3.Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns are composed of a bound stem
plus an enclitic. There are eight principal demonstrative stems: iͅiͅ- 'here [position nearest the
speaker]'; dzaͅaͅ-
'here'; 'a- [or 'aa-] 'there';
gha- [ghah-] 'there, yonder';
ko- 'hereabout, thereabout'; dí- 'this';
'a- 'that' [related to 'á-, 'aa- preceding?]; and 'ághá- ['ághá-] 'that yonder' [related to gha- preceding?]. The
first five refer to places, the last three to persons or things. The former are usually found
in combination with one of the following postpositions: -ee 'at,
in, on'; -shíͅ 'from';
-zhiͅ 'to'; and -yá, a generalized postposition
functioning to link the verb with the indirect object. The latter three demonstrative stems
are always combined either with the relative enclitic -í referring to things, actions, and collectivities or the
corresponding relative -ń
referring to persons. The following two tables summarize the more frequently occurring
demonstratives.
Enclitics
| Stems |
-ee
|
-shíͅ
|
-zhiͅ
|
-yá
|
|
'iͅiͅ-
|
'iͅiͅ-ee
|
'iͅiͅ- shíͅ
|
|
|
|
dzaͅaͅ-
|
dzaͅaͅ-ee
|
dzaͅaͅ-shíͅ
|
dzaͅaͅ-zhiͅ
|
|
|
'á-
|
'á-ee
|
'á-shíͅ
|
'á-zhiͅ
|
|
| 'aa- |
'aa-ee |
'aa-shíͅ
|
|
|
| gha- |
gha-ee |
gha-shíͅ
|
gha-zhiͅ
|
gha-yá
|
| ko- |
|
ko-shíͅ
|
|
ko-yá or ko'yá
|
| Stems |
í |
-ń
|
|
dí-
|
díí |
díń |
|
'á-
|
'áí
|
'áń |
|
'ághá-
|
'ágháí |
'ágháń |
|
'ágha-
|
'ághaí |
'ághań |
