University of Virginia Library

GLOSSARY

This glossary is developed along historical lines, specifically to
account for terms occurring in the annotations of the Plan of St.
Gall, in contemporary sources related to it, and in the scholarly
literature devoted to disentangling the historical issues raised by the
Plan. The entries pertain not only to structures and methods of
monastic architecture at the time of Charlemagne and Louis the
Pious, but also to the cultural and conceptual preconditions that
gave rise to their various forms.

Our sources range from prehistory to relatively modern times,
with greatest concentration in the Carolingian and early medieval
periods. They include rich testimony in forms other than monuments:
legal and managerial treatises, literary exploits and aesthetic
constructs, systems of mensuration, artifacts and technological
devices. Earlier and later etymological histories of many of the entries
can be found in the dictionaries listed here. Where original
definitions were not needed, free use of the work of others was made.

Cross references are by volume and page number of this work;
as elsewhere, volume number is omitted for the book in hand.
Adalhard's "Customs of Corbie," translated by Charles W. Jones
(102-20, above), is also referred to by chapter and section number
which always appear in <angle brackets>, reflecting the style used
by Semmler from which edition Jones made his translation.

NOTE: For the convenience of readers interested in etymology,
we are listing briefly those dictionaries we have used in making
the Glossary. Many had already proved to be of great value in our
research and are thus to be found with full citations in the Bibliography:
they are listed here only by editor or title. The few dictionaries
not already in the Bibliography are given below with all
necessary citations.

[ILLUSTRATION]

LORSCH,
ABBEY GATEWAY

Incrustation of stone masonry tile work.
Units in contrasting colors of the west
facade of the gateway building. White
and reddish brown in color.

ANGLO SAXON

Joseph Bosworth, An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (based on the MS collection of
the late J. Bosworth, ed., enlarged by T. N. Toller), London, 1954.

J. R. C. Hall, A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, 4th ed. (with supplement by
H. D. Meritt), Cambridge, England, 1960 (reprinted 1969).

F. Holthausen, Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg, 1934.

DUTCH

Frank's Etymologisch Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal

ENGLISH

The Oxford New English Dictionary, on historical principles

Defines all words in use in England from mid-12th century onward,
excluding words then obsolete, but giving full historical and chronological
development of words in use that were invented before and after that
date, and including etymology in Anglo-Saxon, Latin, and Greek, as
well as parallels or derivatives in contemporary and later Germanic
languages.

MIDDLE ENGLISH

F. H. Stratman, A Middle English Dictionary, 1st ed., Oxford, 1891 (reprinted
frequently, most recently in 1963).

H. Kurath and S. M. Kuhn, Middle English Dictionary, 8 vols., Ann Arbor,
1954 (not yet beyond the letter L).

FRENCH

Ernst Gamilscheg, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Französischen Sprache
Heidelberg, 1969.

E. Littré, Dictionnaire de la langue Française, Paris, 1863-1872. Follows
Grimm's Deutsches Wörterbuch, in thought and organization.

MIDDLE AND OLD FRENCH

F. Godefroy, Dictionnaire de la langue Française et de tous ses dialectes du IXe
au XVe siècles, 10 vols., Paris, 1881-1902.

OLD HIGH GERMAN

O. Schade, Altdeutsches Wörterbuch, Halle, 1872-1882

E. E. Steinmeyer and E. Sievers, Die Althochdeutschen Glossen

NEW HIGH GERMAN

J. and W. Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch

The first dictionary of any modern European language, conceived as an
inventory of all words, and not just of those deemed "good" for literary
purposes, the work gives an exhaustive account of the language from
about the end of the fifteenth century onward, including earlier etymological
and later history, with reference to important dialect forms.
The brothers Grimm edited the first three volumes and part of the fourth
the others were completed by various later scholars.

GREEK

H. G. Liddel and R. Scott, A Greek-English Dictionary

ITALIAN

Salvatore Battaglia, Grande Dizionario della Lingua Italiana, Turin, 1961
(eight volumes, not yet beyond the letter L).

CLASSICAL LATIN

Monumenta Thesaurus Linguae Latinae

E. Forcellini, Lexicon totius latinitatis

C. Lewis and C. Short, A Latin Dictionary (frequently reprinted)

MEDIEVAL LATIN

D. Du Cange, Glossarium medie et infimae latinitatis

A. Blaise, Dictionnaire Latin-Française des auteurs chretiens

J. F. Niermeyer, Mediae latinitatis lexicon minus: A Medieval Latin-French-English
Dictionary

For other useful glossaries, published in footnote form or as textual
discussion, see, e.g., K. Gareis, ed., Die Landgutordnung Karls des
Grossen; B. E. C. Guérard, ed., Polyptique de l'Abbé Irminon, and many
others.

OLD NORSE

R. Cleasby and G. Vigfusson, Icelandic-English Dictionary

First published in 1874, it is still the best and most complete standard
dictionary of the Old Norse language.

V. Gudmundsson, Privatbolingen ṗ Island

An excellent work specifically for architectural terms.

ARCHITECTURAL DICTIONARIES

T. D. Atkinson, A Glossary of Terms used in English Architecture

R. A. Cordingley, "British Historical Roof-Types and their Members,"
Ancient Monuments Society's Transactions, n.s., IX (1961), 73-117.

T. H. Turner, Some Account of Domestic Architecture in England

J. T. Smith, "Medieval Roofs: A Classification," Archæological Journal
CXV (1960), 111-49.

E. L. N. Viollet-le-Duc, Dictionnaire raisonne de l'architecture francaise, Paris,
1858-1868, 10 volumes.

*

ABBREVIATIONS USED

                       

AS	Anglo Saxon
Fr	French
Gr	Greek
It	Italian
MHG	Middle High German
NHG	New High German
OE	Old English
OHG	Old High German
ON	Old Norse
Sp	Spanish
RB	Regula Benedicti
Adalhard	Customs of Corbie; Rubrics

A

ABACUS: Upper member of a capital.

abbas: Abbot. Head of a monastic community. From abba,
"father," an epithet by which Jesus was addressed and with
which Jesus himself addressed God.

Although elected by the monks, the abbot was confirmed by the local
bishop, and subject to correction by him. The abbot carried ultimate
responsibility for both spiritual welfare of his community and management
of all its temporal possessions. As lord of a vast and ramified system
of manorial estates he held, at the time the Plan was drawn, an economic
and social position comparable with many leading secular lords of the
empire; and consequently the Carolingian rulers approved appointments
of lay abbots (see Du Cange, s.v. abbacomites and above, 95) like Angilbert
of St. Riquier, father of Charlemagne's grandson Nithard. For a full
definition of the abbot's duties and qualifications see I, 330-31.

ACRE: An English measure of land area, historically varying widely,
but in 1878 defined by the Weights and Measures Act to
equal 4,840 sq. yards (4046.873 sq. meters); this is the Imperial
acre, but larger and smaller local variants still exist all
over the British Isles.

The word comes from the Latin ager; its Greek antecedent means
"open country." The acre has always been colloquially understood to be
that area which a yoke of oxen can plow in a day.

For a discussion of the relevance to the Plan of the American land
measurement system, and the role of the acre, see above, 129ff. Also see
mansus.

actor (-es): Agent, deputy. The actor villarum, more active than
the maior, was perhaps more overseer than official, but the
definitions overlap.

acus: Needle. See vestimentum.

adolescens or adolescentiores: Adolescent. In monastic parlance, a
youth from the age of 14 to 28 (cf. infans and puer).

ala: In the 12th century description of English barns, as well as in
other medieval sources, used to designate the aisles running
along the two long walls of the building, and distinguished
from the LEAN-TO's (culacium) under the hipped portion of the
roof at the two narrow ends of the building.

alin (ON): See ELL.

ALMSMAN: See matricularius

altare: Altar. A base, pedestal, or table, of varying form and
materials (stone, wood, baked brick), used from earliest times
for sacrifice and worship.

In Christian life the most venerated piece of liturgical furniture, upon
which was lavished the finest artistry and craftsmanship, often of gold

and silver. A fixed altar consists of a table (mensa) and its support (either
a solid mass of masonry or four or more columns), usually surmounted
by a ciborium or CANOPY. The altar usually contained a small chamber or
cavity (sepulchrum) for relics. The earliest Christian churches had only
one altar. In Merovingian times their number increased. By the time of
Charlemagne certain churches had as many as 14, 17, even 30 altars.
For the historical rationale of this strange phenomenon see I, 208ff.

alueolus: A trough for mixing the ingredients for dough and for
kneading dough.

In this sense used in the Monks' Bake and Brew House. The same vessel
is designated in the Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers as "the place
where the dough is mixed" (locus conspergendi) and in the House for
Distinguished Guests as "the place where flour is mingled with water"
(intriuendae pastae locus).

ambo: Pulpit from which the bishop, abbot or officiating priest
addresses the congregation. In the Church of the Plan it is
located in the easternmost bay of the nave within an area
separated by railings from the adjacent parts of the church
136, 148 fig. 98; Adalhard, Rubric VII, 121 n134.

amphora: A large earthenware vessel used in ancient times for
storing liquids and foods; as a capacity measure, the equivalent
of 25.5 liters.

analogium (-a): An elevated pulpit of lectern in the church from
which the Holy Scriptures are read. In the Refectory (also
invariably in an elevated position) the Reader's pulpit. See
lector.

ANCHORITE: One who renounces the world to live in seclusion, a
recluse.

In contrast to the hermit, the cell of the anchorite is often attached to a
church or some other form of human settlement. On anchoritism as one
of the earliest forms of monasticism and its progressive substitution by
communal forms of monastic living, see coenobite and coenobium.

ANGLE STRUT: A short inclined member acting in compression,
and serving to reduce the unsupported length of a major
structural member. See RAFTER.

annona: Annual harvest in grain. See Adalhard: Annona sive panis,
<III>, 102.

antiphona: Anthem. Originally a refrain intercalated among
psalm verses, then an alternating liturgical chant holding
fixed positions in the opus Dei.

antiquarius: In monastic life, an experienced writer whose skills
were used for making liturgical books.

APSE: See exedra and COUNTER APSE.

árbol (SP): Literally, tree; also, a large pole in horizontal position
rotated by a water wheel and activating a trip hammer (palanca)
by means of wooden cogs.

arboreta: Orchard.

ARCADE: Traditionally, a series of masonry arches with their
supporting columns or piers; also, a covered gallery faced by a
system of such arches. More recently the term has been
applied specifically (but so far only in English studies) to
posts set at intervals on parallel axes down the length of the
nave of an aisled hall or barn. Cf. PLATE.

ARCHITRAVE: The horizontal element, of stone or timber, that
spans the interval between two columns or piers; the lowest
member of the ENTABLATURE.

arcicapellanus, also summus capellanus: Arch chaplain; during the
reign of Charlemagne the emperor's primary advisor in
ecclesiastical and educational matters, whose office later became
absorbed in that of the Chancellor (summus sacri palatii
cancellarius). From 791 to 819 this office was held by Bishop
Hildebold of Cologne, who may have had a personal share in making the
prototype plan, from which the Plan of St. Gall was traced.

ARCUATED LINTEL (Syrian arch): A masonry lintel formed of a
single block of stone with an arch or arches cut into it, not to
be confused with an arched lintel, a misnomer for an arch
made of wedge-shaped stones.

ARCUATED PORCHES: Porches with arched openings admitting
light. See porticus.

argentum: Money received and dispersed for goods and services,
and as alms (Adalhard <II>, 105). On coinage, see moneta.

arinn (ON): Hearth. Used alternately with eldr.

armarium (-a): A clothes press or wardrobe. In monastic parlance
it was a cupboard in which books were kept; figuratively a
designation for the library itself. On the Plan used to denote
the storage place for drugs and medicaments (armarium
pigmentorum) in the House of the Physicians.

armarius: Librarian. Also called bibliothecarius; see armarium.

armenta: Dairy cow. See armentarius.

armentarius: Cowherd or dairy farmer. On the Plan the cowherds
are lodged in the House for Cows and Cowherds.

artifex (-ices): Craftsman. An exemplary Carolingian monastery,
to judge by the Plan of St. Gall, provided (outside the Monks'
cloister, yet still within the monastic enceinte) living quarters
and workshops for the following craftsmen: shoemakers
(sutores), saddlers (sellarii), trenchermakers and furbishers
(emundatores uel politores gladiorum), shieldmakers (scutarii), turners
(tornatores), tanners (coriarii), goldsmiths (aurifices) blacksmiths (fabri
ferramentorum), fullers (fullones), coopers (tunnariores), and wheelwrights
(tornarii). The majority of these were installed in the Great
Collective Workshop; the coopers and wheelwrights were lodged in a
separate house.

asar, also langvidir (ON): Long beams. A collective term designating
all longitudinal timbers in a trussed roof.

See PLATE, PURLIN

ASCETIC: One who devotes himself to a solitary and contemplative
life by practicing bodily abstinence and self-mortification.

ASHLAR: Regular masonry of squared stones laid in horizontal
courses with vertical joints; cf. RUBBLE.

ASHLAR PIECE: In timber construction, a short vertical upright,
at the base of a roof, rising from the inner end of a SOLE
PIECE to the underside of a COMMON RAFTER. It helps to form
a small triangular truss at the foot of the rafter and thus steadies
its springing. Such auxiliary trusses are also installed
above the roof plates, where they serve as footing for the
upper rafters.

assecula: Servant. On the Plan used to designate the oxherds in
the House for Horses and Oxen and Their Keepers.

asser(-es): In a roof of relatively small dimensions, according to
Vitruvius, the name for the coupled rafters carrying the covering
of the roof, without purlins. In a roof of broad span, the
name for the outer or common rafters, which are pegged into
the purlins, and usually converge in a ridge beam. See
RAFTER, PURLIN.

atrium: In Republican and Imperial times the central, originally
open, court of the Roman house. For centuries misinterpreted,
even by some of the most distinguished classical archaeologists,
as the central inner hall of the Roman house, with fireplace,
because of an erroneous etymological explanation of
this term by several Roman authors who claimed that atrium
came from ater ("black") and referred to the blackening of
the atrium walls by the smoke of its hearth.

Recent and more reliable studies of the development of the Roman
house have shown that its atrium was by origin not a central living room
which developed into an open yard, but, on the contrary, an open yard
that gradually developed into a covered court. See cava aedium.

The etymology of the term atrium is still uncertain. It is related to
Greek αιθζιοζ or υπαιθζιοζ = "a place under the open sky"? (Thesaurus Linguae Latinae II:1, s.v.) For more detail see II, 6-9 n4.

auditorium: Literally, audience hall. In monastic life a room
reserved to the abbot for reading, conversing with brothers,
and for guests; in Haito's time (806-836) a room in the
abbot's own house, traditionally used for dining with guests
(for sources see I, 22, 323). In later monastic life the term
also employed in the sense of parlor or locutorium.

aurifex(-ices): Goldsmith. On the Plan housed in the Annex of the
Great Collective Workshop (II, 196; Adalhard <I. 27, 99>).

aula: In medieval Latin, the general term for a manorial hall. On
the Plan used for the Abbot's House. The new residence built
by Grimald, abbot of St. Gall from 841-872, is also, in contemporary
sources and inscriptions, referred to as aula.

B

balneum, balineum (-a): Bath building, public or private, of
ordinary size, as distinct from the great public baths (thermae).

On the Plan facilities for bathing are designated balneatorium and balneatorium
domus. The Plan shows four such installations: the Monks' Bathhouse
and Laundry, a room in the Annex to the Abbot's House, a bath
for the Novices, and a bath for the ill monks. On changing monastic
attitudes toward bodily cleanliness see I, 262ff.

bancus: Vulgar Latin for bench. See sedile.

banstae: Casting shovels used in winnowing grain (Adalhard <IV>,
105 n82).

banzao (Sp): A collecting basin for water used to turn the wheel of
a trip hammer (pila). See arbol, palabca, mazo.

BARREL VAULT: A half-cylindrical vault, as in a continuous arch;
also a tunnel vault.

BASE CRUCK: See CRUCK.

BASILICA: In Roman life a public edifice serving as assembly hall
for citizens to conduct business. It was simultaneously used as
a court of justice and in this capacity under the direct jurisdiction
of the emperor; hence its name, "royal" [hall].

In Christian parlance the word means church, as a rule longitudinal
and composed of nave and aisles, the former lit by a clerestory, and often
provided with one or more apses or tribunes.

basilica discoperta: A type supposed to consist of covered aisles and unroofed
nave.

BAY: In timber construction, a principal division of space formed by
the constituent members of the principal trusses as well as by
the horizontal timbers which connect the latter longitudinally
(roof plates, purlins, and ridge beam).

In the Middle Ages the size of a timbered house or barn was often
defined not in feet, but by the number of bays of which the structure was
composed. In masonry architecture the term denotes a principal division
of space framed by piers and boundary arches rising from engaged
pilasters or columns.

BEAM: In a timber frame, a horizontal member that spans a structure
from wall to wall. Depending on the span and the
scantling of the beam, it may be unsupported, or posted.

TIE BEAM: A major member of a timbered roof frame that spans a space transversely
from wall to wall, or in the case of an aisled structure, spans two
posts of a principal truss across the nave, and in the aisles, spans from
each of these posts to the WALL PLATES. The ends of nave tie beams are
mortized into the heads of the PRINCIPAL POSTS as well as dovetailed
into the upper surface of the ARCADE PLATE, if the latter should lie
beneath the tie beam.

The principal function of a tie beam is to prevent the roof-supporting
members from springing outward or collapsing inward under the load
of the roof.

COLLAR BEAM: Lying parallel to and higher than the tie beam, it connects
rafter pairs at mid-point of their rise, or slightly above it. It acts both as
tie and stiffening member of a TRUSS.

HAMMER BEAM: A short horizontal beam supporting the foot of a principal
rafter or truss blade on the wall top, the projecting end of which carries a
HAMMER POST or an arch brace. It is invariably supported from below
by an inclined or curved brace. It is a form of extended SOLE PIECE.

bema (Gr): In Greek churches, the area in front of and around the
altar reserved for the clergy and usually separated from the
rest of the church by chancel barriers.

In early examples of development of Early Christian architecture, the
bema lay in front of the apse and functioned as a feature in an incipient
CROSSING SQUARE, separated from the main by CLOSURE SLABS.

benda (-e): Bandages of linen used in bloodletting.

beneficiarii, beneficiaries: "b. S. Petri," holdings benefice
from the abbot of St. Peter, Corbie.

beneficium: In Classical Latin, well-doing, kindness. In Medieval
Latin a term of many different shades of meaning; most
frequently used in the sense of a grant of land to a vassal or
tenant in form of a holding without onerous obligations; all
landed property attached to a religious community or to the
head of that organization (bishop, abbot); the part of that
property attached to the priest who administers a church (for
the tithe imposed on such beneficia see Adalhard <VI. 5>,
117; or simply, the name for any manorial or servile holding.

beneficium relaxatum: Released benefice. Used by Adalhard to designate
manorial holdings lying at such distance from the abbey as to prevent
direct exchange of services (95 n19).

berbicaritia, berbicaria: In medieval Latin, a sheepfold or, a
facility for raising sheep. On the Plan exemplified by the
House for Sheep and Shepherds (II, 35, 297; berbicarii,
Adalhard <I, 2>, 99.

bibliothecarius: Librarian. The monastic official in charge of the
monastery's holdings in manuscripts; also called armarius.

BLADE: One of the two converging members of a cruck truss; see
CRUCK. Also used to denote a raking beam.

bonuarium: See bunnaria.

bord (ON): Table. So-called because of the wooden boards set up
on trestles for eating in the aisles of the Saga Period house
(stofa) and removed after the meal to make room for the
occupants bedding in such instances where there was no
separate house for sleeping (skáli) available; whence in
modern English, "room and board."

BRACE: An oblique subsidiary member that lends stiffness to two
principal members to prevent the system from rocking and
swerving, often placed under beams having spans too long to
allow them to rest unsupported.

A brace may be straight, bent (elbow brace), or arched (arch brace).
In large structures braces are often formed of very heavy timbers and
doubled. If braces extend from the same upright in two or three different
directions they are called two-way or three-way braces (figs. 7 and 8).
Braces which lie in the plane of the roof, stiffening the corners between
the converging timbers of the principal trusses and their purlins, are
called wind braces.

braciator, bratsator, or braxator: Brewer. Also see bracitorium,
sicerator.

bracile: Belt. See cultellus and vestimenta.

bracitorium: Brew House. The term appears only once in the
Plan in the Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers.

In the House for Distinguished Guests it is referred to as the domus

conficiendae celiae; in the Monks' Bake and Brew House as hic fribus
conficiat ceruisa. In other sources called bracinum, bratiarium. For
bracibus decima (the tithe) see Adalhard <VI, 4>, 117f.

brevis: Literally a summary or abridgment, but in the Middle
Ages also frequently used in the sense of directive or letter of
mandate. The outstanding Carolingian example is the
Brevium exempla ad describendas res ecclesiasticas et fiscales
(see II, 36ff).

The Directives of Adalhard of Corbie also constituted a brevis (93ff)
as did the instructions to each monastic officer (see <I>, 103 n3). In
monastic parlance the term breve was also used for the check-out list in
which the librarian (bibliothecarius or armarius) records the disposition
of the books out on loan. In monachism, it is also used to mean a letter
recording decease and obligation of prayer for the soul (see Corp. Cons.
Mon., I, 270, 34).

The term brevis directly yields our word "writ" as a precept or
command of court or office distinct from common law and legislation.

brogilus: In Medieval Latin, an enclosed demesne meadow for
horses and beasts of burden.

bubulcus (-i): Oxherds. On the Plan lodged in the House for
Horses and Oxen.

bunnaria: Measure of arable land, division of a manse (see
mansus). Possibly, like the ACRE, an amount to be plowed by a
yoke of oxen in one day. In some medieval documents defined
as half of a mansus. Adalhard allots one manse plus six
bonuaria to each full-time miller <III>, 103 n19, 105 n34).

bura, buria: Shed, coachhouse, for storage especially of carts
for transporting produce from gardens and manors (villae).
See Adalhard <VI, 2>, 112ff.

butticularius: High administrative officer at the Royal court,
responsible for the management of the royal vinyards and
breweries and for the supply of wine and beer at the king's
table.

C

caelia, celia: Beer. See cervisa.

calciamenta diurna: Day shoes. The synod of 816 prescribed
that each monk be issued two pairs of day shoes.

caldarium (-a): Cauldron for warming water or cooking vegetables,
usually supported by iron tripods. In Classical Latin, the hot
room of a Roman bath.

calefactorium, calefactoria domus: On the Plan the designation
for the Monks' Warming Room located beneath the
Dormitory. Its primary function was to give the monks an
opportunity in the winter to warm themselves in intervals between
services, to dry their clothes, and to meet at certain
hours for conversation. Heat was produced in a subterranean
firing chamber (caminus ad calefaciendū) and circulated in ducts
beneath the floor of the building (see HYPOCAUST). In both
Novitiate and Infirmary, warming rooms are referred to as
pisale.

CALENDAR (kalendarium): Written formulation of the Christian
liturgical year as observed in a diocese or abbey. Though
based on the Julian kalends, nones, and ides (whence the
name), the annual cycle did not usually begin with 1 January
(Circumcision), but with Advent, Nativity, or Easter. The
Corbie year was reckoned from Nativity in Adalhard's calendar
of drink allowances (see <I, 2> 104ff).

On the effect of the monastic time table upon the modern concept of
timing, see I, 253ff.

calix (-ices): Beaker. The beaker of Corbie, according to Adalhard,
held 1/96 of a modius, which, according to capacity measures
then in use, would amount to 0.7 liters.

camba: Brew- or malthouse, where cervisa, q.v., is made Adalhard
<III>, 107ff. For cambis decima, the tithe for malthouses, see
Adalhard <VI, 3>, 116ff.

camera: On the Plan used not in the sense of chamber, but to
designate a storage room primarily for food supplies: thus the
Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers, Novitiate and Infirmary,
and where this facility is in convenient proximity to refectory
(refectorium) and kitchen (coquina).

In the Abbot's House (I, 321ff) the room referred to as camera is too
distant and inaccessible from the kitchen to carry that sense, and thus
more likely stands for the room serving as the monastic treasury. For the
location of the monastic camera in Cluny, see II, 335, fig. 515.

camerarius: Chamberlain. Monastic official responsible for the
clothing of the brothers, their bedding and all of the monastery's
tools and utensils.

In this capacity he was in charge of the activities carried on in the Great
Collective Workshop, the House for Coopers and Wheelwrights and the
monastic Vestiary (vestiarium). His counterpart at the royal court is in
charge of the royal treasury. For a fuller description of his duties see I,
335; Adalhard <I, 1>, 99 n3, and <VI>, 105 nn74, 65.

caminata: Presumed diminutive for camera caminata. On the
Plan, used to designate rooms heated by corner fireplaces
(House for Distinguished Guests and Porter's Lodging) as
well as for the corner fireplaces themselves (Abbot's House).
This amenity is a prerogative of persons of high standing. For
a historical and etymological discussion, see II, 123ff.

caminus; caminus ad calefaciendū: Oven, furnace, kiln. On the
Plan used for firing chambers of the hypocaust system for
the Monks' Warming Room and for the heatable room
(pisale) of the Novitiate. Heat is transmitted to the building
through heat ducts (not shown in the Plan) drafted by means
of external smoke stacks (euaporatio fumi).

Also used in the sense of "oven in the Monks' Bake and Brew House."
But in the Bake House for Distinguished Guests and the Bake House
for Pilgrims and Paupers the baking oven is referred to as fornax.

For a historical and etymological discussion of the term in both its
meanings, see II, 124ff.

camisia or tunica: Shirt or tunic. See vestimentum.

campana: A church bell rung with a rope and mounted in a
tower so as to be heard outside of the church over a wide
distance not to be confused with the sigum and tintinabulum,
smaller gong-like sounding devices, announcing liturgical
hours or events during the Divine Office or at other important
events in the monastic timetable.

canalis: A water trough for washing the hands.

CANOPY: A hood or cover of fabric or other more permanent
materials raised on columns over royal thrones or altars.

An ancient symbol of the celestial dome and hence, by implication, of
universal rulership transmitted from the Roman gods to the Roman
emperor and from the emperor to Christ, as Christ acquired the status
of a Roman state god. Also see ciborium.

cantherius: In architecture, the classical designation for RAFTER,
and in particular the strong principal rafters of roofs of broad
span. Literally: "a beast of burden," an appropriate allusion
to the load-bearing action of this important roof timber, which
should not be confused with the outer or common rafters
(asseres).

cantor: Choirmaster. A monastic official who "regulates whatever
pertains to the chant." In his commentary to the RB,

Hildemar of Corbie defines him as a soloist "who modulates
his voice."

He is assisted in these tasks by others specially trained in chant, the
praecentor, the succentor, and the concentor. In early monastic life he
also performed the functions of the librarian (armarius or bibliothecarius).

cantus: Chant, chanting. See s.v. versus.

capa, cappa: A cape, cope, or hooded cloak (Adalhard <I, 4>,
105 n30ff). The synod of 816 prescribes that each monk be
issued two copes "to which might be added a third one if
necessity requires." Also see capella; cf. vestimentum.

capella: Literally, goat. In this sense used on the Plan in the title
of the House for Goats and Goatherds; but in the Middle
Ages it was the designation for a special room at the court of
the Merovingian kings, in which the cape of St. Martin was
kept; subsequently applied generically to similar places of
worship called chapels, and to the ecclesiastic (chaplain) in
charge of such places.

capellanus: Chaplain. By origin the cleric who served as head of
the royal chapel at the Merovingian court where the cloak
of St. Martin was kept as a sacred relic. Subsequently the
official title for the heads of lesser seigneurial chapels. Also see
arcicapellanus.

CAPITAL: In architecture, the head or uppermost member of a
column or pilaster, crowning the shaft and taking the weight
of the ENTABLATURE. In palaeography, the words or letters
standing at the head of page, or at the beginning of a line or
paragraph. Capital letters are letters of the form and relative
size used in this position.

In writing, majuscules are termed `Capitals' to distinguish them from small
letters, or minuscules. Capitals are called `upper case' letters, minuscules
`lower case', because of their position in a printer's type-storage case.

[ILLUSTRATION]

CAPITAL LETTERS (majuscules) upper

MINUSCULE LETTERS lower

CAPITAL

Höchst, Church of St. Justinian

capitale: Pillow. Prescribed as a mandatory item for the monk's
bedding, RB, 55. See vestimentum.

capitula: Little chapters, the chapter titles in a Table of Contents
in Carolingian manuscript books; also topics. We have translated
capitula as "Rubrics", 121ff. Cf. capitulare, capitulum.

CAPITULARY: A legislative, administrative or managerial ordinance
or promulgation (capitulare), as they emanated from the Merovingian
and Carolingian court; so-called because divided into
capitula, or chapters.

The most outstanding Carolingian example is the famous Capitulare
de villis, a royal ordinance issued by Charlemagne shortly before 800 to
correct certain abuses in the administration of royal estates, and to set a
managerial program for the future.

capitulum: In Classical and medieval Latin: chapter, or paragraph.
In legal usage: clause or article. In religious life: the reading
of a chapter from the scriptures. In monastic life: the daily
reading of a chapter from, e.g., the Rule of St. Benedict, as
well as the daily assembly of monks for conduct of abbatial
business starting with reading of a chapter; by further extension,
the place or building in which these assemblies were
held, a chapter house.

The monastery shown on the Plan of St. Gall does not provide for
such a house; instead, chapter meetings were held in the cloister walk
running along the southern flank of the Church. The same conditions
prevailed in the cloister built by Abbot Ansegis in Fontenella, 823-833.
On the origin and early history of the separate chapter house see II,
336ff. For lectio in capitulo, see Adalhard, Rubric XXXII, above, 121
n141, and Ordo Regularis (Casinensis), Corp. Cons. Mon. I, p. 101, 8-12.

capraritia: In medieval Latin "a facility for raising goats"
exemplified on the Plan by the House for Goats and Goatherds.

capreolus: In architecture the classical designation for the diagonal
bracing struts that stiffen the angle between a principal rafter
and a king post (see RAFTER).

Literally: "wild goat," a term expressive of the butting action of this
timber, which props the rafters midway in their span and thus prevents
them from sagging inward under the load of the roof skin. See cantherius
and transtrum.

capriata (It): Roof truss, also called incavallatura. See TRUSS.

cardo: Part of the terminology of the Roman surveyors. The planning
of the countryside and, wherever possible, of the associated
towns was based ideally on the intersection at right angles
of two main streets of a town (by the Romans called cardo
and decumanus), whether they comply with the rules of
surveying or not.

caritas: Charity. A fundamental Christian concept and primary
obligation in monastic living, the act of giving love and succor
to the poor, to guests, and to one's own brothers (II, 139). In a
more specific sense, an allotment of special rations of food and
drink on festive days or on other special occasions.

carnis: Flesh, meat. Consumption of flesh of quadrupeds was
categorically forbidden to monks, except in case of illness
(RB, 39).

Benedict did not explain the reasons for this injunction, but Hildemar
of Corbie in his commentary (845) on the Rule, informs us that it was
"because of the pleasurable taste" and "because the desires of the flesh
are more easily aroused where greater delight and pleasure is encountered
in food" (I, 277). The monastic workmen and guests were exempt from
this ruling. (For storage and distribution of pork at Corbie, see Adalhard
<VII>, 118ff. also see I, 305.)

CAROLINGIAN MINUSCULE: The book hand, which was cultivated
throughout the Empire at the time of the Plan, in which
it is written (see 95 n9). It was revived in printer's roman
type.

casa: Virtually synonymous with domus.

casa vasallorum: See vasallus.

cassati homines (vel vassi): See Adalhard <VI, 5>, 113.

castellum: In medieval times a term for circumvallation; fortifications
of the type used in Roman military camps.

castrum: Military camp, theoretically rectangular though in
practice often square or trapezoidal in plan.

The layouts normally conform to one of two main types, one with
two main streets (via quintana and via principalis) running parallel to the
long sides, the other (characteristic of permanent fortresses) with two
main streets intersecting at right angles (cf. cardo).

CATHEDRA: Throne of the bishop or in a monastery, of the abbot.
In churches with synthronon, often installed in the apex of
the semicircular bench against the wall of the apse.

cava aedium (cavaedium): Vitruvian term for types of Late

Republican and Early Imperial Roman Houses with open
inner courts, wholly or partially roofed over.

Vitruvius (VI. 3) distinguishes five main types: 1: tuscanicum, which
he, Varro, and others ascribed to the Etruscans, i.e., a house with an
inner court (atrium) whose roof sloped downward toward a central
opening (compluvium) through which the rain descended to a rain catch-basin
(impluvium) in the floor beneath it; a: displuviatum, in which the
roof sloped upwards towards the compluvium; 3: tetrastylon, with
columns at each of the four corners of the compluvium; 4: corinthium,
with intermediate columns also; and 5: testudinatum, with a court entirely
roofed over and often even surmounted by a second level of rooms.

cavea: Tiers for seating in a Roman theater or amphitheater, so-called
because installed in a cavity originally excavated from a
hillside.

cavicchia, cavicchio (It): A pin of wood, in timber architecture
used in various fastening applications.

cellanovitiorum: See NOVITIATE.

cellararius: Cellarer. A monastic official in charge of everything
pertaining to the kitchen or to food after it had reached the
monastery, including buildings in which these supplies were
stored and prepared—the Cellar (cellarium), the Larder
(lardarium), and the Kitchen (coquina or culina) as well as
the work performed in these buildings.

He may be assisted by junior cellarers and by a cellarer for the monastery's
serfs and laymen (cellararius familiae). For a fuller description of
his qualifications and duties see I, 333; Adalhard <I>, 103 n3; <V>,
105ff; <VII>, 118ff.

Also: a lay keeper of rural food stores on outlying monastic estates.

cellarium: Cellar. Traditionally, a storeroom or -house for supplies
of food and drink required by a monastic community,
usually associated with a larder (lardarium).

On the Plan this term appears twice, once to designate the function of
a relatively small square room in the Annex to the Abbot's House, in
which the pantry supplies for the Abbot's Kitchen (coquina) are stored
a second time as the name of the lower storey (infra cellarium) of a building
40 feet wide and 87½ feet long) which contains the barrels in which
the monastery's wine and beer are stored. The upper level of this building
provides a larder, and storage for "other necessary supplies"
(lardariū & aliorū necessariorū repositio).

From the Merovingian period onward cellarium designates a rural
collecting point, in which the produce of royal and seigneurial fiscs
(fiscus) is gathered and stored. In such cases the term refers to both the
institution and the buildings of such a collecting point (cf. Henri
Pirenne, "Le cellarium fisci, Une institution economique des temps mérovingiens,"
Bull. Ac. Roy. de Belg., CL, Lettres, 5° sér., XVI [1930],
201-211).

cena (coena, caena): A meal or supper. The Last Supper or the
day on which it is commemorated (Maundy Thursday). In
monastic life, the evening meal in periods when three meals
are served in the course of a day as was the case with monks
when they were bled. (For the number and timetable of meals
taken by healthy monks see I, 275.)

censum: Tribute, tax, or rent in money or kind. For Adalhard on
legitimum censum, see <VI, 3>, 117.

centuria: A group of 100 items; in Roman military language, an
army unit of 100 men, formed of ten contubernia (see contubernium).

CENTURIATION: A term used in Roman land surveying; the
system of laying out squared land units with a side of 2400
Roman feet (the Roman standard for state lands). Each square
contained an area of 200 jugera (ca. 124+ acres or 50+
hectares) and were called centuriae since in theory each contained
100 plots of the early colonial land subdivision.

ceruisa (cereuisia), caelia (celia), cerea: Beer. By Pliny
(Hist. Nat., XXII, 82) described as words of Celtic origin
denoting beverages drunk in his days in Celtic Spain and
Gaul. St. Columban defines it as a beverage "boiled down
from the juices of corn and barley, used in preference to other
beverages by all nations in the world".

On the Plan the terms ceruisa and celia are used interchangeably; Ceruisa:
House for Distinguished Guests; Monks' Bake and Brew House and
Brewer's granary. Celia: House for Distinguished Guests, Monks' Bake
and Brew House. It is a substitute for wine in periods of shortage (Adalhard
<I, 3>, 105 n 25.)

On basic procedures and equipment for making beer and the history
of beer see II, 259ff. On the association of brewing and baking see
pistrinum.

CHAIN: An English measure of length, the equivalent of 66 English
feet; internally divided into 100 links.

CHANCEL: From Latin cancellum. See PRESBYTERY.

CHANCEL BARRIER: A low partition separating CHANCEL from
areas accessible to laymen.

Enclosures of this type were usually composed of moulded and often
intricately sculptured slabs and, in Carolingian times became a prominent
feature of monastic architecture in Northern Italy and transalpine
Europe. See CLOSURE SLAB.

chorus: An area of the church in front of an altar screened off for
monks chanting during services.

The Plan shows two such areas: the principal one in the crossing, the
smaller adjacent to the western apse of the Church. The former is referred
to as chorus psallentium which, because it has only a relatively limited
seating capacity (four benches) was probably reserved for the specially
trained singers in charge of the more difficult passages of the counter
song.

ciborium: A column-supported canopy raised over the altar of
Christ. On its historical and symbolic connotations see
CANOPY.

circator (-es): Literally "the one who walks around." In monastic
life the overseer in charge of maintaining order and propriety
as well as the unslothful performance of meditative reading and
prayer (lectio divina, q.v.).

circinnator: Circator, proctor, monitor (Adalhard <I, 1>, 103 n7). A senior
appointed to supervise hours set aside for reading.

circulus (-i): The hoops of a wooden barrel, made of iron or wood.
On the origin and cultural history of the barrel (tunna) see
I, 293ff.

claustrum: Cloister. From Latin claudere, to shut, to lock; in
classical times used in the sense of bounds and confines. On
the Plan used to mean an architectural entity consisting of an
open court surrounded by galleried porches (porticus) that
give access to and connect the principal claustral structures
(Dormitory, Refectory and Cellar).

Four-cornered porches ranged around an open yard (quadriporticus)
were used in antiquity for a variety of different functions, and sporadically
in Syria as courts attached to churches and surrounded by living
quarters of the monks and clergy, as at Umm-is-Surab and Id-Dêr.
Its acceptance as a standard form for monastic housing in the Carolingian
period depended on the rejection of the semi-hermitic forms of living of
the Irish monks in favor of the highly controlled and ordered forms of
communal living prescribed by St. Benedict. It was also an answer to
the need for internal architectural separation of monks from monastic
serfs and workmen, who had entered an economic symbiosis with the
monks, when the monastery, in the new agricultural society that arose
north of the Alps, acquired the structure of a large manorial estate. (See
Horn, 1974.)

CLERESTORY: In a building of basilican design, the fenestrated
wall above the nave arcades, which rises above the roof of the
aisles.

clerus, clericus: Clerks, clergy. Derived from Ps. LXVII:14.
Anyone in ecclesiastical orders of any kind, hence of some
schooling.

However, the RB suggests limitations in use to those in minor orders
(gradi sacerdotum vel clericorum—Rule 61). Clerici seculares (extranei)
were excluded from cloisters by the Council of Aachen (817), Decretum
II (Corp. Cons. Mon. I, 473). Adalhard (<I, 4>, 105; and cf. <I, 1>),
99 n4) calls the novices "clerici canonici."

CLOISTER VAULT: A vault composed of four, eight, or twelve
curved surfaces, as would result from the interpenetration of
two, four, or six barrel vaults of equal height and diameter
(Brit. domical vault); also, a four-, eight-sided, etc., dome.

CLOSURE SLAB: A low stone partition separating chancel from nave,
usually about handrail height, with intricate sculptured features;
they became prominent features in churches and
cathedrals.

cochlea: Winding staircase. On the Plan used in connection with
the Church towers: ascensus per cocleam.

cochlearis or cochlearius: A ladle used in cooking, for skimming fat
or to move or cover hot cinders in the fire.

cocus, coquinus, coquinarius: Cook. Cooks in the coquina fratrum
are brothers serving in order of rotation under supervision of
the cellararius.

COENOBITE: A member of a monastic community that is committed
to the principle of communal forms of living and serving
God, historically superseding, but never fully supplanting
or eradicating anachoretic forms of monasticism. See
ANCHORITE, coenobium.

coenobium: A monastery committed to communal forms of living.
On the earliest coenobitic monasteries and the role St. Benedict
played in diffusing this form of monasticism see I, 241ff;
on its alliance with feudal agrarianism, see I, 343; 349ff.

co-hortus (cors, cohors): From the image of Christian soldier
(miles Christi) is attracted the classical term co-hortus an
enclosed yard, or the militia protecting it. Hence the court,
walled garden, or claustral space (cf. e.g. Bede, H. E. iv, 24, ed.
Plummer I, 260, 28).

The architectural and verbal images acted upon each other to influence
Carolingian spirituality and secularity, creating a cloister and
palace imbued with "courtliness," overlapping and interchanging with
curtis, curia.

COLLARBEAM: See BEAM.

colonus: A man who enjoyed personal freedom, but was inseparable
from the land he cultivated. See s.v. familia.

columbarium (-a): Literally, dove cote, whence a sepulchral
chamber with rows of small recesses like nesting boxes to
hold ash urns. Also see PUTLOG HOLES.

columna: Column. When used in the description of medieval
timber buildings, a roof supporting post, or an upright
(columna a qua culmen sustentatur = a post supporting the
ridge beam. See first.

comes palatinus: Count Palatine. Officer in charge of the Empire's
judiciary administration).

comes stabuli: Official at the royal court in charge of horses and all
other means of transportation.

COMMON RAFTER: See RAFTER.

companaticus: Food to accompany the monastic bread allotment.
See Adalhard <II>, 105 n39.

competentia horarum: The task and skill of assuring in a monastery
the correct maintenance of the prescribed timetable. It
was the responsibility of the Sacristan (custos ecclesiae).

compluvium: The open portion of the roof of a Roman atrium,
above the impluvium.

computus: The study and transmission of knowledge about the
Christian calendar; a primary curricular subject of monastic
learning.

concentor: An assistant to the cantor. Hildemar of Corbie defines
him as a monk who "harmonizes" (consonat) the monastic
chant.

conch: In architecture: the domed roof of a semicircular apse;
also the apse as a whole.

tetraconch: A building composed of four conchs.

conclave: On the Plan used to mean bedroom or quarters for the
oxherds in the House for Horses and Oxen and their Keepers.
For other terms used in the same sense, see cubiculum, mansio,
mansiuncula and repausatio.

conducticius, conducendos homo: Harvest transport (from
conductus). See Adalhard <IV>, 105 n83; carters?

confessio: In a church a subterranean chamber or recess located
below or near the altar and sheltering a relic, in general of the
body of the patron or the founding saint.

In Carolingian times that part of the CRYPT reserved for the private
services of the monks, and not accessible to laymen, who gain access to
the relics through an outer or corridor crypt.

consuetudo: A single, consistent, and binding rule or code intended
to govern monastic affairs. Cf. Consuetudines; Corpus consuetudinum
monasticarum in Bibliography. Also see regula,
regula mixta.

contubernium: Literally, a tent- or hut-companionship (from
taberna = hut). In Roman military usage, an army unit
usually of ten men.

In Roman military camps, barracks were constructed to house 100
men (centuria) and were internally divided into ten rooms, each housing
one contubernium.

contus: A pole to carry cauldrons (caldaria); also a stoking-iron to
reduce the fire; also a lance on which to carry a banner
(Niermeyer, s.v.).

coquina (-æ) or culina: Kitchen. A monastery of the size shown on
the Plan, because of the different dietary regulations, and the
prohibition for monks to intermingle or share their meals
with the serfs or visiting laymen, had at least six different
Kitchens: the Monks' Kitchen the Abbot's Kitchen,
the Kitchen for the Novices, the Kitchen for the sick monks, the Kitchen
for the Pilgrims and Paupers. It is not clear where the meals for the serfs
and workmen were cooked (for a possible explanation see I, 73-74).

For conditions at Cluny, as reflected in the Consuetudines Farfenses,
where distinction is made between a coquina regularis and a coquina
laicorum see II, 337ff. On dietary distinctions see I, 257ff. For the
management of the refectory at Corbie see Adalhard <V>, 109ff, for the
monastic officials in charge of Refectory and Kitchen see cellarius;
for the performance of the work in the Monks' Kitchen by brothers
assigned to it for the period of a week see I, 279, and s.v. hebdomadarius.

CORBEL: A projecting stone or piece of timber supporting a super-incumbent
weight.

corbus: Basket, a capacity measure that was according to Adalhard
the equivalent of 5 modii. Also see Adalhard <III>, 106 n50,
56.

corda, chorda (It): String or rope finished from several strands.
In Palladian and post-Palladian architectural usage, a horizontal
beam forming part of a TRUSS and acting in compression,
e.g., as a tie beam (corda maggiore) or a collar beam (corda
minore). See transtrum.

coriarius (-i): Tanner. On the Plan housed in the Main House of
the Great Collective Workshop.

corinthium: See cava aedium.

CORNERFIREPLACE: See caminata.

corrector: A proof-reader. The corrector was among the most
experienced and most learned monks. The explanatory titles
of the Plan of St. Gall were written by a main scribe and a
corrector, the latter possibly identifiable as a famous teacher,
Reginbertus of Reichenau. For more detail on this question
see I, 13 and 149.

cotis ad acuendum: Whetstone.

COUNTER APSE: A second apse added at the entrance side of the
church, sporadically used in Early Christian times but almost
a standard feature in Carolingian architecture.

In some early churches the counter apse is clearly the heritage of a
pre-existing basilica of pagan times put to Christian use. In others, it was
added to a previously single-apsed church to serve as a sepulchral
martyrium for a saint whose growing importance called for a second
place of veneration in a location comparable, if not equivalent, to that of
the patron saint (whose services continued to be held in front of the
primary apse). A typical example is the abbey church of Fulda.

The Church of the Plan offers an interesting variant, since here the
services held in honor of the founder, St. Gall, are celebrated at the same
altar at which the original patron, St. Mary, is venerated ("altar s̄c̄ē.
mariae & s̄c̄ī galli"). The eastern apse contains the altar of St. Peter; the
western apse the altar of St. Paul. For full discussion of these issues see
I, 199-204ff. Also see exedra.

COWL: See cucullus.

CROSSING: In a Christian church, the area or space created by the
intersection of nave and transept.

If nave and transept are of equal height and the area of intersection is
framed by boundary arches, it is a disengaged crossing, "ausgeschiedene
Vierung." If the crossing is formed by the intersection of a nave with a
low transept and framed by arches or wall projections of different height,
it is referred to in German literature as "abgeschnürte Vierung."

CROSS IN SQUARE: An Early Christian church type with nave and
transept of more or less equal length and width, inscribed
into a square. The earliest forms are timber roofed; later
forms are vaulted (see QUINCUNX). The combination of this
church type with the Constantinian transept basilica leads to
the appearance of the cruciform or Latin-cross basilicas of the
Carolingian period.

CRUCK TRUSS: A straight, bent, or arch-shaped truss formed by
two heavy converging timbers, called BLADES, placed at bay
intervals down the length of a building to support the roof
skin by means of plates and purlins which rest either on the
back of the cruck blades or are secured to their flanks.

To obtain matching shapes the two paired blades of a cruck truss
were often cut from the same tree, making use of its natural growth. In a
BASE CRUCK the blades do not rise to the ridge of the roof but terminate
in a collar piece or another structural member. (See Horn and Charles,
1973).

CRYPT: Latin cripta, from Greek κρυπτοζ = hidden, concealed.
In Roman architecture, a subterranean gallery such as the
hidden ramps in a theater or amphitheater. In church architecture,
a chamber or vault beneath the main floor, not necessarily
underground and usually containing the relics of the
saint who founded the sanctuary (or in later days, the graves
of the founders and donors of the church). Also see
vomitorium.

The crypt of the Church of the Plan consists of two parts: an outer ⊓shaped
corridor crypt through which the visiting laymen gain access to
the tomb of St. Gall and an inner crypt called confessio where the monks
may pray near the tomb of the Saint without intermingling with visiting
laymen. On the development of such arrangements and controversies
surrounding it see I, 144, 169ff and 196ff.

cubiculum, cubilium: Bed chamber, or sleeping quarters. On the
Plan used in this sense in the House for Distinguished Guests,
the Abbot's House, the houses for threshing, grinding and
parching of grain, and all the houses for livestock in the
western service yard of the monastery.

In other buildings, rooms performing the same function are referred
to as mansiones, mansiunculae, or repausationes. Sleeping quarters are
consistently installed in the outer or peripheral rooms of a building.
Their function never fuses with that of the main hall (domus) of the
building.

cucullus (coc-), or cuculla: Cowl. Benedict (RB, 55) prescribes
that each monk be issued two cowls (one "thick and wooly in
winter," the other "thin or worn in summer").

See vestimentum.

culatium (or culacium): A lean-to, literally, behind posterior. In
twelfth-century descriptions of English barns a term designating
that section of the barn under the hipped portion of the
roof at the narrow ends of the building. Also see ala, LEAN-TO.

culina: See coquina.

culmen: Ridge or RIDGE PIECE; also see first.

cultellus: Knife. Benedict (RB, 55) listed it as one of the mandatory
items of equipment to be issued each monk. It was
carried on a belt (bracile) which must be taken off at night, so
that the monks "may not be cut by their knives in their sleep"
(ibid., chap. 22).

cultrum: A coulter, i.e. a plowshare or a cutter attached to the
beam of a plow.

cultrum ad lardum: Knife, for cutting lard.

cunei: The wedge-shaped blocks of seating, divided by radiating
passages, in a theatre or amphitheatre.

cuppa: A tub or basin for cleaning vegetables before they are put
into the cooking cauldron (caldarium).

cupa balnearia: Bath tub. The term does not occur on the Plan; but its
bath-houses show them.

curia: The classical seat of the tribunal, used also to denote its
decisions. In administering civil law and real property, the
abbot, sometimes with elders, often constituted a curia; hence
some confusion arose with co-hortus and curtis—all contributing
to "courtliness," though of separate origins (see p. 95).

curticula: A fenced-in space of modest dimensions, a farmyard
or garden (diminutive of curtis); for curticulum abbatis see
Adalhard <I, 1>, 103 n6. See curtis.

curticulum: The forecourt of a medieval fortification, to be distinguished
from the inner court (curtis, I, 116).

curtis: Enclosure. From Latin cohors. In medieval Latin, a fenced-in
space containing a house and a yard; a landowner's homestead;
an outlying manorial estate or settlement either monastic
or secular; and on the highest social levels, a center of
agricultural exploitation of a domain or manor.

Also used in the sense of palace (palatium), baronial residence or
royal court. For a fuller analysis see II, 41 n43. With regard to the size,
number and topographical spread of monastic estates see I, 349ff. See
villa.

custodiens (-entes): Caretaker, custodian. The term occurs only
once on the Plan in the phrase "custodientes familiae quae cum
seruitio aduenerit," (the custodians of the House for Servants
from Outlying Estates). They have permanent quarters in this
house. Cf. custos.

custos (-des): Caretaker, guardian (also see custodiens). In
medieval Latin, a generic term for a variety of ecclesiastical
and monastic officials, mainly in their capacities as administrators
of the temporalities associated with their offices, ranging
from the level of bishops and abbots to that of keepers of
hens and geese or the keeper of the woodpile.

custos aucarum: The Keeper of the Geese. On the Plan he lives in the south
aisle of the House of the Fowlkeepers.

custos cartarum: Writer and/or Keeper of Charters, as distinct from scribes
who devoted their time to copying books.

custos ecclesiae: Sacristan. Monastic official in charge of supervising services
celebrated at the altar, as opposed to the choral phase of the opus Dei
which came under the jurisdiction of the cantor. One of the sacristan's
primary and most important duties was to assure the correct maintenance
of the prescribed liturgical time table, computentia horarum, I, 335ff and
353ff. See computus.

custos equaritiae: Keeper of the Brood Mares. On the Plan, they live in the
House for Brood Mares, Foals and their Keepers.

custos infirmorum: Warden of the Sick (I, 144). Concerned with the general
welfare of the sick and the living conditions in the monastic Infirmary
(infirmorium), his office should not be confused with that of the physician
(medicus) or physicians who had charge of medical analysis and
treatment, and who, although they lived within the monastic enclosure
(House of the Physicians) were not necessarily monks.

custos panis: Keeper of the Bread. Monastic official responsible for supplying
the community with its daily requirements of bread, of making allowance
for the yearly fluctuations in the number of monks, serfs, and guests
to be fed by providing for a reasonable surplus of four, so as not to be
caught short, and not to bake more than is needed "lest what is left over
should get too hard" (Adalhard <III>, 107).

custos pomorum: Keeper of the Orchard.

custos pullorum: Keeper of the Hens. He lived in the north aisle of the House
of the Fowlkeepers.

custos vinearum: Keeper of the Vineyards. He is under the jurisdiction of the
Provost (praepositus).

custodia claustri: See Rubrics of Adalhard, 121ff.

D

DAIS: The high table, including its platform, in the innermost
bay of a feudal hall, where the lord and his family took their
meals, and where distinguished persons sat at feasts or royalty
on a throne; often surmounted by a canopy.

decanus: Dean. Originally denoting the leader of a group of ten
(decem) men, both in secular and ecclesiastical life. Later the
name of a monastic official in charge of the spiritual conduct
of the monks and of monastic discipline.

The senior deans (decani seniores) were often assisted by junior deans
(decani iuniores) to whom the senior deans could delegate any particular
function of their office of maintaining monastic discipline. For more
detail, see I, 332; Adalhard <I, 1>, 103 n.9 and Rubric III, 121.

decempeda: A Roman lineal measure of 10 feet. Cf. PERCH.

DECIMAL SYSTEM: The method of counting and measuring in
units of ten. It owes its origin to the fact that man has ten
fingers, and that counting in early societies, as is still done today
in many places, was performed with aid of the hand.

On the shortcomings of the decimal system compared with others of
comparable historical importance, see DUODECIMAL and SEDECIMAL
systems.

decimum: Literally, one tenth. In medieval life a term for the
mandatory tithe, usually consisting of one tenth of a feudal
tenant's annual industrial or agricultural produce. Cf. seruitium.
A complete description of tithing procedures at Corbie
is given by Adalhard <VI>, 111ff, and notes.

decimatio: Rendering or receiving of tithe; also the right to exact it.

decimator: Official in charge of collection of tithes.

decumanus: See cardo.

Dele: See flet.

denarius: A monetary unit. Twelve denarii = 30 solidi, an amount
fixed in the synod of 817. Garden produce sold for money
(denarii), Adalhard <VI, 2>, 114 n110. Also see libra.

DIACONICON: A room attached to or enclosed in the church; in
Early Christian times, utilized for the reception of the congregation's
offerings and serving as archive, vestry, and library;
later used only for the latter functions (also, a sacristy. See
secretarium.) Also see PASTOPHORY.

diaconus: Deacon. A member of the third evangelical order, below
bishop and priest. In imperial schools at the time of Hrabanus
Maurus a student, having as a clerus graduated from propacdeutic
studies of reading, writing, counting, chanting, entered
the diaconal order for five years of study of biblical interpretation
before ordination as priest at the canonical age of thirty
(Adalhard <I, 1>, 103 n4).

DIAPHRAGM ARCH: A masonry surmounted arch that spans the
nave of a church crosswise, springing from shafts attached to
(usually) alternate piers.

The diaphragm arch, although known considerably earlier, became
fashionable in Norman architecture of the 11th century. It is one of the
precursors of an all-pervasive system of shafts and arches that divided
the component spaces of Romanesque and Gothic churches lengthwise,
crosswise and in their entire height into a modular sequence of clearly
definable bays.

It is with the aid of the diaphragm arch and its supporting shafts that
the SQUARE SCHEMATISM, introduced in Carolingian architecture, is
first projected upwards into the roof system and transversely across the
body of the nave and the aisles of the church. It is also through its embodiment
in the diaphragm arch that a divisional principle, first expressed
in the boundary arches of disengaged crossings is projected into
the longitudinal body of the church; see CROSSING.

DIRECTIVE: See brevis.

disciplinum: Apprentice. As in Adalhard <VI, 3>, 116, disciplinum
potarii.

dispensa: Storeroom, or stores (Adalhard <I, 1>, 103).

displuviatum: See cava aedium.

diurnales: Vestments of the day. See vestimentum.

dolatorium: An adze, a cutting tool with an arched blade set at
right angles to the handle, used for scantling timbers.

dolium (-a): A large earthenware jar for storing wine in bulk,
occasionally so large that a fully grown man could stand erect
inside of it without being visible. Dolia were covered by a
convex lid (operculum) sealed to the vessel by a heavy layer
of pitch, and buried to the rim in a deep layer of sand.

DOME: A hemispherical or ovoidal vault. When raised over a space
of square or polygonal shape, it is supported in the corners
by SQUINCHES or PENDENTIVES; not to be confused with
CLOISTER VAULT.

From Latin domus, house; presumably domus Dei, house of God (whence
NHG Dom and It. duomo) or domus episcopalis, a term used in the Middle
Ages for the quarters of the clergy, whose members originally lived
together like monks in houses attached to one flank of the church.

Initially applied to the whole of the structure, from the 15th century
onward the terms is progressively used to designate the hemispherical
vault surmounting certain parts of the building. This restriction might
have been influenced by late Roman doma, a term used by the Church
Fathers to mean "roof." In NHG Dom means both the structure and the
vault. In It., the linguistic conflict was resolved by the early introduction
of the term cupola, from the Latin cupa, tub. Fr. could avoid linguistic
duplicity by the felicitous use from the 12th century onward of the term
ecclesia cathedralis, the church with the throne (cathedra) of the bishop.
Dosme or dome were used in the later Middle Ages briefly in the sense
of domed vault, but soon, under Italian influence, were abandoned to
make room for coupole.

dominicatus: Property that is part of the center of a manorial
domain and exploited by the lord directly (mansio dominicata,
casa dominicata, mansioles dominicatae) as distinguished from
outlying property held in tenure.

On domus dominica, see 97 n31; iussio dominica, the domain as constituted
authority, see 91 n6 and Adalhard (VI, 2>, 114 n8.

dominicus: Royal, or pertaining to a royal or seignorial manor.
Used in reference to property as well as to persons; also see
dominicatus.

domus (-us): In classical Latin the designation for a house, the
residence of a single well-to-do family as distinct from both
the huts or tenements of the poor and, under the Empire,
from the apartment houses (insulae) of the middle class. In
Merovingian times, the term meant all or any portion of
property, buildings or fields. (See e.g. Greg. Tur., H.F. X, 29).

On the Plan, domus is used once to mean the entire building: "Ista
domus cunctus . . ." begins the inscription in the House for Goats and
Goatherds. In all other cases domus (as its qualifying adjectives reveal)
identifies the most important spatial component of the building: its
common living room (domus communis) or principal room (domus ipsa)
where its occupants gather around the open central fireplace (locus foci)
as distinguished from the peripheral rooms that serve more specialized
functions such as sleeping or the stabling of livestock. Sometimes, but
not always, domus is interchangeable with mansio or casa denoting parts,
or all of secular or ecclesiastical properties, and by figural extension
their spiritual or ideal forms. On domus dominica see 97 n31.

dormitorium: Sleeping quarters. The term occurs six times on the
Plan, always to designate a sleeping room for a relatively large
number of people, primarily monks. Bedrooms of serfs or
workmen are referred to as cubilia and in a few cases only, as
mansiones or repausationes.

Dormitorium is a conversion into a noun of the neuter form of
dormium = pertaining to sleep and originally related to cubiculum. It
occurs extremely rarely in Classical Latin, is used by Pliny, is found in a
small number of Early Christian inscriptions, but is not found in early
monastic literature.[1] Caesarius of Arles (d. 524),[2] Aurelianus (d. before
546),[3] Ferrolus (d. 581),[4] the author of the Reguli magistri (6th cent.),[5]
the Second Council of Tours (567),[6] as well as St. Isidore (d. 636),[7] refer
to monks' sleeping rooms as cella, cellula, cubiculum, armoriolum,
mansio, conclave, atrium, triclinum, domus ad dormiendum, and schola,
the last in its original sense of association of people, or by extension, the
place in which such associations meet or reside. Even in the RB, the term
dormitorium is conspicuously absent,[8] and as late as ca. 750 the author of
the Vita S. Filiberti (d. 684) refers to sleeping quarters of Jumièges as
domus quiescendi obtentu.[9] To the best of our knowledge, the earliest
medieval occurrence of dormitorium is in the Vita S. Columbani by
Jonas, written shortly after Columban's death in 615.[10]
The word appears
again in the Rule of St. Fructuosus, written 630-635.[11] Bede uses it
in his account of the Life and Death of Abbess Hilda of Streaneshalch
(Whitby), in connection with a miracle that took place in 680.[12] Chrodegang
of Metz (d. 766) directs that even the secular clergy should sleep in
a common dormitory;[13] from that point, dormitorium becomes the
generally accepted term for communal monastic sleeping quarters and in
this sense is promulgated throughout numerous imperial capitularies.[14]

In light of such linguistic evidence, the diffusion and general acceptance
of dormitorium appears to be closely connected with the ascendancy
and formal adoption of Benedictine monasticism during the Carolingian
period, and the general rejection of the eremitic and individualistic
forms of monasticism adhered to by the Irish monks.

The Latinity of other terms with specialized meanings used on the
Plan is discussed above, 1, 2-8.

DOUBLE CATHEDRAL: In Early Christian architecture, a cathedral
of two halls or basilicas, their axes placed, as a rule, parallel
to each other; the structures served different functions, as yet
not fully understood.

DOVETAIL JOINT: A joint formed by a tenon in the shape of a
dove's tail spread or reversed wedge, to fit an indenture or
mortise of corresponding shape.

Dovetail tenons are invariably found on the underside of the extremities
of a tie beam, the corresponding mortise being cut into the
upper surface of the contingent roof plate. The reversed wedge of the
tenon locks the roof plates firmly into the tie beam and prevents them
from slipping outward under the thrust of the superincumbent rafters.

DRIP MOULD (also called HOOD MOULD): A projecting moulding
over the heads of windows and doorways, to throw off the
rain, or serving to enrich the outline of an arch.

DRUM: The circular or polygonal structure on which a dome is
raised.

drykkjuskáli (ON): Festal hall for drinking or dining. See
skáli, stofa.

DUODECIMAL SYSTEM: The method of counting and measuring
in units of twelve, used in remote periods, and today along
with the DECIMAL SYSTEM. It owes its origin to the recognition
that 10 cannot be divided easily into three or four parts,
whereas 12 not only allows this, but also lends itself to all
divisions of which the number 10 is susceptible.

The division of the Roman and Anglo-Saxon FOOT into twelve inches
(uncia) is conditioned by another observation made early in the life of
man, viz, that ca. twelve thumb-breadths of a fully grown person equals
the length of his foot (I, 83ff), where the Latin names for all of the duodecimal
divisions of the Roman inch are listed. On mensuration based on
division of a unit into sixteen parts, see SEDECIMAL SYSTEM.

dvergr (ON): Dwarf post, i.e. a short timber rising from the center
of a COLLAR BEAM to the ridge of the roof and supporting the
RIDGE PIECE (S.V. PURLIN), in Old Norse called moeniáss.

E

egressus: Literally, egress. On the Plan, indicates the passageway
from the Monks' Warming Room to their Bathhouse and
Laundry. Also used in the northern arm of the corridor crypt.
Also see ingressus

eldaskáli (ON): Kitchen house, or a hall heated by an open fire
(see eldr).

eldr (ON): Fire. In the Saga Period house, the open fire burning
in the middle of the center aisle, equivalent of locus foci in the
House for Distinguished Guests of the Plan of St. Gall; also
see arinn. Long fires, lit in trenches dug along the axis of the
center aisle, are referred to as langeldar or máleldar.

eleemosynarium: A room in which the monastic almoner administered
to the needs of transient paupers. In the monastery
of Cluny, according to the Consuetudines Farfenses, this room
was 10 feet wide and 60 feet long.

ELL: Average length of a grown man's arm measured from elbow
to end of the third finger; half of a standard English/US yard.

The ell of ca. 18 inches was used in Iceland until 1200, when Bishop
Paul doubled it by law into a stika to conform with the English ell of ca.
36 inches. To prevent use of incorrect measure, a standard stika was
marked on the walls of churches. Icelandic trade being mainly in the
hands of English merchants, the English double ell, or yard, probably
prevailed until the end of the fifteenth century (cf. Vigfusson, An Icelandic-English
Dictionary, Oxford, 1957, s.v. alin).

emundator (-es): Trenchermakers. On the Plan housed in the
Main House of the Great Monastic Workshop with the furbishers
("emundatores vel politores gladiorum," II, 195ff;
347).

ENGAGED ORDER: Decorative order projecting from, but forming
an integral part of, the wall against which it stands; "semiengaged"
when only the entablature is engaged and the columns
are freestanding.

ENTABLATURE: Horizontal course of moulded stones carried by a
colonnade, in classical architecture usually divided into three
parts: architrave, frieze, and cornice. See ARCHITRAVE.

Epfildrac (MHG): Cider. Also see sicerator, Slehendrac.

equos seruantes: The Keepers of the Horses. On the Plan lodged
in the House for Horses and Oxen.

Eren (MHG): In dwellings of Upper Germany and in Switzerland
the center room with hearth, and giving access to the subsidiary
outer rooms.

ESONARTHEX: See NARTHEX

euaporatio fumi (exitus fumi): On the Plan the designation for a
detached smoke stack that serves as outlet for the smoke
produced in the firing chamber (caminus) of the HYPOCAUST
and furnishes the latter with the necessary draft (Monks'
Warming Room and the pisale of the Novitiate and the
Infirmary).

For a full discussion of the heating devices used in the various buildings
of the Plan of St. Gall see II, 117ff.

exedra: Apse. In Roman and Early Christian architecture, a
usually semicircular extension of a larger space reserved for
the throne of the emperor, the throne of Christ or his terrestrial
representatives, the bishop or abbot. In Christian architecture
often furnished with a synthronon.

The altar may be in the apse, but more generally lies in the nave or
transept before the apse. Normally the apse lies at the end of the nave,
opposite the church entrance or, if it is provided with a transept, at a
corresponding place on the other side of the transept. The usual Early
Christian church has only one apse, attached to that end of the nave that
lies opposite the entrance. Liturgically and architecturally it forms a focal
point of the spatial composition. From the fifth century onward, however,
in certain cases a second apse is added on the entrance side of the
church (see COUNTER APSE).

exitus: Exit. On the Plan used to designate a covered passageway
leading from principal to subsidiary buildings, such as to
latrines (Monks' Privy, exitus ad necessariū; or to the Outer
School, exitus necessarius).

In one case the name for the latrine itself (House for Distinguished
Guests, exitus necessarius). Also used to mean smoke stack (exitus fumi,
Novitiate). For other terms for the same or similar facilities see
necessarium.

F

faber (-ri): Smith; in Carolingian usage fairly limited to workers
at the forge, i.e., blacksmith (Adalhard <I, 1>, 103, calls them
"fabri grossarii"). On the Plan they are housed in the Annex
of the Great Collective Workshop.

familia: Family, the collective name for the monastic family of
laymen.

familia intus: Inner family, referring to laymen living within the monastic
enclosure, including craftsmen, herdsman, and minor functionaries.
Adalhard (<I, 1>, 103 n8) speaks of familia nostra ("community") as
only those eligible to live within the monastic enceinte.

familia foris: Outer family. The body of serfs and laymen living outside the
monastic enclosure on land and in quarters assigned them in exchange
for payment of tribute (tributum) or service (servitium). On the Plan
they are designated as "familia quae cum servitio aduenerit". The outer
family is further divided into coloni, lides, liberi, and servi. Adalhard
<IV 108ff>, designates as familia the laborers assigned from villae for
weeding the monastic gardens.

famulus (-i), famulans (-tes): A lay servant or serf, also referred to
as servitor (-es).

fascia (-ae): Bandage of linen used in bloodletting.

fasciola: Head covering. The synod of 816 prescribes that each
monk be issued two such head coverings—and "two more in
the case of a journey" (I, 282).

FATHOM: A measure usually nautical, of roughly six feet, obtained
by extending the arms laterally and measuring from tip to tip
of the third fingers; equivalent of a French toise.

fauces: The entrance or passageway leading from the street to the
atrium of a Roman house.

femoralia: Hose or drawers. See vestimentum.

fenestrum obliquum: See SPLAYED WINDOW.

ferculum: Literally, that on which anything is carried; by extension:
a dish or a course of a meal.

FINIAL: The terminal stone or group of stones on top of a gable,
pinnacle, canopy, or spire, often foliated or cruciform.

First (OHG): Ridge, or ridge beam (see culmen; and s.v. PURLIN).
For other forms see II, 27n19, and 29.

fiscus: In Medieval Latin, a crown estate or royal manor, an estate
forming part of the patrimony of a feudal lord, either secular
or ecclesiastical, such as a count, bishop or abbot.

fiscus dominicus: See dominicus.

Firstfalli (OHG): Literally, the pulling down of a ridge beam
which causes the roof to fall apart; an act bearing legal sanctions.

Firstsul (OHG): The post by which the ridge is carried (columna a
qua culmen sustentatur). See first.

fjöl (ON): The movable board or boards attached to louvers
(ljori, q.v.) that served as smoke escapes and light inlets in
houses of the Saga Period. They could be opened and closed
by means of poles or ropes. Also see spjaeld and skjaglugger.

fjoshlada (ON): Cattle barn.

flabellum or flavillum: A fan to ventilate the fire; in liturgical use, a
fan or fly whisk carried in the hands of one of the officiating
clergy. See I, 288, flabellum vimeneum ad ventilandum, a fan
woven of pliant twigs to force air to the fire.

fleotomatus: A common medieval designation for a person whose
blood is let. For monastic views on bleeding and the salutary
effects expected from this practice see II, 184ff. Also see
minutio.

fleothomus: Medieval form for classical Latin phlebotomus, a
lancet for letting blood.

Flet (NHG): Designation for the floor (and space) of that portion of
the LOWER SAXON FARMHOUSE containing the hearth and
serving as living quarters for the farmer and his family, not
to be confused with the Dele, the floor (and space) of the
center aisle in that part of the buildings in which livestock are
stabled.

follis: In Classical Latin, crazy. On the Plan, a bellows: "follis ad
sufflandum ignem (I, 288; II, 198).

FOOT: Linear measure originally based on the average length of
a grown man's foot. The English/US standard foot of 12
inches equals 30.48 cm. The classical Roman foot was 29.60
cm, the old Drusian foot, 33.30 cm.

The latter was reported to have been adopted by Drusus as a standard
measure in certain Germanic and Celtic parts of the empire, hence its
name (I, 83ff). It may have been adopted by Carolingian Franks moving
into that same territory. The standard foot of medieval France, the pied
royal, was equivalent to 32.48 cm, or 12.8 English/US standard inches.
The foot-measure of the scale of the Plan of St. Gall is discussed at
length, I, 95ff; for more general information, see Arens, 1938.

forceps: Iron tongs used in cooking or re-arranging the fire (I, 287;
II, 198).

FORE CHOIR: A unit of space inserted between the transept and
the apse of the church. In inserting this unit the T-shaped
plan of the Early Christian basilica is transformed into a
Latin cross plan (crux capitata). Also see PRESBYTERY.

forestarius: A forester. An official in charge of a royal, seigneurial
or monastic forest.

formula: A diminutive of forma, serving in classical Latin for such
concepts as norm, rule, guiding principle or covenant but also
used in the sense of matrix, pattern, or mould.

On the Plan used as a designation for a liturgical piece of furniture
that may be translated as church bench, as kneeling bench or as prieDieu.

fornax: On the Plan, used to mean kitchen stove and baking oven.
Cf. caminus.

forsæti (ON): Fore chairs, set up in Saga Period houses to seat
additional banquet guests on the inner side of the tables
(bord) opposite others seated on the long benches (langbekkir)
ranged along the walls of the house.

forskáli (ON): Entrance bay in a sleeping house (skáli, q.v.) of
the Saga Period. It is separated from the principal space of the
house by a wooden cross partition. (puerpili, q.v.).

forstofa (ON): Entrance bay in the living house (stofa) of the
Saga Period, separated from the principal space of the house
by a wooden cross partition.

foscina: Grappling hook.

frater maturus (senior): A monk with authority to adjudicate
problems of wine rationing (Adalhard <V>, 109, and 110 n86).

frater minuendus: A brother who has been bled. See fleotomatus
and minutio.

forum (-a): An open square or plaza for public affairs; market-place.

fullo (-nes): Fuller. On the Plan housed in the Annex of the Great
Collective Workshop.

fumerium: Literally, smoke hole, a term frequently used in the
Liberate Rolls of King Henry III and other English kings.
A sampling of these is listed, II, 121 n11.

G

galilea: Narthex, porch, or chapel at the entrance of a church,
from the province of Galilee, a name applied, in medieval
architectural language, to outer annexes of the church,
probably an allusion to Galilee as an outlying portion of the
Holy Land, or to the phrase "Galilee of the Gentiles"—
Matthew, IV: 15. See paradisus.

genicium (-a): A room, apartment, or house set aside for women;
in Carolingian times particularly for the purpose of weaving;
a facility mentioned in the Capitulare de villis.

golf (ON): Floor. Often used in the sense of center aisle and in this
capacity also referred to as midju golf.

granarium (granea, granica): Granary. On the Plan this term is
used for the Brewer's Granary, while the place for storing the
annual harvest is referred to as horreum.

GRANGE: From Latin granarium; in a broad sense used to designate
a farming establishment, especially one belonging to a
monastery, with all of its lands, its houses for the monks, lay
brothers or serfs, and its requisite barns and stables.

If the grange lay at some distance from the mother house it also had a
chapel. In French the term is used interchangeably to denote either the
entire establishment, with all of its lands and buildings, or its principal
service structure, the barn. Parçay-Meslay is a typical example.

GRANGER: From medieval Latin grangerius; one in charge of a
grange. The manager or supervising monk of a grange, or the
official in the mother house charged with the management of all
of the monastery's granges.

graphium: Pen. See vestimentum.

GREEK CROSS PLAN: A church plan forming a cross with arms of
equal or nearly equal length; may be vaulted or unvaulted.

GROIN VAULT: The vault formed over a square bay by the interpenetration
of two barrel vaults of equal diameter and height,
the lines of intersection (the groins) forming a diagonal cross;
also known as a cross-vault.

gulbium (glubium): Possibly a stripper, from glubere, to de-bark
DuCange, citing only this passage, glosses "iron tools" (see
Adalhard <IV>, 108 n78).

H

HAMMERBEAM: See BEAM.

hásaeti (ON): High seat in the Saga Period house, usually located

in the middle of one of the two long benches (i midju bekk,
II, 23; or in langbekk midjan, II, 79) next to the open fire
(eldr) burning in the middle of the center aisle (golf).

A second high seat for distinguished visitors was traditionally set up
at a corresponding location in the middle of the opposite long bench. See
öndveggi and DAIS.

hebdomadarius: A week; literally seven days. In monastic usage a
monk in charge of a particular duty for a week.

Such duties might range from assisting at mass to kitchen service,
reading during meal hours in the refectory (I, 279ff; and see Adalhard,
hebdomadarius lector, Rubric VI, 121). The term also applies to serfs
living on monastic land and liable for weekly labor service.

hemina: A capacity measure 1/32 part of the modius in Roman
times the equivalent of 0.2736 liters; between the fall of the
Roman empire and its renovation under Charlemagne subject
to a considerable amount of inflation. In the early years of the
reign of Charlemagne it was the equivalent of 1.06 liters. In
794 it was raised by Charlemagne to 1.46 liters, and sometime
prior to 822 by Louis the Pious to 2.12 liters.

St. Benedict allows each monk "a hemina of wine per day." Charlemagne
made several attempts to establish the precise value of this
measure. A directive issued during the first synod of Aachen, in 816,
stipulates that if a shortage of wine were to occur in a monastery, the
traditional measure of wine should be replaced by twice that volume of
beer. Our own calculations suggest that at the time the Plan was drawn
the hemina was the equivalent of 0.5 or 0.7 liters.

Cf. the drink allowances at Corbie (Adalhard <I, 3>, 104) for feast
days and the dispensing of the allowance by the cellarius junior under
supervision (<IV>, 109).

In terms of English measure: One fluid ounce = 0.0295729 liters
i.e., 10 ounces = 0.295729 liters. With the hemina = 0.2736 liters, then
10 oz. × 0.2736/0.295729 = 9.2 oz., or 0.57 pints. That is, the hemina
would be a little over a half pint.

herbularius: On the Plan the designation for the Medicinal Herb
Garden. For a list of the plants there cultivated see II, 181;
for plants in the Monks' Vegetable Garden, see II, 205, for
varieties of fruit trees in the Orchard, II, 212.

HERMIT: One who retires from society to live in solitary prayer and
religious contemplation. A solitary who chose remote habitations,
the hermit thus differed from the ANCHORITE whose
cell was often attached to a church or some other human
settlement.

HIERARCHY: The Greek roots of the word mean, literally, "holy
rulership." The term does not occur in classical Greek but
is used from the Carolingian period onward to denote a
highly sophisticated institutional and conceptual parallelism
between the orders of Heaven, Church, and Monarchy that
found its most perfect embodiment in the metaphysical
speculations of William of Auvergne (see I, 232) and Thomas
Aquinas.

Of course, there were certain pre-medieval historical elements and
speculative components in this metaphysical scheme. For one thing, the
fourth century was already conscious that the Church had developed an
administrative organization which paralleled that of the Empire, and this
consciousness was never wholly lost in the Middle Ages. Just as important,
however, was the speculative creation, around 500 A.D., by
Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite of a metaphysical scheme paralleling
the celestial hierarchies of the angels with the orders of the Church, a
structured but not institutional parallelism, geared to the notion of a
diffusion in graded stages of descent of divine grace. The metaphysical
speculation of the Pseudo-Areopagite penetrated the West in the Greek
manuscript presented by Pope Paul I to Pepin I in 758, which, by 835,
had been translated into Latin by Hilduin of St.-Denis; a generation
later John the Scot revised and refined Hilduin's translation.

To summarize the principal stages in the establishment and evolution
of the medieval awareness of hierarchical concordance between the
institutional structures of sacerdotium and imperium or regnum: around
700, the parallelism of the lay and clerical hierarchies in a kingdom was
set forth in a brief capitulum of an Irish canonical collection. A century
and a half later, this text reappeared in altered form within the Pseudo-Isidorean
Decretals; under the title Scitote (its opening word), this
text became extremely influential through its diffusion in canonical
collections during the reform of the later eleventh and earlier twelfth
centuries. But even before Pseudo-Isidore, the most detailed and extended
statement of this theme had already come from the pen of
Walahfrid Strabo, writing between 840 and 842 (see I, 231). Precisely
in the Age of Reform—for example, in the writings of Bernold of
Constance, Bonizo of Sutri, Gilbert of Limerick, and Gratian—there
was a renewed and intensified interest in the parallelism of the two
hierarchies, informed in part by Walahfrid Strabo's continuing influence.
But at any time after the publication of Gratian's Decretum around
1140, the concept of this hierarchical parallelism was a commonplace.

R.L.B.

*

The history of the origins, diffusion, and final crystalization of these
great metaphysical schemes is now being studied by Robert L. Benson
who graciously contributed this entry.—W.H.

hircaritia: In Medieval Latin, a facility for raising and keeping
billy goats.

hlada (ON): A hog or cattle barn.

holera (olera): Vegetables; the term used for plantings in the
Monks' Vegetable Garden. See herbularius.

horae: See opus Dei.

hortolanus: Gardener. Because of the basically vegetarian diet of
the monks one of the most important monastic officials. On
the Plan provided with his own house.

hospitiisligna: Firewood for the hospice.

hospitalarius (magister pauperum): See procurator pauperum.

hospitalarius religiosorum: See ministerium.

HORIZONTAL PROJECTION: The drawing on a flat surface of the
primary characteristics of the rising surface of a building.

horreum: The classical word for a structure built for storing grain.
On the Plan defined as repositio fructuũ annaliũ, "storehouse
for the annual harvest of grain". In Medieval Latin the term is
not as frequently used as other more specific terms such as
granarium and spicarium.

hostellarius: Monastic official in charge of the management of the
Hospice of Pilgrims and Paupers (Adalhard <II>, 105ff); on
the Plan referred to as procurator pauperum.

huiluskáli (ON): See skáli.

humblo: Hops, a constituent ingredient in brewing beer; a word
of Ural-Altaic origin.

On its etymology and use in monastic beermaking see II, 249. For
humloni decima (the tithing of hops) see Adalhard <VI, 3>, 117.

humilitas: Humility, Benedict of Nursia wrote into his Rule
(Chap. 7) a prescription of Twelve Degrees of Humility. For
discussion of the virtue in Chapter, see e.g. Adalhard, Rubric
II, 121.

hypocaust: A space or system of flues through which hot air produced
in a firing chamber (caminus) is circulated beneath the
floor of a room or building. Necessary draft is generated by a
smoke stack (euaporatio fumi) raised at some distance from
the building it serves.

The use of this well-known Roman heating system in the monastery
shown on the Plan discloses that hypocausts were, at the time of Louis
the Pious, considered to be a standard heating device for monastic
warming rooms (see calefactorium). The Plan provides for three such
systems: the Monks' Warming Room, the Warming Room of the
Novices (pisale) and the Warming Room of the Infirmary. For a full

historical and typological discussion see the chapter "Hypocausts,"
II, 125ff.

hypogaeum: A subterranean tomb chamber (or group of tomb
chambers) for private use.

I

immunitas (-tes), imunitas, munitas: Rights and privileges
that were granted by authority, or their certificates. See the
Charter of Louis the Pious, above, 120.

impluvium: Shallow catch basin in the atrium of a Roman house,
to catch the rain falling through the compluvium.

IMPOST BLOCK: A block placed between the capital of a column
and the arches or vaults it supports.

INCH: A unit of measure originally based on the average thumb
breadth of an adult man. The modern US and English standard
inch equals 2.54 cm. In England the inch was standardized by
a statute, presumably of Edward II, to equal "three grains of
barley, dry and round" placed end to end. See I, 85ff, for a
discussion of the Carolingian inch rule.

inclinatorium: Kneeling bench (Fr. prie-Dieu), furnished with a
lean-to to support persons when kneeling or bending in prayer.

inclusor: Jeweller, lapidary.

incus: Anvil.

indominicatus: Domain (dominicus: Adalhard <VI, 2>, 109 n99).

infans (-tes): In monastic parlance a child up to the age of seven
(cf. puer, adolescens).

INFIRMARY (domus infirmorum): The care of the sick was ruled by
St. Benedict (RB, 36) as a primary monastic obligation, and
one of which "the abbot take the greatest care that they suffer
no neglect." He directs that the sick brethren be assigned a
special room and an attendant who is God-fearing, diligent
and careful (ibid.).

The architectural layout of the Infirmary shown on the Plan, like
the Novitiate, is a replica of that of the Monks' Cloister and roughly ¼
the latter's size. It has its own Dormitory, Warming Room, Refectory,
Supply Room and Dwelling for the Master (magister) of the sick brothers;
also its own Bathhouse and Kitchen.

ingressus: Literally, ingress. On the Plan, used in the sense of
vestibule (House for Distinguished Guests); and also as entrance
(passage between Abbot's House and the northern
transept arm of the Church, as well as southern entrance to the
crypt). Also see introitus.

INNER SCHOOL: See s.v. schola.

insula: Tenement or apartment house, as distinct from a private
house (domus). Also, in conventional modern usage, a city
block.

introitus: Entrance. On the Plan, used in the sense of vestibule
(Outer School, II, 174) and in the sense of entrance (northern
entrance arm to the corridor crypt). Also see exitus.

J

jugerum: In Roman measure, a tract of land 120 × 240 feet,
comprising 28,800 sq. ft.; cf. ACRE, which came to have a
statutory area but is not, of course, defined as a rectangular
tract of specific dimensions.

See page 140, fig. 540. B.

L

laborationes: Crops, produce (cf. Adalhard <VI, 2>, 114 for
examples).

lamina (-ae): Wooden barrel stave, also called tabula. On the origin
and cultural history of the barrel (tunna), see I, 295ff.

langbekkir (ON): Long bench set up in the aisles or attached to
the long walls of the Saga Period house.

langpallar (ON): Floor of the aisles of a house of the Saga period
(stofa) which in general were raised above the level of the
center floor (golf) and covered with wooden planks.

On these the long benches (langbekkir) and tables (bord) were set up,
the followers or retainers of a chieftain took their places at mealtime.

langvidir (ON): Longitudinal timbers. See asar.

LANTERN: See testu and louver.

lardarium: Larder. The storeroom, where lard and meat is kept.
On the Plan this is a space 40 feet wide and 87½ feet long,
located above the Monks' Cellar (cellarium) which occupies
the ground floor of a double storied building on the west side
of the cloister yard.

Adalhard of Corbie gives a complete account of the contents in pork of
such a larder <VII>, 118, and the aging of lard <VII>, 119. The meat
from quadrupeds (forbidden to monks) was for the sustenance of the
monastery's contingent of serfs (familia) and for its guests. See carnis.

laterculus: In Classical Latin a small brick; in medieval Latin
also used for shingle (see II, 29 n25).

LATIN CROSS PLAN (crux capitata): The cruciform plan of a church
whose longitudinal body intersects the transept; not very
common in Early Christian times, but almost mandatory in
the Middle Ages. It owes its rise to the spread of monasticism
and the thence resulting need for more choir space for the
worshipping monks. See FORECHOIR and PRESBYTERY.

lavatorium: A room or house for washing the monks' clothes.
On the Plan referred to as lauandi locus and combined with
the bathhouse (see balneum). Adalhard speaks of the lavandaria
fratrum <II>, 123.

lavra: A cluster of cells or caves laid out for hermit monks, having
in common a center containing a church and sometimes a
refectory.

LEAN-TO: A shed roof attached to the end of a roof with two inclined
sides or annexed to the walls of a larger structure; cf.
culatium. A wing or extension of a building having a lean-to
roof, that is, a roof with only one slope that is built against a
higher wall.

lectio divina: In Early Christian and Medieval times the designation
for liturgical readings from appropriate scriptures during
mass (opus Dei, q.v.) and other religious celebrations (Adalhard
<Rubrics>, 121): passages from the Gospels, Epistles,
Old Testament or patristic texts including hagiography.

In monastic life also the designation for the long daily periods of
meditative reading prescribed for the spiritual well-being of the individual
rather than the promotion of his intellectual powers, an activity for
which four hours were reserved in the daily routine of the monks (I,
339ff and Adalhard <Rubrics> and whose proper maintenance was
supervised by the circatores. For other integral activities of the daily
life of the monks see opus Dei and opus manuum. Alone, the term lectio is
also used in the sense of lesson or period of instruction, and in university
life for an entire course of lectures.

Lectio quando sanguine minuunt: Reading while the monks are being bled
<Adalhard, Rubric XXXIII>, 121.

lector: Reader. A monk appointed for the period of a week
(hebdomadarius) to read from an elevated pulpit (analogium)

the meditative reading assigned to the meal hours. He is
supervised by the corrector who sits beside him on the pulpit
and corrects him "gently" (leniter) should he make a mistake.

lectisternium: In classical Latin, bed or couch, and in a special
sense the draped couches set up in theaters and circuses to
symbolize the presence of gods. By St. Benedict used as
designation for the beds in the Monks' Dormitory.

On the multivalence of medieval interpretations of this term see J. P.
Migne's commentary to RB, 22, in Patr. Lat. LXVI, Paris, 1866, col.
491.

lena: Coverlet. Prescribed as a mandatory item for the monk's
bedding in RB, 55. See vestimentum.

liber, homoliber: A free man who had the right to go wherever he
wanted, and was not claimed by any master. See familia foris.

libra: One pound, the amount of bread allotted to each monk per
day by St. Benedict (RB, 39).

In Roman times the equivalent of 326 grams, it was increased by
Charlemagne to the equivalent of 406 grams; in the Synod at Aachen,
held in 817, it was defined as corresponding to 20 solidi of a value
equivalent to 12 denarii. Also see panis.

licentia minuendi: Permission to be bled, which was only obtainable
from the Abbot.

lidus: A man who was dependent both on the lord and the land on
which he lived. His social status is midway between that of the
colonus and the servus. See familia foris.

ligamentum (-a): Linen bandage with which to wrap the arms of
a person whose blood is let.

lignorum decima: The tithe on firewood (Adalhard <VI, 4>, 117),
LINK: 1/100 of a CHAIN (q.v.) of 66 feet. See page 137, fig. 538.

ljóri (ON): Light inlet, designation for the opening in the roof
ridge of the Saga Period house, and the LOUVER or LANTERN
surmounting it, which on the Plan is referred to as testu.

Since this opening also served as smoke escape for the fire (eldr) that
burned in the floor beneath it, it is also referred to as reykháfr or reykberi,
smoke outlet. In its capacity of air inlet, it is referred to as vindgluggr
and vindanga. See II, 23, and for a fuller discussion, II, 117ff.

locus: Following the usage of Benedict (RB, 64), locus is often
synonymous with monasterium, e.g., locus S. Galli, locus
Corbiensis, and the cloister itself is locus internale. Also used
for choir stalls; Adalhard <I, 1>, 103 n16.

locus foci: A hearth or open fireplace in the floor of the center room
or common hall of the guest and service buildings of the Plan.
Smoke escapes through an opening directly above it in the ridge of the
roof; it is surrounded by a small protective superstructure, a LOUVER or
LANTERN (q.v.), on the Plan called testu. The term appears only once on
the Plan, in the center of the dining room of the House for Distinguished
Guests.

locutorium: A room in the monastery, where monks with permission
from a higher official may during general periods of
silence confer about business if their duties require. Also see
auditorium and parlatorium.

lokhvílu (ON): Lockable bed closet, a compartment for sleeping in
the aisles of a sleeping house (skáli, or huiluskáli) of the
Saga Period, separated from adjoining sleeping compartments
by wooden walls, and capable of being locked; in general
reserved for the owner of a farmstead and his wife.

los-hus: The Dutch and Frisian equivalent to the LOWER SAXON
FARMHOUSE.

LOUVER: From Medieval Latin lovarium, Old French louvert, the
lantern-surmounted opening in the roof of a medieval hall (II,
120ff); in the explanatory titles of the guest and service
buildings of the Plan of St. Gall referred to as testu.

In the Liberate Rolls of King Henry III also referred to as fumerium.
For actual examples, either in situ or known through illustrations (see
figs 361-365). For other devices serving the same purpose see II, 121.
n10.

lovarium: See LOUVER and testu.

LOWER SAXON FARMHOUSE (Wohnstallhaus): A modern derivative
of the aisled Germanic all-purpose house sheltering man and
animals under the same roof; even today in wide use in northwest
Germany, in the provinces of Niedersachen and Westphalia.
Also see Flet.

lucerna: Lamp, oil lamp, mandatory in monastic privies and
dormitories. Also a signal lamp in a watch tower (see I, 249
and 259).

lucernarius: Caretaker of the lamps. See lucerna.

M

maenia: Tiers of seats in a Roman theater or amphitheater.

magister: Master; head of a group of people performing a service
or skilled in a craft; also in the sense of teacher, leader, supervisor;
in the context of the Plan, either a monk or a layman.

magister carpentarius: Master carpenter.

magister gregum: Chief herdsman, head of keepers of livestock. Adalhard
<VI, 2>, 112ff, requires the chief herdsman and the porter to work
together closely.

magister infirmorum: Managerial, but not medical, supervisor of the infirmary
(I, 313-14). In other sources referred to as custos infirmorum;
on the Plan of St. Gall this official had a large, heated room in the north
wing of the infirmary.

magister lapideus: Master of stone masons.

magister novitiorum (magister pulsantium): Master of the novices.

On the Plan he is allotted a large heated room in the south wing of the
Novitiate (see oblatus and pulsans).

magister pauperum: Master of the Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers. Also
called hospitalarius, and procurator pauperum. See Adalhard <II>,
105 n35.

magister vitrici: Master of the glassmakers.

magistri infantium: Masters of the children reared in the monastery, under
constant supervision of seniors.

magnas (-atis), magnatus: The great man of a designated territory,
normally vasallus, owing personal obligation to a master,
in contrast to the maior or villicus, who represents a group,
normally workers in villae (see Adalhard <IV>, 108 n70).

maior (-es): The head or foreman among a group of families forming
a villa. Also called villicus. For his office in relation to
monastic fields see Adalhard <IV>, 108.

majuscule: A large letter, whether CAPITAL or UNCIAL.

malleus: Hammer.

málstofa (ON): Council hall.

mandatum: The washing of feet. This old monastic custom was
based on the example set by Christ, when before the Last
Supper he washed the feet of his disciples, admonishing them
to fulfill his "new mandate" (novum mandatum) by perpetuating
this rite.

The Plan informs us that the mandatum is performed in the Parlor,
the only place within the cloister where the monks could legitimately
meet with visitors from the secular world. The mandatum fratrum, i.e.
the washing of feet of one brother by another was probably performed in
the northern cloister wing.

manica: A glove. The synod of 816 prescribes that each monk be
issued two pairs of gloves, one for the summer (uuantus) and
one for the winter (muffula).

manipulus: Bundle, sheaf. Adalhard <VI, 3>, 115, treats the
method of tithing as different from tithing hay or grain.

mansio: House or dwelling. On the Plan used in the sense of living
room: mansio abbatis, mansio scolae, mansio hortolani, mansio
seruitiū. Also see mansus.

Mansio dominicatus: See dominicatus

mansiolum, mansionilis: A farm, an outlying homestead, either
feudal or monastic.

Mansioniles dominicatae: See dominicatus

mansiuncula (-ae): Diminutive of mansio, a small dwelling. On
the Plan used to designate the small bedrooms for students
who were lodged in the Outer School and for the bedrooms of
the craftsmen (aurifices) installed in the annex of the Great
Collective Workshop.

In the description of the monastery of Cluny in the so-called Consuetudines
Farfenses the term is used for the individual stalls in which
horses of visiting noblemen are stabled.

mansus: Since the seventh century used to denote a small holding
of land to supply the needs of one household; a homestead
(Déléage, La vie rurale en Burgogne jus qu'au debut du XIe
siècle, 1941, I, 253-360). While often synonymous with
mansio, it tends to suggest the arable land rather than the
dwelling proper.

mansus bonuarium: A division of the manse, possibly, like the ACRE, an
amount to be plowed by a yoke of oxen in one day (Musset, Mélanges
L. Halphen, Paris, 1951, 535-41). In some medieval documents defined
as 1/12 of a manse (Dufy, 1962, 29). The land assigned to the miller by
Adalhard <III>, 106, would consequently amount to 1 = ½ times the
amount of other family units.

man(u)operarius: A landholder contributing only manual labor
for a substandard holding; also the holding itself (p. 96 n19).

manutergiola: Towels for cleaning the hands.

mappula: Handkerchief. See vestimentum.

martyrium: A site which bears witness to the Christian faith,
either by referring to an event in Christ's life or Passion, or by
sheltering the grave of a martyr, a witness by virtue of having
shed his blood; the structure erected over such a site.

matio(-nes), machio: Mason.

matricularius: Odd-jobber selected from among the poor and
entered on the matricula or "poor list" of the monastery
(Adalhard <I, 1>, 103 n12, 104 n24).

matta: Mattress. Prescribed in RB, 55 as a mandatory item for the
monks' bedding.

mazo (Sp): An iron hammer; at the head of a trip hammer (see
pila) such as might be used to crush ore.

medicus (-i): In classical and medieval Latin: a physician—as a
member of a monastic community not necessarily a monk.
Adalhard <I, 2>, 103, classes medici as laymen.

On the Plan the physicians are lodged in a special house (II, 178ff) that
lies midway between the Monks' Infirmary (I, 313ff) and the House for
Bloodletting (II, 184ff). The plants in the Medical Herb Garden are
listed, II, 181.

megaron: The principal hall of a Mycenaean palace and, later, of a
Greek house. In modern usage applied to houses and temples
having an open porch (pronaos or prodomos) flanked by two
antae and often provided with columns.

mensa: A table used for celebrating Mass; an altar table. Also, a
refectory table and the "living" or "board" regularly served
thereon. Hence by extension an endowment for the support of
stipulated prelates or clergy (cf. 97ff).

mercatus: Market, fair. For the goods and revenues of the market
of Fos, near Marseilles, see 114 n107.

MILE: Measure of distance introduced into the Western world by
the Romans as the equivalent of 1,000 PACES (mille passus)
or eight Roman stadia of 625 feet. See page 140, fig. 540.B.

Like other land measures, the mile came to vary widely (cf. ACRE)
before it was standardized. The old Roman mile equalled ca. 1,620
English yards, or 1,428 meters. The English and US statute mile is
1,760 yards (1,609.3 meters) or 5,280 feet.

miles Christi: Christian soldier, or Christ's knight. Stemming
from II Timothy ii:3ff. (cf. Eph. vi:10-18; I Thess. v:8).
and the ancient parallel of physical and spiritual ascesis, miles
and athleta Christi or Dei betokened a monk.

miniator: A highly skilled scribe who embellishes manuscripts
with pictorial images. From miniare = to touch up with red
vermilion (minium). See rubricator.

ministerialis (-es): Holder of a ministerium, Q.V.

ministerium (-a): In medieval Latin the designation for an administrative
department of a monastic or secular estate, and
the responsibilities involved in its operation. Also referred to as
officium.

Abbo Wala (Bobbio, 834-836) listed the following ministerii quae
infra monasterium aguatus: prepositus, decanus custos eclesiae, bibliothecarius,
custos cartarum, cellararius, cellararius familia, iunior cellararius
custos panis, portarius, hospitalarii religiosorum, hospitalarius pauperum,
custos infirmorum, cantor, camerarius primus, camararius abbatis, iunior
prepositus, magister carpentarius, custos vinearium, ortolanus, decanos
iuniores, circatores lucernarios, . . . (Corp. Cons. Mon. I, 421-22; cf.
Adalhard <I, 1>, 103 n3 and <VII>, 118 n130, where he calls the servatores
"ministri").

MINUSCULE: A small letter, as opposed to a CAPITAL or UNCIAL;
the small cursive script which was developed from the uncial
during the 7th-9th centuries.

minutia: Originally, particles of small consequence; hence entrails
and sausages (Adalhard <VII>, 118 n28).

minutio: Bloodletting; more specifically, minutio sanguis. Literally,
weakened, diminished. See fleotomatus; licentia minuendi, and
frater minuendus. See Adalhard, Rubric XXXIII, 121 "lectio
quando sanguinem minuent."

missa: Mass. Missa publica, see Adalhard, Rubric, V, 121.

missus: Literally a messenger or courier. In medieval administrative
parlance, used in the sense of royal or imperial envoy,
or ambassador charged with a diplomatic mission, or as a
commissioner sent by the King for a particular purpose
(missus dominicus). On lower social ranks also applied to the
representative or delegate of a count or a bishop.

mita: A haystack or stack of sheaves protected by a conical roof of
thatch which rested on poles and could be lowered and raised
according to need. For other early and modern forms and its
classical roots, see II, 15 and n17.

mixtum: The first of three monastic meals, a mixture of bread and
drink (RB, 38), in general not served before 2 p.m. For the
monastic timetable in eating see I, 275.

modius: A Roman capacity measure, divisible into 2 situlae, 16
sextarii, or 32 heminae. The classical Roman modius had a
capacity equivalent to 8.49 liters.

In the early years of Charlemagne it came to equal 34.8 liters. In 794
the emperor instituted a new modius equal to 52.2 liters. Before 822
Louis the Pious raised its capacity to 68 liters (I, 298). Adalhard <I, 3>,
104 and <III>, 106 n50 informs us that ten modii equal two baskets of
grain and that each modius yields 30 loaves of bread.

MODULE: A unit of measurement, lineal and/or volumetric, by
means of which proportions or parts of a building are regulated;
in the development of the Plan of St. Gall, the module
of 2½ feet and its multiples provide a comprehensive aesthetic
and practical organization. See SQUARE SCHEMATISM, and
discussions in I, 87-95, 212-39.

moeniáss (ON): See RIDGE PURLIN.

mola (-e): Millstone. The monastic mill shown on the Plan was
waterdriven. On the origin and diffusion of the water-powered
mill, see II, 225ff and fig. 448 caption.

molina, moinum: Mill.

molinarius: Miller. See molitor.

molitor: A grinder of grain, a miller from mola, millstone. On the
grain supply at Corbie, see Adalhard <III>, 102ff and notes;
on the tithe of mills <VI, 2>, 113ff and notes.

moltura, molitura: The yield of grain mill.

servitium molinarii: Service owed by miller to abbot excluding moltura.

molendinorum decima: Mill tithe.

monachi seniores: Senior monks of wide experience and superior
moral and intellectual stature. Benedict stated: "It is through
men of this type that the orderly conduct of monastic life
(ordo monachorum) is maintained." They have the power,
should need arise, "to correct the deans, the provosts, and
even the abbot" (Expositio Hildemari, I. 336).

monachus: Monk, member of a community of men living under
vows of religious observance; see MONASTICISM.

monaco (It): Monk. In the architecture of Palladio, the term for a
vertical post (KING POST) connecting the TIE BEAM at mid
span with the apex of a TRUSS to prevent sag in the lower
member. Also see paradosso.

monasterium: A house for religious retirement, or for seclusion
from the world for persons under religious vows; a monastery.
While literally referring to solitary retirement (see HERMIT and
ANCHORITE), the term soon became a synonym for large religious communities,
where men banded together in communal forms of living and
religious observance.

MONASTICISM: An ascetic system of living alone, away from
society. On its two earliest Christian forms, see ANCHORITE
and COENOBITE.

moneta: Mint; right of coinage. Widespread individual coinage
by barons and prelates was forbidden by Charlemagne and
Louis the Pious, but revived during and after the latter's
reign. See denarius, solidus, and 97 n20, 99 n34; and Adalhard
<II>, 105 n45, <VI, 2>, 112 n99.

MONK: See monachus.

moratum (from monem, mulberry or blackberry): Probably wine
diluted with mulberry juice rather than mulberry wine, prescribed
by Adalhard <I, 2>, 104 for the most distinguished
feasts. See Guérard, Irminon, Appendix 5, p. 305.

MORTISE: A socket cut in a structural timber to receive a corresponding
TENON cut at the end of another timber.

The inserted piece is pinned to prevent the tenon from slipping out
of the mortise. A mortise is usually of rectangular shape but its form
varies with the angle of intrusion of the inserted member.

muffula: A winter glove; muffula ueruicina, one of sheepskin. See
vestimentum.

Mus (MHG): A mixture of crushed barley and oats made into a
kind of porridge, one of the chief items in the secular as well
as monastic diet of Western Europe prior to the introduction
of the potato. As a noun, often used to mean food; as a verb,
to mean eating (abendmussen = to take one's supper).

N

NARTHEX: A narrow and usually colonnaded entrance hall built
transversely against the facade of a church, often part of a
colonnaded fore court (atrium, quadriporticus); in buildings
of great importance it is often doubled, so as to form an inner
and outer narthex (esonarthex, exonarthex).

NAVE: In traditional Christian church architecture, the central hall
of a church with walls rising above the roof of the aisles to form
a fenestrated CLERESTORY. In timber architecture, a central
hall flanked by aisles under a roof whose slopes descend in a
straight or only slightly broken line from ridge to aisle walls.

necessarium: Privy. On the Plan of St. Gall, a euphemism for
privy, latrine, outhouse (exitus necessarius; also requisitum
naturae). For a full discussion of the sanitary facilities of the
Plan, see II, 300ff.

nocturnales: Nightclothes.

nomen purum: A monk's secular name (see Adalhard, Rubric
XXXIX, 121 n143.

nona: Payment for beneficium after decium has been paid (see
above, 95 n19).

NOVITIATE: In a monastery, the place where novices are reared
and trained. Benedict (RB, 58) stipulated a separate facility
for them.

On the Plan of St. Gall, novices are defined as oblati and pulsantes,
with a separate cloister modelled on that of the monks'. On conditions of
admission, and training, see I, 337ff and Steidle, 1952, Excurs I, 280-81.
At the second synod of Aachen all except oblates were forbidden access
to the schola in monasterio. As a result the institution of the novitiate
came to distinguish the Inner School from the Outer School, in which
only secular priests and the sons of noblemen were trained (II, 168ff).

novitius (from novus): One admitted to be trained as a monk. See
pulsan, oblatus, and NOVITIATE.

numeri sacri: Sacred numbers conceived as an expression of
divine order pervading the created world, a judaeo-hellenic
construct adopted and widely diffused by St. Augustine
(Civitatis Dei; II, 30) and taught in every medieval monastic
school in Europe.

The concept plays a decisive role in the conceptual organization of the
Plan of St. Gall (I, 118ff) and in medieval literary composition (see
NUMERICAL COMPOSITION).

NUMERICAL COMPOSITION: A principle according to which an
abstract number symbolism is superimposed on a literary
composition regardless of whether it fits the content (see
numeri sacri).

O

obedientia: Obedience. See RB, 5, and Adalhard, Rubric XXXV,
121.

oblatus (-i): A youth offered to the monastery by his parents and
reared in the novitiate with pulsantes.

Ofan (OHG): Wall fireplace or corner fireplace.

officialis: Head of an administrative department of a monastic or
secular estate; see ministerium.

officina (-ae): Workshop. In medieval usage and in St. Benedict's
time a word used generally to mean building, structure, or
installation. The implications of its meaning are discussed I,
9-10, and 50-51.

officium: See opus Dei; ministerium.

öndvegi (ON): High seat. See hásæti.

œdra öndvegi: "First seat of honor," reserved for the chieftain.

uœdra öndvegi: "Second high seat," opposite the first, reserved for honored
guests.

opus Dei: The work of God, over which, according to Benedict
(RB, 43) "nothing must take precedence."

The liturgical sequence of one day consisted of four hours daily of
divine service, common liturgical prayer, and chant performed by monks
during the course of originally seven, later eight, services, consisting of:
Nocturne (celebrated at 2 a.m.), Lauds (celebrated at dawn), Prime,
Terce, Sext, None (at first, third, sixth, and ninth hours of the day),
Vespers (at sunset), and Compline (at the onset of darkness). See I 339ff;
opus manuum, and lectio divina.

opus manuum: Work of the hands; in monastic life, manual labor
of about four hours daily and generally restricted to tasks
that could be performed within the claustral compound.

It included cooking, baking, serving meals, housekeeping and personal
tasks, and ordinarily excluded heavier forms of agricultural labor
performed by serfs and laymen attached to the monastery; see familia,
opus Dei, lectio divina.

opus signinum: Concrete floor of mixed aggregate; also conventionally
describes any Roman waterproof concrete made with
crushed brick.

oratorium: Oratory, a place for prayer. See Adalhard, Rubric LV,
121.

ordo servandus: Order of rotation of monastic tasks (servitium,
q.v.) of the brothers, determined primarily by seniority (see
(Adalhard <V>, 109ff); not applicable to the officiales and
ministerii. Many such assignments were rotated weekly; see
hebdomadarius.

ospitalis pauperum: See ministerium, and Adalhard <II>,
105 n35.

ostiarius: Literally, doorkeeper or usher, an important household
official at the royal court, responsible for receiving, feeding,
and housing visitors. Cf. portarius.

OTTONIAN ART: A period of German art flourishing during the
reign of the Saxon emperors (919-1024) when Germany became
politically and culturally the leading power of Europe.
Under Otto I, II, and III it produced some of the finest schools of book
illumination, and such monuments as the abbey churches of Gernrode
(961-975) and Hildesheim (1010-1033); in them Carolingian modularity
was carried from ground level into the elevation of structures by means
of supports of rhythmically alternating strength and design.

OUTER SCHOOL: See scola.

P

PACE: Distance traversed by one step; in the Middle Ages measured
heel to heel (ca. 2½ feet) and in Roman measurement,
the distance between successive stationary positions of the
same foot (ca. 5 feet), a unit used in military life, which formed
the basis of the Roman MILE (1000 paces = 5000 Roman feet).

pagena, pagina: An unfixed extent of woodland held in common
by a villa, or larger living unit; from pagus, the countryside,
as opposed to town or city. See Adalhard <VI, 2>, 113 n107.

palanca (Sp): Beam of a triphammer; see pila.

palatium: In Classical Latin an imperial residence; by extension
the king's or emperor's court. In medieval Latin, also the
residence of a feudal or ecclesiastical dignitary.

panis: Bread. Benedict directed that each monk be issued one pound
per day (RB, 39; panis libra una propensa).

For the controversial term propensa, which we interpret to mean
"weighed," see II, 257. On grain needed daily to supply needs, see
Adalhard <I, 2>, 103 n18.

paradisus: Enclosure, park; Garden of Eden (biblical) or earthly
paradise, distinct from that of Heaven.

On the Plan the terms PARADISIACUM (west apse) and PARADISI
(east apse) are used for the open, park-like spaces enclosed by semicircular
walls and porches attached to the church.

paradosso (It): Principal rafter; part of a TRUSS; same as a
Vitruvian cantharius.

Parc (OHG): Enclosure or shed. For other old and modern
variants see II, 29 n16.

parochia: An ecclesiastical district, loosely of extent equal to a
villa (see 94 n16).

pastio: Pannage (pasturage of swine on acorns; Adalhard <VII>,
118ff).

PASTOPHORY: A room in an Early Christian or Byzantine church
serving as a DIACONICON or PROTHESIS, as a rule, flanking
the apse of the church.

pastor (-es): Herdsman in charge of monastic livestock and poultry.
On the Plan their quarters are in those buildings housing the
animals for which they care:

horsegrooms (equos seruantes), oxherds (bubulci), cowherds (armentarii),
caretakers or brood mares and foals (custodes equaritiae), swineherds
(porcarii), shepherds (opilii), goatherds (pastores capellariam) and fowl-keepers
(pullorum custodes, aucarum custodes). See II, 271ff and Adalhard
<VI, 2>, 115 n114.

patellum: Skillet.

pausatio: See repausatio.

PECK: See modius.

peculia: Cattle, but often in the wide sense of chattels, as especially
assigned monastic property. See Adalhard <VI, 2>, 112ff.

PEDIMENT: Triangular gabled end of a ridged roof, comprising
the tympanum and the raking cornice above it.

pedules: Shoes. See vestimentum.

PEG: A pin used in mortice and tenon joints for fastening: in
medieval carpentry usually square cut.

pellicia: Fur robe (. . . usque ad talos; reaching to the heels). See
vestimentum.

PENDENTIVE: Triangular segment of a sphere forming the transition
between a cubic space and a hemisphere, the latter rising
from a circle inscribed into the square of the cube.

PERCH: Rod or POLE of defined length. In land measurement by
standard, 5½ yards, but varying greatly locally, within a range
of 10 (Roman decempeda) to 21 feet (perch of Ireland). For a
rich quotation of sources, see DuCange s.v. pertica.

PERISTYLE: Inner, colonnaded garden court of a Pompeian house.
Also used by Vitruvius as equivalent of peristasis.

Pfette (NHG): Purlin; structural member of the Pfettendach.

Pfettendach (NHG): A roof frame consisting of heavy trusses
equally spaced. In this construction the roof-skin weight is
transmitted to the trusses through purlins that rest on the
principal rafters, and to which the outer, or "common"
rafters are pegged. Also see Sparrendach.

Vitruvius recommends this roof type for broad spans (De Architectura,
VII, 2, 1). It is the roof type of the Norse Saga-period house and
was widely used in vernacular architecture in Medieval France (see s.v.
TRUSS.

Pfostenzange (NHG): In timber construction, a joint made by

cogging the notched end of a large beam into a corresponding
slot in the head of the posts that support the beam.

pied royale de France: A linear measure established by the kings
of France to standardize local land measures; the equivalent
of 32.48 cm, internally divided into 12 pouces (see pollex) or
144 lignes. See FOOT, toise.

pigmentum (-a): Spices. On the Plan used in the sense of medicines
(armarium pigmenton) in the House of the Physicians.

pila (-ae): Pestle used to crush grain. On the Plan, the pilae appear
to be triphammers, the dimensions of which indicate that they
were meant to be water driven.

The quantities of grain needed to supply bread and beer for a monastic
community attest the need for large-scale milling and crushing
facilities. See arbol, banzao, palanca, and mazo.

PILASTER: A rectangular strip of masonry engaged into a wall or
a pillar from which it projects with its base and capital one-third
to one-fourth, or other proportion, of its breadth.

pilistrinum: A facility for crushing grain. See pila, pistrinum.

piratium: Pear cider (see sicerator).

pisale: In architecture, structures that do not rest exclusively on
their own foundations, but are raised upon columns, pillars,
arches, or vaults, e.g., in Roman architecture rooms or baths
heated by hypocausts.

On the Plan, this term exclusively describes rooms heated by means
of subterranean firing chambers (caminus) and warm-air ducts in the
floors. In MHG the term became Pisel, Phiesel, and Phiselgadem (a
heatable room): adulterated, in French, it became poêle (stove). On
silentiam in piselo, see Adalhard <Fragments of Chapters>, 123.

piscarium: Fishpond. From the time of Cassiodorus's Vivarium,
the fishpond was as conventional and useful an adjunct of a
monastery as the garden, usually not within but at a short
distance outside the monastic enceinte; therefore not shown on
the Plan.

pistillum: Pestle. See pila.

pistrinum: Bakery, as used exclusively on the Plan, and never in
the sense of mill, its original meaning, which derives from the
fact that before the invention of millstones (mola), grain was
crushed with mortar and pestle (see pila).

pistores dominici: External bakers (Adalhard <VI, 3>, 117).

PLATE: A general term for horizontal timbers laid upon walls
(WALL PLATE) or roof-supporting posts (ROOF PLATE) to carry
a superincumbent frame. Masonry walls may carry paired
plates running parallel; cf. SOLE PIECE.

ARCADE PLATE (ROOF PLATE): A framing timber set longitudinally upon, or
into, the heads of freestanding, roof supporting inner posts of an aisled
structure, usually below, more rarely above, the TIE BEAMS. See RAFTER,
POST.

The term "arcade plate" is currently used to substitute for "roof
plate" in English architectural studies. It owes its origin to the bold
two-way and three-way bracing struts rising from PRINCIPAL POSTS to
their plates, a feature greatly favored by English builders and evoking
a visual resemblance to arcades. In certain English manor and palace
halls, builders imitated in timber the shapes of masonry arches and
their moldings. See STRUT and figs. II, 340-346.

pollex: Thumb; 1/12 of a FOOT; see INCH, UNCIA.

polyptique (Fr): A record of listing; originally used to denote
the folded or hinged tablets on which records were inscribed.
During the late Roman Empire the term was used specifically
to designate land survey records. In the early Middle Ages
it came to mean inventories of land and property compiled
by churches; cf. the Merovingian term descriptiones.

The oldest, most nearly complete, most famous and most detailed
such polyptique is that of the abbey of St.-Germain-des-Prés and generally
known as the Polyptique of Irminon, after the abbot who composed
it. Because of the scrupulous care with which Irminon amassed the
particulars of every domain belonging to his monastery, the document
has attracted and held the attention of scholars for over a century. With
the Capitulare de villis of Charlemagne, it has become the historian's
principal source for the description of a great domain during the early
Middle Ages (Latouche, 1961, 190).

pomatium: Apple cider (see sicerator).

porcaritia: A structure for housing and breeding swine. For the
distribution of pork, divisio porcorum, see Adalhard <VII>,
118; includes porcorum decima, the tithe on swine.

porcarius (-i): Swineherd. On the Plan, lodged in the house whose
central hall is referred to as domus porcariorum.

porta: A gate, door, hence, the point of reception of distinguished
guests, itinerant clergy, and paupers, as well as the entire
administrative organization (ministerium) in charge of reception
and care of visitors. See portarius.

portarius: Monastic official charged with providing food and
shelter for visitors, for that purpose drawing on one tenth of
the monastery's revenues (for tithing, see decimum).

Adalhard <VI, 2>, 112, says "that donation should suffice for all the
needs of rich and poor of any kind." The portarius received guests,
assigned them to appropriate quarters, and, at Corbie, supplied wood
and cooking utensils for the paupers' quarters (Adalhard <II>, 106 n46).

As the only official besides the abbot and the provost with contact to
the outside world, Benedict (RB, 66) deemed the porter should be "a
wise old man, who understands giving and receiving a message, and
whose years will keep him from leaving his place." The porter was assisted
by the procurator pauperum who, on the Plan, has his own modest
quarters (for the Porter's living quarters on the Plan, see II, 153ff).
At Corbie he had a staff of ten prebends (provendarius) and two laymen.
The porter also supervised carts that transported tithes from distant
estates (Adalhard <VI, 2>, 113, and 114 n107). The porter's secular
counterpart is the ostiarius.

porticus: In Classical Latin, a colonnaded porch or gallery giving
access to some other, usually larger, structure. On the Plan,
used in this sense for the two sunlit porches of the Abbot's
House, and for the porches in the Monks' Cloister.

But in the Church the term is used to mean aisle (latitudo utriasque
porticus pedum XX.) Adalhard, Rubric XLIX, 122, uses it in the sense
of narthex.

porticus villa: A large Roman residence with one or more internal courts,
and one or more elaborate galleried porches connecting various parts of
the building (I, 317ff).

POST: An upright timber. In the buildings with which this study
is primarily concerned, one of a series of uprights placed at
intervals along parallel axes and framed into a roof-supporting
system by means of PLATES and TIE BEAMS. Also, an upright
timber forming part of the internal structure of a TRUSS.

WALL POST: A post that is a structural component of a wall frame, usually
rising from SILL to PLATE.

PRINCIPAL or MAIN POST: One of a free-standing inner row of posts.

CROWN POST: An upright timber rising from the center of a tie beam to a
COLLAR (or CENTER) PURLIN, frequently giving issue to two- or four-way
angle struts that minimize sagging of purlin and collar.

QUEEN POST: One of two upright timbers, in a roof truss, rising from a tie beam
at points equidistant from its center, and tenoned at their heads into the
extremities of a collar beam or the undersurface of a PRINCIPAL RAFTER
at the level where the latter carries the purlin.

KING POST: A vertical timber of a roof truss suspended in the heads of two
PRINCIPAL RAFTERS—not a true post under compression, but a tie
acting in tension.

When peg-tenoned into the body of the TIE BEAM or slotted through
it, it prevents the latter from sagging. With the aid of BRACING STRUTS
(see BRACE) emerging from its flanks it props the PRINCIPAL RAFTERS
mid-span and prevents them from sagging. To perform this function the
king post does not have to be connected to the tie beam. Cf. trave
pendente, transtrum, cantherius, capriolus.

HAMMER POST: A stout upright rising from the projecting end of a HAMMER
BEAM and tenoned at its head into the principal rafter.

potio: Drink. See I, 304ff for monastic beer and wine production;
I, 296ff for allowances of drink to monks; Adalhard <I, 2>,
104, for definition of the drink allowance (RB, 40, de mensura
potiis) for the festal calendar.

potionarius: On the Plan, used for a person who is being purged
or given medical potions for other purposes.

praebendarius: Same as provendarius.

praecentor: Assistant of the cantor. Hildemar of Corbie defines
him as a monk who "opens the song" (vocem praemittit in
cantu).

praepositus: Provost or prior. Monastic official highest in rank
after the abbot and in his absence acting head of the monastic
community.

He is in charge of all the monastery's temporal activities and is
responsible for the management of its outlying estates. For a fuller discussion
see I, 331ff; at Corbie, praepositus and prior apparently were
separate offices (Adalhard <I, 1>, 103 n9 and 99 n32).

prandium: In monastic life, the evening meal during periods when
only two meals are served in the course of a day. On the Plan,
used as a general term for "meal" in the House for Distinguished
Guests: domus hospitū ad prandendum.

pratellum: In medieval Latin, the monastic garden around which
the claustral structures are ranged.

PRESBYTER: Literally, elder; in the Early Christian church, a
cleric exercising administrative and priestly functions; also a
parish priest.

PRESBYTERY: Chancel: the area around the high altar where clergy
or monks assemble daily to celebrate divine services, including
choir, sanctuary, and bema.

In the Church of the Plan, the presbytery is located in a large square
space between apse and transept, with two rows of benches along its
walls continuing in the apse. The insertion of such units, often referred
to as fore choirs, became mandatory in Carolingian monastic architecture,
in order to accommodate both monks and celebrants around the altar.

pretium: Purchase price, money payment (Adalhard, <VI, 2>, 114;
<VI, 5>, 117). See denarius, moneta, solidus.

PRINCIPAL POST: See POST.

PRINCIPAL RAFTER: See RAFTER.

PRIOR: See praepositus.

procurator pauperum: Almoner. At Corbie, the hospitalarius
(Adalhard <II>, 105 nn38, 45).

A monastic official in charge of receiving visitors of modest social
rank, in this capacity he would have managed the Hospice for Pilgrims
and Paupers (magister pauperum). He is subordinate to the Porter
(portarius).

promptuarium: Literally, a place of readiness. A space for storage,
mainly of food supplies. On the Plan used in the sense of larder.

proprium: Personal possessions forbidden to monks (on poverty
see RB, 33; also see Adalhard, Rubric XLI, 122 n144).

PROTHESIS: Room attached to, or in the church, for preparation
of the Eucharist before mass, and usually for its storage
afterwards. Cf. DIACONICON and PASTOPHORY.

provendarius: A claustral serf who receives daily subsistence
from the monastery in return for service. Adalhard <I, 1>, 103,
and <I, 3>, 104 n24 uses provendarius and vassalus interchangeably.
Also see 97, and I, 341.

PROVOST: See praepositus.

psalmi cantandi: Chanting of psalms in unison prescribed for
brothers in the coquina fratrum (Adalhard <V> 110 n92).

puer (-i): In monastic parlance, a boy between the ages of seven and
fourteen. Cf. infans and adolescens.

pulletrus (pullus): Foal or any young animal; cf. "pullet," and
see Adalhard <VI, 2>, 114.

pulmentum (pulmentarium): In Classical Latin, anything eaten
with bread, a relish. Hildemar of Corbie commenting in 845
on the use of this term in RB, 2, notes that St. Benedict used it
exclusively for cooked dishes of vegetables, cheese, eggs, and
flour, in variance with Biblical tradition, where pulmentum
includes dishes of venison.

pulsans (-tes): Literally, "those who knock," a term for those
requesting admittance into monastic life; novices on probation,
housed and reared in the Novitiate with the oblaties. Also see
Adalhard <I, 4>, 105, and 104 n24.

PURLIN: A horizontal timber secured longitudinally to the principal
trusses of a roof.

SIDE PURLINS: Located part way up the roof slope, they help support the
common rafters.

BUTT PURLINS: These are tenoned into the sides of the PRINCIPAL RAFTERS or
truss blades.

THROUGH PURLINS: These are carried on the backs of the principal trusses and
run without interruption the length of the structure.

RIDGE PURLIN (RIDGE PIECE): Longitudinal member at the roof apex into which
the rafter heads are fastened. See SADDLE.

COLLAR PURLIN (CENTER PURLIN): Longitudinal timber sustained by a series
of CROWN POSTS that rise from the mid point of TIE BEAMS, and serving
to stabilize both crown posts and the COLLAR BEAMS to which it is
fastened.

PUTLOG HOLES: Small square holes left in walls by cross pieces of
scaffolding used in constructing the wall. By Vitruvius called
columbaria, from their resemblance to pigeon holes.

pyrale: Warming room. The term is used by Ekkehart IV for the
monks' warming room in the Abbey of St. Gall. But on the
Plan itself the term does not occur; this facility is there called
calefactoria domus and pisale.

Q

quadriporticus: Enclosed courtyard with porticos on all four
sides. See porticus and claustrum.

QUINCUNX: A nine-bay structure, the center bay a large square,
the corner bays small squares, the remaining four bays
rectangular.

The center bay, framed by arches, is usually domed, the corner bays
are either domed or groin-vaulted, the rectangular bays are usually
barrel-vaulted; also referred to as cross-in-square. (See J. K. Conant, A
Brief Commentary on Early Medieval Church Architecture, Baltimore,
1942, 15, for "quincunx.")

QUOIN: The external angle of a building or of a protruding portion
of its masonry such as a porch or buttress; specifically, the
ashlar stones with which the corners are built, as distinguished
from rubble construction of the straight portions of a wall.

R

ráf, or ræfr (ON): Roof.

RAFTER: Inclined timbers forming the sides of a roof on which
laths are fastened to carry the roof skin.

COMMON RAFTERS: Inclined timbers of relatively light SCANTLING, usually
springing at one- to two-foot intervals from the WALL or ROOF PLATE.

LOWER COMMON RAFTERS: Aisle rafters, which spring from the WALL PLATE
and butt or lean against the outer side of the ARCADE PLATE.

UPPER COMMON RAFTERS: In an aisled structure they spring from the ROOF
PLATE and rise to the RIDGE PIECE. If the structure has no ridge piece,
these rafters may be beveled and pinned at their heads. Rafter pairs
may be connected by one or more COLLAR BEAMS: see TRUSS.

PRINCIPAL RAFTERS: Inclined timbers of heavy scantling forming an integral
part of the principal trusses. They are placed at longer intervals than
common rafters, which are needed to bridge these intervals. See TRUSS.

Rafter pairs may be connected horizontally by COLLAR BEAMS about
halfway up their length. Various post and beam constructions are used
to stiffen and stabilize rafters; see s.v. POST, PURLIN, TIE BEAM, TRUSS.

refectorium: Refectory; monastic eating hall developing from the
rise of coenobitic monasticism. The Refectory of the Plan is
discussed, I, 267ff.

For the management of the refectorium or coquina fratrum see Adalhard
<V>, 109ff and notes; for discussion of table manners see Rubric
XXVIII, 121n 138.

regnum et sacerdotium: A phrase alluding to either the separation
or alliance of Church and State.

On the Frankish alliance with the papal court see I, 187 and II, 155.
On the effects of this concept on monastic planning, see Westwerk.

regula: A collective term for rules governing monastic liturgy and
life; the title used for the body of directives issued to regulate
the practice of monachism (Regula Benedicti, Regula Columbani,
etc.)

A great reform movement in Charlemagne's reign resulted in the
replacement of earlier, varied monastic customs (regula mixta) with a
single, universally binding rule (Regula Benedicti abbatis Anianensis sive
Collectio capitularis [A.D. 817], ed. Corp. Cons. Mon., I, 515-36). This
new order for monastic life issued from two synods held in Aachen in 816
and 817; the Plan of St. Gall emerged as a product of these synods.

rekkja (ON): Bed closet. See sengefeller.

religiosus: Literally, one devoted to a religious life, specifically an
ascetic. In monastic Latin it stands for clerics, as distinguished
from laymen attached to the monastery. See familia.

requisitum naturae: Literally, that which is requisite to nature.
On the Plan, a euphemism for privy or outhouse. See necessarium.

rere-dorter (Fr): Privy situated at the back of a monastic dormitory.
Like garde robe (used for the same or similar purposes)
a prudish post-medieval term. For its medieval equivalents
see exitus.

responsium: Responsory. Musical form of chanted psalms fixed
in positions in the officium (see opus Dei: horae).

retiarius or retiator: Netmaker.

retis abcisiones: Swab of wire netting used to clean pots.

reykberi (ON): Smoke outlet. See ljori.

reykháfr (ON): Smoke outlet. See ljori.

RIDGE: See s.v. PURLIN.

roccus: Frock or fur garment. See vestimentum.

ROD: In land measurement, originally a stick or pole of defined
length; standardized in many places to equal 5½ yards (16½
feet). See PERCH.

Rofe (NHG): Sapling, pole. See Rofendach.

Rofendach (NHG): A roof formed by saplings fastened heavy
end up, to the ridge pole by means of a natural hook formed
from the stub of a lopped branch.

ROOF PLATE: See s.v. PLATE.

rota: A turning wheel, used by blacksmiths.

RUBBLE (ROUGH WALLING): Coarse walling of rough stones taken
as they come from the quarry, not large but of great irregularity
in size and shape, and including wastes from freestones.

rubricator: In manuscript illumination, an artisan or scribe
specializing in decorative letters rendered in a color (such as
red) different from the text; usually a letter of an opening
word of a verse or paragraph. See miniator.

S

sabina (Juniperus sabina L.): Savin plant or tree; a low spreading
evergreen shrub located in the center of the Monks' Cloister.
Known from Antiquity for its medicinal and other attributes, which
range from causing the onset of menses in women to spicing wine, the
plant's full iconographic significance on the plan is not clear. There may
be symbolic content in the fact that juniper wood is aromatic, and very
hot and long-burning. The Capitulare de villis states that juniper is
obligatory for the gardens of a Carolingian crown estate. See I, 246ff
for a discussion, in the context of the Cloister.

sacerdotium: See regnum et sacerdotium.

SADDLE: A short length of timber immediately below the juncture
of two converging rafters or blades, usually seating for a
ridge piece (see s.v. PURLIN).

sængarklædi (ON): Hangings, i.e., rugs or curtains suspended
from cross beams to divide aisles of a sleeping hall (skáli) into
compartments accommodating two bedfellows (sengefeller).

sagum: Blanket, also used to mean the fabric serge, by Adalhard
<I, 3>, 105. See vestimentum.

sala: House or hall in medieval Latin; a large aisled building without
a second story. Most of the guest and service buildings on
the Plan are variants of this type, here referred to as the Germanic
all-purpose house; but the term sala is not itself used
on the Plan.

sanguinator: Professional bleeder. See fleothomus, fleotomatus.

saponarius: Soapmaker.

sartor: Tailor. See vestiarium.

scalprum: Vine-dresser's knife.

scamnum: On the Plan, used to mean bench, in the Refectory
also see sedile.

SCANTLING: The dimensions of timber in width and thickness,
but not length; also, any piece of timber under 5 inches square;
as a verb, finishing or milling timber to specified width and
thickness.

sclusa: Millrace.

scola, schola: From a Greek word meaning leisure for the purpose
of learning. In secular classical life, it was used to mean
an association of men gathered for a variety of purposes.

In commercial or industrial life, it meant a guild. In military parlance
of classical and medieval times; an imperial or royal guard, or on a
lower social order, a body of armed retainers. In ecclesiastical parlance: a
bishop's retinue, the body of priests attached to a cathedral. In educational
life, the meaning returned to its original sense, i.e., a body of men
gathered for purposes of learning. In this sense the word was used in
many Carolingian sources (II, 168ff) as well as on the Plan of St. Gall,
where the term appears in two places: In a title describing the purpose
of the large center room of the Outer School, (II, 168); there it is used in
its original sense; and again, but with surprising looseness, in the title

for the Schoolmaster's Lodging (II, 175). The term "mansio scolae"
cannot refer to students of the Outer School, who lived in the school
itself, but rather to the Master of the Outer School and, judging from
the number of beds in the Schoolmaster's Lodging, two teachers who
appeared to have shared his quarters.

scola interior, and scola exterior: Inner, and Outer schools. In the former
future monks were trained: the latter provided instruction for those
intended for a career as secular clergy, as well as for such laymen, poor, or
noble, whose education was entrusted to monastic teachers. On the stress
leading to this division of the monastic educational system, see I, 23-24
and II, 168ff.

Scof (OHG): Weather roof.

scopa: Brush or brushes for scrubbing cauldrons (see caldarium).

Scopar (OHG): Haystack, or sheaves piled in open fields.

scorum: Possibly shears.

scrinium: Small storage chest.

scriptor: Scribe, less well trained than the antiquarius.

scriptorium, scriptrum: Writing room; script. See CAROLINGIAN
MINUSCULE and 95 notes 5, 8, 9.

scuria: Grange or barn; a Latinization of an OHG word.

scutarius (-i): Shieldmaker. On the Plan, housed in the Great
Collective Workshop (II, 195; Adalhard <I, 3>, 105).

scutella: Plate, tableware.

secretarium: Sacristy (see Adalhard, Rubrics III, VI, 121).

secretum: On the Plan, the withdrawing room or inner study of
the Master of the Outer School.

SEDECIMAL SYSTEM: A system of computation based on the
number 16 and its subdivisions; for its application in Carolingian
architecture, see I, 87ff.

sedile (sedilium): Bench. On the Plan, benches in the Refectory, and
seats in the Monks' Privy are referred to by this term; in
Vulgar Latin, bancus.

sellarius (-i): Saddler. On the Plan, these workers are quartered
in the annex to the Great Collective Workshop.

senescalcus: Literally, old servant. Official in charge of provisions,
and especially for the royal table (Adalhard <I, 1>, 103 n3).

sengefeller (ON): Bedfellow; in Saga Period houses, a bunk-mate
in the sleeping compartments partitioned in the aisles (set) of
the sleeping hall (skáli).

See also sængarklædi and rekkja; when partitions for beds were
locked, they were referred to as lokhuila (II, 23-24).

seruitium: In medieval life, a service performed for someone of
higher rank by a person of lower standing. In this general
sense, it may apply to the obligations of a serf to his master, to
services a vassal is held to render to his overlord, or to services
rendered the king by both secular and ecclesiastical
officials, such as obligatory attendance at court, or rendering
military service (seruitium ad hostem). Cf. decimum.

The term is also used to mean the discharge of a public official's
duty and also the entire body of public offices in the empire, as well as
ecclesiastical and monastic institutions. Finally, it is also used for service
rendered to God by worship, as well as for the office of divine ministry
(cf. Niermeyer, s.v.).

On the Plan, the term occurs only once, in a title explaining the function
of the House for Servants of Outlying Estates and Servants Traveling
with the Emperor's Court (dom familiae quae cum seruitio aduenerit),
referring to service performed by serfs to the monastery itself, and to
servants of the emperor.

seruitium ad hostem: Service rendered by landholders, both secular and
ecclesiastical, in defense of the country in the form of a levée of military
goods, services, and men—a feudal institution which explains the presence
in the Great Collective Workshop of the Plan, of the shield-makers
(scutarii) and trenchermakers and weapons furbishers; see I,
347ff.

Other feudal and mandatory services were obtained from tenants
under the system of corvée, e.g., road maintenance and other arduous
manual labor. This institution, thoroughly detested because of the
tyranny with which it came to be imposed and the hardship it caused
farmers by taking time needed for making crops, lasted from Charlemagne's
time until it was overthrown in the revolution of 1792.

seruitium molinarii: Service to which a miller is held (see Adalhard <III>,
106ff).

servans (-tes): Serf, servant. On the Plan, horse grooms and cowherds
are designated thus.

servus: Serf. i.e., a man with no freedom whatsoever, who could
be sold, given away, or traded with the land on which he lived;
see verna.

set (ON): Aisles of the sleeping house of the Saga Period. They
were covered with straw bedding and could be made into
compartments; see sængarklædi; sengefeller.

sextarius (sestarius): A Roman capacity measure, a sixth part.
For the Carolingian sester see hemina, modius.

sicerator (-es): A brewer of alcoholic drinks, a broader term than
brasator since sicara according to Isidore of Seville (orig.
20, 3): ". . . est omnis potio, quae extra vinum, inebriare
potest."

The Capitulare de villis distinguishes between three types of siceratores:
Those who make beer (cervisa); apple cider (pomatium), and
pear cider (piratum).

signum (-a): General term for a bell, suspended or hand held,
announcing liturgical hours of the day, or crucial phases in the
liturgy.

silentium: The observance and rule of silence within the cloister
(RB, 6), including the kitchen, though Benedict of Aniane
(Adalhard <V>, 110 n92) approved of chanting psalms in
unison during work.

For discussion of the topic in chapter, see Adalhard, Rubrics III and
XII (121); in the kitchen "either keep quiet if the matters be not essential,
or say what is necessary, or else chant psalms" <V>, 11of; Rubric
XXXIV, 121; cf. 120 n139.

Silentium in refectorio, and In dormitorio atque piselo: see Adalhard (Fragments
of Chapters>, 123, and 122 n145.

situla: Bucket; a Roman capacity measure, half of a modius.

skáli (ON): Sleeping hall; when reserved for men, called karlskáli,
for women, kvennaskáli. Also see forskáli.

skjagluggr (ON): In Saga Period houses, a translucent screen
made from the stomach lining of hogs and mounted on
moveable frames attached to a louver (ljori) that served as
smoke escape and air inlet (vindgluggr); also called skajvindanga,
skjarinn. See spjæld and fjöl.

Slehendrac (MHG): An alcoholic beverage made of sloes.

solarium: Sun dial, in Classical Latin; by extension, the open
area in which it was located. The word came to be applied to
the sun-exposed roofs or decks in front of or on upper levels
of Roman houses, usually supported by colonnades or arcades.
In medieval architecture, the solarium was the upper story of a two-level
structure sufficiently fenestrated to admit the sun. The Abbot's
House on the Plan is the earliest visual record of a medieval hall with
solarium, but other literary sources attest its existence in feudal residences
as early as A.D. 584 and 766.

In the description of Cluny, in the Consuetudines Farfenses, the term
is used for the upper, presumably fenestrated story of a large building
25 × 280 feet, where servants of visiting noblemen slept and ate, the
ground floor of which provided stabling.

For solarium used as a synonym for scriptorium, doubtless because
the scribes needed ample light to work, see Adalhard, Rubric L, p. 121.

SOLEA: In an Early Christian or Byzantine church, a raised pathway
projecting from bema to ambo.

SOLE PIECE: A short horizontal member lying across the plates

of a masonry wall, forming the base of a small triangular
truss that sustains the foot of a COMMON RAFTER or a truss
blade.

The sole piece is locked into the wall plates to prevent their slipping
apart. The inner end of the sole piece is usually surmounted by a short
ashlar piece rising to the inner surface of the rafter. Sole pieces assembled
into small triangular trusses are also found above the ROOF PLATES to
serve as footing for the upper rafters, in a masonry structure with a
clerestory. Cf. HAMMER BEAM.

solidus: 30 soldi = 12 denarii, according to the Synod of 817; also
see Adalhard <IV>, 108f.

Spanga (OHG): Clamp, identical with NHG Spange in the description
of the Bajuvarian standard house and used as to
mean WALL PLATE.

Sparre (NHG): One of two converging timbers in a roof supported
by a continuous sequence of coupled rafters: see Sparrendach.

Sparrendach (NHG): Roof made of a continuous sequence of
coupled rafters, common in Anglo Saxon England, and during
the Middle Ages and today in Lower Saxony.

Fundamentally different from the Pfettendach, the roof type is represented
in the vernacular architecture of medieval and modern France;
See II, 109ff; cf. Pfettendach.

Spelta: "German wheat," a grain resembling both wheat and
barley; see Adalhard <III>, 106f.

spicarium: Granary, and, in a broader sense, a manorial grain
collecting center.

spjaeld (ON): Wooden shutters attached to the louvers (ljori)
serving as smoke escapes and air inlets in Saga Period houses.
They were opened by means of poles or ropes.

SPLAYED WINDOW: A window set into a thick wall; its inner
aperture larger than its outer one to permit the dispersal of
light to the interior, but prohibiting entry by intruders from
the outside.

Sporadically used in Roman architecture, in the sixth century, they
were apparently common enough to attract the attention of Gregory the
Great.

SPROCKET: A short, wedge-shaped member extending from the
foot of a rafter to form the projecting eaves. It is pegged to the
top side of the rafter and is necessarily of slightly shallower
pitch.

SQUARESCHEMATISM: A sophisticated concept of spatial organization
in architecture, based on the use of MODULES, and one of
the most significant innovations of the Age of Charlemagne, as
well as being of fundamental importance for everything that
followed. For a full discussion, see I, 212-39.

Square schematism appears to have two primary historical roots, one
in the vernacular architecture of the Germanic tribes, the other in the
constructional layout of illuminated pages in Hiberno-Saxon manuscripts
(I, 227-38).

système des barlongs: A system of oblong bays in the division of component
spaces in Gothic cathedrals, a Gothic elaboration of square schematism of
Romanesque architecture which has its roots in Carolingian architecture.

système des carrés: In Romanesque architecture, means square schematism.

SQUINCH: A general term for a variety of architectural forms
(corbelled arches, corbelled or half-domed niches, semiconical
vaults) allowing a space of square plan to be surmounted
by a polygonal or circular drum or a polygonal
space or drum to be surmounted by a circular dome—an
architectural feature almost simultaneously developed by
Roman builders in the late Imperial period and the Sassanians
of Persia.

stabulum: Building with stalls for domestic animals. The officer
in charge was a stabularius (>constable). See Adalhard
<I, 1>, 103.

stadium: A Roman measure of length equal to 125 paces or 625
feet; eight Roman stadia form a MILE. See PACE.

Staflaegjur (ON): WALL PLATE.

ST. ANDREW'S CROSS: Two short pieces of timber, half-lapped at
their centers to form an X; in medieval roofs used to stiffen
the SUB RIDGE in relation to the RIDGE PIECE.

stofa (ON): Saga Period house used for daily living, distinct from
other houses or halls used for sleeping or drinking (see s.v.
skáli, forstofa.

stokk (ON): A beam or board forming the edge of the slightly
raised floor of the aisles of a Saga Period house.

stuba: Bathhouse, by extension a heated or heatable space; related
etymologically to ON stofa.

SUB RIDGE: A subsidiary ridge pole running parallel to and some
6-9 feet below the main ridge piece usually connected to it
by ST. ANDREW'S CROSSES.

Unlike the main ridge piece, which rests atop king posts and usually
carries the length of more than one bay, sub ridge pieces are butted into
the sides of the KING POSTS in the longitudinal axis of the structure. See
s.v. PURLIN.

subtalares: Slippers. The synod of 816 prescribes that each monk
be issued "two night slippers for summer" (subtalares per
noctem in aestate) and "two night slippers for winter" (subtalares
in hieme uero soccos); see vestimentum.

succentor: Assistant of the cantor. Hildemar of Corbie defines
him as a monk who responds in the song (canendo respondet)
to the opening chant of the praecentor.

súlur (ON): Upright, or roof-supporting posts of the Saga Period
house; also called stafir, stodir, and stolpar.

innstafir innstolpar: Inner or principal posts.

útstafir: Outer, or wall posts.

summus capellanus: The emperor's primary advisor in ecclesiastical
and educational matters and as such, the titular head of
the palace school. His office later was absorbed in that of the
chancellor (summus sacri palatii cancellarius); see capellanus
and arcicapellanus.

sutor (-es): Shoemaker. On the Plan, quartered in the Great
Collective Workshop. See Adalhard <I, 1>, 103.

syllr (ON): Mud sills.

SYNOD: An ecclesiastical assembly and an age-old institution of the
Christian church, devised to further unity of faith, uniformity
of practice, and conformity in administration and implementation
of monastic customs (see s.v. consuetudines, regula,
unitas).

The Plan of St. Gall was the intellectual product of two such synods
held in Aachen in 816 and 817. Like all other legislation emerging from
them, the Plan was an attempt to demonstrate, in the form of a universally
binding example, of what buildings a paradigmatic Carolingian
monastery should be comprised and how they might relate to each other.

synthronon: In East Christian and Byzantine churches the bench
or benches reserved for the clergy; arranged either in a semicircle
(sometimes amphitheatrically) in the apse or in straight
rows on either side of the bema.

T

tabula (-ae): Table, tablet. A word of many meanings, it basically
refers to objects rectangular in shape, and includes the stave
of a wooden barrel (see lamina, tabulatum, cf. vestimentum).

tabulatum: Flooring. Like tabula, it also refers generally to

rectangular objects or areas, and thus to flooring and to the
various stories of buildings.

On the Plan it refers to the wooden platform above head level in the
House for Horses, Oxen and their Keepers, which served as hay loft.

taratrum: Auger. Used for drilling pin holes in timbers, and also
in cutting mortices. See Adalhard <V>, 109 n77.

tegula: Ceramic tile. Unless qualified, the common term for roof
tile; but tegula lignea = shingle or shake; tegula plumbea =
lead tile.

tepidarium (-a): Warm room of a Roman bath.

testu: Literally, skull or lid. By early scholars of the Plan it was
consistently misread as testudo (= tortoise, turtle shell, and by
extension, roof or vault).

In early studies of the Plan it was translated incorrectly as courtyard
house or garden hut. In reality it proves to be the term for lantern or
louver, a protective superstructure atop a roof opening over a fireplace,
which serves to admit light and vent smoke.

The lantern is one of the primary typological characteristics of the
guest and service buildings of the Plan, and a prime criterion in their
identification as a variant of the aisled Germanic all-purpose house.
See II, 117ff for a complete discussion.

testudinatum: See cava aedium.

TIE BEAM: See BEAM.

tignum: Wooden beam.

tina: Wooden bathtub large enough for one person; see cupa.

tintinabulum: A signal, such as is made by striking a gong or
triangle, to announce liturgical hours or events; see signum.

TITHE: See decimum, decimatio, decimator; cf. seruitium.

toise: A French lineal measure of six feet, roughly equal to 1.949
meters of 6 2/5 English feet. See FATHOM, hexapedon.

toregma (-mata): On the Plan, used to mean a cupboard for
storing tableware; a Latinization of the Greek (see I, 129ff).

torfi (ON): Turf.

tornarius (-ii): On the Plan, presumed to mean wheelwright; see
tornator.

tornator (-es): Turner; a wood lathe craftsman. On the Plan the
tornatores are installed in the main part of the Great Collective
Workshop in a relatively small space, whereas the
tornarii in the House for Coopers and Wheelwrights have a
large work area.

By this allocation one may assume that the tornatores made small
utensils and hand tools, while the designation tornarii could be assumed
to mean wheelwright.

trabes: In Classical and medieval Latin the designation for horizontal
long and cross beams, such as TIE BEAMS and PLATES.

tractoria: Epistle, patent or writ (see brevis), normally used for
excusing or imposing requisitions of goods or labor (see
Adalhard <VI, 2>, 113 n107).

TRANSEPT: Transverse unit of space inserted between nave and
apse or nave and FORE CHOIR

CONTINUOUS TRANSEPT: One that is internally undivided.

HIGH TRANSEPT: With height equal to that of the nave.

LOW TRANSEPT: With cross arms of lesser height than the nave.

TRIPARTITE TRANSEPT: One consisting of a center bay continuing the nave,
combined with wings as high, or lower than, the nave, but always
separated from the center bay by colonnades (with low wings, the term
"dwarf transept" is used).

TRICONCH TRANSEPT: One with wings terminating in apses; see CONCH.

transtrum: TIE BEAM. See corda.

triclinium (-a): Originally dining room, so called because of the
conventional arrangement of three banqueting couches
(Klinai) around three sides of a square.

In later Roman usage, it was the principal reception room or rooms of a
house.

trigonus (-i): Jib crane.

TRIPHAMMER: See pila.

truncus (-i): Possibly handles for axes or scythes; possibly cutters
(from truncare). See Adalhard <IV>, 109 n79.

TRUSS: A construction of principal timbers that spans a building
transversely and supports its roof by means of PURLINS,
which also link trusses and help maintain them in the vertical
plane. Truss timbers are designed to support each other, and
framed internally to prevent their being warped by the roof
load. See s.v. BEAM, POST, STRUT. Trusses are placed at
regular intervals and divide the building lengthwise into bays.

PRINCIPAL RAFTER TRUSS: One whose inclined members serve as principal
rafters lying in the same plane as the roof. See RAFTER.

RAKING BEAM TRUSS: One whose inclined members run parallel to, but below,
the plane of the roof.

TRUSSED ROOF: A roof whose load is supported by principal trusses, distinguished
from one supported by a continuous sequence of rafters (see
COMMON RAFTERS s.v. RAFTER: also see Pfettendach).

tuninum: In medieval Latin, a fence or a fence-enclosed space.

tunna: The Romans used this word to mean wooden barrel. On
the Plan it indicates the barrels used to store wine and beer.

On the Celtic origin of the staved barrel and its implications for
wine making and transporting, see I, 293ff.

tunnarius: Cooper. On the Plan, housed in the immediate vicinity
of the Cellar.

tuscanicum (tuscanum): See cava aedium.

þili (ON): Wainscoating, in Saga Period houses.

veggþili: Wainscoating against the long walls of the house.

þuerþili: Wooden room partition separating an entrance bay from the main
hall space.

þverþallr (ON): Innermost floor or bay of the Saga Period house,
where the women were seated.

U

uncia: See INCH. For other duodecimal gradations of the Roman
foot, see s.v. FOOT, and I, 83ff.

uncial: See uncia. In palaeography, letters or writing having the
large rounded forms of early Greek and Latin manuscripts.

unitas: Concept of spiritual and administrative unity of Church
and State (regnum et sacerdotum) and within the Church of
uniformity of rule (regula) and custom (consuetudo).

uuantus (Vulgar Latin): A glove that is worn in the summer
(manicas quas uulgo uuantos appellamus in aestate). In the synod
of 816 listed as one of the mandatory items of clothing to be
issued to each monk. Also see muffula; cf. vestimentum.

V

vacarritia: Dairy in medieval Latin; on the Plan, includes cattle
breeding as well.

vacatio: Time vacated, or released, from other obligations for the
purpose of learning; in this sense used on the Plan in the Outer
School. See scola.

vagl, vaglbiti (ON): TIE BEAMS.

vannus: Winnowing fan; see Adalhard <IV>, 109 n81.

veggir (ON): Walls, in a Saga-Period house; referred to as langveggir,
long walls, or gaflveggir, gable walls.

veizluskáli (ON): Banquet hall. See stofa.

Verblattung (NHG): Lap joint.

Verkammung (NHG): Half-lap joint.

verna, uerna: Slave, person of low social standing. On the Plan,
used for lay helpers in the Monks' Bake and Brew House;
possibly the designation for a lay brother.

versus: Short chanted verse occupying fixed positions in the opus
Dei, q.v. See p. 121 for Adalhard, Rubric IX; for versus cantandi
outside the Office, Rubric XXIX, 121 n139, and Rubric
XLVIII, 122 n149.

Verzapfung (NHG): Mortise and tenon joint (II, 116).

vestiarium: Vestiary. On the Plan, a large room over and coextensive
with the Refectory, by its size presumably able to
accommodate tailoring and storage of clothing (I, 281ff).
See vestiarius.

vestiarius: Keeper of monks' clothes, a subordinate of the
Chamberlain (camerarius). See Adalhard <VII>, 120 n132.
At Fulda in 812 "Omnes homines qui in eodem monasterio loco habitant
ab uno vestiario vestitum accipiant prosint praepositas sive cellarius dispenserint"
(Corp. Cons. Mon. I, 325).

vestimentum (-a): Garment. Benedict (RB, 55) prescribes an
issue of two tunics (tunica), cowls (culculla), stockings (pedules),
two pair of shoes (caligae), a belt (bracile), pen (graphium),
needle (acus), handkerchief (mappula), and tablets
(tabula); monks on journeys receive a pair of trousers (femoralia)
which are to be washed and restored to the vestiary
upon returning.

The abbot supervised the exchange and fit of new clothes for old
ones, an exchange occurring on St. Martin's Day (November 11). At
the synod of 816, the Benedictine standard clothing list was greatly
enlarged, doubtless in recognition of the harsher climate north of the
Alps.

For clothing items and allowances at Corbie, see Adalhard <I, 4>,
105 nn30-34. Novices were issued the discards of monks.

On the Plan, facilities are indicated in the Great Collective Workshop
for fullers, tanners, and shoemakers (fullones, coriarii, sutores), indicating
that the community doubtless produced all its own clothing and harness
tack.

Vestimenta capernina seu sirico circumsuta, vestments made of goat
hair or edged in silk, were forbidden to monks according to Haito's
commentary to the preliminary acts of the first synod of Aachen.

[ad]viaticum: Provisions for journeying (Adalhard <II>, 105
n36).

villa (-ae): An outlying manorial estate or settlement, composed of
manses (mansi). The economic exploitation of such estates, if
monastic, and within practical range (villa dominica; see Verhulst
and Semmler, p. 235) was in the hands of the provost,
the chamberlain, and the porter.

Each, for the fulfillment of his respective duties (ministerium), had
assigned to him the yield of a specific number of services (seruitium)
or the collection of tithes (decimum) in those tenures subject to tithing.
An elder, called maior, represented the villa; if the estate lay beyond
practical reach of the monastery, the abbot delegated authority for its
administration to a vassalus in beneficio (see I, 349 and Adalhard <I>,
103 notes 16-19).

villa rustica: The country residence of a Roman land holder with living
quarters usually ranged around an open, galleried court and partially
roofed over.

villicus: See maior.

vindgluggr, or vindanga (ON): Air inlet. See ljori.

vinum: See hemina.

vivarium: Fishbreeding pond. Also the name of a famous monastery
founded by Cassiodorus near his ancestral home of
Syllacium in Calabria, with fishponds established by deflecting
the river Pella into collecting basins.

But Adalhard and other Carolingians more commonly denote stockyards
by this term (Adalhard <I, 4>, 105 and <IV>), 108ff in contrast
with piscarium.

volatilia: Poultry. The consumption of fowl, a controversial
matter in monastic life, was one on which Benedict failed to
make explicit comment, a lapse interpreted by later generations
to mean that he condoned it.

vomitorium: Opening at the upper end of hidden corridors
(cryptae) in the substructure of Roman theaters and amphitheaters,
through which people gain access ("are spit out
into") to the spectators' tiers (maeniae).

VOUSSOIR: A brick or wedge-shaped stone used to form an arch.

W

wacta: Guard, and guard duty, perhaps also used to mean guard
towers. See the Capitulare de villis, quoted II, 33ff.

WALL PIECE: A vertical timber rising from a corbel against the
upper inside face of a masonry wall, usually receiving an angle
brace or arch brace related to a superincumbent timber roof.

Wall pieces engaged in the gable walls are principal roof-supporting
members; those in the aisle walls lock the tie beams into which they are
tenoned against the masonry.

WALL PLATE: See PLATE.

WALL POST: See POST.

Warf, or Wurte (NHG): In protohistoric tideland settlements of
northwest Germany and Holland, an artificial earth mound
thrown up to raise the level of the ground above the heavy
winter tides.

WATER TABLE: See DRIP MOULD.

Westwerk (NHG): A multistoried avant corps on the entrance side
of the church, in which two lateral staircase towers gave access
to a raised tribune from which the emperor and his entourage
might attend services; a Carolingian innovation expressing
the close association between state and church (see regnum et
sacerdotium) which characterizes the Age of Charlemagne.

The absence of this feature from the Church of the Plan may be
conditioned by a reluctance on the part of certain reformists to grant the
secular sovereign so important a station in the house of God.

Winchilsul (OHG): Corner post. See the Lex Bajuvariorum,
quoted II, 27ff.

Wurte: See Warf.

Y

YARD: In US/English standard measure, 36 inches (91.44 cm), or
3 feet. See ELL, FOOT, INCH.