University of Virginia Library

III. Part III

SUMMARIES AND CONCLUSIONS

Much of summary material pertaining to Tseh So has been given
in tables, graphs, and plans. The distribution of shards and artifacts
—by rooms and by levels—has been presented in Tables I and III, compiled
by Mr. Frank C. Hibben. In lieu of a detailed and verbose discussion
of masonry types, Dr. Florence M. Hawley has constructed a chart
(pp. 88 and 89) with descriptive material. This presents not only the
masonry types at Tseh So, but also the entire known sequence in the
Chaco Canyon. (See Plates VI, VII, and Fig. 3)

SUMMARY OF POTTERY FROM TSEH SO

By Florence M. Hawley

Basket Maker III pithouses and sections of the dump are represented
by Lino Gray and by La Plata Black on White. The pottery
complex from the Pueblo I rooms, from the Pueblo I burials, and from
the Pueblo I levels of the dump for Tseh So is consistent, Red Mesa
and Escavada Black on White, Lino Gray and Kana-Gray, and Exuberant
Corrugated (Plates IIIc, XIIb, XVc, d, XVIIc, d) being the
prevalent types. In the Pueblo II rooms, burials, and levels of the
dump, the complex was made up of small amounts of the preceding
types plus larger proportions of Gallup and of Chaco Black on White.

One of the most interesting problems of the archaeology of the
area at present is the origin of some pottery types and the influence of
outside areas or patterns of culture upon the types of the Chaco. At
this point it is difficult to say whether the Little Colorado culture
complex stemmed from the Chaco or the Chaco from the Little Colorado,
but the two are closely bound up. Lino Gray, prevalent in the
Basket Maker III sites, such as Shabik'eshchee village, Judd's Chaco
pit houses, and the pit houses excavated by the 1936 University of New
Mexico field school, is widely distributed throughout northern Arizona
and New Mexico, and into southern Colorado. Lino Gray is found over
a larger area than its Chaco associate, La Plata Black on White, for in
the west the Lino Gray is associated with the Lino Black on Gray, a
type of Basket Maker III Black on White decorated in black carbon
paint which contrasts with the iron paint used in the east.

Little, then, may be deduced from the presence of Lino Gray ware
in the Chaco, but the presence of La Plata Black on White in the period
of Basket Maker III links the canyon with the area running north
into the Four Corners district and across the line into Colorado, and
south to the Zuñi district. The few shards of dull orange-red on light

orange found in the dump of Tseh So suggest the possibility of first
experiments in producing a color scheme apart from the customary
black on white. One shard of White Mound Black on White indicates
trade with sites on the Arizona Puerco.

In Pueblo I we find the Red Mesa Black on White (Plate XVb),
which is known to extend south to the Red Mesa country around
Coolidge, New Mexico, Escavada Black on White (Plates XIIb, XIIIa)
likewise covers this area, and variants of the two types extend far
outside the district and even over into the Rio Grande. The culture
of this period was more extended than that of the preceding period.
Moreover, considerable trade is evident for this period. Deadman's
Black on Red and Kana-a Black on White extend eastward from the
Flagstaff district of Arizona; shards of these types are common in
Pueblo I Chaco fill but not so prevalent as to suggest home manufacture.
Shards of small bowls of the early reddish-brown ware with
black burnished interior from the Upper Gila district indicate trade
with the south. A few shards of a crude black on red ware with gray
paste, and one small bowl of this type, appear to be the experimental
attempts of the Chaco people, or of some near neighbors, to imitate the
black on red wares brought in from the outside.

In Pueblo II we find the local Escavada and Gallup (Plates XIIb,
XVIa, XVIId) and Chaco Black on White ware, whose relatives extend
westward into Arizona, southward to take in the Zuñi district and much
of the Central district of the Little Colorado, and eastward into the Rio
Grande. Relatives likewise extend north to Lowry Ruin, in southwestern
Colorado. Trade with the Kayenta district to the west is indicated
by Tusayan polychrome (Plates XIIb, XIVb), and with the
Little Colorado to the southwest by Wingate Black on Red (Plate XIIb),
both fairly common as trade pieces in the Chaco. McElmo Black on
White (Plates XIa, b; XIIIa, b; XVa; XVIb; XVIIa-c) was a large
item in trade with Mesa Verde settlements outside the canyon, or was
made by some colonists living in the canyon. The Mogollon contributed
San Francisco Red ware from the south, and the Upper Gila added
some of the finely ridged Upper Gila Corrugated with its lustrous black
smudged interior. Trade was evidently a thriving business about
950 A. D.

The shards used as spalls in the walls of Tseh So (Table I) come
from the Pueblo II upper structure. They are of the Pueblo I complex,
as one might expect. The builders gathered up shards which
were at hand, probably on the dump, and used them; we could not expect
them to break up the jars and bowls in use in their own households
when they needed fragments to prevent mortar from pushing out
through the crevices in walls they were building. The shards from
the Pueblo II doorways, which were eventually filled in with masonry,

tell a different story. These shards are of the Pueblo II complex. The
doorways were evidently filled in after the builders had lived in this
upper village for some time and their wives had been making the pottery
of Pueblo II. They had thrown the fragments of the broken
vessels onto the refuse mound, from whence shards were picked up for
use by the local masons when neighborhood quarrels or outside danger
made closing their doorways advisable.

The associated types representing Basket Maker III, Pueblo I,
and Pueblo II complexes at Tseh So were worked out by stratigraphy
in the dump, by superposition in the rooms, and by association with
dated cross finds of shards. These types and the level of origin of
burials were used as the bases for deducing the periods of skeletal
remains taken from graves. By study of cross finds and of related types
of shards from outside the Chaco, it is possible to reconstruct something
of the trade (and of the expansion of the periods represented), a trade
extending in every direction except to the east, and one of the widest
expansions known for the prehistoric Southwest. Lack of trade shards
from the east, but expansion into the east and finds of Chaco trade
shards in the east, are likewise noted for Pueblo III, and may possibly
be due to the fact that agricultural or other products were traded into
the Chaco from the east in exchange for Chaco pottery, the excellence
of which would have made it a very desirable item where poorer clay
or lack of skill produced less durable or less artistic wares. Such an
exchange of the durable Zia pottery for shawls, metates, and foods
from Santo Domingo and from San Felipe is found within the Rio
Grande today.

SUCCESSION OF CHACO CANYON MASONRY TYPES

By Florence M. Hawley

                       

PERIOD	NEW NAME	OTHER NAMES			DESCRIPTION
		Hawley, 1934	Judd	Jackson
	Crude Rubble Without Core	Chetro Ketl Type VI			Thick irregular slabs laid in abundant mortar	10
	Fine Unbanded With Core	Chetro Ketl Type V	Pueblo Bonito Type IV		Rubble core faced with small slabs; unbanded	9
	Spalled Blocks With Core	Chetro Ketl Type IV		Number III	Rubble core faced with blocks chinked with small spalls	8
P III	Inferior Wide Banded With Core	Chetro Ketl Inferior Type III			Rubble core faced with uneven rows of slabs separated by wide bands of spalls	7
	Fine Wide Banded With Core	Chetro Ketl Fine Type III	Pueblo Bonito Type III	Number II	Rubble core faced with evenly spaced rows of slabs separated by wide bands of spalls	6
	Narrow Banded With Core	Chetro Ketl Type II	Pueblo Bonito Type II		Rubble core faced with slabs separated by narrow bands of spalls	5
	Unfaced Slab Small Spalled	Chetro Ketl Type I	Pueblo Bonito Type I	Number I	Thin irregular slabs laid in abundant mortar	4
P II	Blocks Without Core				Small blocks surounded with small spalls or potsherds in abundant mortar	3
P I	Slab Base Rubble				Slab base supporting rubble wall of small stones in abundant mortar	2
B M III	Slab Lined Pit House		Pit Houses		Slab lined pits	1

Figure 3

STONE AND OTHER ARTIFACTS

By Frank C. Hibben

Tseh So produced articles of the following mineral and rock materials
listed in the order of their importance according to the number
of artifacts represented:

• Sandstone

• Flint, chert, chalcedony

• Obsidian

• Limestone

• Quartzite

• Basalt

• Shell

• Turquoise

• Petrified wood

• Diabase

• Rhyolite

• Argillite

• Diorite

• Gneiss

• Hydrocarbon (Gilsonite?)

• Selenite

• Gypsum

• Hematite

• Limonite

• Vein quartz

• Iron concretions

• Granitic rocks

• Monzonite porphyry

• Malachite

• Siltstone

• Reddle

Artifacts of bone, clay, and wood were also present in considerable
numbers.

Artifacts Other Than Fabrics and Basketry

Objects classified according to the following categories were obtained
from Tseh So:

• Metates

• Manos

• Projectile points

• Knives

• Percussion instruments

• Ornaments

• Awls

• Scrapers

• Counters

• Palettes

• Mortars

• Sandal last

• Trays

• Pipes

• Disks

• Hoes

• Rubbing stones

• Effigies

Of the types present some were represented by single examples,
and others by very many so as to produce a grand total of 1182 specimens.
This was a very satisfying number to obtain from such a small
mound. These objects, discussed according to classes, appear below.

Metates. Of the larger artifacts, metates were by far the most
common. Eighty-four of these implements were secured, fragmentary
and intact, and from both the Pueblo I and II levels. These were all of
a single type, the open end trough or scoop metate (Plate XXI), which

is usual from these horizons. Those from Pueblo I and II levels did not
differ radically, although the metates from the substructure were usually
constructed from larger slabs than those of the Pueblo II. Thus two
metates from the substructure west are depressions eighteen by ten
inches worn into slabs measuring three by four feet. All of the metates
from both levels present a variety of sizes even though the types are
remarkably similar. The troughs of the metates measure from [a
diminutive specimen from Room 13 (kiva enclosure)] eight inches long
by four inches wide, to large ones with troughs twenty-four inches by
twelve inches (as one from the east test trench).

Metates from the Basket Maker level are of the same general type
but tend to possess closed ends, thus approximating the bowl form.

As to the uses of the metates, it may be inferred that the inhabitants
were a corn grinding people. However, upon at least some occasions,
these metates were used for purposes other than to meal maize,
and a number were used entirely for other purposes. Several of the
metates and fragments yet retain a quantity of pigment ground into
their surfaces, in most cases red, presumably ochre. In another case a
metate had been used to grind gypsum, as was indicated by the remains
on its surface. The use of metates as a building material has been
noted before. This last is a trait or accident which may be observed in
the walls of many of the modern pueblos. All of the metates of Tseh
So were made of calcareous sandstone.

Manos. Manos outnumber the metates two to one, which seems a
reasonable ratio. These are of the usual type, for the most part, which
accompanies the trough metate (Plate XXI). The outline of these hand
stones is that a round-cornered rectangle. Many of them display use
on both faces. The material was the same in almost all cases, normally
of sandstone. Their size varies with that of the metates.

A few manos from Tseh So do not conform with the above mentioned
type. These are of granitic rocks, and their function seems to
have been different from that of the more common specimens. These
manos, if they may be classed in this category, are oval in shape,
thicker than the rectangular ones, and with slightly rounded grinding
surfaces. Their shape would not accommodate them to the trough
metates so there must be presumed a slightly concave metate or mortar,
or perhaps a natural rock surface. No such nether grinding stone was
discovered.

Projectile Points. For the most part, projectile points may here
be classified as arrowheads, insomuch as there is no specimen which
approaches a spear head. However, a few from the Basket Maker levels
may have seen service on atlatl shafts. The arrowheads from Tseh So
fall into five distinct types (Plate XXII), three associated with the
superstructure and two with the Basket Maker level. These are:

• 1. Side notched, square base

• 2. Three quarter notched, narrow stemmed, barbed

• 3. Triangular, square base

• 4. Large with wide stem, square shoulder or rudimentary barbs

• 5. Narrow, straight stemmed, barbless

Of these, the first three occurred in the Pueblo II structure and in
those portions of the refuse mound associated with Pueblo II shards. The
last two types occurred only in the pithouse under the refuse pile and
in the Basket Maker horizons underneath the main ruin. The shapes
also are varied but fall easily into the above types. The form of several
of these points is especially fine, and the chipping and retouching are
excellent. It may be mentioned that the Basket Maker types are duplicated
at Shabik'eshchee. Materials are chalcedony, chert, flint (?),
obsidian, and petrified wood.

Knives. Under this heading are implements of varied shapes.
Knives or cutting implements of the triangular, lanceolate, and side-notched
varieties were found. Two such lay on the floor of
Room 17. These were: a triangular knife of red chert with the
tip missing, and a cutting implement in the form of a large, side-notched
arrowhead three inches long. Lanceolate forms and near
lanceolate shapes occurred in fair quantities at different levels in
other rooms of the Pueblo II building.

Percussion Instruments. Percussion tools included axes, hammers,
mauls, and hammerstones (Plate XX, a, c-e). Of these, the
hammerstones outnumbered all the rest by a large percentage. The
axes are of three main types:

• 1. Full grooved, fairly small, with cutting edge

• 2. Double grooved with narrow cutting edge

• 3. Grooved only by rudimentary notches on corners of large sandstone
  block. Cutting edge reduced to an angular point

The hammerstones are of two types:

• 1. Round, globular, or subangular forms, shaped by use

• 2. Pitted for thumb and forefinger

Mauls are also of two main types:

• 1. Worn down axes obviously used for other than cutting purposes

• 2. Full grooved pebbles or small boulders with two percussion
  faces

Several specimens of each of these classes were found at Tseh So,
with the exception of the double-grooved axe of which there was only
one specimen. Materials are quartzite, basalt, diabase, diorite, gneiss,
monzonite, and petrified wood.

Ornaments. Ornaments may best be classified by their mode of
wearing. There were from Tseh So:

• Bracelets

• Beads

• Pendants

• Ear or nose plug (?)

• Ear pendants

• Buttons

• Rings

Several fragments of shell bracelets were found, all of these
queerly enough, in the refuse mound. These were made from a fairsized
shell (Glycymeris sp.) with the central portion incised and cut or
sawn away (Plate XXII). This type of bracelet is common in other
culture areas of the Southwest as, for instance, the Mimbres, Verde
Valley, Chihuahua, and Gila.[1]

Beads of many varieties were common in this mound (Plate
XVIIIa). Beads of sections of bird bones are most numerous, with turquoise,
gypsum, reddle, and nut beads occurring in this order of
frequency. The ant hills upon all sides of the ruin could be sifted with
profit for turquoise beads. Of especial interest were a number of beads
of amorphous gypsum which had been polished so as to produce a hard
or glazed surface. No beads were discovered with burials other than
the string of bone tube and hickory nut beads mentioned before.

Many pendants, mostly of small size, occurred in various places in
the fill. Their form was practically constant, id est, an elongated
spheroid or round-cornered rectangle with a drilled hole at one end.

A single, small, conical plug a half inch long has been tentatively
identified as a nasal plug. The material is shell and the specimen is
well worked. It possibly should be classified as a labret.

Ear pendants may or may not be differentiated from pendants used
with beads. No criterion of difference has been noted.

Buttons, or objects of such shape, were made exclusively of lignite
or some similar hydrocarbon (Gilsonite?). Several fragments of these
were found in Ruin 50, and a complete specimen was discovered in
Ruin 51. These are circular, plano-convex objects of about five-eighths
of an inch diameter with well-worked surfaces. They are perforated
by two holes on the same plane drilled at a slant to come together an
eighth of an inch beneath the surface.

A single ring of bone was present in the Pueblo I level. This was
evidently a thin section cut from a large limb bone. From its size it
may have served as a finger ring.

Awls. A considerable variety and number of bone awls were
found among the objects of interest from Tseh So (Plate XVIIIb, c).
These may be classified according to their material rather than their
usage insomuch as the largest or the smallest may have served as awls,
perforators, husking pins, etc. These awls were made from the following
bones:

• Ulnae—ungulates

• Cannon bones—ungulates

• Ribs—ungulates

• Split sections of large bones—ungulates

• Turkey tibiae

• Other bird bones (femura, humeri, etc.)

• Jackrabbit bones

The length of these awls varied from one-half inch to seven inches.
In this connection may be mentioned one small awl or needle which was
supplied with a perforation evidently to serve as a bodkin or sewing
apparatus.

Scrapers. No scrapers of stone were found. However, a fair series
of bone scrapers were recovered, of which almost all were made from
deer or antelope humeri (Plate XVIIIb). Those scrapers not worked
from humeri, employed deer phalanges abraded down to a scraping
edge. Some of these scrapers of bone may have had additional handles.
Their upper ends usually exhibited some wear.

Counters. Worked shards, of both circular and rectangular form
were fairly common. These are plain, drilled, or notched along the
edges. In addition to these worked shards, there were also some bone
specimens which fall into this category. These are sections of scapulae
and worked fragments of limb bones with no other function apparent
than as counters. Two small lenticular bone sections of this type were
decorated with cross-hatched incisions on one side.

Palettes. Under this heading are grouped objects of various
shapes adapted to this function. Especially applicable were a number
of finely worked and smoothed slabs of sandstone and limestone, rectangular
in shape, which were undoubtedly palettes (Plate XIXd).
Also there were several small circular or oval items of stone, less
carefully worked, and others manufactured from fragments of metates.
All of these showed traces of pigment: red (hematite), yellow (limonite),
and one instance of green (malachite). The areas of paint showed
a circular smear on the palette surface, as though a circular scrubbing
motion had been used for the mixing. The rectangular palettes measured
from eight by fourteen inches to fragments three and one-half
by four and one-half inches.

Mortars. For the most part the mortars of Tseh So were natural
concretions, the hollows of which had been utilized. However, a single
mortar of sandstone from Room 6 was carefully and symmetrically
made for this purpose (Plate XIXc). The interior cavity
was six inches in diameter and showed red pigment. No implement
which may have served as a pestle was recovered from the ruin.

Sandal Last. A single specimen of this type was found on the
floor of Room 16 (Plate XIXb). It was of the conventional shape
for the Pueblo three-quarter round-toed sandal, with a small
offset on one end. It was made of a very fine-grained sandstone,
smoothly finished with a semi-polish. Queerly enough, it showed a
quantity of yellow paint on one of its surfaces.

Trays. Trays of both wood and stone were cataloged from
Tseh So. In the vegetable material of Room 1, the fragments of a
large rectangular wooden tray were scattered throughout the mass.
This was of cottonwood, with slightly turned up edges and smoothly
worked surfaces. The wood was impregnated heavily with grease. In
the fill of Room 1 occurred a large oval tray of sandstone. This was
twenty inches long on its main axis and fifteen inches broad. It was
ground smooth on the exterior, but was somewhat rougher on the interior.
A number of fragments of similar objects were likewise found.

Pipes. Only two specimens of tobacco pipes were present among
the artifacts, and one of these was only a fragment. These pipes were
of the tubular variety, and both of argillite. The drilling had been
done with a hollow drill, and the surface subsequently smoothed. Although
both pipes were badly chipped, neither would have exceeded
two inches in length.

Disks. Problematical objects of this sort were encountered in fair
numbers in the Pueblo II levels, but in no other (Plate XIXa). These
disks were wafer-thin circular plaques of sandstone from two to eight
inches in diameter. Most of them were well-worked and smooth. A
few showed pigment on one or both surfaces, and may have been used
as palettes. A variation of these disks was presented by two examples
which were fitted with a slight (one inch) projection on one edge.
Possibly a number of the disks were used as olla tops or lids.

Hoes. Objects in this class may be either hoes or adzes but insomuch
as such specimens from other Chaco ruins have been regarded
as hoes, this precedent may be here followed. These were implements
of small size (five inches long and three and one-half inches broad at
the bit), of rhyolite (Plate XXb), and of chert, chipped and ground
and finished with a high polish. The bit was the broadest portion, the
sides diminishing to almost a point at the upper end. Two notches were

provided for hafting, which was very evidently at right angles to the
blade. The smooth and unscratched blades of these instruments would
seem to eliminate their use in gravelly or rocky ground or possibly as
hoes altogether.

Rubbing Stones. Rubbing or polishing stones were invariably
river pebbles of handy shape and size which displayed their use only
by evidences of wear. These were very similar to those in use among
the Pueblos today. There were several pieces of hematite and limonite
in this class which were probably used as sources of paint rather than
for their rubbing qualities.

Effigy Forms. There were found certain effigy forms of terra
cotta and wood which may be grouped under this head. The most remarkable
group of these occurred on the floor of Room 1. The
frontispiece of this report reproduces the most complete of these which
is in the form of a tablita of a human face.

These wooden objects were all done in cottonwood, worked to the
thickness of a shingle. The subjects were depicted both by outline and
by interior painting. This painting was primarily turquoise green and
dead black, supplemented by white, dark red, and brown. The accompanying
figure (Fig. 4a-f) may best describe these forms. Those recognizable
are some sort of bird, a dragon fly, a human face, and possible
portions of some animals.

In addition to these, there was one effigy, of terra cotta ware, of
the body of an animal remarkably like a horse. The head and feet
were missing, unfortunately, but the torso and stumps of legs were
well preserved. The form of the belly, flanks, and other anatomical
features were well modelled. The piece was covered with a red slip
and evidently was affiliated with the Wingate series.

Methods of Working of Materials. Practically all known aboriginal
methods of working bone, shell, and stone were exemplified at this
little mound.

Shell showed methods of cutting, breaking, drilling, sawing,
abrading, and incision, There was no inlay or etching.

Bone displayed cutting, breaking, splitting, drilling and incising.

Stone was worked by pecking, chipping, grinding, polishing, drilling,
incising, and breaking. On the edges of certain of the palettes was
displayed a method of incising from both sides with a sharp instrument
and subsequently breaking off the piece. This is a technique which,
of course, was most popular with the aboriginal workers of jadite in
British Columbia. Another palette showed a most interesting method
of drilling with a hollow reed or possibly a piece of metal (copper?),
supplemented with sand or pumice and water. The core of this piece
was still in place. Not only did the inhabitants know most of the major

Fig. 4. Matting and Wood Fragments

methods of working materials but they employed these with skill as
evidenced by certain of the axes, palettes, and the sandal last.

Shell Identifications (See plate XXII)

Glycymeris maculatus Broderip. Pacific Coast.

Fragments of Glycymeris are the most numerous shell remains
from this Chaco site. These were all employed for bracelets of the
regular variety as mentioned before. There is, however, one remnant
which may be a pendant cut from the rim of Glycymeris in the
Mimbres manner.

Olivella dama Gray. Pacific Coast.

The familiar Olivella shell beads are to be found in fair numbers
from Tseh So. These have been perforated by abrading away
the point of the columella in the usual manner. Olivella shell
beads may be found sporadically on the surface and in the ant
hills of the vicinity.

Strombus gracilior Sow. Pacific Coast.
or Strombus pugilis Linn. Atlantic Coast.

A single pendant of Strombus occurred in Ruin 51 with no
definite association. It is circular, with one perforation, and displays
clearly the marks of the abrading tool upon its surfaces.

Unidentified.

Several dozen disk beads of shell defy definite identification.
Some of them, from their thickness, most certainly must be referred
to larger species than those represented above. Others
may possibly have been cut and perforated from sections of
Glycymeris.

Fabrics and Basketry

A number of scanty remains of fabrics and basketry (Fig. 4a-e)
were recovered from the excavation. These were for the most part
evidenced by their prints in the adobe or in the soil, but a few were
recovered in their original state although invariably very much
decayed.

Basketry. A print of a basket was found in Room 10 which
preserved a sufficient amount of the imprint to make certain of
the type of basket represented. The technique is twilled and the basket
when entire must have been some ten inches in diameter at the rim.
The material is evidently stripped and flattened yucca leaves which
were bent over around a wooden or stick hoop for a rim. The form of
the basket is a shallow and rather flattened bowl.

Several shards from the Pueblo II level showed evidence of coiled
baskets on their exteriors. This coiling was in many cases extremely

fine, a few specimens exhibiting twelve to fifteen coils to the inch. The
coils themselves were evidently done on a rod foundation, possibly
willow, and the sewing splints appeared to be split roots of some
variety. No indication as to the form of these baskets was present.

Matting. Abundant examples of twilled matting were present in
the excavation especially in connection with the various burials. This
matting was, for the most part, manufactured from some broad-bladed,
parallel-veined grass of long leaf. Large sections of this matting occurred
over and under all of the burials and also on the floors of rooms.
In at least one instance, matting was laid on the roof to supplement the
reeds. It is impossible to decide what species of grass is represented
by this common article. This twilled matting is usually an over two,
under two, or over three, under three, technique. At the edges the
stems are turned under and tied.

The print of a small section of matting in Room 8 showed
a plain-woven checkerboard, under one, over one, technique. This was
manufactured from the same material as the foregoing.

The matting of Equisetum and sacaton grass will be discussed at
some length in the section on vegetable remains. This type was evidently
used for all common matting purposes as well as for roof covering.
Its occurrence in connection with burials was noted in only one
instance.

Fabrics. Fabric evidence was extremely scanty at Tseh So but
two examples were secured which may give some idea of the skill of
the inhabitants in this art. An example of open twining work was
found beneath the floor in Room 20, id est, in the Pueblo I section.
This, a small fragment of some six inches in each dimension, was
constructed on a warp of single flattened yucca fibre with a woof
of double twisted fibre of the same material spaced an eighth of an
inch apart. The general effect produced by this weave is a comparatively
fine square-meshed netting which may possibly have been a
portion of a bag or some such receptacle.

Another fragment of fabric, from the roof of Room 16, may
or may not be a piece of that above mentioned. The material is
the same but the weave has been alternated so as to produce checkerboard
patterns on one side of the material. Insomuch as but a small
piece of this last material was secured, it is impossible to state as to its
function or exact appearance.

Table III
MAMMAL AND BIRD REMAINS

                                                                     

Room location	Meleagris gallopavo	Aquila chrysaetos	Neotoma mexicana fallax	Cynomys gunnisoni zuñiensis	Lepus californicus texianus	Sylvilagus auduboni warreni	Sylvilagus nuttalli pinetis	Thomomys aureus	Canis familiaris	Antilocapra americana	Odocoileus hemionus	Lynx baileyi	Peromyscus maniculatus rufinus	Ovis canadensis texianus	Taxidea taxus berlandieri
1	4			9	16	26					3
2	19		8	22	30	41	2	1		2	5
3			1		13	9	1		3	4	6
4	15			19	44	28	2		1/2	5	12/4	1		1	1
5							1							1
6				2		1			4
7						3								2
8	3			22	62	38	2	1			2
9											6
10				2						3
11							1								1
12					5				1
13	20	1		6	36	61	5		3		4		1 skull	1
14			2					2
15	1				2					2
16			2			3	2	1
17	6				1	8					1
18			2
19	1					4				/2
20					4	3			/4	/2	/3			/3
21	6				7	8				3	5
22	15			6	13	20				5	23/17
23											1				1
24
Kiva 1	complete & 14					2
2	complete & 3												1	Horn & 2
3	complete & 7								complete & 3
4	2 almost complete & 1
Sub Struct. 1								1	6		3	complete
2					4				11		9
3									1		7
Trench	2			3	20	14			16	3	17
	82	1	15	91	265	279	16	6	55	31	77	1	2	11	3
	.087	.001	.016	.096	.293	.297	.017	.006	.058	.033	.082	.001	.002	.011	.003