The Plan of St. Gall :: :: University of Virginia Library

The Plan of St. Gall

a study of the architecture & economy of & life in a paradigmatic Carolingian monastery

Horn, Walter William

THE PLAN OF ST. GALL

[section]

[title page]

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

III.

PREFACE: VOLUME III

III.

CONTENTS: VOLUME III

SYNOPSIS OF THE WORK

NOTE ON THE ILLUSTRATIONS

ILLUSTRATIONS

II.

III.

INDEX TO VOLUMES I II III

CORRIGENDA AND ERRATA

COLOPHON

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ILLUSTRATIONS

FOR VOLUMES I, II, & III

[ILLUSTRATION]

VOLUME I

xii

xiii

xiv

xvi

xvii

xviii

xix

figure	PRELIMINARIES	page
[1] ill. I. vi	Map: Origin and Diffusion of Monastic Life in Asia and Europe, 4th-9th centuries	vi
ill. I. xvii	Fulda. St. Michael's crypt. Capital	xvii
ill. I. xx	Plan of St. Gall at scale of 1:1920	xx
ill. I. xxiii	Lorsch. Head of Christ in stained glass (9th cent.)	xxiii
ill. I. xxiv	Plan of St. Gall with building numbers keyed to Index, pp. xx-xxvii	xxiv
ill. I. xxvii	Silver coin, ca. 804	xxvii
	PART I PREVIOUS LITERATURE, ORIGIN, PURPOSE, AND SPECIAL PROBLEMS
[2] 1.X frontispiece	Plan of St. Gall. Recto of parchment showing Life of St. Martin, lower left corner	xxviii
1.A	Plan of St. Gall. Verso of parchment showing Life of St. Martin	4
1.B-C	Plan of St. Gall. Parchment
	B. Folding sequence. C. Unfolding procedure and reading sequence	5
[3] 2	Plan of St. Gall. Dedicatory legend	8
[4] 3	Plan of St. Gall. House for Horses and Oxen and their Keepers. Detail showing hands of both scribes	12
[5] 4	Plan of St. Gall. North porch, western paradise, showing hands of both scribes	12
5	Vita Sancti Bonifatii (Codex Augiensis CXXXVI), fol. 14 (9th cent.), showing hand of the main scribe of the Plan of St. Gall	14
6	Cologne Cathedral. 13th-century drawing of buttressed pier, southwest tower	15
[6] 7	Plan of St. Gall. Alignment of Outer School, House for Distinguished Guests, and Kitchen, Bake, and Brew House for Distinguished Guests	16
[7] 8	Plan of St. Gall. Alignment of Mill, Mortar, and Drying Kiln	17
9	Cologne Cathedral. 13th-century drawing of stairwell, southwest tower, detail of plan	18
10. A-B	Plan of St. Gall
	A. Ambo in nave of Church. B. Baptismal font	19
11. A-B	Plan of St. Gall
	A. South tower of Church. B. North tower of Church	19
LEGEND: ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOR
12	Plan of St. Gall. Henhouse	20
13	Plan of St. Gall. Henhouse. Analysis of procedure in drawing circle	20
ill. I. 25	Gallo-Roman stylus	25
14	Cologne. Carolingian Cathedral. Hildebold's foundations (800-819), 1:600	26
15. A-B	Cologne. Carolingian cathedral (VIIB). Consecrated by Willibert, Sept. 27, 870
	A. Plan, 1:600. B. Longitudinal Section	28
16	Cologne. Carolingian cathedral (VIIB). Interior view toward west	29
17	Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Cemetery. Tendril-shaped ornament	30
18	Godescalc Gospels (871-873), fol. 2r. Border framing Luke, detail	30
19	Godescalc Gospels (871-873), fol. 3r. Border framing Christ, detail	30
20. A-B	Ada Gospels (9th cent.), fol. 6v
	A, B. Columns of canon tables, details	31
21	Harley Gospels (early 9th cent.), fol. 9r. Columns of canon tables, details	32
22	Lorsch Gospels (ca. 810), fol. 71r. Text of Matthew, detail	32
23	Lorsch Gospels (ca. 810), fol. 10v. Fifth cannon arch, detail	33
24. A-B	Plan of St. Gall. Assembly of parchment and drawing details
	A. Assembly of Plan from five pieces of parchment. B. Examination of conditions where drawing line crosses seams	34, 36
[8] 25-32	Plan of St. Gall. Details of sewn parchment showing overlapped parts, seams, and drawing details, various sections (figs. 25-32 are part of a series)	38-41
[9] 33-39	Plan of St. Gall. Analysis of tracing, stages 1 through 7	42-48
[10] 40	Plan of St. Gall. Stage 8 (final) of tracing	49
41	Codex Rhenaugensis (9th cent.). LXXIII, fol. 9v. Adamnan's plan (7th cent.) of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem (copied by Walahfrid Strabo)	54
[11] 42	Codex Rhenaugensis (9th cent.), LXXIII, fol. 9v. Adamnan's plan (7th cent.) of the Church of Mt. Sion (copied by Walahfrid Strabo)	55
[12] 43	Codex Rhenaugensis (9th cent.), LXXIII, fol. 12r. Adamnan's plan (7th cent.), Church of the Ascension, Mt. Olive (copied by Walahfrid Strabo)	56
[13] 44	Codex Rhenaugensis (9th cent.), LXXIII, fol. 18v. Adamnan's plan (7th cent.), cruciform church of Samaria (copied by Walahfrid Strabo)	56
45. A-B	Egyptian wall relief from a tomb, vicinity of Schech Abd el Gurna
	A. Tracing, relief of house. B. Plan of house rendered as a modern architectural drawing	57
46. A-C	Forma urbis Romae (205-208). Rendering of walls
	A. Plan of Horrea Lolliana (fragment 25) showing walls rendered in straight-line projection typical of the plan
	B, C. Plans of temples (fragments 31b, 37a) of Argentina and Juno, showing cellar walls indicated by non-typical parallel lines	58
47. A-F	Forma urbis Romae (205-208). Renderings of arches in various aqueducts
	A. Four arches (fragment 517). B. Five arches, perhaps of the Aqua Alsietina (fragment 223).
	C. Sequence of arches changing directions at an obtuse angle (fragment 612).
	D. Series of arches in vertical projection (fragment 215).
	E. Arches with vertical projection indicated by connecting loops walls and crossbars (fragment 413).
	F. Aqueduct with arches (fragment 480)	60
48	Perugia. Marble slab of Claudia Octavia (3rd cent.). Plan of sepulchral monument at various scales, with rendered in parallel lines	62
49	Egyptian house plan (New Kingdom), showing wall thickness rendered in parallel lines	63
50.A	Forma urbis Romae (205-208), fragment 13. Seating arrangement of the Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum), 1:1500	64
50.B	Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum). Composite plan showing building on four levels	64
51.A	Forma urbis Romae (205-208), fragment 31. Theater of Marcellus (13 B.C.). Plan of semicircular seating and access by ramps and stairs
51.B-C	Rome. Theater of Marcellus (13 B.C.). Plan
	B. Plan showing substructure and two lower tiers of seating, ca. 1:800.
	C. Plan showing two upper tiers of seating, and gallery	66
52.A	Christchurch, Canterbury. Plan of Wibert's waterworks for the monastery (ca. 1165)	70
[14] 52.B-C	Christchurch, Canterbury. Wibert's waterworks for the monastery (ca. 1165)
	B. Interpretation: analysis by Willis, 1868; modified by Wysuph, Horn, and Born, 1975.
	C. Scheme of descent by gravity, interpreted by Horn and Born	71, 72
[15] 53	Plan of St. Gall. What scheme of waterways? Site with presumptive waterways superimposed	74
[16] 54	Plan of St. Gall. House for Horses and Oxen	75
55	Plan of St. Gall. Monastery Church, 1:384	76
56	Plan of St. Gall. Monastery Church as interpreted by Ostendorf	76
57	Diagram showing duodecimal division of Roman and medieval foot	79
58	Diagram showing sedecimal division of Roman and medieval foot	79
59.A-D	Plan of St. Gall. Monastery Church, detail
A. South transept arm of Church. B, C, D. Construction of 2½-foot modular grid	78
60.A-C	Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Dormitory
	A. Plan of Dormitory. B. Dormitory with 2½-foot modular grid superimposed.
	C. Probable scheme for construction of A	80
61	Plan of St. Gall. Church and Claustrum with 40-foot grid, 1:384	82
62	Plan of St. Gall. Site with 40-foot grid superimposed	84
63	Plan of St. Gall. Site as developed within a 160-foot grid	86
64	Plan of St. Gall. Monk's Vegetable Garden. Garden plots with 1¼-foot grid superimposed	88
65.A-B	Plan of St. Gall. Kitchen and Bathhouse of the Sick
	A. Plan. B. Plan with 1¼-foot grid superimposed	90
Diagram I	Sequence of progressive dichotomy used in scheme of measurements for the Plan of St. Gall	92
Diagram II	The supermodule (160 feet) and its derivatives (640 and 480 feet)	93
66.A-C	The Carolingian measure and scale used in designing the Plan
	A. The Carolingian measure. B. The Carolingian scale. C. The Carolingian scale adapted to the notation of module	94
67	Plan of St. Gall. Construction of layout of Church	96
68	Plan of St. Gall. Conseptual growth of the layout of the Church	98
69	Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Cellar	102
69.A-C	Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Cellar
	A. Layout of the Cellar. B. Cellar with 2½-foot grid superimposed. C. Probable method of construction.	102
ill.I.105	Aachen, Palace Chapel, tribune. Bronze railing, ca. 800, detail	105
71.X	Aachen, city center. Cadastral plan after 1800, with Charlemagne's palace grounds	106
71.Y	Aachen, Site plan of Charlemagne's audience hall, and Palace Chapel (796-805), 1:900	108
71.Za-c	Aachen, Palace Chapel (796-805)
	a. Plan of Chapel configuration, 1:400. b. Elevation of Chapel looking east. c. Elevation of Chapel looking south. (Drawings by L. Hugot; grids superimposed by author.)	110, 111
71.A	Schematic plan of a Roman castrum	114
71.B	Kastel Kunzig, Passau, Germany. Roman military camp (1st-2nd cent.). Plan	114
72	St. Gervais, Geneva. Plan of a Carolingian villa (8th cent.), 1:1000	115
73.A-B	Dorestadt, Netherlands. Carolingian castellum (after 725-823)
	A. Plan, 1:15000. B. Site plan	116
74	Hartmann Schedel, Liber Chronicarum (1493), fol ccliiii. Fortified castellum of Sabatz-on-the-Sau	117
ill.I.118	"XVI Qualiter divina opera per diem agantur," Bodleian Library, Hatton 48, fols. 29r-29v	118
75	Plan of St. Gall. Tripartite division of principal tracts	119
76	Plan of St. Gall. Tripartite division of center tract	120
77	Plan of St. Gall. Grouping of buildings in threes	120
77.X	Plan of St. Gall. The supermodule as units of three and four	121
78	Plan of St. Gall. Grouping of buildings as four in central tract	122
79	Plan of St. Gall. Grouping of buildings as seven in central tract	122
80	Plan of St. Gall. Grouping of buildings with open areas in seven and twelve	123
80.X	Plan of St. Gall. The altars of the Plan: a trinity of sevens	124
	PART II THE MONASTERY CHURCH
81	Rome. St. Paul's Outside the Walls (385). Interior looking east (after Piranesi, 1749)	126
[17] 82	Plan of St. Gall. Church, showing areas reserved for monks, and those accessible to laymen, 1:640	130
83	Plan of St. Gall. Access road to Church and Monastery grounds, perspective reconstruction	130
[18] 84	Plan of St. Gall. Atrium, towers, and western half of Church	132
85	Glendalough, Wicklow, Ireland. Medieval round tower (10th cent.)	134
86	Tabriz, Adarbadschan, Iran. Blue Mosque (1437-1467), elevation of facade, 1:300	136
87	Pers (Deux-Sèvres), France. Mortuary lantern	138
88	Heddernheim, Germany. Altar of Mithras, Mithras sanctuary	138
89	Poitiers, France. Merovingian stone from church of Notre-Dame-l'Ancienne (?)	140
90	Lucca, Italy. Villa Grinini (8th cent.). Marble fragment with six-lobed rosette	140
91	Parçay-Meslay, France. Six-lobed rosette in masonry of monastic barn (1211-1227)	140
92	Hex signs of Pennsylvania Dutch barns	140
[19] 93	Plan of St. Gall. Nave and aisles of Church	142
94	Thasos, Macedonia. Presbytery of basilica (6th cent.)	144
95	Lutrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 97. Baptismal scene	146
96	Deerhurst, Gloucestershire, England. Saxon baptismal font in priory church (9th-10th cent.)	146
97	Aachen, Germany. Baptismal font (ca. 1100)	146
98	Salonika, Greece. Ambo, Hagia Sofia	148
[20] 99	Plan of St. Gall. Transept, Presbytery, east apse, and paradise	150
100, 100.X	Stuttgart, Germany. Church bench from Alpirsbach monastery (13th cent.)	152
101	Hexam, Northumberland, England. Night stairs, priory church (12th-13th cent.)	153
102.A-B	Roman coins showing celestial canopies
	A. Medal (187) showing Janus under canopy
	B. Sestertius showing Domitian enthroned under canopy	154
103	Rome. Old St. Peter's (319/322-377). Presbytery as rebuilt (594-604) by Gregory	154
104	Tyre, Palestine (Lebanon). Paulinus's basilica (314). Reconstructed plan based on Eusebius's description	154
105	Codex Amiatinus I (beginning of 8th cent.), fol. 5r. Prophet Ezra writing	156
106	Vienna, Austria. Carved ivory book cover (9th-10th cent.) showing Gregory writing at a lectern	157
107	Plan of St. Gall. Church and Claustrum, authors' interpretation	158
108	Plan of St. Gall. Church and Claustrum, transverse section, 1:256, looking east, authors' interpretation	161
109	Plan of St. Gall. Church, longitudinal section, 1:256, authors' interpretation	161
110	Plan of St. Gall. Church interior, view toward east apse, authors' interpretation	161
111.A-B	Plan of St. Gall. Church, elevations, 1:256
	A. North elevation. B. South elevation, authors' interpretations	165
112	Plan of St. Gall. Church seen from north, looking south	166
113	Plan of St. Gall. Church seen from west, looking east, 1:384	167
114	Hochst-on-the-Main, Germany. Capital, St. Justinius's church (ca. 834)	168
115.X	Reichenau-Mittelzell. Capital, Haito's church of St. Mary (806-816)	168
115	St. Gall, Switzerland. Capital excavated below the pavement of the present church	169
116	Neustadt-am-Main. Saviour's Church (after 768-769). Isometric view	170
117	Reichenau-Mittelzell. Haito's church of SS Mary, Peter, and Paul (consecrated 816). Elevation, 1:300	170
118	Plan of St. Gall. Crypt, Ostendorf's interpretation	172
119	Plan of St. Gall. Crypt, Hecht's interpretation	172
120	Corvey-on-the-Wesser, Germany. Westwork of abbey church (873-885), ground floor	172
121	Reichenau-Oberzell. Church of St. George (890-896). Crypt from entry shaft	174
122	Fulda, abbey church. Hall crypt (817-819), 1:300	176
123	Plan of St. Gall. Crypt, authors' interpretation	177
124	Paris. St.-Germain-des-Près (12th cent.). Roof system and typical truss, 1:150	178
125	Paris. St.-Pierre-de-Montmartre (12th cent.). Roof system, 1:150	178
126	Rome. Roof of Old St. Peter's recorded by Fontana (1694)	179
127	Two basic Roman roof types according to Virtruvius	180
128	Syria. Batuta Chapel, porch, south side	181
129	Syria. Brad Convent, pediment of porch	183
130	Plan of St. Gall. Church interpreted by Dehio according to corrective explanatory titles, 1:768	182
131	Plan of St. Gall. Church interpreted by Reinhardt according to corrective explanatory titles, 1:768	182
132	Plan of St. Gall. Church, perspective cut. Crypt and altar space as interpreted by Reinhardt	184
133	Neustadt-am-Main. Savior's Church (after 768-769). Plan, 1:600	184
134	Reichenau-Mittelzell. Haito's abbey church of St. Mary (consecrated 816). Plan, 1:600	185
135	St. Riquier (Centula). Angilbert's abbey church (790-799). Plan, 1:600	185
136	Vreden. Carolingian abbey church of SS Felicissimus, Agapitas, and Felicitas (ca. 800). Plan, 1:600	186
137	Plan of St. Gall. Church interpreted by Reinle according to corrective explanatory titles	186
137.X-141	Comparative church plans at scale of 1:1500	187
	137.X. St. Riquier (Centula). 138. Fulda, Ratger's abbey church (802-807).
	139. Cologne, Hildebold's church of SS Peter and Mary (before 819).
	140. Plan of St. Gall, Monastery Church. 141. Rome, Old St. Peter's (319 322-377)	187
142	Ephesos. First Church of St. John (state in 450). Plan, 1:600	188
143	Bethlehem. Church of the Nativity (end of 5th cent.) Plan, 1:600	188
144, 145	Thasos, Macedonia. Cruciform church (6th cent). Plan, 1:600, and schematic rendering	189
146	Salona, Dalmatia. Cruciform church (6th cent.). Egger's reconstruction	190
147	Kornelismünster, Germany. Abbey church of the Saviour (816-817). Plan, 1:600	190
148.A-C, X	Cruciform non-aisled churches with disengaged crossings. Plans
	A. Tomarza, Cappadocia (5th-6th cent.), 1:600
	B. Halvadere, Cappadocia (5th-6th cent.), 1:600
	C. Pfalzel, near Trier. Abbey church of Adala (before 715)
	X. Sivri Hissar, Cappadocia (5th-6th cent.), 1:600	191
149.A-B	Gerasa (Jerash), Palestine. Church of Prophets, Apostles, and Martyrs (464-465)
	A. Plan, 1:600. B. Section, 1:400	192
150	Mousmieh, Syria. Praetorium (ca. 180). Plan, 1:600	192
151.A-B	Vagharshapat (Echmiadzin), Armenia. Church of St. Gayané (630-346) A. Plan, 1:600. B. Plan, 1:300	193
151.X a-d	Bande, Galicia, Spain. Church of Santa Comba (7th cent.)
	a. Axonomic projection. b. Plan, 1:300. c. Plan, 1:600. d. Section, 1:250	193
151.Y	Trier, Germany. North basilica (325-380). Isometric reconstruction redrawn from Krautheimer	194
152.A-C	Germigny-des-Près. Church of Theodulf of Orleans (806-810)
	A. Plan, 1:600. B. Plan, 1:300. C. Exterior view from southwest	194
153.A-B	Rome. S. Maria in Cosmedin (8th cent.). Crypt plan
	A. Plan, 1:600. B. Plan, 1:125	195
154.A-B	Rome. Old St. Peter's (319/322-377). Crypt
	A. Plan, 1:600. B. Plan, 1:325	194, 195
[21] 155.A-B	Plan of St. Gall. Fore choir and system of crypts. Plans
	A. Plan, 1:600. B. Plan, 1:192	196
156.A-B	Loire-Atlantique, France. St.-Philbert-de-Grandlieu (819). Crypt (847-859)
	A. Plan, 1:600. B. Plan, 1:400	197
157.A-B	Auxerre, France. Church of St.-Germain. Crypt (859)
	A. Plan, 1:600. B. Plan, 1:400	197
158.A-B	Flavigny-sur-Ozerain, France. Church of St. Pierre (864-878). Crypt plans
	A. Plan, 1:600. B. Plan, 1:275	198
159	Lepcis Magna, Tripolitania. Basilica of Septimius Severus (146-211). Plan	199
160	St. Maurice d'Agaune, Switzerland. Carolingian basilica (end of 8th cent.). Plan, 1:600	200
161	Corinth-Lechaion, Greece. Church of St. Leonidas (450-460?); atrium, 518-527. Plan, 1:600 (redrawn by E.B.)	201
162	Ravenna, Italy. Church of San Vitale (532-546). Plan, 1:600	202
163	Werden casket (7th cent.). Fragment showing the Visitation	203
164	Plan of St. Gall. Altar arrangement	204
165	Plan of St. Gall. Axonometric view of altar & altar screens, authors' interpretation	205
166	Ravenna, Italy, San Giovanni Evangelista (424-434). Plan, 1:600, with square grid superimposed	206
166.X	St.-Denis. Abbey church (775) redrawn from Crosby and Conant. Plan, 1:500	207
167.A-B	Neustadt-am-Main. Savior's Church (768-769) with square grid superimposed
	A. Plan, 1:600. B. Plan, 1:300	208
168	St. Riquier (Centula). Abbey church (790-799). Plan, 1:600, with square grid superimposed (after Aachter)	209
169	Fulda. Plan, 1:600, of the abbey as attained under Ratger (802-817) with square grid superimposed	210
170	Rome. Old St. Peter's (319/322-377). Plan, 1:600, showing construction method by means of √2 rectangle (interpreted by Born)	211
171	Reichenau-Mittelzell. Haito's abbey church (consecrated 816). Plan, 1:600, with square grid superimposed	212
172	Cologne. Carolingian cathedral of SS Peter and Mary (founded by Hildebold, d. 819).
	Plan 1:600, with square grid superimposed	213
173	Plan of St. Gall. Monastery Church. Plan, 1:600	214
174	Rome. Santa Maria Maggiore (432-440). Interior looking east	215
175, 176	Feddersen-Wierde. Aisled house of a chieftain, Warf layer IIB (1st-2nd cent. B.C.) Elevation, and plan	216
177.A-D	Diagram illustrating two modes of space composition: aggregation, and bay division
	A. Rome, St. Paul's. B. London, tithe barn at Great Harmondsworth. C. Speyer Cathedral. D. Amiens Cathedral	217
178	Lindisfarne Gospels (ca. 700), fol. 2v. Great cruciform page	218
179.A-B	Lindisfarne Gospels (ca. 700)., fol. 2v. Great cruciform page with square grid superimposed
	A. First stage. B. Second stage	219
180.A-D	Lindisfarne Gospels (ca. 700), fol. 2v. Details of the great cruciform page
	A. Photograph of square panel above arm of cross (fig. 187).
	B. Photograph of square grid visible on corresponding portion of folio 4r.
	C. Square grid with outlines of cross and lozenge pattern.
	D. Final state of pattern, authors' reconstruction	220
181	Lindisfarne Gospels (ca. 700), fol. 138v. Cruciform page preceding Gospel of Luke	222
182	Diagram showing use of square grid in constructing the cruciform page (fig. 181)	223
183.A-D	Ada Gospels (beginning of 9th cent.), fol. 59v
	A. Canon tables, fol. 6v. B. Canon table, fol. 8v. C, D. Diagrams showing application of square grid in constructing canon tables of A, B	224, 226, 227
184.A-B	Ada Gospels (beginning of 9th cent.), fol. 59v
	A. Portrayal of St. Luke.
	B. Diagram showing application of square grid in construction of arch framing	228, 229
185	Codex Aureus of Echternach (11th cent.), fol. 2v. Christ in Majesty	230
186	Speyer Cathedral (1082-1106). Interior of nave looking east	231
187	William of Auvergne, Liber de Universo (1230-1236). Hierarchies of Heaven, State, and Church, authors' interpretation	232
188.A-B	Hildesheim. St. Michael's Church (1010-1033)
	A. Plan, 1:600. B. Longitudinal section, 1:450	233
189.A-D	Jumièges. Abbey church (1040-1067)
	A. Plan, 1:600. B. Longitudinal section, 1:450. C. South wall of nave.
	D. Recess of arch span (detail)	234, 235
190.A-B	Speyer Cathedral (1082-1106)
	A. Plan. B. Longitudinal section	236
190.X	Genoels-Eideren Diptych (8th cent.). Back cover, Annunciation and Visitation	238
	PART III THE CLOISTERS AND THE ABBOT'S HOUSE
191	Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Cloister, Church, and the adjacent buildings	240
[22] 192	Plan of St. Gall. Principal claustral structures and the Monks' Cloister, authors' interpretation	244
193.A-C	Umm-is-Surab, Syria. Convent of SS Sergios and Bacchos (489)
	A. Plan, 1:600. B. Plan, 1:300. C. Section	246
194.A-B	Id-Dêr, Syria. Monastery (5th cent.)
	A. Plan, 1:600. B. Section, 1:400	247
195	Inishmurry, Sligo, Ireland. Monastic cashel of St. Molaise (early 6th cent.)	248
196	St. Riquier (Centula). Abbey church and cloister of Angilbert (790-799), copied in 1612 from Chronicon Centulense (before 1088)	250
197	St. Riquier (Centula). 19th-century cadastral plan (1:4000) showing Gothic the abbey and churches of SS Benedict and Mary	251
198, 199	Lorsch. First monastery of Chrodegang (760-774). Plan, 1:600, and axonometric reconstruction	252
200, 200.X	Lorsch. Monastery of Richbold (784-804). 12th-cent. plan, 1:1800, and projection	255
201	Lorsch. Monastery of Richbold (784-804). Isometric reconstruction, 1:1200	254
202	Silchester, Hampshire, England. Roman basilica and forum (1st. cent. B.C.). Plan, 1:600	256
[23] 203	Plan of St. Gall. Cloister yard	257
204	Dioscurides, Materia Medica (Codex Vindobonensis, 50. A.D.), fol. 48v. Savin plant (Juniperus sabina)	258
205-207	Ibiza, Spain. Savin plant (Juniperus sabina). Various growth habits	259
[24] 208	Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Dormitory and Warming Room, with Privy, Bathhouse, and Laundry	260
209.A-D	Pfalz Werla, Germany. Hypocaust of fortified hall (920-930) of Henry I of Saxony
	A. Firing chamber. B. Cross section through anteroom
	C. Cross section through firing chamber
	D. Longitudinal section through entire system	261
210	Hartmann Schedel, Liber Chronicarum (1493), fol. CV. Wooden bathtub	262
211	Plan of St. Gall. Refectory, Vestiary, and Kitchen Refectory	263
211.X	Plan of St. Gall. Refectory. Interior looking east, authors' reconstruction	264
212	Catalonia, Spain. Monastery of Poblet. Reader's pulpit in refectory (12th cent.)	265
213	Winchester Psalter (1150-1160), fol. 17v. Cupboard for drinking vessels, and butlers serving	266
214	Michael Wohlgemuth, Schatzbehalter (1491), fol. 86. Royal banquet	267
215	Burg Kreuzstein, Austria. Cupboard (14th cent.)	268
216	Halberstadt, Germany. Our Lady's Church. Romanesque cupboard	269
217	Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Kitchen, interpreted by Völkers	269
218	Kuchemaistrey (Augsburg, 1507). Kitchen with cook and maid	269
219	Georgius Agricola, De Re Metallica (1556), Book X, p. 446. Alchemist's workshop	270
220	Mesopotamia. Palace of Mari (2nd millennium B.C.). Kitchen stove	271
221	Pompeii. House of the Vetii. Hearth on arches	272
222.A-B	Marmoutier, France. Kitchen of monastery
	A. Plan, 1:150. B. Elevation	273
223.A-B	Fontevrault, France. Kitchen of monastery
	A. Plan, 1:150. B. Elevation	274
224.A-C	Chichester, Sussex, England. Kitchen, bishop's palace (14th cent.)
	A. Plan at scale of Plan of St. Gall, 1:192. B. Section, 1:96. C. Plan of St. Gall, Kitchen	276
[25] 225	Plan of St. Gall. Cellar and Larder	278
226	Pompeii. Tavern sign showing transport of amphorae of wine	280
227	Nimes, Maison Carrée. Roman dolium	278
227.X	Bogazköy, Ankara, Turkey. Temple 1 (1275-1229 B.C.) with pithoi	281
228	Boscoreale, Italy. Cave of Roman villa with dolia	281
229.A-B	Wooden transport barrels
	A. Mainz, Germany. Remains of Roman barrel.
	B. Haithabu site, northern Germany (9th cent.). Wooden transport barrel for wine, re-used as well shaft	281
230	Augsburg, Germany. Roman relief of wine merchant's, cellar in Roman Germanic territory	280
231	Rome. Trajan's Column (113). Roman galley loading barrels from depot on bank	282
232	Cabrieres d'Aygues. Vaucluse, France. Gallo-Roman stone relief showing boatmen towing barrel-laden boat	283
233	Langres, France. Gallo-Roman relief showing cart-transported barrel	284
234	Bayeux Tapestry (1073-1083). Soldiers carrying wine and arms on a cart	285
235.A-C	Plan of St. Gall. Monk's Cellar. Diagrams of wine storage capacity for 300 people
	A. Measures of volumes of larger and smaller barrels compared.
	B. Allowance of 1 hemina per day. C. Allowance of 2 heminae per day	286
236	Plan of St. Gall. Novitiate and Infirmary with their kitchens and bathhouses. Plan, 1:384	288
237	Plan of St. Gall. Kitchen and Bathhouse type for Novitiate and Infirmary, authors' reconstruction	289
238	Roger of Salerno, Chirurgia (13th cent.), III, 25, fol. 7. Physician inspecting sample	290
239	Rome. Trajan's forum and basilica (dedicated 113). Plan	291
240.A-B	Trier. Aula of imperial palace with colonnaded courts and narthex (ca. 330)
	A. Plan, 1:350. B. Perspective view from southeast	292, 293
241.A-B	Konz (Contionacum), Germany. Imperial summer residence (4th cent.)
	A. Plan, 1:600. B. Perspective reconstruction	294
242	Kloosterberg, Netherlands. Roman villa, perspective reconstruction	296
243	Gerasa (Jerash), Palestine. Three Early Christian sanctuaries on axis (St. Theodore, 494-496; Gerasa, ca. 400; shrine of St. Mary). Projection, 1:800	297
244	Canterbury. Saxon abbey church of SS Peter and Paul, and church of St. Mary (both 597-604).
	Plan, 1:384	298
245	Book of Kells (8th cent.), fol. 188r. Opening word of St. Mark Gospels	300
246	Plan of St. Gall. Diagram of distribution of principal building masses, 1:1024	301
247	Plan of St. Gall. Novitiate and Infirmary. Plan, 1:256, authors interpretation	302
248.A-B	Plan of St. Gall. Novitiate and Infirmary, author's interpretation
	A. Cross section through Cloister and Chapel, 1:256. B. West elevation	304
249.A-B	Plan of St. Gall. Chapels of Novitiate and Infirmary, authors' interpretation
	A. Longitudinal elevation, chapels and section east to west, through cloister, 1:256. B. Longitudinal section through chapels, looking south	306
[26] 250.	Plan of St. Gall. Air view of Novitiate and Infirmary from southeast, author's interpretation	308
[27] 251	Plan of St. Gall. Abbott's House	310
252	Canterbury. Christchurch Monastery. Detail of plan (ca. 1165) showing abbot's house	311
253	Bayeux Tapestry (1073-1083). Harold and followers in solarium at Bosham	312
254	Plan of St. Gall. Abbot's House. Reconstruction by Fiechter-Zollikofer	314
255	Plan of St. Gall. Abbot's House. Reconstruction by Volkers	315
256.A-B	Helmstedt, Germany. Marienthal monastery, Abbot's house (14th cent.)
	A. Plan. B. Reconstruction	315
257	Plan of St. Gall. Abbot's House, after model, authors' interpretation	316
258.A-C	Plan of St. Gall. Abbot's House, authors' interpretation
	A. Plan, 1:256. B. Longitudinal section. C. Transverse section	318
259.A-C	Plan of St. Gall. Abbot's House, exterior elevations, authors' interpretation, 1:192
	A. West elevation. B. East elevation. C. North elevation	320
260.A-C	Plan of St. Gall. Abbot's House, Kitchen, Bath, and Larder, authors' interpretation
	A. Plan, 1:256. B. West elevation, 1:192. C. South elevation	322
	PART IV THE MONASTIC POLITY
Table i	Administrative and executive organization of a Benedictine monastery	326
ill.I.329	Majuscule letters (enlarged), Bodleian Library, Hatton 48, fols. 58r, 11v, 51v	329
ill.I.330	The Abbot, Bodleian Library, Hatton 48, fols. 7v-8r	330
ill.I.332	The Prior, Bodleian Library, Hatton 48, fol. 70v	332
ill.I.333	The Deans, Bodleian Library, Hatton 48, fol. 33v	333
ill.I.334	The Cellarer, Bodleian Library, Hatton 48, fol. 39r	334
ill.I.336	The Chamberlain, Bodleian Library, Hatton 48, fol. 40v	336
ill.I.338	The Opus Dei, Bodleian Library, Hatton 48, fol. 48v	338
ill.I.340	The Divine Office, Bodleian Library, Hatton 48, fol. 33r	340
Table II	Approximate number of monks in certain Carolingian monasteries	343
ill.I.344	The Craftsman, Bodleian Library, Hatton 48, fols. 60r-60v	344
[28] ill.I.345	The Porter, Bodleian Library, Hatton 48, fol. 72v	345
261-263	Utrecht Psalter (ca. 830)
	Details: fol. 7v, illustration for Psalm XXI (14); fol. 49v, illustration for Psalm LXXXIV (85); illustration for Psalm LXXVII (78)	346, 348, 350
263.X	Gospel of Gundohinus (ca. 754), fol. 12v. Christ in Majesty	355
ill.I.356	Ettelbrück. Marble fragment (5th cent.). Doves opposed on either side of a vase	356
	[TAILPIECE]

[ILLUSTRATION]

VOLUME II

xxi

xxii

xxiii

xxiv

xxv

xxvi

xxvii

xxviii

xxix

figure	PRELIMINARIES
ill.II.vii	Agnus dei (mid-8th cent.), Laon, ms. 137, fol. IV, detail	vii
ill.II.ix	Lorsch Gospels (ca. 810), fol. 116r. "Incipit capitulare," detail	ix
264.X frontispiece	Plan of St. Gall. Authors' interpretation	[ILLUSTRATION]
	PART V THE GUEST AND SERVICE BUILDINGS
264.A-C	Plan of St. Gall. Perspectives of Outer School (interpreted by Keller, 1884)
	A. Plan. B. Structure with roof removed. C. Internal open court.	4
265.A-C	Roman atrium house with rain catch-basin
	A. Plan (after Luckenbach, 1910). B. Perspective (after Kahler, 1960). C. Longitudinal section	6
266	Plan of St. Gall. Bird's-eye view of the monastery (model by Lasius for Rahn, 1877)	7
267	Plan of St. Gall. Reconstruction of the buildings of the Plan (model by Leemann, 1877)	8
268	Archaic Etrusco-Roman house. Reconstruction (after Petroni, 1942)	10
269	Poggio Gaiella. Etruscan ash urn (1st millennium B.C.)	11
270	Nendeln, Liechtenstein. Plan of a Roman villa (after Jenny)	12
271	Bilsdorf, Luxembourg. Plan of a Roman villa (after Oelmann, 1928)	12
272.A-B	Bilsdorf, Luxembourg. Plan of a Roman villa (2nd-3rd cent.)
	A. Plan with chambers identified, 1:200. B. Plan, 1:600	14
273	Bilsdorf, Luxembourg. Roman villa, perspective view, authors' reconstruction	15
274.A-C	Plan of St. Gall. Outer School (after Oelmann, 1923-24)
	A. Without roofs, and with walls at full height. B. Without roofs, and walls partly removed. C. With roofs	16
275	Engadin, Switzerland. Plan of Swiss farmhouse (late 19th cent.)	17
276	Danish farmhouse showing timber construction of roof, detail	17
277	Plan of St. Gall. Bird's-eye view of the monastery (reconstruction by Fiechter-Zollikofer)	18
278	Plan of St. Gall. Outer School. Plan and elevation (interpreted by Fiechter-Zollikofer, 1936)	19
	NOTE ill. III. xx LAON. Gospel Book (mid-9th cent.)
	Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 63, fol. 26, 29·5 × 23·cm
	SCHOOL OF TOURS
	Selection of letters from an incipit page. Redrawn and shown about 1·75 × original size.
	Drawn capital letters of such elegance, refinement and perfection were never surpassed at any later period in the development of the drawn Roman Capital.
279	Plan of St. Gall. Outer School. Smoke outlet at roof ridge (after Fiechter-Zollikofer, 1936)	19
280	Plan of St. Gall. House for Distinguished Guests. Exterior perspective (after Völckers, 1949)	20
281	Plan of St. Gall. House for Distinguished Guests. Interior perspective (after Völckers, 1949)	20
282	Plan of St. Gall. Bird's-eye view of the monastery (reconstruction by Gruber, 1937)	21
283	Plan of St. Gall. Bird's eye-view of the monastery (reconstruction by Sorrell, 1966)	22
284.A-B	North Germanic house of the Saga period (9th-13th cent.)
	A. Plan. B. Perspective view of interior [ILLUSTRATION]	25
285.A-B	North Germaic house of the Saga period (9th-13th cent.)
	A. Interior view. B. Exterior view	26
ill.II.27	Bronze Scandinavian ornament (late Iron Age, 6th cent.)	27
286	House of the Lex Bajuvariorum (8th cent.). Plan	28
287.A-D	House of the Lex Bajuvariorum (8th cent.). Reconstruction (Gruber, 1926)
	A. Plan. B. Longitudinal section. C. Elevation. D. Transerve section	30
288	House of the Lex Bajuvariorum (8th cent.). Axonometric view (Gebhard, 1951)	32
288.Xa-c	Zwenkau-Harth, Germany. Aisled house of the Banded Pottery People (3rd millennium B.C.)
	a. Key plan, 1:1200. b. Section, 1:120. c. Plan, 1:400	32
289.A-B	House of the Lex Bajuvariorum (8th cent.). Authors' interpretation
	A. Perspective with roof removed. B. Plan with structural members identified	34, 35
290	Känne, Gotland, Sweden. Germanic long house (3rd-5th cent.). Plan, 1:300	36
291.A-C	Ljosta, Gotland, Sweden. Germanic house (3rd-5th cent.), reconstruction of Boethius and Nihlen
	A. Foundation. B, C. Reconstruction of the dwelling	37
292.A-C	Iceland, Þorsardalur Valley. Hall Stöng (9th-13th cent.)
	A. Plan, 1:150. B. Foundations after excavation. C. Interior view	38
293, 294	Ezinge, Groningen, The Netherlands. House A, Warf-layer VI (4th cent. B.C.)
	Foundations, and plan	40, 41
296	Ezinge, Groningen, The Netherlands. Plan of cluster settlement, Warf-layer V (4th-3rd cent. B.C.)	43
297	Ezinge, Groningen, The Netherlands. Interior of House B, cluster settlement, Warf-layer V (4th-3rd cent. B.C.)	44
298.A-B	Ezinge, Groningen, The Netherlands. Cattle barn, Warf-layer IV (2nd cent. B.C.)
	A. Plan, 1:150. B. Authors' reconstruction showing roof framing	46
299	Ezinge, Groningen, The Netherlands. Cattle barn, Warf-layer IV (2nd cent. B.C.)	47
300.A-D	Pre- and protohistorical carpentry joints of Neolithic and Bronze ages	48
301	Wijchen, Gelderland, The Netherlands. Site plan, Iron Age houses (4th cent. B.C.), 1:125	49
302	Wijchen, Gelderland, The Netherlands. Two Iron Age house plans (4th cent. B.C.), 1:125	49
303.A-B	Fochteloo, Friesland, The Netherlands. Houses of a West Germanic farmer and his retainers (1st-4th cent. A.D.)
	A. Air view of site, looking north. B. Plan of settlement, 1:1200	50
304.A-C	Fochteloo, Friesland, The Netherlands. House of a wealthy Germanic farmer (1st-4th cent. A.D.)
	A. Plan, 1:300. B, C. Plan, final condition	51
305.A-B	Leens, Groningen, The Netherlands. Aisled house with turf walls (700-1000 A.D.)
	A. Plan, 1:150. B. Section; and excavation, 1:150	52
306.A-B	Leens, Groningen, The Netherlands. Aisled house with walls (700-1000), transverse sections
	A. House of Warf-layer B. B. House of Warf-layer B with wattlework walls	52
307	Hodorf, Holstein, Germany. Aisled farm house (1st-2nd cent.). Plan, 1:200	53
308	Hodorf, Holstein, Germany. Exterior view, aisled view, aisled house (1st-3rd cent.)	54
309.A-B	Einswarden, Nordenheim, Germany. Post and wattle house (ca. birth of Christ)
	A. Plan, 1:125. B. Reconstruction	55
310, 310.X	Aalburg, Luxembourg. Aisled house (5th cent. B.C.). Cross section; isometric view, 1:125	56
311	Aalburg, Luxembourg. Aisled house (5th cent. B.C.). Plan, 1:125	56
312	Wilhelmshaven-Hessens, Germany. Aisled house (6th-9th cent.). Exterior view	58
313.A-C	Jemgum, Leer, Germany. Aisled house (7th-5th cent. B.C.)
	A. Plan, 1:80 B. Cross section. C. Elevation	60
314	Jemgum, Leer, Germany. Aisled house (7th-5th cent. B.C.). Exterior view	61
315	Feddersen Wierde, Germany. Aisled houses of Warf-layer B (1st-2nd cent.). Plan of site, 1:500	62
316.A-B	Feddersen-Wierde, Germany. Aisled house of a chieftain, Warf-layer B (1st-2nd cent.)
	A. Plan, 1:300. B. Authors' reconstruction	63
317	Feddersen-Wierde, Germany. House of the earliest settlement horizon (detail)	65
318.A, C, D	Nauen-Barhorst. Migration period village (2nd-3rd cent.). Wall construction	64
	A. Vertical boards between slotted posts.
	C. Woven wattle infill between posts.
	D. Horizontal boards, lower edge slotted	64
318.B	Leigh Court Worcestershire, England. (ca. 1325). Woven wattle walls	64
319, 320	Elisenhof, Schleswig, Germany. Aisled house (9th cent.). Overview of the warf with remains of houses; detail of wattled walls	66
321	Antwerp, Belgium. Unaisled and aisled houses (early 11th cent.). Plans	67
322	Antwerp, Belgium. Aisled house (early 11th cent.) Reconstruction	68
323	Elp, Drenthe, The Netherlands. Aisled long house of a Bronze Age settlement (ca. 1250 B.C.). Plan, 1:175	69
324.A-B	Cheddar, Somerset, England. Aisled palace halls (12th and 13th cent.)
	A. Composite plan, East Halls I, II, III, 1:500. B. Hall in 1100-1135, 1:300	70
325.A, A.1	Warendorf, Westphalia, Germany. House types of early medieval settlements (650-800)
	A. Exterior view. A.1 Plan, House 47, level A, period 4, 1:250	72
325.B, B.1	Warendorf, Westphalia, Germany. House types of early medieval settlements (600-800)
	B. Exterior view. B.1 Plan, House 7, level 4 period I, 1:250	73
326.A-G	Warendorf, Westphalia, Germany. House types of early medieval settlements (650-800)
	Drawings and plan types, 1:250	74, 75, 76
327	Ezinge, Groningen, The Netherlands. House B of Warf-layer V (3rd cent. B.C.)	78
328	Sturla Thordasson, Sturlunga Saga (13th cent.). Gizur's stofa at Flugumyr.
	Order of seating as described in the text	80
329	Plan of St. Gall. Basic house form (Kitchen and Bath of Novitiate)
330	Plan of St. Gall. House variant 1 (Annex to Collective Workshop)	83
331	Plan of St. Gall. House variant 2 (House of Fowlkeepers)	84
332	Plan of St. Gall. House variant 3A (House of Physcians)	84
333	Plan of St. Gall. House variant 3B (House for Brood Mares)	85
334	Plan of St. Gall. House variant 4 (House for Sheep and Shepherds)	85
335	Albrecht Dürer. The Village of Kalkreuth (ca. 1500)	86
336	Engraving after Pieter Bruegel the Elder	87
337	Husterknupp, Lower Rhine Valley, Germany. Dwelling (9th cent.)	88
338	Stellerberg, Dithmarschen, Germany. House 3 of fortified settlement (9th cent.)	88
[29] 339	Leicester Castle, Leicestershire, England. Interior of great hall (ca. 1150)	89
340	Hereford, Herefordshire, England. Bishop's palace. Interior of great hall (ca. 1150)	90
341.A-C	Chichester, Sussex, England. St. Mary's Hospital (end of 13th cent.)
	A. Plan showing building at original length, 1:256.
	B. Longitudinal section at original length, 1:256. C. Transverse section	91, 92, 93
342	Chichester, Sussex, England. St. Mary's Hospital (end of 13th cent.)
	Scheme of construction drawn in perspective	94
343	Chichester, Sussex, England, St. Mary's Hospital (end of 13th cent.). Perspective reconstruction of original interior	95
344	Nurstead Court, Kent, England. Manor hall (14th cent.). Exterior view drawn by Edward Blore before 1837	96
345	Nurstead Court, Kent, England. Manor hall (14th cent.). Interior view drawn by Edward Blore before 1837	97
346.A-D	Nurstead Court, Kent, England. Manor hall (14th cent.). Reconstructed plan
	A. Reconstructed plan, 1:128. B. Plan of existing conditions.
	C. Reconstruction of the building in its form prior to 1825, 1:192.
	D. Longitudinal section of existing portion, 1:64	98, 99
347.A-C	Little Chesterford, Essex, England. Manor hall (ca. 1225 through 15th cent.).
	A. Plan, condition in 13th cent. and later.
	B. Plan at ground level, existing conditions (1960).
	C. Section of principal post	100
348	Little Chesterford, Essex, England. Manor hall (ca. 1320-30). Perspective of interior looking west	101
349	Great Coxwell, Berkshire, England. Barn of the abbey grange (14th cent.). View from northwest	102
350.A-C	Great Coxwell, Berkshire, England. Barn of the abbey grange (14th cent.)
	A. Plan, 1:256. B. Intermediate bay, 1:128. C. Transverse section, 1:128	104, 105
351	Great Coxwell, Berkshire, England. Barn of the abbey grange, (14th cent.). Interior looking south	107
352	Parçay-Meslay, France. Barn of the abbey grange (1211-1227). Exterior from northeast	107
353	Parçay-Meslay, France. Barn of the abbey grange (1211-1227). Interior looking east	108
354.A-B	Parçay-Meslay, France. Barn of the abbey grange (1211-1227)
	A. Plan. B. Transverse section	110, 111
355	Parçay-Meslay, France. Barn of abbey grange (1211-1227). Interior looking into roof ridge (photo. Roberts)	112
ill.II.113	MAP: Tours and environs locating grange of Parçay-Meslay, 1:200,000	113
356.A-B	Chichester, Sussex, England. St. Mary's Hospital (13th cent.). Construction details of principal post, tie beam, roof plate	114
357.A-B	Great Coxwell, Berkshire, England. Barn of the abbey grange (14th cent.). Construction details of principal post, tie beam, truss- and roof-rafter	114
358.A-C	Plan of St. Gall. Hearths in several buildings, 1:192
	A. House for Distinguished Guests.
	B. Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers. C. Outer School	117
359	Wijchen, Gelderland, The Netherlands. Iron Age house (4th cent. B.C.). Plan, 1:150	118
360	Kraghede, Vendsyssel, Denmark. Iron Age house (4th cent. B.C.). Plan, 1:150	118
361	New College, Oxford, England. The Great Hall (1378-1386). Lanterns on roof ridge	119
362	Magdalen College, Oxford, England. The Great Hall (1448-1480). Lanterns on roof ridge	119
363	Napa Valley, California. Dairy barn with louvers	120
364	Benecia, California. Ruined barn with louvers	120
365	Jean le Prince, Les Lavandières, (1770). Farm building with louver	121
366	Grimami Breviary (1490-1510), fol. 7v. Labors of July showing farm building with louver	121
367	Grimani Breviary (1490-1510), fol. 2v. Labors of February showing farm building with louver	122
368	Dutch Bible (Utrecht, 1465), fol. 153v (detail). Barn roof with hinged hatches	122
369, 370	Dutch farm building (18th cent.). Details of roof showing hatches	123
371.A-B	Plan of St. Gall. Corner fireplaces in various buildings
	A. Abbot's House. B. House for Distinguished Guests	124
372	Mesopotamia, Palace of Mari (2nd millennium B.C.) Corner fireplace	124
373	Le Puy-en-Velay, France. Wall fireplace (12th cent.)	125
374	Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany. Corner fireplace (13th cent.)	125
375	Plan of St. Gall. House for Distinguished Guests. Corner fireplace, authors' reconstruction	126
376	Gryten, Västergotland, Sweden. Corner fireplace with hood and oven	126
377	Sannap, Halland, Sweden. Corner fireplace with hood and oven	126
378	Les Tres Riches Heures de Jean de France (15th cent.). February labors, (detail) showing fireplace	127
379.A	Saalburg, Hesse, Germany. Fortified Roman camp showing pillared hypocaust	128
379.B	St.-Remy, Bouches-du-Rhöne, France. Ruins of Roman pillared hypocaust at Glanum	129
380	Silchester, Hampshire, England. Channeled Roman hypocaust	130
381.A-B	Plan of St. Gall. Firing chambers and smoke stacks, various buildings
	A. Monks' Warming room. B. Warming Room of Novitiate	131
382.A-C	Plan of St. Gall. Baking ovens, various buildings
	A. Monks' Bake and Brew House
	B. House for Distinguished Guests
	C. House for Pilgrims and Paupers	132, 133
383	Taubried-am-Federsee, Wurttemburg, Germany. Neolithic baking oven	133
384.A-B	Langenbeck, Harburg, Germany. Langobardic baking oven
	A. Exterior view. B. Cross section	133
385	Rome. Monument of the baker Eurysaces (1st cent. B.C.), detail	133
386.A-C	Mesopotamia, Palace of Mari (2nd millennium B.C.). Baking oven
	A. Plan. B. Section. C. Elevation of oven opening, 1:50	134
387	Behaim Codex (1505), fol. 246. Bakehouse with oven, kettle, and kneading tables	135
388	Tübingen University Library, Codex M.D. 2 (late 15th cent.), fol. 29v, detail. Children of Saturn baking pastries	136
389.A-G	Plan of St. Gall. Kitchen stoves and brewing ranges in various houses
	A. Monks' Kitchen. B. House for Distinguished Guests. C. House for Pilgrims and Paupers
	D. Novitiate. E. Infirmary.
	F. Monks' Bake and Brewhouse.
	G. House for Horses and Oxen and their Keepers	137, 138
390	Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 207, detail. Cook stirring kettles	139
[30] 391, 391.X	Plan of St. Gall. Lodging for Visiting Monks
	X. Site plan	140, 141
[31] 392	Plan of St. Gall. Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers	141
393.A-E	Plan of St. Gall. Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers. Authors' interpretation, 1:192
	A. Plan. B. Longitudinal section. C. East elevation. D. Transverse section. E. North elevation	142, 143
[32] 394.A-B	Plan of St. Gall. Lodging of the Master of the Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers
	A. Plan. B. Circulation pattern	144
[33] 395.A-B	Plan of St. Gall. Lodging of the Porter
	A. Plan. B. Circulation pattern	145
[34] 396	Plan of St. Gall. House for Distinguished Guests, with Kitchen Annex	146
397.A-F	Plan of St. Gall. House for Distinguished Guests. Authors' interpretation, 1:192
	A. Plan. B. Longitudinal section. C. South elevation
	D. North elevation
	E. Transverse section. F. East elevation	147, 148, 149
398	Plan of St. Gall. House for Distinguished Guests. Authors' reconstruction. Perspective showing nave	150
399	Plan of St. Gall. House for Distinguished Guests. Authors' reconstruction. Exterior view	151
400	Plan of St. Gall. Kitchen, Bake, and Brewhouse for Distinguished Guests. Authors' interpretation Roof framing with timbers removed	152
401.A-D	Plan of St. Gall, Kitchen, Bake, and Brewhouse for Distinguished Guests. Authors' interpretation, 1:192
	A. Ground Plan. B. Transverse section. C. East elevation. D. West elevation	154
[35] 402, 402.X	Plan of St. Gall. House for Servants of Outlying Estates, and those in the Emperor's Following
	X. Site plan	156
403.A-D	Plan of St. Gall. House for Servants of Outlying Estates, and those in the Emperor's Following. Authors' interpretation, 1:192
	A. Ground plan. B. Longitudinal section. C. East elevation. D. Transverse section	157
404	Plan of St. Gall. House for Knights and Vassals in the Emperor's Following	158
405	Plan of St. Gall. House for Knights and Vassals in the Emperor's Following. X-ray photograph of erased inscriptions	159
406.A-E	Plan of St. Gall. House for Knights and Vassals in the Emperor's Following. Authors' interpretation, 1:192
	A. Ground plan. B. Longitudinal section.
	C. North elevation. D. Transverse section. E. East elevation	160-164
Map II.169	The Frankish Empire ca. 830 A.D., 1:70,000,000	169
[36] 407	Plan of St. Gall. The Outer School	169
408.A-F	Outer School. Authors' interpretation, 1:192
	A. Plan. B. Longitudinal section. C. North elevation.
	D. South elevation. E. Transverse section. F. East elevation	170-174
409, 409.X	Plan of St. Gall. Lodging of the Master of the Outer School. X. Circulation pattern	174
[37] 410	Plan of St. Gall. House of the Physicians	176
411	Bartholomaeus de Montagnaro. Consila Medica (1434), fol. IV. A physician in his chambers	177
412	Kirkstall Abbey, Yorkshire, England. Infirmary plan (ca. 1150), 1:256	178
413.A-F	Plan of St. Gall. House of the Physicians. Authors' interpretation, 1:192
	A. Ground plan. B. Transverse section. C. North elevation. D. South elevation.
	E. West elevation. F. Longitudinal section	179, 180
[38] 414, 414.X-Y	Plan of St. Gall. Medicinal Herb Garden
	X. Site plan showing circulation pattern. Y. Plan and section, 1:192	182, 183
415	Plan of St. Gall. Medicinal Herb Garden. Perspective view from northeast	183
[39] 416	Plan of St. Gall. House for Bloodletting	184
416.X1-X.6	House for Bloodletting. Authors' interpretation
	X.1 Ground plan. X.2 Transverse section looking east	184.x
	X.3 Longitudinal section. X.4 North elevation. X.5 South elevation. X.6 East elevation	185.x
417	Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 61, detail. Physician bleeding a patient	185
418	Grimani Breviary (1490-1510), fol. 10, detail. Illumination for September. Physician bleeding a patient	186
ill.II.188	Plan of St. Gall. Site plan showing relationship among craft workshops	188
[40] 419	Plan of St. Gall. Great Collective Workshop and Annex	190
420.A-F	Plan of St. Gall. Great Collective Workshop. Authors' interpretation, 1:192
	A. Ground plan. B. Longitudinal section. C. North elevation. D. South elevation.
	E. Transverse section. F. West section	191, 192, 193
421.A-C	Plan of St. Gall. Great Collective Workshop Annex. Authors' interpretation, 1:192
	A. Plan. B. Longitudinal section. C. North elevation	194
[41] 422	Plan of St. Gall. House for Coopers and Wheelwrights and Brewers' Granary	196
423	Book of Hours (Musée Condé, ms. 1362). Labors of August. Coopers at work	197
424	Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 163, detail. Tuns on a caisson	198
425.A-F	Plan of St. Gall. House for Coopers and Wheelwrights and Brewers' Granary. Authors' interpretation, 1:192
	A. Ground Plan. B. Longitudinal section. C. West elevation. D. East elevation.
	E. Transverse section. F. North elevation	199, 200, 201, 202
[42] 426	Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Vegetable Garden, and House of the Gardener	204
426.X	Plan of St. Gall. Site plan showing relationship of garden to poultry houses	205
427.A-F	Plan of St. Gall. House of the Gardener & His Crew. Authors' interpretation, 1:192
	A. Plan. B. Longitudinal section. C. West elevation
	D. Transverse section. E. South elevation. F. Transverse section	206, 207
428	Heures de Turin (ca. 1390), fol. 4. Labors of April showing garden planting beds	208
429	Grimani Breviary (ca. 1490), fol. 613. Garden with topiary trees	209
[43] 430	Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Cemetery and Orchard	210
430.X	Rome. Church of St. John Lateran, Sancta, Sanctorum chapel. Enameled reliquary cross (817-824); and other styles of Carolingian crosses from coins	213
[44] 431	Plan of St. Gall. Granary	214
431.X	Plan of St. Gall. Site plan showing relationships among grain processing facilities	215
432	Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 173. Stacking sheaves of grain in the field	216
433	Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 173v. Carting sheaves to the barn	217
[45] 434.A-C	Little Wymondley, Hertfordshire, England. Priory barn (15th cent.)
	A. Plan. B. Section, both 1:192.
	C. Exterior view from southwest (Chalk drawing made at the site, 1960)	218, 219
435.A-E	Plan of St. Gall. Granary. Authors' reconstruction, 1:192
	A. Plan. B. Longitudinal section. C. Transverse section. D. South elevation. E. West elevation	220, 221
436	Plan of St. Gall. Site plan showing relationship of Brewers' Granary to other brew houses of the Plan	222
437	Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 74v, detail. Flailing sheaved grain	223
[46] 438, 438.X	Plan of St. Gall. Drying Kiln, Mortar, and Mill
	X. Site plan showing circulation pattern among these facilities	224
439.A-B	Gerhard Memling. Details from two paintings showing waterwheels
	A. Seated Madonna (Florence, Uffizi Gallery; ca. mid-15th cent.).
	B. Madonna and Child (London, National Gallery; ca. 1468)	226
440.A-D	Hand-operated Roman mills (schematic drawings)	227
441.A-C	Roman donkey mills
	A. Mill in Pompeii. B. Section. C. Pompeii. Remains of a Roman bakery	227
442	Rome. Fragment of sarcophagus (2nd cent. B.C.) showing horse harnessed to donkey mill	228
443.A-B	Roman water mills showing details of drive mechanisms	229
444.A-B	Arles, France. Roman industrial water mills (309-316)
	A. Plan. B. Conjectural reconstruction	229
445	Herrade de Landsberg. Hortus Deliciarum (1195), fol. 112a. Detail of mill mechanism	230
446	Medieval hand mill (14th cent.)	231
447	Hausbuch Master (ca. 1480). Milling apparatus	231
448.A-E	Plan of St. Gall. Mill. Authors' interpretation, 1:192
	A. Plan. B. West elevation. C. South elevation.
	D. Longitudinal section. E. Transverse section	232, 233
449.A.1, 2	Beltis, Lake Wallenstadt, Switzerland. Hand-operated oak mortars and pestles	235
449.B	Le Thoronet, Var. France. Mortar and pestle	235
449.C	Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 207. Cook using pestle	234
450	Modern trip-hammer	236
451	Hokusai. Japanese trip-hammer (18th cent.)	236
452.A-C	China. Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-200 A.D.). Glazed clay models (details)
	A. Model of farmyard with foot-operated trip-hammer.
	B, C. Models of trip-hammers	238, 239
452.D	Chengtu, Szechuan, China. Clay tomb tile (Eastern Han period, 230-220 A.D.)	240
453	Modern tilt-hammer. Plan and elevation	241
454	Plan of St. Gall. Tilt-hammer. Perspective view after Meringer	241
455	Spechtshart von Reutlingen. Flores Musicae (1488), fol. 7v. Water-powered tilt-hammer	242
456	Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Ms. late. 197, fol. 10r. Illustration of stamp mill attributed to an anonymous engineer of the Hussite Wars (ca. 1472-1486)	243
457.A-D	Compludo, Leon, Spain. Medieval forge and water-powered trip-hammer
	A. Perspective view of hammer mechanism. B. Plan of mechanism. C, D. Front and side views of hammer mechanism	244
458.A-F	Plan of St. Gall. Mortar House. Authors' interpretation, 1:192
	A. Plan. B. Transverse section.
	C. Longitudinal section.
	D. South elevation. E. West elevation. F. North elevation	246, 247
459.A-B	Plan of St. Gall. Drying Kiln. Authors' reconstruction, 1:192
	A. Plan. B. Longitudinal section	248
ill.II.248	Pompeii. Carbonized loaf of bread	248
460	Pompeii. Roman atrium house. Baking establishment with living quarters	249
460.X	Rome. Monument of P. Nonius Zethus of Ostia (later 1st cent.), showing donkey mill and baking implements	250
461	Canterbury. Plan of waterworks for Christchurch monastery (ca. 1165). Detail of monks' bake and brewhouse	252
[47] 462, 462.X	Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Bake and Brewhouse
	X. Site plan showing circulation pattern among grain facilities and brewhouses of the plan	254
[48] 463, 463.X	Plan of St. Gall. Kitchen, Bake and Brewhouse for Pilgrims and Paupers
	X. Site plan showing circulation patterns from Brewers' Granary to other breweries	257
[49] 464	Plan of St. Gall. Kitchen, Bake, and Brewhouse for Distinguished Guests	256
465.A-D	Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Bake and Brewhouse. Authors' interpretation, 1:192
	A. Plan. B. North elevation. C, D. Longitudinal sections	258, 260
[50] 466, 466.X	Plan of St. Gall. Henhouse, House for Fowlkeepers, Goosehouse
	X. Site plan of these facilities	265
467	Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 169v, detail. Gooseherd	266
468	Meindert Hobbema. A Farm in Sunlight (mid-17th cent.)	267
469.A-D	Plan of St. Gall. House of the Fowlkeepers. Authors' interpretation, 1:192
	A. Ground plan. B. Transverse section. C. West elevation. D. Longitudinal section	269
470	Cheddar, Somerset, England. Saxon palace, structure X (10th cent.), interpreted as a poultry house, 1:96	270
471.A-B	Gospels of St. Medard of Soissons (9th cent.), fol. 12v. Details, canon arches	271
472.A-B	Freiherr v. Ulm-Erbach. Chicken house (mid 19th cent.)
	A. Plan. B. Elevation	272
473.A-C	Plan of St. Gall. Henhouse. Authors' reconstruction, 1:192
	A. Plan. B. Section. C. Elevation	273
474	Plan of St. Gall. House for Horses and Oxen and Their Keepers	274
475	Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 171, detail. Harrowing	275
476	Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 170, detail. Plowing	276
[51] 477	Odilo's monastic guesthouse for the emperor's following (11th cent.). Diagrammatic plan	277
478.A-B	Fontanella (St.-Wandrille). An interpretation of the monastic structures as they might have appeared in the time of Ansegis
	A. Diagrammatic plan, after the verbal description in Gesta abbatum Fontanellensium.
	B. Interpretive study of the architecture after the Gesta	278, 279
479	Cheddar, Somerset, England. Interpretation of the long hall of the Saxon palace (9th cent.), 1:96	280
480	Pilton, Somerset, England. Barn of Glastonbury Grange (15th cent.)	282
482.A-G	Plan of St. Gall. House for Horses, Oxen, and Their Keepers. Authors' interpretation, 1:192
	A. Plan. B. Longitudinal section. C. East elevation. D. West elevation. E. South elevation. F, G. Transverse sections	283-285
[52] 483, 483.X	Plan of St. Gall. House for Cows and Cowherds
	X. Site plan	286
[53] 484	Utrecht Psalter (ca. 830), fol. 86r, detail. Milch cows	287
485.A-D	Wickham St. Paul's, Essex, England. Barn 2 of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, London
	A. Plan. B. Transverse section. C. Longitudinal section. D.1 Interpretation of external envelope. D.2, D.3 Two views of skeletal framing	288
486.A-E	Plan of St. Gall. House for Cows and Cowherds. Authors' interpretation, 1:192
	A. Ground plan. B. East elevation.
	C. Longitudinal section. D. Transverse section. E. North elevation	290, 291
[54] 487, 487.X	Plan of St. Gall. House for Foaling Mares and Their Keepers. X. Site plan	292
[55] 488	Utrecht Psalter (ca. 830), Psalm LXXII (73), fol. 41v, detail. Mare and foal	293
[56] 489, 489.X	Plan of St. Gall. House for Goats and Goatherds. X. Site plan	294
490	Utrecht Psalter (ca. 830), Psalm XXII (23), fol. 45r, detail. Grazing goats	295
[57] 491, 491.X	Plan of St. Gall. House for Swine and Swineherds. X. Site Plan	296
[58] 492	Utrecht Psalter (ca. 830), Psalm LXXIX (80), fol. 47r, detail. Swine	297
[59] 493, 493.X	Plan of St. Gall. House for Sheep and Shepherds. X. Site plan	298
[60] 494	Utrecht Psalter (ca. 830), Psalm L (51), fol. 29r, detail. Sheep, Goats, Cows, Shepherd.	299
495.A-E	Plan of St. Gall. Segments of Plan showing attached privies
	A. House for Distinguished Guests.
	B. Poter's Lodging, Lodging of Master of the Outer School.
	C. Infirmary for Novices and their Master.
	D. House of the Physicians. E. Quarters for Visiting Monks	300
[61] 496.A-E	Plan of St. Gall. Segments of Plan showing separate privies
	A. House for Distinguished Guests. B. Outer School. C. House for Bloodletting.
	D. Abbot's House. E.1, E.2 Infirmary and Novitiate
[62] 497	Plan of St. Gall. Monks' Privy	302
498	Ostia. Public Roman latrine (4th cent.)	303
499.A-C	Miletos. North market hall public latrine (3rd-4th cent.)
	A. Plan. B. Perspective, cutaway. C. Transverse section	304
500	Piazza Armerina, Sicily. Villa of Emperor Maximianus (ca. 310). Plan	305
501	Cluny II. Monks' privy (Odilo's monastery, 994-1049). Plan	306
502	Christchurch, Canterbury, England. Plan of waterworks (ca. 1165). Monks' privy, detail	307
503.A-C	Canterbury, Christchurch Monastery. Monks' Privy
	A. Plan, 1:256. B. Transverse section. C. Arches supporting seats	308, 309
504.A-E	Oxford University, New College. College privy built by Bishop Wykeham (1380-1386)
	A. Plan. B. Longitudinal section (both 1″ = 10′).
	C. Exterior view from New College Lane.
	D. Transverse section. E. Detail of seat, ½″ = 1′	310, 312, 313
PART VI THE PLAN OF ST. GALL & ITS EFFECT ON LATER MONASTIC PLANNING
505	St Gall. Heinrich Vogtherr. "View of the city from the west" (1514), woodcut	314
506.A-B	St. Gall. Site of the former monastery with its present buildings
	A. Airview from northwest. B. Airview from southeast	316, 317
507	Melchior Frank. "Die Loblich stadt Sankt Gallen . . ." (1596), etching	318
508	St. Gall. View of the abbey from the east (ca. 1642), detail of model	320
509	St. Gall. View of the abbey from the southeast (ca. 1642), detail of model	321
509.X	Matthaeus Merian. "Abbey and City of St. Gall" (1638). View from east, etching	322
509.Y-Z	Johannes Zuber. Cadastral plan of the city of St. Gall and environs (1832)
	Y. Overview, 1:11500.
	Z. Detail showing central portion of city	323
510	Gabriel Hecht. "Ichnographia." Measured plan of the monastery of St. Gall (1719)	324
511.A-C	Gabriel Hecht. Measured drawings of the abbey church of St. Gall (1725-26) with suggestions for modification
	A. Plan.
	B. Longitudinal section.
	C. Exterior elevation	325, 326, 327
512.A-C	St. Gall. Abbey Church. Plans, successive stages, 1:700
	A. Plan of Gozbert's church (830-837); Hardegger's reconstruction.
	B. Plan of church recorded by Hecht (1725-26).
	C. Longitudinal section by Hardegger based on Hecht (1925-26)	328, 329
513.A-B	St. Gall. Abbey church, conditions from 1439 to 1525	330
	A. Plan by Hardegger based on Hecht (1725-26).
	B. View of church and claustral ranges by Hardegger, based on Frank (1507)	330
[63] 514	Plan of St. Gall imposed on a 1965 cadastral plan of the city	331
ill.II.332	Morken, Rheinland. Francisc (throwing axe), 1:4	332
ill.II.333	Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340). Owl border ornament, fol. 177v	333
515	Cluny. Plan of the monastery (ca. 1050) redrawn from Conant, various versions, 1:1200	335
516	Bardney Abbey, Lincolnshire, England. Ground-level plan, 1:700, showing building campaigns from 12th through 15th centuries	342
517	Norfolk, England. Thetford Priory (1103-1104). Plan, 1:600, showing building campaigns from 10th through 16th centuries	344
518	Norfolk, England. Castle Acre Priory (ca. 1090). Plan, 1:600, showing building campaigns from 11th through 18th centuries	346
519.A-B	Kirkstall Abbey, West Riding, Yorkshire, England
	A. Ground plan, 1:800, showing building campaigns, 12th through 15th centuries.
	B. Site plan, 1:10,000	350
520.A-B	Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire, England
	A. Ground plan, 1:900, showing building campaigns from 12th through early 16th centuries.
	B. Site plan, 1:7000	352
521.A-B	Clairvaux Abbey, Aube, France after engravings by Dom Milly (1708)
	A. Plan. B. View from south	354
[64] 522	St. Gall. Plan of the Baroque church showing excavated Carolingian foundations superimposed	358
ill.II.357	Monogram "Karolus" from a silver coin of Carolingian period II minting	357
ill.II.360	Plan of St. Gall. Site elevation from the south.
	Authors' interpretation	360
	[TAILPIECE]

xxx

[ILLUSTRATION]

VOLUME III

xxxi

xxxii

figure	PRELIMINARIES	page
ill.III.x	Saint-Amand Apocalypse, fol. 19 (9th cent.), Angel with trumpet, redrawn detail	x
ill.III.xi	Apocalypse (ca. 850), Stadbibliothek Trier, Codex 31, fol. 59v. REVELATION 18:17, redrawn detail	xi
ill.III.xx	Laon Gospels (mid-9th cent.), Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 63, fol. 26. Selected capitals, Matthew Incipit, redrawn	xx
ill.III.xxx	Lorsch Gospels (ca. 810), fol. 4r, detail. Capital letters, redrawn and expanded	xxx
ill.III.xxxii	Proliferation with 2 as unit of expansion	xxxii
	APPENDIX I CATALOGUE OF INSCRIPTIONS
523 frontispiece	Victorius Aquitanus, Calculus (ca. 836), Bern Burgerbibliothek, Cod. 250, fol. IIV. Alphabet exemplar	xxxiv
ill.III.ll	Ampersands redrawn from various sources	11
524	Codex Agiensis CXXXVI, fol. 2r (ca. 820), Caroline script in hand of main scribe of the Plan	12
525	Plan of St. Gall, keyed to Index of Building Numbers of the Plan	14
	NOTE: White numbers in black squares, used throughout the Catalogue, correspond to the number system of the Plan and its Index, pp. 14-15. (The same scheme of building identification is used in volumes I and II of this work to facilitate cross reference to the following Catalogue.)	*
c.1	Dedicatory Legend of the Plan (written in its upper margin)	16
c.2	Entrance to the Church (in the longitudinal axis of the Church, extended to the West)	17
c.3	1 The Church, the atrium (western Paradise)	18
526	Church: site plan (1:384)
	A diagram showing where items occur on the Plan of St. Gall that are treated in detail in pages 21 through 30. Identification: white numbers on black circles of diagram correspond to same identification numbers of the Catalogue.
c.4-c.55	Church of the Plan. Inscriptions within the Church as noted above	21-30
c.56-c.57	1 a Scriptorium below, Library above	31
c.58	1 b Sacristy below, Vestry above	31
c.59	1 c Lodging for Visiting Monks	32
c.60	1 d Schoolmaster's Lodging	32
c.61	1 e The Lodging of the Porter	33
		* ill.III.xxx Das Lorscher Evangeliar, ed. Braunfels. Prestel Verlag, Munich Alba Iulia. fol. 4v Redrawn. Illustration shown 2·6 × original
c.62	1 f The Porch giving access to the House for Distinguished Guests and to the Outer School	33
c.63	1 g The Porch for reception of all visitors to the monastery	33
c.64	1 h The Porch giving access to the quarters of serfs and to the Hospice	34
c.65	1 i The Lodging of the Masters of the Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers	34
c.66	1 j The Parlor for the Monks	34
c.67	1 k The Tower of St. Michael (north tower)	35
c.68	1 l The Tower of St. Gabriel (south tower)	35
c.69	2 The Annex for the Preparation of Holy Bread and Holy Oil	36
c.70-c.75	3 The Monks' Dormitory and the Warming Room below it	36, 37, 38
c.76	4 The Privy of the Monks	38
c.77	5 The Laundry and Bath House of the Monks	38
c.78-c.82	6 The Monks' Refectory and Vestiary above it	39, 40
c.83-c.84	7 The Monks' Cellar and Larder	41
c.85	8 The Monks' Kitchen	42
c.86-c.89	9 The Monks' Bake and Brew House	42, 43
c.90	10 Kitchen, Bake, and Brew House for Distinguished Guests	44
c.91-c.96	11 The House for Distinguished Guests	45, 46, 47
c.97-c.99	12 The Outer School	48, 49
c.100-c.104	13 The House of the Abbot	49, 50
c.105	14 Kitchen, Cellar and Bath House of the Abbot	51
c.106	15 The House for Bloodletting	52
c.107	16 The House of the Physicians	53
c.108-c.116	17 a, b, c, d The Novitiate and the Infirmary	54, 59
c.117	18 The Kitchen and Bath House for the Sick	59
c.118	19 The Kitchen and Bath House for the Novices	60
c.119	20 The House of the Gardener	60
c.120	21 The Goose House	61
c.121	22 The House of the Fowl Keepers	62
c.122	23 The Hen House	63
c.123	24 The Granary	64
c.124-c.125	25 The House for Workmen	65, 66
c.126	26 The Annex of the Great Collective Workshop	66
c.127	27 The Mill	67
c.128	28 The Mortar	67
c.129	29 The Drying Kiln	68
c.130	30 The House of the Coopers, The Wheelwrights, and the Brewers' Granary	68, 69
c.131	31 The Hospice for Pilgrims and Paupers	70, 71
c.132	32 The Kitchen, Bake, and Brew House for Pilgrims and Paupers	71
c.133-c.134	33 The House for Horses and Oxen and Their Keepers	72, 73
c.135	34 The House for the Emperor's Following	74
c.136	35 The House for Sheep and Shepherds	75
c.137	36 The House for Goats and Goatherds	76
c.138	37 The House for Cows and Cowherds	77
	NOTE: ILLUSTRATIONS c.1-c.166 INCLUSIVE ARE IN COLOR [c.135 excepted]
c.139	38 The House for Servants of Outlying Estates and for Servants travelling with the Emperor's Court	78
c.140	39 The House for Swine and Swineherds	79
c.141	40 The House for Brood Mares and Foals and their Keepers	80
c.142-c.143	W The Monks' Cloister Yard	81, 82
c.144-c.162	X The Monks' Vegetable Garden	83, 84
c.163-c.165	Y The Monks' Cemetery and Orchard	85, 86, 87
c.166	Z The Medicinal Herb Garden	88
	APPENDIX II
	THE CUSTOMS OF CORBIE CONSUETUDINES CORBEIENSES
527	Corbie Psalter (ca. 800), Amiens Municipal Library, MS. 18, fol. x. Initial Letter, and Carolingian miniscule	90
528.A-B	Utrecht Psalter (ca. 830), fol. 35v. Two ways to sharpen a sword	92
529	Luttrell Osalter (ca. 1330), fol. 66b. Man with broad axe, dog, and goose	98
530	The Charter of Louis the Pious (9th cent.)	100
531	The Seal of Louis the Pious (9th cent.)	102
ill.III.110	MAP showing Corbie and Corvey and other monasteries	110
532	Luttrell Psalter (ca. 1340), fol. 204r. Beehive with fifteen bees	116
ill.III.118	DIAGRAM: Allotment of swine at Corbie	118
ill.III.120	Lorsch Gospels (ca. 810), fol. 8r. Example of lettering	120
533.A-B	Merovingian coin (minted at Corbie?). A. Obverse. B. Reverse	122
534	Dorestad, the Netherlands. Carolingian bronze key (9th cent.)	124
TABLE III	Genealogy: Descent of Early Carolingian Kings and of Adalhard's Family	127
	APPENDIX III	[ILLUSTRATION]
	THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PLAN OF ST. GALL TO THE HISTORY OF MEASUREMENT
535	Ivrea, Aosta, Italy. Tombstone of Lucius Abeutius Faustus, Surveyor	130
536	The Works of Edmund Gunter. Title page, 1673 edition, London	132
537	Plan of the first survey made under the Land Ordinance of 1785	134
538	A table for the use of the chain, Works of Edmund Gunter, 1673	137
539	Marion County, Kansas. Aerial photograph showing township layout (Soil Conservation Survey, July, 1938)	138
ill.III.139	DIAGRAM: Division of lineal and aerial measurements of a typical United States land plot one mile square	139
540.A-D	The Roman groma and diagrams of measurement schemes	140
ill.III.141.A	Lorsch Abbey gateway (early 9th cent.). Tilework pattern	141
ill.III.141.B	Fountains Abbey (11th cent.). Paving tile pattern	141
ill.III.xxiii
Proliferation with 2 as the linear agent of expansion
	The side of any square is 2 times the side of the proceeding square.
	The area of the nth square is (22)n-1.

[1]

tonal or line illustrations in three or four colors

[2]

tonal or line illustrations in three or four colors

[3]