Paris and northern France handbook for travellers |
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| 16. | 16. Père Lachaise. |
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 | Paris and northern France |  |
16. Père Lachaise.
Paris possesses only three cemeteries: to the S. Mont Parnasse
(p. 166), to the N. Montmartre (p. 123), and to the
E. Père Lachaise. These would afford a space totally inadequate
for the 70—80 interments (two-thirds of the number are those
of children under 7 years of age) which are the daily average,
were not the remains of the poorer classes (two-thirds of the total
number) committed to the Fosses communes, or large pits containing
40—50 coffins. Permission to preserve a grave undisturbed
for 5 years only (concession temporaire) must be purchased
of the municipality for the sum of 50 fr. A private burial-place
(concession à perpetuité) may be secured for 500 fr., for a child
under 7 years of age for half that sum; these spaces are, however,
extremely limited (20 sq. ft.). One fourth of the purchase
money must be paid immediately, the remainder within 10 years,
on the expiration of which, in default of payment, all claim to
the burial-place is forfeited.
All burials within the precincts of the Department of the
Seine are undertaken by the Entreprise des Pompes Funèbres, a
company which enjoys the sole monopoly of conducting funerals,
the charges being regulated by tariff, and varying from 18 fr.
75 c. to 7148 fr. The fee of the officiating clergyman is not
included in these charges. Two chaplains, who each receive a
stipend of 1500 fr., are attached to each cemetery, their office
being the gratuitous performance of the burial-service for the poor.
The most celebrated and extensive of these cemeteries is
**Père Lachaise, so called from having formerly belonged to
Lachaise, the Jesuit confessor of Louis XIV., who possessed a
country residence on the site of the present chapel. His habitation
formed the nucleus of the power of his order in France at
day 200) acres in extent, was laid out as a cemetery. On
March 30th, 1814, it was the scene of a sharply contested action
between Russian and French troops, in which the former were
victorious.
This cemetery serves as a burial-place for the inhabitants of
the N.E. portion of Paris, that is, for all the quarters of the city
on the r. bank of the Seine to the E. of the Porte St. Denis. The
remains, however, of persons of distinction from other parts of
the city generally repose in Père Lachaise.
The cemetery is situated on an eminence, at the N.E. extremity
of Paris, without the former Barrière d'Aulnay, ¾ M. from
the Place de la Bastille, via the Rue de la Roquette, which diverges
to the l. from the Place du Prince Eugène in the Boulevard
of that name (monument here situated, see p. 37; S. W.,
towards the r., a glimpse is obtained of the July Column in the
Place de la Bastille).
As this spot is approached, indications of its proximity are
observed in the numerous workshops of stone and marble-cutters
(marbriers), containing ready-made "tributes" of every variety
and device, whilst at each step women vending flowers and "immortelles"
for the decoration of the tombs are encountered.
Near the E. extremity of the street are situated two strong,
castellated edifices: to the r. the Prison de la Roquette, in which
condemned convicts are confined previous to their execution or
conveyance to the galleys; to the l. the Prison des jeunes détenus.
Between these two prisons is the public place of execution.
The gate of the cemetery bears the inscription: Scio quod
redemptor meus vivit et in novissimo die de terra resurrecturus sum. —
Spes illorum immortalitate plena est. — Qui credit in me, etiamsi
mortuus fuerit, vivet. During the summer the cemetery is accessible
from 6 a. m. till 7 p. m., in spring, autumn and winter
from sunrise to sunset. Half-an-hour previous to the closing of
the gates a bell is rung, and the custodians call out: "On ferme
les portes", allowing ample time for visitors to reach the gate in
good time. — It may here be observed that it is the universal
custom for persons encountering a funeral procession to remove
their hats. — Guides (conducteurs) will be found at the small
building to the r. on entering, but their services may well
be dispensed with, unless the visitor's time be very limited
(fee 2—3 fr.).
Even a superficial inspection of the most interesting monuments
in the cemetery will occupy about 3 hours. At every step
the visitor encounters names of European celebrity. The number
of monuments, from the most magnificent mausoleum and obelisk
down to the unpretending marble cross, amounts to upwards of
16,000. It has been computed that, since the cemetery was first
![illustration](https://iiif.lib.virginia.edu/iiif/uva-lib:111114/full/!1600,1600/0/default.jpg")
in the erection of these tributes to the departed.
The walks are well shaded with plantations, and the elevated
situation commands an admirable survey of the interminable labyrinth
of the city. The annexed plan will prove a valuable
companion. The finest monuments are indicated by asterisks;
r. and l. signify to the right and left of the path; the route
which the stranger is recommended to pursue is marked out in
the plan by mean of arrows.
The first monument of importance, perhaps the most interesting
in the entire cemetery, situated a short distance to the r.
of the main path, is that of **Abélard (d. 1142) and Heloïse
(d. 1164), whose romantic history is so well known. It consists
of a rectangular chapel in the Gothic style of the 13th cent.,
formed out of the ruins of the celebrated abbey of Paraclete, of
which Abélard was the founder and Heloïse the first abbess.
The chapel contains the sarcophagus, which Abélard himself caused
to be constructed before his death. He is represented in a recumbent
posture; by his side is the statue of Heloïse. The inscriptions
relate to the ill-fated pair, and record the origin of
the monument and its removal from the Musée des Petits Augustins
(p. 150), where it was placed for a time, to its present
position. The tomb is frequently decorated with wreaths of fresh
flowers, the offerings of those who regard this as the shrine of
disappointed love.
Returning to the main path, the visitor will perceive
*l. Robertson (d. 1837), a professor of "physics, phantasmagoria
and aörostatics" as the reliefs indicate.
Turning to the r. into the side path and then ascending to
the l.: r. Marshal Maison (d. 1840).
r. "Sépulture de la famille de Plaisance", with a portrait in
relief of the Duke of Piacenza (d. 1824); he held the office of
3rd consul during the consulate, and subsequently under the empire
became governor of Holland and Genoa; he was also the
translator of Tasso and Homer, as the genii indicate.
Opposite is situated a lofty monument: ("Aux victimes de Juin
la ville de Paris reconnaissante. Liberté, Ordre public"), recording
the names of those who fell in June, 1848.
l. Marshal Lauriston (d. 1828), who in 1810 escorted the
young empress Marie Louise to Paris.
In the side-path to the S.E.: l. Marshal Victor, who was taken
prisoner by the Germans in 1807 and afterwards exchanged
for Blücher.
r. General Domon; on the monument are enumerated the
battles at which he was present. — Behind it: "Victimes des trois
journées de Février 1848."
r. Count Labédoyère, colonel of the regiment at Grenoble
which was the first to go over to Napoleon on his return from
Elba (March 1st, 1815), subsequently condemned to death
(Aug. 19th) at the same time as Ney. The ill-fated man was
on the point of sailing for America, when he incautiously returned
to Paris to take leave of his young wife and child and
was there arrested. The sculptures refer to this affecting incident.
— To the N. is situated the Rond Point, in the centre of
which rises the handsome monument of
*Casimir Périer (d. 1832), consisting of a fine statue in bronze
on a lofty pedestal. He was originally a banker and an active
promoter of the July kingdom, subsequently prime minister of
Louis Philippe.
On the W. side of the Rond Point: l. Count Malet (d. 1843),
a cavalry officer, who subsequently became a priest and founder
of the order of Ste. Marie de Lorette, or Dames du Sacré Cœur.
l. Monge (d. 1820), the eminent mathematician and founder
of the polytechnic school; in 1793, as a member of the Convention,
he voted for the execution of Louis XVI.; in 1807 he was
created Comte de Peluse.
*l. Famille Raspail; this distinguished chemist and zealous
republican, member of the Montagnard party, received 40,000
votes as a candidate for the Presidency in December, 1848. He
was afterwards arrested and condemned by the court at Bourges
to six years imprisonment, for having been one of the instigators of
the conspiracy of May to dissolve the National Assembly. During his
confinement his wife died, as the monument (by Etex) indicates.
In the principal path: l. Champollion (d. 1836), the eminent
archæologist.
r. Clarke (d. 1818), marshal of France and minister of war.
l. Kellermann (d. 1820), marshal of France, Duc de Valmy.
l. Laffitte (d. 1840), the well known banker, promoter of the
July kingdom, minister of Louis Philippe and subsequently the
political opponent of the same cabinet.
l. Famille Dosne-Thiers, the burial-place of the family of the
minister of that name.
l. A. Duchesnois (d. 1835), the tragic actress, represented
in relief.
r. Maret, duc de Bassano (d. 1839), a temple with Doric columns,
without inscription. — Adjacent is the burial ground of
the ancestors of Talleyrand, the diplomatist.
l. Count Sieyès (d. 1836), abbé, member of the Convention
in 1793, subsequently consul with Bonaparte.
*l. Gouvion Saint Cyr (d. 1830), marshal, commander of the
Bavarian division in the Russian campaign, afterwards minister
of war.
l. Macdonald (d. 1840), marshal, commander of German troops
in the Russian campaign.
*l., on the higher ground, General Gobert, a large equestrian
group in marble by David, a Spaniard endeavours in vain to
prevent the invasion of the French by seizing the reins of the
general's horse, an allegorical allusion to the Spanish war; on
the pedestal reliefs relating to the wars in Egypt, Italy and Martinique,
and the battle of Famars (1793), at which the general
was present. This magnificent monument was erected in 1847
under the direction of the Academy, to which a considerable
sum was bequeathed by the general's son for that purpose and
for the promotion of national art.
r. Count Lavalette (d. 1830), condemned to death on the return
of the Bourbons in 1815; he, however, effected his escape
from prison with the assistance of his wife, whose dress he assumed,
whilst she remained behind.
Opposite, r.: Caron de Beaumarchais (d. 1799), author of the
libretti of the "Barber of Seville", "Marriage of Figaro" etc.
On the high ground, l.: Larrey (d. 1842), physician general
to the French army, styled by Napoleon I. "the most virtuous
man he knew".
Lower down, l.: Dupuytren (d. 1835), the eminent surgeon.
In the side-path, l.: General Belliard (d. 1832), Belgian minister
of war: l. Duc de Rovigo (d. 1833), a warm adherent of
Napoleon I., in 1831 governor of Algiers. — Farther on: Pierre
Pajol (d. 1844). who headed the July insurrection in 1830.
A little farther on, near the "Sépulture Schickler," is a fine
point of *view towards the E., affording a survey of Vincennes.
In the principal path: r. Couteaux, captain of engineers, who
fell at the siege of the citadel of Antwerp in 1832; r. Eugène
Scribe (d. 1861) the well known dramatist.
l. Vicomte de Martignac (d. 1835), celebrated for his noble
defence of his political opponent Prince Polignac in the chamber
of peers after the revolution of July.
*Adjacent to the latter, in the side-path: l. Marshal Suchet
(d. 1826), a lofty monument in marble.
*r. Duchesse de Raguse (d. 1857), a chapel with sarcophagus.
*r. Comte Pacthod (d. 1830), an obelisk with coat of arms and
military emblems.
r., near the wall: Volney (d. 1830), the philosopher.
Returning towards the W.: l. Parmentier (d. 1813), the well
known chemist and introducer of the potato culture into France;
r. Admiral Sir Sidney Smith (d. 1840), the victorious opponent of
Napoleon at St. Jean d'Acre.
l. General Gourgaud (d. 1850), the companion of Napoleon
in St. Helena and editor of his writings.
r., nearer the wall: Don Manuel Godoy (d. 1851), better known
as "the Prince of Peace".
*r. Aguado (d. 1842), the great financier; a lofty sarcophagus
with two admirable statues emblematic of Benevolence and the
Fine Arts.
l. General Rogniat (d. 1840), an eminent military writer.
r. Famille Ledru-Rollin.
In the square, of which the S.E. angle is formed by the monument
of General Rogniat, are situated two well-executed monuments
of an entirely different character from the above, those
of Marc Schoelcher (d. 1832) (at the S.W. angle), "marchand de
porcelaine", and (on the other side of the square) his wife
(d. 1839), parents of a well-known republican and deputy of the
Assemblée Nationale of 1848.
At the extremity of the main path: r. Vice-Admiral Lalande
(d. 1849); l. Jacotot (d. 1840), founder of an almost forgotten system
of education, a sarcophagus with quotations from his writings.
Then on the path to the l. the tombs of several poets and savants:
l. Col. Bory de St. Vincent (d. 1846), an eminent antiquarian
(member of the expedition to the Morea in 1829); l. Nodier
(d. 1844); r. Emile Souvestre (d. 1854); r. Bazin (d. 1850); r.
Balzac (d. 1850); l. *Casimir Delavigne (d. 1843), an obelisk
with the Muse of Poetry.
Opposite, in the angles of the three sections:
Sépulture de la famille du Duc de Morny (d. 1864), a cumbrous
monument with the arms of the family.
Duc de Riario Sforza.
Jean Baptiste Delpech, an eminent engineer.
Again to the l, and the main path is reached:
r. Hélène Andrianoff, a Russian dancer, with recumbent figure.
l. Eugène Delacroix, the artist (d. 1865).
*The termination of the main path is formed by a handsome
mausoleum, erected by the Duchesse de Duras to her parents
and children.
*The most conspicuous monument in this part of the cemetery
is that of F. de Beaujour (d. 1836), a lofty pyramid, erected by
himself before his death. — Hence descending a few steps to
the l., the visitor will arrive at a point affording a remarkably
fine view of Paris; the most prominent objects are the lofty dome
of the Pantheon, the massive Notre Dame, the cupola of the
Hotel des Invalides and the Arc de l'Etoile.
[On the E. slope of the cemetery is situated the Mussulman
Burial-ground, where the queen of Oude (d. 1857) and her son
(d. 1858) are interred. To the l. the church-spire of Belleville
is visible; to the r. that of Charonne.]
Returning to the monument of Gen. Gourgaud, and diverging
to the right: l. *Marshal Pérignon (d. 1818), and his son-in-law
*General Valence (d. 1822).
*r., at some distance from the path, Madame de Genlis (d. 1831),
the celebrated authoress, and instructress of Louis Philippe.
l. Marquis Laplace (d. 1827), the celebrated astronomer. —
Adjacent, Manuel Garcia (d. 1832), father of the singers Malibran
and Viardot. — Behind these is
*l. General Aboville (d 1817), a handsome mausoleum flanked
by two 24 pounders.
l. Lafontaine (d. 1685) and Molière (d. 1673), two sarcophagi
brought here in 1817.
*l. Boode, a Dutch merchant; a singular mausoleum in the
Egyptian style. — Behind it,
*David d'Angers (d. 1856), the celebrated sculptor.
*l. Cambacérès (d. 1826), in 1793 member of the Convention,
afterwards second consul, in 1808 Duke of Parma, in 1815 minister
of Justice.
*l. Admiral Decrès (d. 1821), formerly minister of the marine;
the reliefs represent naval actions with the English. — Near the
centre of the same compartment is the grave of Madame Cottin
(d. 1807), the novelist. — Opposite the monument of the admiral,
on the other side of the path, that of the Spanish
General Vallesteros (d. 1832), "mort dans l'exil".
*r. Marshal Lefebvre (d. 1820), a monument in marble, with
medallion-bust.
*r. Marshal Masséna (d. 1817), an obelisk with bust in a
medallion. — l. Marshal Serrurier (d. 1819). — r. Davoust
(d. 1822), "Prince d'Eckmuhl". — l. Gobert and Larrey, already
mentioned.
At the angle formed by the bifurcation of the path is a small
space of ground laid out as a garden, the last resting place of
the unfortunate Marshall Ney; no monument or inscription marks
the grave of "le brave des braves".
r. Manuel (d. 1827), the orator; a lofty, rounded obelisk with
his medallion and that of Béranger; the remains of Béranger
(d. 1857), the most illustrious lyric poet of France, repose within
the same enclosure, having been interred by his wish in the
tomb of his friend Manuel.
*r. General Foy (d. 1825), a man of the highest abilities and
most unblemished virtue; his unpretending funeral was attended
by upwards of 50,000 persons. — About 20 paces farther back
is the simple gravestone of
Paul Barras (d. 1829), President of the Directory in 1797—99;
beyond it, the vault of Marshal Mortier, killed in 1835 by Fieschi's
infernal machine. — In the vicinity, General Haxo (d. 1838)
of modern Paris.
l., at some distance from the path, Caulaincourt, duc de Vicence
(d. 1827), diplomatist and minister; in the vicinity, Chappe
(d. 1829), inventor of the optic telegraph.
l. Pozzo di Borgo (d. 1842), born in Corsica, a celebrated
Russian diplomatist and opponent of Napoleon I. — Opposite,
*r. Admiral Bruat (d. 1855), commander of the fleet before
Sebastopol, died on his way home; a fine monument in marble,
reliefs emblematic of his naval career.
l. Geoffroy St. Hilaire (d. 1844) and his son (d. 1862), the
eminent zoologists.
**l. Countess Demidoff (d. 1818), the most sumptuous monument
in the cemetery, consisting of 10 Doric columns of marble supporting
an entablature, beneath which is a sarcophagus, resting
on a basement of massive masonry.
r. Famille Racine, descendants of the celebrated dramatist.
r. Duc de Gaöte (d. 1841), ministre des finances de l'Empire,
a sarcophagus on a lofty basement.
r. Etienne, dramatic author, editor of the Constitutionnel, promoter
of the July revolution, subsequently Pair de France.
Somewhat higher in the side-path: Princesse de Salm-Dyck,
(d. 1845), the poetess, sometimes termed "le Boileau des femmes";
a lofty sarcophagus of black porphyry.
In the principal path: r. Pradier (d. 1852), the eminent
sculptor; a sarcophagus, with bust, erected by his pupils.
Proceeding towards the W. and crossing the principal paths,
the visitor will next reach the compartment occupied almost exclusively
by the graves of artists and scientific men. Of these
the following deserve especial mention:
Talma (d. 1826), the celebrated actor; Brongniart (d. 1847),
the mineralogist; *Bellini (d. 1835), Grétry (d. 1813), and Boieldieu
(d. 1834) the composers of celebrated operas; Bernardin de
St. Pierre (d. 1814), author of Paul and Virginia; *Cherubini
(d. 1842), the eminent composer, during 20 years director of the
Conservatoire; *Chopin (d. 1849).
*Denon (d. 1825), on the opposite side of the path, who accompanied
Bonaparte to Egypt, subsequently general director of
museums. — In the compartment higher up, opposite to the
Rond Point, the visitor may read the names of several other
well known composers and artists.
The Chapel, which occupies the site of the former residence
of Père Lachaise, is situated to the N. of the Rond Point. Fine
view from the open grass-plat 20 paces beyond it. In the contiguous
compartment; Count Desèze (d. 1828), in 1793 one of
the defenders of Louis XVI. before the Convention; *Cartellier
(d. 1831), the sculptor.
Near the first flight of steps in descending the broad path:
r. David (d. 1825), the celebrated painter, in 1793 President of
the Convention, when Louis XVI. was condemned to death by
this assembly. Farther down: r. Marshal Grouchy (d. 1847), a
veteran of Hohenlinden, Waterloo etc. Opposite: Count Rœderer
(d. 1835), an active promoter of the July revolution.
The visitor now re-approaches the entrance-gate and terminates
his walk at the newest section of the cemetery. r. Béclard,
Ministre de France au Marocco, with mourning female figure.
Adjacent, r. Alfred de Musset (d. 1856), the poet, with a weeping
willow:
Plantez un saule au cimetière;
J'aime son feuillage éploré,
La paleur m'en est douce et chère.
Et son ombre sera légère,
A la terre où je dormirai."
r. Visconti (d. 1818), the philologist, and his son, the eminent
architect. Opposite to them, in the adjacent compartment: Arago
(d. 1853), the celebrated astronomer and staunch republican.
The Jewish Burial-Ground (closed on Saturdays) also
contains several handsome monuments, the names on which are
most frequently German and Portuguese. Mademoiselle Rachel
(d. 1858), the celebrated actress, is interred here.
The list here subjoined will render material assistance to the
visitor in enabling him without loss of time to find the monument
he may desire to inspect. The numbers refer to those of the
compartments in the plan, those within brackets to the pages in
which the names have been already mentioned.
*Abélard and Heloïse 5 (115).
*Aboville, General 25 (119).
*Aguado, financier 23 (118).
Andrianoff, dancer 21 (118).
Arago, astronomer 2 (121).
Balzac, novelist 20 (118).
Barras, President of the Directory
29 (119).Bassano, Duke of 18 (116).
Beaujour, Felix de 20 (118).
Beaumarchais 29 (117).
Béclard, minister 2 (121).
Belliard, General, Belgian minister
of war 32 (117).*Bellini, composer 8 (120).
Béranger, poet 29 (119).
Bernardin de St. Pierre, author, 8
(120).Boieldieu, composer 8 (120).
*Boode, merchant of Amsterdam 28
(119).Brongniart, mineralogist 8 (120).
*Bruat, Admiral 26 (120).
*Cambacérès, member of Convention
and second consul 28 (119).*Cartellier, sculptor 13 (120).
Caulaincourt, minister 17 (120).
Champollion, archæologist 15 (116).
Chappe, inventor of telegraph 17
(120).*Cherubini, composer 8 (120).
*Chopin, musician 8 (120).
Clarke, Marshal 18 (116).
Cottin, Madame, authoress 28 (119).
Couteaux, captain of engineers 32
(117).David, Louis, artist, president of
Convention 1 (120).Davoust, Marshal 29 (119).
*Decrès, Admiral 28 (119).
Delacroix, artist 21 (118).
*Delavigne, author 21 (118).
Delpech 21 (118).
*Demidoff, Countess 17 (120).
*Denon, archæologist 3 (120).
Desèze, defender of Louis XVI. 13
(120).*Dias Santos, Duchesse de Duras 20
(118).Domon, General 12 (115).
Duchesnois, actress 19 (116).
Dupuytren, surgeon 19 (117).
Etienne, editor of the Constitutionnel
26 (120).February victims 12 (115).
*Foy, General 29 (119).
Gaöta, Duke of, minister of finance
27 (120).*Genlis, Madame de, authoress 24
(119).Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, naturalist 17
(120).*Gobert, General 19 (117).
Godoy, Spanish prince 34 (118).
Gourgaud, General 23 (117).
*Gouvion Saint Cyr, Marshal 19 (116).
Grétry, composer 8 (120).
Grouchy, Marshal 1 (121).
Jewish Burial Ground (121).
Haxo, Gen. of engineers 29 (119).
June victims 11 (115).
Kellermann, Marshal 19 (116).
Labédoyère, Colonel 12 (116).
Laffitte, banker 19 (116).
Lafontaine, fabulist 25 (119).
Laplace, astronomer 25 (119).
Larrey, military physician 19 (117).
Lauriston, Marshal 10 (115).
Lavalette, Count 31 (117).
Lebrun, third consul 6 (115).
Ledru-Rollin, family of 33 (118).
*Lefebvre, Marshal 29 (119).
Macdonald, Marshal 19 (117).
Maison, Marshal 6 (115).
Malet, founder of the order of Ste.
Marie de Lorette 15 (116).Manuel, orator 29 (119).
Maret, Duc de Bassano 18 (116).
Martignac, minister 28 (117).
Masséna, Marshal 29 (119).
Molière, dramatic author 25 (119).
Monge, mathematician, member of
Convention 15 (116).Morny, family of the Duc de 21
(118).Mussulman Burial Ground (118).
Mortier, Marshal 29 (119).
Musset, Alfred de 2 (121).
Ney, Marshal 30 (119).
Oude, Queen of (118).
*Pacthod, General 34 (117).
Pajol, General 32 (117).
Parmentier, chemist 28 (117).
*Périer, minister 16 (116).
*Pérignon, Marshal 24 (119).
Plaisance (Piacenza), Duke of 6
(115).Pozzo di Borgo, Russian diplomatist
17 (120).Pradier, sculptor 24 (120).
Rachel, actress, Jewish Cemetery
(121).Racine, family 27 (120).
Raguse, Duchesse de 32 (117).
Raspail, chemist 15 (116).
*Robertson, prof. of physics 4 (115).
Roederer, minister 2 (121).
Rogniat, General 22 (118).
Rovigo, Duc de 32 (117).
*Schickler, banker 31 (117).
Scribe, dramatist 32 (117).
Serrurier, Marshal 19 (119).
Sidney Smith, Admiral Sir 34 (117).
Sieyès, abbé, member of Convention
19 (116).*Suchet, Marshal 28 (117).
Talma, actor 7 (120).
Thiers, family of 19 (116).
*Valence, General 24 (119).
Vallesteros, Spanish general 29 (119).
Vicenza, Duc de, see Caulaincourt.
Victor, Marshal 18 (115).
Visconti, architect of the New Louvre
2 (121).Volney, philosopher 32 (117).
The private Cimetière Picpus, Rue de Picpus 15, Faubourg
St. Antoine (adm. 50 c.), is the last resting-place of several
illustrious victims of the revolution of 1793, and of members of
the old French noblesse.
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