University of Virginia Library

Refuse Mound of Pueblo II.

The mound of Pueblo II extends everywhere outside the limits of
the present excavation and beneath the top soil which covers its edges.
The excavations probably approach the edge most closely on the north
side. The trenches were carried only to somewhere near the center of
the mound as visible from the surface. The top of the dump as seen at
present rises in a gentle slope toward the center and falls away on all
sides; any sharp peak it once may have had has been eroded away by
the flattening effects of centuries of winds and rains. (Fig. 7.)

The Pueblo II deposition is made up of the Pueblo I complex with
the addition of appreciable amounts of Gallup and of Chaco Black on
White. Thus the Pueblo II complex may be outlined as containing
Gallup, Escavada, and some Chaco Black on White, Exuberant Corrugated
and the finer Chaco Corrugated,[16] plus the gray ware that
is either Lino or the bases of Kana-a vessels, and a small proware
that is either Lino or the bases of Kana-a vessels, and a small proportion
of Red Mesa Black on White. Mesa Verde influence is indicated
by finds of shards which appear to be preponderantly McElmo Black on
White (Gladwin).[17] The Mesa Verde sequences have never been worked
out in detail; descriptions on the types which precede the McElmo are
not available, and even those of the McElmo leave something to be
desired when one is attempting to differentiate between shards of the
Mesa Verde Black on White (Kidder) and the earlier McElmo type.
As nearly as could be determined, however, the shards here listed as
McElmo legitimately fall into that classification by their heavy and
simple design elements; that they belong in the Mesa Verde line, at
least, is certain.

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Wingate (Haury)[18] and Puerco (Gladwin)[19] Black on Red and
Wingate Corrugated (Mera)[20] shards indicate relations with the
areas slightly to the south, where those types were common, and sporadic
pieces of Tusayan polychrome (Gladwin)[21] corroborate the evidence
of whole vessels of this type in graves that trade with the area to the
west was not uncommon. A very few shards of the fine Upper Gila
Corrugated (Kidder) with black burnished interior[22] and of the San
Francisco Red (Haury)[23] of the Mogollon area point to trade with the
southern part of New Mexico, and red shards with the cinder temper
common in the Flagstaff district suggest that they originated there,
although with a heavy outer red slip and no inner slip they are identical
with neither the unslipped Sunset Red (Colton)[24] nor the slipped Flagstaff
Red (Colton)[25] with its red interior slip and slipped burnished
black interior. Shards which might be Flagstaff Red except that their
temper is sand rather than cinder, and which might be Gila Red (Gladwin)[26]
except for the lack of pronounced striation on the outer red slip
obviously indicate trade somewhere to the south and west.

Apparently there never was much Chaco Black on White made
during the occupation of Mound 50; a few pieces were made, but this
ware was to grow into prominence, accompanied by the hold-over of
Gallup Black on White, in the Pueblo III complexes of Chetro Ketl and
of the other major ruins. It should be noted that where the Exuberant
Corrugated supposed to mark Pueblo II is prominent, Lino Gray follows
as a close second. Evidently the plain gray ware lasted over a
considerable period.

Other types of pottery supposedly limited to earlier periods are
found in the Pueblo II stratum, as listed above, and their presence may
be attributed to the two reasons already stated, wash from the high
ridge of Pueblo I material onto the growing mound of Pueblo II just
to the west and hold-overs of one type into the period of the next complex.
The pottery associations found in the dump are checked by those
found accompanying burials in the two main periods of occupation of
the house mound.