 200
sacred numbers: involved in the modular system of the Plan, I 88, 92-93
(Diagrams I-II); and the overall dimensions of the Plan, I 92,
93; symbolism of, and use on the Plan, I 92, 93, 103-104,
103n59, 118-125; (tripartite division of principal tracts), I 119
(fig. 75); (tripartite division of center tract), I 120 (fig. 76);
(grouping of buildings), I 120 (fig. 77), 122 (figs. 78-79), 123
(fig. 80); (the supermodule as units of three and four), I 121
(fig. 77.X); (grouping of altars of the Plan), I 124 (fig. 80.X);
and the layout of the Church of the Plan, I 92, 96; used in
layout of the Cloister Yard of the Plan, I 100 (fig. 69); used in
planning the dimensions of Charlemagne's palace and grounds at
Aachen, I 105, 109; used in the arrangement and furnishings of
the Refectory, I 263; and the grouping of arched openings of the
porches of the Abbot's House, I 320; used in layout of the
Monks' Cemetery and Orchard, II 210 (fig. 430)
sacristan (custos ecclesiae): duties of, I 145, 326 (Table I), 335, 354,
355n33; place in the monastic organization, I 326 (Table I)
sagas: accounts of banquets in, I 275; references to the Nordic saga
house found in, II 118-119; royal "longhouses" (privies)
mentioned in, II 313; Biskopa Sögur, II 127n26
See also Sturlunga Saga
St. Albans Abbey, II 341
St. Andrew's crosses, used in roof construction of Parçay-Meslay, II 112
(fig. 355), 113
St. Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury: axiality of churches at, I 319; (plan
of Saxon abbey church of SS. Peter and Paul and the Church of
St. Mary), I 298 (fig. 244); founding of, I 325; regulation of
bloodletting at, II 188; an autonomous Benedictine monastery,
II 341
St. Augustine's Abbey Church, Bristol, night stairs of, I 139, 253n49
St. Benôit-sur-Loire, I 193
St. Bertin at St.-Omer, number of monks at, I 343 (Table II), 343n[l],
344; number of domestics at, I 344
St. Catherine's Chapel, St. Gall: in seventeenth-century view of the city,
II 322 (fig. 509.X); demolished, II 324
St. Catherine's Church, Mount Sinai, sixth-century roof of, I 175-176,
175n50, 177n53, 183
St. Demetrios, Church of, in Thessalonica, I 170
St.-Denis Abbey, III 99; number of monks at, I 343 (Table II);
number of persons connected with, I 345; coronation of Pepin
the Short at, I 355
abbey church, I 201; synthronon, I 144; crossing tower, I 163;
crossing, I 169; and the Carolingian disengaged crossing, I 195;
corridor crypt, I 197; plan, I 207 (fig. 166.X); and the trend
toward square schematism, I 219
St. Dunstan Abbey, Regularis Concordia of, II 211
Ste.-Croix-et-St.-Vincent, Church of, Paris, I 190-191
St. Emmeran Abbey: library, I 149; corridor crypt, I 197
St. Gall, monastery of, III 99; Abbot Gozbert of, I xxi (see also
Gozbert, Abbot of St. Gall); Life of St. Martin written by
unknown monk of, I 1 (see also Life of St. Martin); publications
on, I 3; site of, and the Plan, I 6, II 331; history of, I 10-11,
II 318; two schools of, I 24; Plan made to guide reconstruction
of, I 25; attacked by Magyars in 926, I 73; evidence of a
masonry peripheral wall in Carolingian times, I 73; irregular
shape of grounds, I 73; origin of local place name, I 141;
chronicles of, I 143, 329; number of scribes employed by,
I 151; layout of, and the Plan, I 261-262, II 327, 329, 332;
outsiders not allowed in monks' cloister at, I 280-281; axial
alignment of churches of, I 298; wine imported by, I 305; and
deans, I 332; social background of monks of, I 337; number of
monks at, I 343 (Table II); and the fire of 937, II 116, 329;
visited by Irish monks and abbots, II 141n12; sojourn of Louis
the Pious at, II 164; study of travels of abbots of, II 167n60;
centrality of site of, II 169 (map); distinguished teachers of,
II 170; location of outer school, II 170, 329; Necrologium of,
II 178; sources of vegetables, fruits, and nuts for, II 208; daily
bread production of, II 251; and Abbot Solomon III, II 259;
tithe payments of beer to, II 264; dairy products listed in
records of, II 281; tithe payments of swine to, II 293;
violations of limitations on eating of meat by monks of, II 295;
air views of site of the former monastery with its present
buildings, II 316-317 (fig. 506.A-B); sacked by Protestants in
1712, II 317, 319; relations with adjacent city, II 318; rebuilt
by Abbot Gozbert and his successors, II 319; bird's-eye view
as it appeared about 1642, II 320 (fig. 508); post-medieval abbey
church (plan and longitudinal section), II 328-329 (fig. 512.
B-C); condition of abbey church from 1439 to 1525 (plan),
II 330 (fig. 513.A); (view of church and claustral ranges),
II 330 (fig. 513.B); location of chapter meetings at, II 336;
warming room, II 348; nobles sent to, for education, III 97;
textbooks used at, III 144
Gozbert's abbey church, I 324, II 325, 331; Otmar's church
replaced by, I 10n7, 11; location of tomb of St. Gall in, I 141,
143, 171; excavations of, I 159n2, II 358-359; excavated
capitals from, I 163, 169 (fig. 115); fenestella opening in
confessio of, I 173; and the Plan, I 184, 184n74, II 319-321,
331, 332, 359; in axial alignment with St. Peter's chapel and
Otmar's church, I 298; gutted by fires and partly rebuilt,
II 319, 329; drawings of, by Hecht, II 320; reconstruction by
Hardegger, II 320; (plan), II 328 (fig. 512.A); length and width,
II 321, 325-326; transept and choir, II 326-327
library: Plan placed in, I 1; collection of, I 151, II 178; (1461
catalogue), I 2; quote from manuscript of, I 155; librarians of
I 334n62
St. Michael's Chapel, II 324, 325, 332; demolished, II 329; seen in
reconstruction of St. Gall Abbey Church, II 330 (fig. 513.A-B)
St. Otmar's Chapel, II 325, 332; added to Gozbert's church, II 329,
331; seen in reconstruction of St. Gall Abbey Church, II 330
(fig. 513.A-B)
St. Peter's Chapel: seen in bird's-eye view of the abbey and city,
1638, II 322 (fig. 509.X); demolished, II 324; location of, and
the Plan, II 332
St. Gall Bell of Bregenz, I 131n13
St. Gall Cathedral (Baroque church): archaeological excavations under,
I 159n2, II 358-359; in air view of former site of the monastery
of St. Gall, II 316 (fig. 506.A); in cadastral plan of St. Gall,
excavated Carolingian foundations superimposed, II 358 (fig.
522); materials from Gozbert's church used in construction of,
II 359
St. Gall city: defensive wall built around, I 73; modern, and the original
site of the monastery of St. Gall, II 319; fifteenth- to seventeenth-century
portrayals of, II 319; (view from the west in
1545), II 314 (fig. 505); (etching of 1596 showing bird's-eye
view), II 318 (fig. 507), 324; (Matthaeus Merian's bird's-eye
view of 1638), II 322 (fig. 509.X)
St. Gall house ("standard house" of the Plan), II 294; Alpine log
house postulated as prototype of, II 17; typological identification
of, II 77-82; variant forms of, II 82-85 (figs. 329-334), 83;
reconstruction of, II 83-85; uncertainties about roof of, II 85;
surviving medieval houses of similar type, II 88-114.
See also Guest and service buildings of the Plan
St. Gall's Chapel: in view of the city of St. Gall, II 322 (fig. 509.X);
demolished, II 324
St. Gallus Platz, II 332
St.-Georges-de-Boscherville, diaphragm arches, I 234
St.-Germain-des-Prés: roof of abbey church, I 175, 175n42; (cross
section), I 178 (fig. 124); number of monks at, I 342n[d], 343
(Table II); number of laymen connected with, I 345; military
men and supplies provided by, I 347; number of mills owned
by, II 232, 234; hops recieved by, II 263; Abbo's Siege of Paris
written in, III v; landholdings of, III 96n16; inventory of
estates and revenues of, drawn up by Irminon, III 185
St.-Germain of Auxerre: crypt, I 159, 169, 171, 197-198, 199n39;
(plans), I 197 (fig. 157.A-B); fenestella, I 198, 199n38
St. Gervais, Geneva, Carolingian villa excavated at, I 116; (plan), I 115
(fig. 72)
St. Gervaise-de-Falaise, diaphragm arches in church of, I 234
St. Guilhem-le-Desert (Gellone), monastery of, III 7
St. John Lateran reliquary cross, II 213 (fig. 430.X)
St. John of Ephesus Church, I 190; resemblance to the Church of the
Plan, I 147
St. Justin, Church of, in Höchst-on-the-Main, I 163
St. Lucius Church at Chur, corridor crypt, I 197
St. Martin. See Life of St. Martin
St. Martin, Church of, Angers, crossing tower, I 163
St.-Martin-des-Champs, reader's pulpit, I 268
St.-Martin-du-Canigou, and architectural innovation, I 354
St.-Martin-les-Autun Abbey, II 340, 341
St. Martin's Monastery, Tours, I 2, 145, 201; scribes of, I 151
St. Mary's Abbey, York, Fountains Abbey founded by monks from, II
353
St. Mary's Hospital, Chichester, Sussex, England, I 276, 287n187,
II 179; plan, II 91 (fig. 341.A); founding and operation of,
II 92; sections, II 92-93 (fig. 341.B-C), 98 (fig. 346.A); scheme
of construction drawn in perspective, II 94 (fig. 342); interior
perspective, II 95 (fig. 343); subsequent changes in Infirmary
Hall, II 95; layout, II 103; construction details, II 103, 114
(fig. 356.A-B); and the houses of the Plan, II 115
St.-Maurice d'Agaune, Switzerland: crypt, I 197; plan of Carolingian
basilica, I 200 (fig. 160); counter apse, I 202
St. Maximin at Trier, number of monks at, I 343 (Table II), 343n[j]
St. Pancras Priory, Lewes, II 348n31
St. Paul's, London, See Wickham St. Paul's
St. Paul's Cathedral, Rome, I 131, 133, 164; interior looking east, I 126
(fig. 81); undivided internal space, I 217 (fig. 177.A)
St. Peter and Paul Monastery. See Jarrow and Monkwearmouth,
monastery of
St. Peter and Paul of Hirsau, Abbey of, II 336
St.-Philbert-de-Grandlieu. See St. Philibert of Grandlieu
St. Philibert of Grandlieu, crypt system, I 197, 198; (plans), I 197 (fig.
156.A-B)
St.-Pierre, Church of, Flavigny, crypt system, I 169, 198
St.-Pierre-de-Montmartre, Paris, cross section of timber-framed roof,
I 175, 178 (fig. 125)
St.-Remi, Reims, counter apse, I 202
St.-Remy, Bouches-du-Rhône, ruins of a "pillared" hypocaust in a
house of the Roman settlement of Glanum, II 125 (fig. 379.B)
St.-Riquier (Centula), I 119n4, II 340; continuous prayer practiced at,
I x; masonry enclosing wall, I 72n25; circulating books of,
I 149; plan, I 187 (fig. 137.X); total number of altars of
churches of, I 209; shape and dimensions of cloister, I 245,
II 340, III 6; abbey church and cloister of Angilbert, I 250
(fig. 196); nineteenth-century cadastral plan showing Gothic
abbey church and churches of SS. Benedict and Mary, I 251
(fig. 197); timing of use of privy, I 262; monks largely drawn
from the nobility, I 337; number of monks at, I 343 (Table II),
342n[a]; number of laymen connected with, I 344-345; armed
and mounted men maintained by, I 344-345, 347; and
architectural innovation, I 354; size of retinue of traveling
abbots and priors of, II 166; noble youths educated at, II 168;
student capacity of schools, II 173; water-driven mill, II 230
Angilbert's abbey church, I 183, 215, II 21; influence on altars of
the aisles of the Church of the Plan, I 133; altars, I 133n24, 136,
139n46, 209; reconstruction, I 169; crossing arches, I 170;
location of sarcophagus, I 171; plan, I 185 (fig. 135); extended
altar space, I 192; westwork, I 202n48, 208; plan with square
grid superimposed, I 209 (fig. 168); and the trend toward
square schematism, I 221; prototype of diaphragm arch in, I
237; and cloister as shown in 1612 copy of illustration from
Chronicon Centulense, I 250 (fig. 196). See also Angilbert, Abbot
of St.-Riquier (Centula)
Saints, growing cult of, I 209. See also Relics
St.-Savin Abbey, Poitou: and the Benedictine movement, II 340; late
engraving of, II 341
SS. Cosmas and Damian, Church of, Forma urbis Romae probably in
walls of, in Carolingian times, I 63 (see also Forma urbis Romae)
SS. Peter and Marcellinus, Church of, Seligenstadt, roofed in lead,
I 177-178
St. Swithin's Priory, Winchester Psalter made in scriptorium of, I 266
(see also Winchester Psalter)
St. Trond Abbey, bloodletting mentioned in Chronicle of, II 187
St.-Vaast Abbey, arras: Altar of the Holy Cross, I 136; number of
monks at, I 343 (Table II)
St.-Victor of Marseilles, Abbey of, and the diffusion of monasticism, I 325
St.-Vigor-de-Bayeux, Church of, diaphragm arches in, I 234
St.-Wandrille (Fontanella), I 12n16; glass windows attested in chronicles
of, I 147; library, I 149, 149n84; charter house, I 149n84; lead
roof of St. Peter's Church, I 177; Merovingian church provided
with a tower, I 201; location of chapter meetings, I 249, II 336;
monks' dormitory, I 258, II 276-278; number of monks at,
I 342n[b], 343 (Table II); number of persons connected with,
I 345; hops delivered to, II 263; construction described in
Gesta Abbatum Fontanellensium, II 278; interpretation of
monastic structures as they might have appeared in the time
of Ansegis (diagrammatic plan and interpretive study),
II 278-279 (fig. 478.A-B); layout, II 340; landholdings, III
96n19; document issued from, III 99; Ansegis's Constitution
of, III 125; payments received from outlying estates, III 125;
account of, in Gesta sanctorum patrum Fontanellensis Coenobii
See also Ansegis, Abbot of St.-Wandrille (Fontanella)
Sala liberi. See Domus liberi
Salic law. See Lex Salica
Salmon, P., II 345n12, 347n22
Salomon, Abbot of St. Gall, I 281
Salomon, Bishop, II 332
Salona, Dalmatia, cruciform church, I 190; (Egger's reconstruction),
I 190 (fig. 146); (crossing), I 193
Samaria, cruciform church of, I 55; (Adamnan's plan), I 56 (fig. 44)
San Clemente, Church of, Rome, I 135
San Crisogono, Church of, Rome, corridor crypt, I 197
San Giorgio, Church of, Velabro, location of tomb in, I 171
San Giovanni e Paolo, Church of, Ravenna, I 206
San Giovanni Evangelista, Church of, Ravenna, I 206, 219; plan with
square grid superimposed, I 206 (fig. 166)
Sanitation: monastic contribution to, I 352; facilities of the Plan for,
compared with ancient and modern standards of hygiene,
II 301-304; and the monastery as a planned society, II 304;
Christian views regarding, II 304-305; waste disposal by water
an urban practice, II 309
See also Bathing; Privies; Roman latrines
San Marco, Church of, Rome, corridor crypt, I 197
San Miniato al Monte, Church of, Florence, I 176; diaphragm arches,
I 234
Sannap, Halland, Sweden, corner fireplace with oven and conical hood,
II 126 (fig. 377)
San Pedro de Nave, Church of, Spain, I 195n28
San Pier' Maggiore, Church of, Ravenna, I 206
San Pier Scheraggio, Florence, diaphragm arches, I 234
San Stefano degli Abissini, Church of, Rome, corridor crypt, I 197
Santa Cecilia, Church of, location of tomb, I 171
Santa Prassede, Church of, location of tomb, I 171
Santa Sabina, Church of, Rome, I 135
Santiago, Monastery of, and architectural innovation, I 354
San Vitale, Church of, Ravenna; and the Palace Chapel at Aachen, I
110-111; plan, I 202 (fig. 162); towers, I 203; 206; known to
Charlemagne's court, I 207n60
sauina, meaning of, III 2
See also Savin plant
Saumur, kitchen of palace of, I 287
savin plant (Juniperus sabina), III 2; spread of, and medicinal uses of,
I 246-247, 247n16; indicated on the Plan, I 246, 248, 313;
description of, I 247-248; depicted in the Herbal of Dioscurides,
I 258 (fig. 204); various growth habits of, I 259 (figs. 205-207)
Saxons: conversion of, I 135, 135n30; baptismal font of, I 146 (fig. 96);
homeland and migrations of, II 71; Sparrendach possibly used
by, II 103
See also Saxony
Saxony: Frankish monks sent to, I xii; convent of Corvey established
in, III 93
See also Saxons
Schapiro, Meyer, I 353n26
Schedel, Hartmann, woodcut from Liber Chronicarum showing Seneca
bleeding to death in his bath, I 262 (fig. 210), 267
Schenk, Hermann, III 189
Schepers, Joseph, II 53, 126
Schiess, Traugott, co-author of Baudenkmäler der Stadt St. Gallen, II 319
Schlatter, Salomon, co-author of Baudenkmäler der Stadt St. Gallen,
II 319; model reconstruction of the city of St. Gall by, II 332;
(details), II 320-321 (figs. 508-509)
Schlosser, Julius von, II 14, 19, 22; origin of the cloister studied by,
I 3; and the St. Gall house, II 5-6, 9-10, 11; reconstruction of
Cluny, II 277n26, 336; interpretation of Carolingian monastery
of St.-Wandrille, II 278, 341n44; and the Customs of Farfa, II
333n3, 340; reconstruction of the monastery at Monte Cassino,
II 345n9; index of source collections by, III 5
Schmidt, Adolph: views on the prototype plan, I 27; interpretation of
formulae, I 137
Schmidt, Erich F. R., and the length of the Carolingian foot, I 95, 97
Schöne, Wolfgang, and dimensional inconsistencies of the Plan, I 3, 79,
184-185
schools: and the monastic reform movement, I 23-25; secular, and
controversy over whether monasteries should have them, I 29;
collapse of Early Christian episcopal school system during
Germanic migrations, II 168n4; members of Carolingian royal
family educated in monastic schools, II 169n6; at Corbie, III
97, 98n28; and internal and external students, III 102n8
See also Inner School; Outer School [12] of the Plan; Outer
schools; Textbooks
Schubert, Hans von, quoted on inner and outer schools, I 25n41
Schulpforta, Church of, I 271
Schulz, Ernst, I 305n232
Schuster, Hildephonsus, and the Customs of Farfa, II 333
Schwarz, Dietrich, folding of the Plan analyzed by, I 3, 6
Scof (unenclosed barn), II 28, 29n15, 76
See also Barns
Scopar (stack of hay or sheaves in an open field), II 29n18
Scoria (wall-enclosed barn), II 29n14, 77
See also Barns
Scotland, and the diffusion of monasticism, I vi, 325
scribes: kinds of, I 149; work and equipment of, I 149, 155; codices
rarely written by a single hand, I 151; place in monastic
organization, I 326 (Table I)
See also Scribes of the Plan; Script styles
scribes of the Plan, II 272n19
main scribe: ink used by, I 13, III 9; script of, I 13-14, 14 (fig. 5),
77, III 9; dimensions of the Church written by, I 77;
inscriptions written by, I 128n3, 129, III 9, 32, 35, 52, 72;
believed to be same person as the delineator of the Plan, III vi
second scribe: ink used by, I 13; script of, I 13-14, III 10, 19;
inscriptions written by, I 128n3, 129, 133, 321, II 205, III
9, 32, 35, 52, 72; correction made by, I 310, III 45n
See also Inscriptions on the Plan; Keeper of the Charters,
Scribes; Script styles
Scriptores rerum Merovingicarum, the term porticus used in, III 5
script styles: Northern linearism, I 33; majuscule letters, I 329 (ill.);
scriptura continua, I 329; Alamannic, III 10, 19; Caroline
cursive, III 19; script of Bobbio and "ab script" of Corbie,
III 94n5; North Italian uncial, III 90; Tironian notes
(shorthand), III 100. See also Capitalis rustica; Carolingian
minuscule; Roman capital letters
Seebach, C. H., I 255, II 132
Seebass, Otto, I 21n7
Seesselberg, Friedrich, I 163, 171
self-mortification: practiced by desert monks, I 327; practiced in
Lerins settlement, I 328
Seligenstadt, Church of, I 207n57
Semmler, Joseph, III 96n23, 106n56; Carolingian policies toward
monasteries studied by, I x, 7; Corpus Consuetudinum
Monasticarum, I 20n, III 98n38; and the synods of Aachen,
I 21, II 343; attribution of the Statutes of Murbach to Haito
questioned by, I 21n7; and the monastic reform movement,
I 29; and the interpretation of servitores, I 75n48; and the
consumption of fat by monks, I 277; and the number of
"beakers" in a modius, I 303n222; and bread rations at Monte
Cassino monastery, II 256n19; on the rule of silence, II 347;
edition of Consuetudines Corbeienses prepared by, III 99
Seneca, depicted bleeding himself to death in a tub, I 262 (fig. 210), 267;
developed Tironian notes, III 100
seneschal (senescalcus), II 163; mentioned in Customs of Corbie, III 103
Sennhauser, Hans-Rudolf, Gozbert's church of St. Gall excavated by,
I 159n2, 169, 185n74, II 332, 358-359
Septimius Severus (Roman emperor), marble plan of city of Rome made
under, I 57, 58, 63 (see also Forma urbis Romae)
serfs (servi), I 341; houses and workshops for, I xxii, xxiii, 242, II 124,
134; number of, in a monastery, relative to number of monks,
I 204; heavy agricultural work done by, I 340; and bread-baking
capacity of the Monks' Bakery of the Plan, II 259
seruitium, meaning of, III 2
See also Service
servants: houses occupied by, on the Plan, I xxiii; number of, proposed
for monastery of the Plan, I 342; in monastery of Corbie under
Adalhard, I 344; lodgings for, in various houses of the Plan,
II 144, 149, 160, 162, 203, 225, 253, 257
servers (servitores), I 75n48; term and duties of, I 279-280
service (servitium; seruitium), I 341, III 2; servitium regis (annual
presentations to the king from monasteries), I 347
Servius, Commentaries on Vergil, II 9n14
sheep: economic usefulness of, II 264, 293, 298, 299; tithing of, II 293,
III 115-116. See also House for Sheep and Shepherds;
Livestock; Shepherds
shepherds: status of, II 275n21; staff of, a symbol of sovereignty or
leadership, II 298; and tithing regulations, III 115
See also House for Sheep and Shepherds; Sheep
shingles. See Laterculi
Sichlerius (a Visigoth), II 232-233
sick, the: chapel provided for, I 69n4; and the eastern paradise of the
Church of the Plan, I 155; diet of, I 314; living and sleeping
quarters of, heated by hypocausts, II 125; individual privies
provided for, II 300; food allotted to, by Customs of Corbie,
III 109
Sigibert (Frankish ruler), I 325
sign language, II 346-347, 347n22
See also Silence, rule of
Silchester, Hampshire, England: Roman judiciary basilica excavated in,
I 164, 200, 245; (plan), I 256 (fig. 202); Roman channeled
hypocaust, II 130, 130 (fig. 380)
Silence, rule of, II 346-347, 347n22; in the Customs of Corbie, III 110,
121, 122, 123
Silicia, Asia Minor, basilica of Meriamlik (semicircular atrium), I 206
Silvacane Abbey Church, night stairs, I 253
Simpert, Abbot of Murbach, I 21n7
singing. See Chanting and singing
Sisoës, Father, I 272
Sivri Hissar, Cappadocia, plan of cruciform church of, I 191 (fig. 148.X)
arch-framed crossing, I 192
Skirlaw, Bishop, Durham Cathedral built by I 252
Slave labor, shortage of, and Roman use of water power, II 225, 226
Sleen, the Netherlands, excavations near, II 57
Smith, J. T., II 109
smoke hole (lovarium; fumerium), II 120-121
Snorri Sturluson, Lives of the Kings of Norway, II 126
soap and unction, issued to monks, I 283
Sogliano, Antonio, and the Roman atrium house, II 9, 9n14, n18
solarium: of the hall of William the Conqueror on the Bayeux Tapestry,
I 312 (fig. 253), 322; of the Abbot's House of the Plan, I 321;
of the aula of the Priory of Christchurch at Canterbury, I 322;
solaria of a royal residence described in the Brevium exempla,
I 322; the term I 322, 323n6, III 4; occurrences of, I 323n11;
for accommodation of servants of visitors, II 339, 339n35
Solnhofen, basilica of, I 233
Solomon III, Abbot of St. Gall, I 334n62
Sorrell, Alan, reconstruction painting of buildings of the Plan, II 18-20,
22 (fig. 283), 280
Sörrensen, Wolfgang: plants and gardens of the Plan studied by, 16,
II 208; savin plant described by, I 247
Sowers, Ossa Raymond, II 349n3, 351n13; origin of the cloister studied
by, I 3
Spain: Frankish monks sent to, I xii; and the development of the
disengaged crossing, I 195; early use of beer in, II 259
Visigothic (see also Bande, Galicia, Spain, Church of Santa Comba;
Visigoths): double-apsed churches of, I 164; popular cross type
of, II 212
Sparrendach (rafter roof): examples of, I 178 (figs. 124-125), II 103, 109;
structure of, II 54; Vitruvian and medieval, II 88, 103, 103n9;
a possibility for guest and service buildings of the Plan, II 115
Spechtshart von Reutlingen, Hugo, Flores Musicae omnis cantus
Gregoriana (woodcut showing water-driven recumbent tilthammer),
II 237, 239, 242 (fig. 455), 247; prosody of, III 196
Speyer Cathedral, I 215; groin-vaulted nave, I 172; narrow elongated
shapes of, I 211; bay division of, I 217 (fig. 177.C); Codex
Aureus of Echternach presented to, I 230
Speyer I, I 212; modularity in, I 234, 238
Speyer II, interior of nave, I 231 (fig. 186); and the medieval bay
system, I 234; plan and longitudinal section, I 236 (fig. 190.
A-B); modularity, I 237, 238
square schematism, I 33; of Carolingian churches, I 125, 127; of the
German Romanesque, I 127; of the Church of the Plan, I 178,
187, 192, 212-213; left intact by Dehio's reconstruction of the
church of the Plan, I 182 (fig. 130; Reinle's views on, I 185-186;
and the corrective titles to the Church of the Plan, I 186;
distinguished from Roman construction method based on the
diagonal of a square, I 211; explained, I 212; of the Plan, I 212,
214, III v; a "Germanic" contribution to Western architecture,
I 213, 219; and Early Christian vs. Romanesque and Gothic
modes of space composition, I 217 (fig. 177.A-D); factors in
trend toward, I 217, 221, 223, 225, 227; liturgical needs
contributing to, I 223; in design of medieval illuminations, I
227, 229, 230; (Lindisfarne Gospels), I 218 (fig. 178), 219 (fig.
179.A-B), 220 (fig. 180.A-D), 222 (fig. 181), 223 (fig. 182);
(Ada Gospels), I 224-227 (fig. 183.A-D), 228-229 (fig. 184.
A-B); (Codex Aureus of Echternach), I 230 (fig. 185); take-off
points for vaulting determined by, I 230; and the synthesis of
southern and northern traditions in Romanesque, I 230; and the
conceptual organization in the relationship of church and state,
I 230-231; setback and reemergence of, I 231, 233, 237-238;
and Speyer II, I 231 (fig. 186), 236 (fig. 190.A-B); and St.
Michael's Church at Hildesheim, I 233 (fig. 188.A-B); and the
abbey church of Jumièges, I 234-235 (fig. 189.A-D).
See also Modularity
square symbol with inscribed circle, multiple meanings of, in the Plan,
I 163-164
stairs: indicated in the Plan when important or of unusual construction,
I 65; lack of consistent attention to, in the Plan, I 65, 68, 153,
244, 253
See also Night stairs
Statuta Murbacensia. See Statutes of Murbach
Statutes of Murbach, I xi; promulgated by Bishop Haito, I 21; history
of, I 21n7; and the question of a separate house for the abbot, I 22
See also Haito, Bishop of Basel, Abbot of Reichenau
Steidle, Basilius, Rule of St. Benedict translated into German by, I 167
Steiger, Arnald, II 263
Steinach River, Switzerland, II 314, 318, 332; near monastery of St. Gall,
I 69, 73; Gozbert's church constricted by, II 359
Steiner, B., painting based on Lehmann's model of the Plan, II 5n7
Stellerberg, Dithmarschen, Germany, house of ninth-century settlement
of, II 83, 88 (fig. 338); (carpentry joints), II 116
Stephani, Karl Gustav, I 3, II 175n19; and the connection between the
Plan and the Roman castrum, I 114; on the early German house
II 14, 22; reconstruction of Bajuvarian standard house, II 28
(fig. 286), 31
Stephano, Cardinal Nardini, III 7
Stephen II, Pope, Pepin anointed by, I 187, 355; addition to Old St.
Peter's built by, I 207n61
Stieren, A., II 278
stirrup, diffusion to Europe, II 238
stoves. See Kitchen stove(s)
Strabo: water mill mentioned by, II 229; huge wooden casks seen by,
I 293, 295; on Greek and Roman cities, II 302
Sturla Thordasson, II 80, 80n, 81
Sturlunga Saga, II 80 (notes); banquet at Flugumyr described in
II 80-81; (illustration of order of seating), II 80 (fig. 328)
Sturmi, Abbot of Fulda, I 151n100; elaborate waterworks installed at
Fulda by, I 69; ties with Rome, I 189
stylus, Gallo-Roman, I 25 (ill).
subprior, I 155
succentor, I 326 (Table I), 335, 339
Sumerians: and sacred numbers, I 121, 124; eight- or six-lobed
rosettes in art of, I 131
sundial, I 353; monastic use of, I 354
sunroom. See Solarium
Sweden: Germanic houses excavated in, II 20, 20n45, 48 (see also
Germanic house; Känne, Gotland, Sweden; Löjsta, Gotland,
Sweden); Pfettendach the standard roof of, II 109; oven-shaped
corner fireplaces of, II 126 (figs. 376-377), 128
swine: hung in larder of Corbie for serfs, guests, and the sick, I 74;
number and disposition of, at Corbie, I 307, III 118-120, 118
(ill.); a source of meat for monasteries, II 264, 293; raising and
care of, II 289, 293, 295; tithing of, II 293, III 115; slaughtered
in December, II 296; fed at mills, III 106n63, 107; paid to
Fontanella, III 125. See also House for Swine and Swineherds;
Swineherds
swineherds, status of, II 275n21
See also House for Swine and Swineherds; Swine
Switzerland: postulated medieval prototype form of farmhouses of, II
13-14; remains of unleavened bread found in Swiss lake
dwellings, II 136; mortars and pestles from (see Beltis, Lake
Wallenstadt, Switzerland)
Swoboda, Karl Maria, II 11n24
Synod of Aachen (802), I x
See also Synods of Aachen (816, 817)
Synod of Whitby (644), I 325
Synod of Winchester (970), II 343
Synods of Aachen (816, 817), I xi, 52, 243, III 175; held in palace of
Louis the Pious, I xxi, 53; new critical edition of resolutions of,
I 7; climax of the monastic reform movement, I 21; influence on
monastic architecture, I 22-25, II 279; and Charlemagne's
educational policy, I 24; and the prototype plan, I 27, 29; two
rival groups believed present at, I 29; and the issue of the
desirable length of a church, I 30, 81; rules for monastic life
issued by, I 53; and the Rule of St. Benedict, I 329; and the
paradigmatic nature of the Plan, I 342; resolutions of, promulgated
as public laws, II 340; reforms of, spread by Cluny,
Louis Halphen, III 182
Synod of 816: III 110n94, 120n142; evidence of dissension at, I
21; views on bathing, I 22, 265, 265n78; and the issue of a
separate house for the abbot, I 22, 324, II 338; no resolution on
schools passed by, I 23-24; and the Plan, I 29n18; directives of,
for canons and canonesses, I 53; monks referred to as servers
(servitores) by, I 75n48; directive regarding the provost and the
reading collection, I 148; directive requiring monks to do their
own laundry, I 267; views on consumption of poultry and use
of animal fats, I 277; rules on consumption of beer and wine,
I 277, 297n208, 303, II 261; rule regarding the reader, I 279;
clothing allowance for monks defined by, I 282-283, II 337,
III 104n30; rule regarding the abbot's performance of
mandatum fratrum, I 309; and the freedoms of the abbot, I 323;
and the office of dean, I 332; position of provost affirmed by, I
332; ruling regarding roundsmen, I 336; practice of deeding
inheritance rights of oblates to monasteries revoked by, I 337;
views on manual labor of monks, I 340; ruling on management of
outlying estates, I 349, III 96n19; ruling on mass bloodlettings,
II 184n33, 185; directive on craftsmen, II 189; ruling that
monks should work in the bake and brewhouse, II 264
Synod of 817, III 104n23; and the Plan, I 21; more liberal than the
Synod of 816, I 21, 24; directives of previous year concerning
the abbot abolished by, I 22; directive on bathing, I 22, 265;
separate quarters for visiting monks stipulated by, I 23, II 140;
rulings on monastery schools, I 24, II 168, III 98n28;
laymen excluded from dining in the refectory by, I 73, 280;
and the reduction of the length of the Church of the Plan, I 104;
ruling on monks' personal property, I 251n29; views on
consumption of poultry by monks, I 277, II 264, 266; and
separate quarters for abbots, I 324, II 338; views on admission
of priests and clerics as novices, I 339; pound weight defined
by, II 257; and the synod at Winchester in 970, II 343
See also Synod of Aachen (802)
Syria: Batuta Chapel (porch), I 181 (fig. 128); Brad Convent (pediment
of porch), I 183 (fig. 129); Mousmieh, Praetorium, I 193; (plan),
I 192 (fig. 150); audience hall at Rusafa, I 193; convent of SS.
Sergios and Bacchos at Umm-is-Surab, I 242; (plans and
section), I 246 (fig. 193.A-C); convent of Id-Dêr, I 242; (plan
and section), I 247 (fig. 194.A-B); monasticism of, I 243
churches of: screen in, I 135; roof construction, I 177n54;
monastic courts attached to flanks of, I 242
T
Tabennisi, monastery of, I 73, 272, 342
tablinum (dining room), of Roman atrium house, II 6, 9
Tabriz, Iran. See Blue Mosque
Tacitus, II 26
tailors (sartores), not indicated in Great Collective Workshop and Annex,
II 198; workshop for tailors and shoemakers at Cluny, II 338
Taubried am Federsee, Wurttemburg, Germany, Neolithic baking
oven excavated at, II 133 (fig. 383), 136
teachers: distinguished, at the monastery of St. Gall, II 170; long line
of, in monastic tradition, II 170n11
Tedrick, Thomas, II 259n26
Tegernsee, monastery of, number of monks at, I 343 (Table II)
tegmina, meaning of the term, II 188n4
"tendril"-shaped design: used on the Plan, I 30 (fig. 17), 30-31; used
by the Court School, I 30-31; used in various manuscripts,
I 30-33 (figs. 18-23); in the Utrecht Psalter, I 31n33
Teodrada, Abbess of Notre-Dame de Soissons, III 94n14, 96n16
Ter Doest, Maritime Flanders Belgium, six-lobed rosettes on monastery
barn of, I 131n20
Terpen (dwelling mounds), II 49, 49n60
testu, II 78; in guest and service buildings of the Plan, I 68, 123, II 144,
171; misinterpretation of the term, II 3, 3n*, n1, 13, 145n14;
meaning of the term, II 3, 4, II 9, 117-118, 121, 123, III 2, 3;
Rahn's interpretation, II 5; Oelmann's interpretation, II 12-13,
16 (fig. 274.B); modern survivals, II 120, 121-122
See also Testudo
testudo: the term, and the interpretation of testu, II 3, 3n*, n1, 12-13,
117-118, III 3; and the Roman atrium house, II 6n10, 9
See also Testu
Teutoni, limited literacy among, III 97
textbooks, Carolingian, I 85n39, 354, II 168n4, n9
Thasos, Macedonia, basilica of, I 135, 143, 190; (presbytery), I 144
(fig. 94); (plan), I 189 (fig. 144); (schematic rendering), I 189
(fig. 145)
Theodomar, Abbot of Monte Cassino, II 256n18, n19; letter to
Charlemagne regarding the hemina, I 298; and bread rations
for monks, II 257
Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop, II 185
Theodoric III, educated in a monastic school, II 169n6
Theodulf, Bishop of Orleans, I 194, 195n28; Germigny-des-Prés
built by, I 193; and the relation between church and state, I 208;
and monastic hospitality, II 155
Thetford Priory, II 341; layout, II 343, 350; plan, II 344 (fig. 517);
warming room, II 348
Thomas of Berkeley II, II 167n62
Thomas of Lichfield, Dean, II 92, 103n13
"throne of Dagobert," I 144
Thümmler, Hans, I 183
timber. See Wood
time, monastic contribution to Western concept of, I 353-354
Tintern Abbey, I 268; traces of night stairway in, I 139, 253n49
Tipasa, Algeria, church of, I 200
Tironian notes. See Script styles.
Tisbury, Wiltshire, England, grange barn at, II 278; (plan), II 282
(fig. 481)
tithes (decimus), I 348n1, 349, II 222, 223n5; home-brewed beer used
for, II 264; cheese used for, II 281; swine and sheep paid
as, II 293, 295; and the relation between the monastery and
society, II 357; from the production of monastery-owned villas,
III 96n23; dealt with in the Customs of Corbie, III 99, 105,
111-117; part of, set aside for the poor, III 112n96; of the
distant vassi of Corbie, III 112n99
Tofting, Schleswig-Holstein, dwelling mound excavated at, II 69
Tomarza, Cappadocia, plan of cruciform church of, I 191 (fig. 148.A)
tombs, location of, in Early Christian times, I 171. See also Relics
Tönning, aisled houses excavated at, II 55n68
tools: Latin terms for, explained, III 108n76-82; for gardening, III 109
toregma, toregmata, meaning of the term, I 269, 271, III 2-3; in living
room of Abbot's House, I 322; in House for Distinguished
Guests, II 160
See also Toreuma
toreuma, meaning of the term, I 269, 269n102
See also Toregma, toregmata
tornatores (turners), I 269, 269n102, II 195, 195n11
Tournai, monastery of, I 151, 151n103
Tournus, monastery of, and architectural innovation, I 354
Tours Cathedral, modular division of nave walls, I 234
towers: origin and development of detached circular towers, I 201, 202,
206-207, 207n57, n60, n61; of the Church of San Vitale at
Ravenna, I 202 (fig. 162); depicted on a fragment of the
Werden Casket, I 203 (fig. 163)
See also Church [1] of the Plan, towers
Trajan's Column: bas-relief showing Roman galley loading barrels
from a depot on the bank, I 282 (fig. 231), 296; in plan of
Trajan's forum and basilica, I 291 (fig. 239)
Trajan's forum and basilica, I 164, 199, 256; galleried courts of, I 204;
influence of, on the Plan, I 206; 317; plan, I 291 (fig. 239)
transepts: height of, in Carolingian churches, I 169; Early Christian
tripartite, I 195
See also Church [1] of the Plan, transept
travel: abbots as travelers, I 347, II 153, 155; size of retinues of
important persons during, II 167n60, n62.
See also King (or emperor); Pilgrims; Visitors, facilities for
reception of, on the Plan
trees, improved by grafting, I 351
See also Monks' Cemetery and Orchard
Treola, Carolingian crown estate of, II 36, 41, 43
tribute (tributum), rendered by members of the familia foris, I 341
Trier, I 325; north basilica of, I 193, 195; (isometric reconstruction),
I 194 (fig. 151.Y); diaphragm arches used in cathedral of, I 234;
Roman amphitheater, I 317;
aula of imperial palace, I 294, 308; plan and perspective, I 292-293
(fig. 240.A-B); possible influence on plan of the Novitiate and
Infirmary, I 308, 317
Trinity, the Holy, and the sacred number three, I 119
trip-hammers/tilt-hammers: modern trip-hammer, II 236 (fig. 450);
Japanese, depicted by Hokusai, II 236 (fig. 451); water-driven,
depicted in Spechtshart's Flores Musicae, II 237, 239, 242
(fig. 455); medieval, of Compludo, Spain, II 238-239, 239n51,
241, 245; (perspective, plan, and front and side views of the
mechanism), II 244 (fig. 457.A-D); modern tilt-hammer
(Schwanzhammer), II 241 (fig. 453); hydraulic, of the monastery
of Clairvaux, II 245; recumbent, II 245, 247, 247n67; with
vertical pestles, II 245, 247
of the Plan, II 237-238, 245, 247, III 186 (see also Mortar);
Merginger's reconstruction, II 241 (fig. 454); authors'
interpretation (plan, sections, and elevation), II 246-247
(fig. 458.A-F)
man-powered, of Han China, II 237; model of farmyard with foot-operated
trip-hammer, II 238 (fig. 452.A); clay models, II 239
(fig. 452.B-C); shown on clay tomb title, II 240 (fig. 452.D)
Trithem, Abbot of Würzburg, I 338n12
Tunisia, double-apsed churches of, I 200
Tutilo (monk of St. Gall), I 147, 151, 155, 322
Twopeny, William, II 103
Tyre, Basilica of: seating of ecclesiastical dignitaries in, I 143;
reconstructed plan, I 154 (fig. 104)
Þórsárdalur, Iceland, Hall Stöng, II 48; (plan, interior view, and
foundations after excavation, II 38-39 (fig. 292.A-C)
U
uacatio, meanings of, II 172, 175n18, III 2
Uccelli, Arturo, and the diffusion of hydraulic trip-hammers, II 245
Udalric, Customs of. See Customs of Udalric
Uilkema, K., II 123
Ulm-Erbach, Freiherr von, chicken house of, II 268 270, 271n13;
(plan and elevation), II 272 (fig. 472.A-B)
Ulrich (Ulric), Customs of, See Customs of Udalric
Ulrich VIII, Abbot of St. Gall, I 169; abbey church partly rebuilt by,
II 319, 326
Ulrich Rösch, Abbot, II 330
Ulrich von Sax, tower of, III 330 (fig. 513.A-B)
Umm-is-Surab, convent of SS. Sergios and Bacchos (see under Syria)
Uniform Housing Code of 1961, ratio of toilet seats to number of users
prescribed for hotels, II 302
Unitas. See Unity
U.S. Army Field Manual 21-10, ratio of toilet seats to number of users
prescribed in, II 302, 303
U.S. land measurement system. See Measurement, land, system of the
American Land Ordinance of 1785
unity (unitas): unity of monastic rules (unitas regulae), I 24, II 340-341,
356; Carolingian concept of, I 52; unity of the church (unitas
ecclesiae), I 53; unity of the empire (unitas regni), I 53;
Carolingian search for, and Benedictine monachism, II 279;
Carolingian ideal of, embodied in the Plan, II 356
Ur, houses with open inner court, III 4
Ursus, Abbot of Loches, water mill constructed by, II 229, 232-233
Usus ordinis Cistercensis, on the uses of the calefactory, I 259n60
Uto, librarian of St. Gall, I 147n76
Utrecht Psalter: "tendril"-shaped motif in, I 31n33; details from
illustrations for psalms, I 346 (fig. 261), 348 (fig. 262), 350 (fig.
263); description of the manuscript, I 350; illustration showing
milch cows, II 287 (fig. 484); detail showing mare and foal,
II 293 (fig. 488); detail showing grazing goats, II 295 (fig. 490);
detail showing boar, II 297 (fig. 492); detail showing sheep,
goats, and cows, II 299 (fig. 494)
V
vacare (uacare), defined by Hildemar, II 174
Vagharshapat, Echmiadzin, Armenia, Church of St. Gayané, I 193;
(plans), I 193 (figs. 151.A-B)
Vallhagar. See Gotland, Migration Period houses of
Van der Waals, J. D., Bronze Age aisled house excavated at Angeloo by,
II 71
Van de Walle, A., excavations at Antwerp, II 70-71
Van Werveke, Hans, I 178n62
Varro, Marcus Terrentius: and Roman atrium houses, II 5, 6, 6n10;
Roman henhouses and goosehouses described by, II 268
vasalli, the term as used in the Customs of Corbie, III 104n24
Vassals, military obligations of, III 97, 98n30
Vatnsdœla Saga, II 118
Vaucelles Abbey, number of monks and lay brothers at, II 351n8
Verbeek, Albert, I 27
Verhulst, A. E., III 96n23, 106n56
vernacular architecture, less studied, II 1-2
vestryman. See Keeper of the clothes (vestiarius)
Vienna treasury gospels, classicism of, I 315, 317
villa, the term, III 96n16
See also Villa agent
villa agent, duties of, III 115
Villers Abbey, water clocks used at, I 354
Virgil, quoted, III 116
Visigoths: Visigothic manuscript on the strains of scribal work, I
155n118; and diffusion of the hydraulic trip-hammer, II
238-239, 241-242, 245
See also Fructuosus; Spain, Visigothic
Visio Wettini, I xi
visitors, facilities on the Plan for: and the synods of Aachen, I 25; and
the evolution of concepts in monastic layout, I 242; listed,
II 1 (see also specific buildings)
Vita Anskarii, III 98n28
Vita Eigilis, I 202
Vita Galli confessoris triplex. See Life and Miracles of St. Gall
Vita Prima sancti Bernardi. See Arnold of Benneval
Vita sanctae Geretrudis, the term formula used in, III 3
Vita sancti Bonifatii, showing the hand of the main scribe of the Plan,
I 13, 14 (fig. 5)
Vita sancti Galli. See Life of St. Gall
Vita sancti Martini. See Life of St. Martin
Vita sancti Remigii, I 199
"Vitruvian" mill, II 225-226, 227n9, 234
See also Vitruvius
Vitruvius: De Architectura, I 175; roof types described by, I 175, 179,
II 88, 103, 103n9; two basic Roman roof types based on the
Fourth Book on Architecture, I 180 (fig. 127); Roman atrium
houses described by, II 3, 5-6, 12, 13n27; horizontal water mill
described by, II 225
See also "Vitruvian" mill
Vivarium, monastery of, I 68; medical books in library of, II 176
Vogtherr, Heinrich, wood engraving by, showing view of St. Gall,
II 314 (fig. 505), 319
Volbach, Wolfgang Friedrich, I 175
Völckers, Otto, I 3; Monks' Kitchen interpreted by, I 269 (fig. 217);
(reconstruction of kitchen stove), I 284; Abbot's House
reconstructed by, I 323; (plan), I 315 (fig. 255); House for
Distinguished Guests reconstructed by, II 17-18; (interior and
exterior perspectives), II 20 (figs. 280-281); St. Gall house
interpreted by, II 18-19, III 199
Vonderau, Joseph: excavations at Fulda, I 171; and the abbey church of
Fulda, I 175
Vouni Palace, Cyprus, II 9n18
Vreden Abbey Church, I 183; plan, I 186 (fig. 136); crypt, I 197
W
Waalhaven, the Netherlands, a medieval house site, II 71
Wala, Abbot of Bobbio, Abbot of Corbie, II 167n63, III 175, 198;
brief about monastic officials (Breve Memorationis) written by,
I 74, 329, 336, 355n33; brother of Adalhard, Abbot of Corbie,
I 329, III 95; comments on the offices of dean and provost,
I 332; on the warden of the sick, the choirmaster, and the
sacristan, I 335; Louis the Pious's treatment of, III 93; offices
held by, III 95; genealogy of family of, III 99; (chart of
descent of Carolingian kings), III 127; Paschasius's life of,
III 198
Walahfrid Strabo, I xi, 232; Adamnan's plans of churches copied by,
I 54, 55; (plans), I 54-56 (figs. 41-44); on signal bells, I 131n13;
edition of the Life and Miracles of St. Gall by, I 143n57, 173
(see also Life and Miracles of St. Gall); Libellus de Edordiis and
the relation between church and state, I 231; Hortulus, II 178,
181, 182, 203; (quoted and translated), II 183, 202n3; and
bloodletting, II 187
Waldo, Abbot of St. Gall, number of scribes under, I 151
Waldram, librarian of St. Gall, I 147n76, 334
walls: rendering of, on the Plan, I 57, 63; rendering of, on the marble
slab of Claudia Octavia, I 62 (fig. 48); rendering of, in
Egyptian house plan of the New Kingdom period, I 63 (fig. 49);
provisions for, in the Plan, I 97, 99; rendering of, in Carolingian
architectural drawings, I 112; Church and claustral buildings
rendered with wall thickness, I 158 (fig. 107); daubed
wattlework, proposed for the St. Gall house, II 83-84; timber,
proposed for houses for livestock and their keepers on the Plan,
II 85; of St. Mary's Hospital, Chichester, Sussex, England
(longitudinal section), II 92 (fig. 341.B)
of traditional Germanic aisled houses, II 83; earth or turf, of the
North Germanic house of the Saga period, II 23; earth and
stone, of Migration Period Gotland, II 45; braided wattle, of
Iron Age houses of Wijchen, the Netherlands, II 49, 55; wattle
daubed clay, of large Iron Age dwelling of Fochteloo, Friesland,
the Netherlands, II 50 (fig. 303.A-B); wattlework, of Ezinge
houses, II 51, 54; turf or wattlework, of Leens, Groningen, the
Netherlands, II 52, 57; wattle, of Hodorf, Holstein, Germany
(exterior view), II 54 (fig. 308); wattlework of Feddersen-Wierde,
Germany, II 63, 65 (fig. 317); wattlework, of medieval
building at Leigh Court, England, II 64 (fig. 318.B); of
vertical boards, woven wattlework, and horizontal boards in
Migration Period village, Bärhorst, Germany, II 64 (fig. 318.A,
C-D), 69; wattlework, of medieval site, Elisenhof, Schleswig,
Germany (excavation photo), II 66 (fig. 320); wattle or turf, of
medieval settlement at Tofting, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany,
II 70; clay daubed wall panels of early medieval settlements at
Warendorf, Westphalia, Germany, II 73; vertically boarded, of
early medieval settlements at Warendorf, Westphalia, Germany,
II 74 (fig. 326.A)
See also Moat or ditch with palisade; Monastery enclosure walls
Walter of Ghent, Bardney Abbey rebuilt by, II 342
Wand (wall), origin of the term, II 84
Wandrille, Saint, II 278
warden of the sick (custos infirmorum), I 335
Warendorf, Westphalia, Germany: early medieval settlement excavated
at, II 55n68, 278; longhouses of, II 69, 277; building types, II
74-76 (fig. 326.A-G); weaving houses, II 75; early medieval
pole floor grid for hay storage, II 75 (fig. 326.X); single-naved
houses, II 76; (exterior views and plans), II 72-73
(fig. 325.A-B)
Warfen, Wurten (dwelling mounds), II 49, 49n59
Warin, Count, I 10n11; property of the abbey of St. Gall siezed by, I 11
Wartmann, Hermann, documentary sources of the monastery of St. Gall
published by, I 3, 329, II 293
Waterbolk, H. T., excavations of Bronze Age houses at Elp, the Netherlands,
by, I 225, II 71
water clocks, I 353-354
water power: role of monasteries in diffusion of use of, I 351, 352, II
229-230, 232; proposed for Drying Kiln, Mortar, and Mill of
the Plan, II 224, 232; Roman use of, II 226-227
See also Compludo forge; Mill [27] of the Plan; Mills;
Mortar; Trip-hammers/tilt-hammers; Water system;
Waterwheels
water system: omitted from the Plan, I 65, 69; necessary to monastic
settlements, I 68-69; proposed for the Plan, I 69, 91;
(superimposed on the Plan), I 74 (fig. 53); technology for,
available to Carolingians, I 75; of the monastery of Clairvaux,
II 245, 310
See also Christchurch Monastery, Canterbury
waterwheels, in paintings by Gerhard Memling, II 226 (fig. 439.A-B)
wattlework. See under Walls
Wearmouth and Jarrow, See Jarrow and Monkwearmouth, monastery of
weaving houses, II 199n22; excavated at Warendorf, II 75; absent from
the Plan, II 198
Weber, Max, on the observance of time in the monastery, I 353, 353n26
Weissenburg, monastery of, I 323n12, 332
wells, use of barrels in construction of, I 296, 296n202; (at Haithabu),
I 281 (fig. 229.A)
Werden Abbey: church (crypt), I 197; (alternating supports), I 233, 237;
(transverse arches of aisles), I 238; annual presentations to the
king, I 347
Werden Casket: fragment showing the Visitation, with two detached
circular towers in the background, I 203 (fig. 163), 206; date of,
I 207n62
Wernher, abbot of Fulda, paradise of, I 176 (fig. 122)
Wernigerode, Museum of, I 271
Westick, Westphalia, Germany, Migration Period houses, II 76, 277, 278
Westminster Abbey, I 312, II 341, 343
Westminster Palace, Great Hall of, II 89n3, 167; (lantern), II 121n12
westworks: Carolingian, I 171, 206; development of, I 202, 206, 207-208
Weyres, Otto: views on the Merovingian church at Cologne, I 26n12;
views on the Carolingian church at Cologne, I 27, 29
wheelwrights (tornarii), II 200, 201, 202
Whitby, Synod of (644), I 325
White, Lynn, Jr., II 248n67; and the Mosella poem, II 227n10; and the
pestles of the Plan, II 237; and the diffusion of the hydraulic
trip-hammer, II 245; and work in technology and culture, III
201
Wibert, plan of waterworks of Christchurch, Canterbury, probably
drawn by, I 69, 72, II 251, 306, 307
Wickham St. Paul's, London, Essex, England: barns on outlying
estates of, II 216; manor barn held by, II 281-282, 287; (plan,
sections, and drawings of skeletal framing and external
envelope), II 288 (fig. 485.A-D)
Wijchen, Gelderland, the Netherlands: aisled Iron Age houses of, II
34, 55; (site plan), II 49 (fig. 301); (plans of two houses), II 49
(fig. 302); (house plan), II 118 (fig. 359); (light and smoke holes),
II 119
Wilbertus, Count, I 68-69, II 230
Wilcharius, Bishop of Sens, I 175
Wilfrid, founder of the monastery of Oundle, I 73
Wilfred of Hexham, Bishop, II 185
Wilhelmshaven-Hesse, Germany: reconstruction model of aisled house
of, II 58 (fig. 312), 59; medieval aisled houses excavated at, II
59; importance of finds at, II 71
Wilhelmshaven-Krummer Weg, Germany; medieval house sites of, II 71
Willard, Henry M., II 345n9
William of Auvergne, diagram of the hierarchies of heaven, state, and
church based on the Liber de Universo of, I 232 (fig. 187)
William of Malmsbury, Life of St. Dunstan, III 5
William of Volpiano, II 343
William of Wykeham, Bishop, builder of the Great Hall, New College,
Oxford, II 120
See also New College, Oxford
William Rufus (William II), King of England, II 89n3
Williams, Dean, II 92
Williams, Watkin, II 340
William the Conqueror: palace of, in the Bayeux Tapestry, I 322, 323;
and the Domesday Book, I 352
Willibert, Archbishop of Cologne, Carolingian church at Cologne
completed by, I 27, 28
Willibrord, Saint, I 325: abbey church of, at Echternach, I 202; as an
oblate at the monastery of Ripon, I 338n11, 339
Willis, Robert, I 137n39, II 20, 175n19; translation of Keller's work on
the Plan by, I 3; and the meaning of exemplata, I 9n2; on linear
rendering of walls in the Plan, I 56n8; view that the Plan was
not drawn to scale, I 77, 77n1, III 200; and the location of the
tomb of St. Gall in the Plan, I 141; and the miracles of St. Gall,
I 141n57; and the location of St. Gall's tomb at St. Gall, I 143;
and the interpretation of pisale, I 253; views on guest and
service buildings of the Plan, II 5n5, 153n19, 166, 172, 174, 280
Wilsdorf, Christian, I 21n7
Winandy, Jacques, II 256n19
Winchester, synod of (970), II 343
Winchester Abbey, II 341
Winchester Bible, I 266
Winchester Psalter (Psalter of Henry of Blois), I 271; detail of illumination
showing cupboard, I 266 (fig. 213)
Winchester School, I 266
Winchilsul (corner post), II 28, 29, 31
windows: rendering of, in the Plan, I 68; II 132-134; of the Scriptorium,
I 147, 147n69, 259n66, II 132-133; of the monks' Privy, I
147n70, 259; of the Church of the Plan, I 173, II 133; in guest
and service structures of the Plan, II 79, 133-134, 148-149;
dormer, proposed for the Outer School, II 134, 174; and the
term solarium, III 4
See also Testu
wine: quantity permitted to each monk, I 277; cultural history of, I 278;
withheld as punishment, I 279; containers for, I 280-281 (figs.
226-228); transport barrels for, I 281-285 (figs. 229-234)
(see also Barrels); storage and aging of, I 292-293, 295;
alcoholic content of, in ancient and modern times, I 296,
297n206; and the plan of the Monks' Cellar, I 303; lack of
facilities in the Plan for pressing of grapes, I 305; monastic
contribution to making of, I 352; preferred by Greeks and
Romans, II 259; the traditional monastic beverage, II 261;
allowances of, under the Customs of Corbie, III 104-105;
mixed with mulbery juice, III 104n20; paid to Fontanella,
III 126
Winfred (called Bonifatius), I 325
Winifred, Saint, I 329
Winkelmann, Wilhelm: medieval settlements at Warendorf excavated by,
II 72, 76-77, 278; models of Warendorf structures made by,
II 74
Winnoc, Saint, II 225n7
Witigowo, I 168
Witlaic, Abbot of St.-Wandrille, III 96n19
Wittlich-on-the-Lieser, luxurious villa excavated at, I 296, 317
Wohlgemuth, Michael, royal banquet shown in woodcut from
Schatzbehalter, I 267 (fig. 214), 271
Wohnstallhaus, II 52; Lower Saxon, II 47, 57n75, 65; (prototypes),
II 54, 57, 58; (layout), II 56, 216; (Sparrendach), II 103; of
Aalburg Luxembourg, II 58, 91; (cross section, isometric view,
and plan), II 56 (figs. 310-311); of Elp, the Netherlands, II 91
Wolfgang, Bishop, I 149
Wolo (monk), I 337, II 211
wood: used in medieval architecture, I ix; used in early Germanic
architecture, I xii; St. Gall's early settlement built of, I 10n3;
used in ninth-century transalpine parish churches, I 159;
modular design a feature of Germanic construction in, 223,
225; used for early Irish monasteries, I 243; proposed for
ceiling of the Monks' Refectory, I 264; proposed for Abbot's
Privy, Kitchen, Cellar, and Bath, I 316; Kitchen and Bathhouse
of the Novitiate and Infirmary framed in, I 321; availability of,
in Iceland, II 38; construction uses of, indicated by Brevium
exempla, II 43, 45, 85; unsuited for construction of city houses,
II 68; used for walls of Migration Period village, Bärhorst,
Germany, II 64 (fig. 318.A, D); used for walls of early
medieval houses at Warendorf, Westphalia, Germany, II 74
(fig. 326.A); log construction not typical in Carolingian
architecture, II 83; proposed for houses for livestock and their
keepers on the Plan, II 85; used for houses in medieval
England, II 88; combined with masonry in Carolingian
structures, II 146, 161; used in reconstruction of the House for
Servants of Outlying Estates and for Servants Traveling with
the Emperor's Court, II 157; and masonry proposed for House
for Distinguished Guests, II 161; used for pre-Norman
monastic infirmaries in England, II 178; proposed for
reconstruction of the Great Collective Workshop, II 192;
tithing of firewood, III 117; paid to Fontanella, III 125, 126
See also Building materials
wool: in monastic economy, II 264; tithing of, III 115
Worcester Abbey, II 341
work: required of monks, I 23; Cistercian monks' obligation of manual
labor, II 349, 357; days when cancelled, according to Customs
of Corbie, III 105
See also Craftsmen
workshops: monks required to work in, I 23; transferred to within the
monastic compound, I 23, 25; of goldsmiths, blacksmiths,
and fullers in the Plan, I 68; directives concerning, II 189; at
Cluny, II 338, 339n27
See also Annex of Great Collective Workshop; Craftsmen;
Great Collective Workshop; House of Coopers and
Wheelwrights, and Brewers' Granary
Worms, Merovingian cathedral of, I 256
Wright, Thomas, II 89n4, n5
writers. See Church [1] of the Plan, Scriptorium; Scribes; Scribes of the
Plan; Script styles; Writing and written documents; Writing
desks
writing and written documents, importance of, in Carolingian times,
III 95, 97
See also Literacy
writing desks, introduction and use of, I 149
Wulfric, Abbot of St. Augustine's, I 319
Wykeham, Bishop, II 308
Wymondley Priory, II 217n2
Y
yeast: needed for baking and brewing, II 251, 261; used in monastic
bakeries, II 255
York Cathedral, number of altars of, I 209
NOTE
INITIALS FOR THE INDEX were developed from an initial M appearing in a Gospel Book
of the 9th century, probably written at Landévennec in Brittany.[1]
The letter is characterized by use of a very thin line, corresponding to the thin stroke of the
Roman capital, and by use of a double stroke composed of a single broad solid line parallel
to the broad solid stroke, this double stroke corresponding to the thick stroke of the Roman
capital. Notable too is the broad stroke to the observer's left, the thin one to his right.
These characteristics, the double stroke broad, heavy, and the other quite thin and separated
by a white space of generous width, startling and of rare occurrence in early manuscripts,
appear some centuries after the invention of moveable type, during the 18th century
(P. S. Fournier in France, about 1750, J. Rosart, Haarlem and Brussels, about 1759).
Types of this kind are referred to as shaded, open, or inline without much consistency or
exactness of meaning by the makers.
At the time of the Brittany Gospel Book a letter of this kind must have seemed as novel and
audacious as the bizarre portrayal of its Evangelists with animal heads that are typical
of this "monstrous off-shoot" (Porcher), a school issuing from England, first appearing in
Spain and England about the 7th century.
The adaptation used here, deriving from a single model initial M, conforms largely with
present-day design practice in this style of letter, with one exception: following the
model, the broad solid element of the double stroke occurs at the left.
E. B.
Z
Zacharias, Pope, letter to St. Boniface, I 307n234; Carolingian ruling
house sanctioned by, II 155
Zippelius, Adelhart, II 55n70, n71; and the Ezinge aisled house, II
54-55; Einswarden post-and-wattle house interpreted by,
II 58; views on the use of the Sparrendach in Iron Age houses,
II 103; pre-medieval methods of jointing timbers described by,
II 116
Zoller, Dieter, II 77n111
Zuber, Johannes, 1832 cadastral plan of the city of St. Gall and its
environs by (overview and detail), II 323 (fig. 509. Y-Z)
Zwenkau-Harth, Germany, aisled house of Banded Pottery people
(plans and section), II 32 (fig. 288.X.a-c)
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