The Origin and Nature of the Emotions: Miscellaneous Papers

THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF THE EMOTIONS PHYLOGENETIC ASSOCIATION IN RELATION TO CERTAIN MEDICAL PROBLEMS

PHYLOGENETIC ASSOCIATION IN RELATION TO THE EMOTIONS

PAIN, LAUGHTER, AND CRYING

THE RELATION BETWEEN THE PHYSICAL STATE OF THE BRAIN-CELLS AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS—EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL

A MECHANISTIC VIEW OF PSYCHOLOGY

A MECHANISTIC THEORY OF DISEASE

THE KINETIC SYSTEM

[section]

Introduction

Biologic Consideration of the Adaptive Variation in Amounts of Energy Stored in Various Animals

Adaptive Variation in the Rate of Energy Discharge

Influences That Cause Variation in the Rate of Output of Energy in the Individual

The Purpose and the Mechanism of Heat Production in Infections

Histologic Changes in the Brain-cells in Relation to the Maintenance of Consciousness and to the Production of the Emotions, Muscular Activity, and Fever

Summary of Brain-cell Studies

The Adrenals

The Liver

The Thyroid

Effect Upon the Output of Energy of Impaired or Lost Function of Each of the Several Links in the Kinetic Chain

Studies in Hydrogen Ion Concentration in Activation of the Kinetic System

Kinetic Diseases

Conclusions

ALKALESCENCE, ACIDITY, ANESTHESIA—A THEORY OF ANESTHESIA

INDEX

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Conclusions

To become adapted to their environment animals are transformers of energy. This adaptation to environment is made by means of a system of organs evolved for the purpose of converting potential energy into heat and motion. The principal organs and tissues of this system are the brain, the adrenals, the thyroid, the muscles, and the liver. Each is a vital link, each plays its particular rôle, and one cannot

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compensate for the other. A change in any link of the kinetic chain modifies proportionately the entire kinetic system which is no stronger than its weakest link.

In this conception we find a possible explanation of many diseases one which may point the way to new and more effective therapeutic measures than those now at our command.

[[1]]

Address delivered before the New York State Medical Society, April 28, 1914, to which has been added a further note regarding studies of hydrogen ion concentration in the blood.

[[2]]

From H. K. Cushing Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Western Reserve University, Cleveland.

[[3]]

We use the terms "heat" and "muscular action" in the popular sense, though physicists use them to designate one and the same kind of energy.

[[4]]

Further studies have given evidence that the elimination of the acids resulting from energy-transformation as well as the conversion of energy stored in the kinetic organs causes histologic changes in the liver, the adrenals, and possibly in the brain.

[[5]]

The H-ion observations were made in my laboratory by Dr. M. L. Menten.

[[a]]

Note the hypochromatic Purkinje cells.

[[b]]

There is a general loss of cyoplasm and but faint traces of most of the Purkinje cells. This photograph presents striking evidence of the direct dependence of the brain upon the liver.

[[c]]

The disastrous effect of the withdrawal of adrenalin from teh system is marked by the depleted cells. Every Purkinje cell shows signs of exhaustion, some are completely disintegrated. This and the following photomicrograph (C) make evident the dependence of the brain upon the adrenals.

[[d]]

The remarkable activating effect of adrenalin is strikingly shown by teh intense hyperchromatism.

[[e]]

Note the general hypochromatism.

[[f]]

The protective effect of morphin is illustrated by the large percentage of hyperchromatic cells.

[[g]]

The patient's brain received neither traumatic nor psychic stimuli from the time she was anesthetized in bed until she returned again from the operating-room. Her pulse-rate fell slightly during the operation. On the other hand, the psychic strain undergone by the patient's sister while the operation was being performed caused her pulse-rate to rise to 124.

[[h]]

—The patient, a foreigner, was brought to the operating-room from the accident ward. Pulse and temperature normal. When he found himself in the operating-room he was greatly disturbed. It was impossible to make him understand that his leg was not to be amputated but only a plaster cast applied. Under this stimulus his pulse rose to 150 and he soon developed a temperature of 101.2° F.

[[i]]

Note the vacuolated spaces and the general disappearance of cytoplasm in B.

[[j]]

Note the eccentric and irregularly shaped nuclei and the generally disorganized appearance of the cells in B.

[[k]]

Note the general disappearance of the cytoplasm in B.

[[l]]

Note the disappearance of some nuclei in B and the misshapen and eccentric appearance of the rest.

[[m]]

Adrenals of rabbit—normal—diptheria toxin—diptheria toxin plus morphin.

[[n]]

Note the general disappearance of the cytoplasm.

[[o]]

Note the general presence and even distribution of cytoplasm in contrast with its disappearance in B.

[[p]]

Note the poorly stained cells, their irregular outlines, the vacuolated spaces, and loss of cytoplasm.

[[q]]

Note the regular arrangement of the cells and the even distribution of cytoplasm in contrast with the general disorganized condition of the cells in "B."

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Conclusions