 | The University of Virginia record February, 1909 |  |
COURSES OF INSTRUCTION.
The candidate who has satisfied the requirements for entrance as
above defined is matriculated as a student of Engineering and admitted
to the regular Freshman Class. The studies of this class comprise
lecture-courses in Mathematics 1, Physics 1, and Chemistry 1, with
associated laboratory courses in Physics, Chemistry, and Drawing, as
specified below.
For advancement to the Sophomore Class the student must have
completed at least two thirds of his Freshman work. Upon entering
this class he elects his specialty. The courses thereafter diverge according
as the student is an applicant for a degree in Civil, Mechanical,
Electrical, Mining, or Chemical Engineering. Programmes of
study for each degree are given below.
The courses are so ordered that the specified entrance requirements
are adequate for the work of the Freshman Year. Each succeeding
year presupposes the completion of the work for all the foregoing
years. Students are advised to adhere strictly to the regular programmes.
The arrangements specified in them have been carefully
planned and are the best. Haphazard election is discouraged and in
extreme cases will be prohibited. No student will be registered for
a course unless in the opinion both of the Dean and of the professor
his preliminary training has fitted him for the profitable pursuit of
that course.
Students are especially advised against the attempt to crowd too
many studies into their scheme of work, and are warned that admission
to advanced courses will be granted only to those who have
adequate mathematical and scientific training to profit by them. Men
overloaded with work, too great in volume or in difficulty for their
powers, suffer inevitable discouragement and incur almost certain
failure.
Mathematics 1. [Page.]
In Trigonometry, a complete course in Plane and Spherical
Trigonometry is pursued with constant drill in the solution of problems,
and exercises in the use of logarithms.
In Algebra, the work begins with the Progressions and proceeds
with the study of the Binomial Formula, Convergence and Divergence
Series. The study of Inequalities and Determinants prepares
for the Theory of Equations with which the course is closed.
In elementary Analytical Geometry the study of Cartesian and
Polar Coordinates is followed by numerous exercises on the graphical
representation of equations. Special attention is given to the straight
line and the representation of the general equation of the first degree
in two variables. The course is intended to prepare for the fuller
study of the Analytical Geometry of the conic sections.
Mathematics 2. [Echols].
The subject matter of this course consists of the Analytical Geometry
of the Conic Sections beginning with the circle; Differential Calculus:
Integral Calculus. It is expected to conclude the work in Analytical
Geometry early in November and then to take up the Differential
Calculus which is discussed until the March examinations. The last
term of the session is devoted exclusively to the Integral Calculus.
Applicants for advanced standing must pass a written examination
on the topics of Mathematics 1.
Mechanics 1. [Thornton].
The Fall Term is devoted to General Mechanics. The fundamental
laws of motion, force, and energy are established and applied to
the Statics and Dynamics of material particles and rigid bodies.
The work of the Winter Term is in Graphical Statics. The graphical
method is studied and applied to the analysis of roofs, bridges,
dams, walls, chimneys, and so on. The elements of the Strength
of Materials are also taught.
In the Spring Term a careful study is made of Hydrostatics and
elementary Hydraulics. Special attention is given to problems of
large technical importance; such as the design of dams, aqueducts,
and pipe lines; the theory of the barometer and so on.
Parallel with the lecture courses are given extended laboratory
courses on the testing of cements and mortars, of timber, and of iron
and steel and other metals.
Mechanics 2. [Thornton].
The work of the Fall Term is Strength of Materials. The fundamental
laws of strength and elasticity are developed and applied to
the analysis and design of the elements of structures and machines
The Winter Term is given to the study of the Stability of Structures;
as for example Continuous Girders and Trusses, Retaining
so on.
In the Spring Term a course is given on Hydraulics and Hydraulic
Motors, in which the fundamental principles of this science are established
and applied to the great problems of Hydraulic Engineering;
as for example the design of aqueducts and pipe lines, the analysis
and test of turbines and pumps, the gauging of rivers, and so on.
The practical courses, which run parallel with the lecture courses,
include advanced work in the Strength and Elasticity of Materials;
laboratory practice in Hydraulic Measurements (efflux, pipe friction,
pressure, buoyancy, and so on); and field exercises in gauging the
flow of rivers and canals.
Mechanics 3. [Thornton].
This course constitutes a complete survey of Analytical Mechanics.
The Fall Term is given to Analytical Statics, the Winter Term
to the Dynamics of a Particle, the Spring Term, to the Dynamics of a
Rigid Body. For illustrative material use is made not only of such
classical topics as harmonic motion, projectile motion, planetary
motion, meteoric motion, motion in resisting media and so on; but
examples are taken also from engineering practice in the Kinematics
of Machines, the Dynamics of the Steam Engine, the Balancing of
Single and Coupled Engines, and others of the great problems of
scientific engineering.
Physics 1. [Hoxton].
General Physics.—This course is intended to include Elementary
Mechanics, Sound, Light, Heat, Electricity and Magnetism. Instruction
is given by lectures and text-books, with illustrative experiments
and numerical problems. The student is expected to spend, during
the greater part of each term, from five to six hours a week in the
laboratory, performing simple quantitative experiments, of which
written reports are to be submitted. This includes one hour set
apart for quizzing.
Physics 2. [Hoxton].
Electricity and Magnetism.—The elements of the mathematical
theory are developed, making free use of the methods of the calculus,
beginning, however, with fundamental principles the subject. Laboratory
work more advanced than that in Physics 1 will be required, occupying
the student from four to six hours a week, and aiming at the
more exact measurement of the chief physical quantities here dealt
with.
Chemistry 1. [Bird].
This class meets three times a week for lectures and works six
hours a week in the laboratory. It studies the fundamental principles
of General Chemistry—Inorganic, Organic, and Physical; but devotes
most of the time to the significant phenomena of Inorganic Chemistry.
At appropriate places the foundation of Analytical Chemistry are
taught and such special exercises are given as will emphasize the
more important chemical properties of the structural materials of
Engineering, fuels, and so on. No previous study of Chemistry is
demanded; but to students, who have received preliminary instruction
in a chemical laboratory, the exercises assigned are of a somewhat
more advanced type.
Chemistry 2. [Bird and Bedford].
This course consists of two divisions: Part I in Elementary
Organic Chemistry: Part II in Elementary Physical Chemistry. The
class meets three times a week for lectures and works six hours a
week in the laboratory. For Part II no knowledge of the Calculus is
required.
Chemistry 3. [Bird and Bedford].
This is a course in Advanced General Chemistry. There are three
lectures a week and at least nine hours a week must be devoted to
laboratory studies.
Analytical Chemistry 1. [Dunnington].
This course consists of three lessons a week throughout the
session, after each of which the students spend three or four hours
in practical experiments in the Laboratory. A course in Chemical
manipulation is first given, then Blowpipe Analysis, Fire Assaying of
Ores of Lead, Gold, and Silver, and a systematic course in Inorganic
Qualitative Analysis, followed by practice in analysis of salts, alloys,
and ores, determination of minerals and the examination of potable
water, coal, limestone, clay, and so on, together with some simpler
quantitative determinations. Weekly written exercises are required.
Analytical Chemistry 2. [Dunnington].
The work of the second course is also given in three lessons a
week throughout the session, each being followed by four hours or
more of practical laboratory work. This course is primarily one in
Quantitative Analysis. After some training in manipulation and gravimetric
estimations, the class pursues volumetric estimations and a full
steel, technical products, and so on. Weekly written exercises are
required. As the student advances in the course he is encouraged to
undertake original research and assist in its prosecution; and in determining
his fitness for graduation, work of this kind is considered
as having much weight.
The laboratory is open to students six days in the week, during
all the working hours of the day.
Industrial Chemistry 1. [Dunnington].
This course is concerned with the applications of chemistry to the
purposes of human life. It examines in detail the chemical principles
and processes specially involved in the more important arts and manufactures;
as for example the Metallurgy of iron, steel, copper, and all
the important metals: the Manufacture of limes, cements, mortars,
and other building materials: the Chemistry of explosives, lubricants,
paints, and other preservatives. Exercises in chemical computations
are regularly required.
The collections of the University in illustration of the processes
and products of Industrial Chemistry have been procured at much
expense and pains in this country, England, France, and Germany,
and are unusually extensive and good; among the best on this side
of the Atlantic.
Geology 1. [Watson].
General Geology.—A course of three lectures per week and nine
additional hours per week for laboratory and field work, and private
study, throughout the year. The divisions of Dynamical, Structural,
and Physiographical Geology are covered in considerable detail.
Special emphasis is given the common rock-forming minerals and
rocks, building stones and ores.
Geology 2. [Watson].
Economic Geology.—This course is designed to give a general
but comprehensive account of the origin, nature, distribution and uses
of the metallic and non-metallic products, with especial reference to
those of the United States. Lectures, collateral reading, laboratory
and field work to the amount of twelve hours per week throughout
the year.
Civil Engineering 1. [Newcomb].
Plane Surveying.—Lectures on the use and adjustment of the
Surveying; the methods and proper conduct of Land, Mine, City, and
Hydrographic Surveys. Practical field exercises with Compass, Level,
Transit and Stadia.
Curves and Earthwork.—Lectures on Simple, Compound, Transition
and Vertical Curves; the form of Excavations and Embankments.
Earthwork Surveys, Computation of Volumes, Formation of Embankments,
Computation of Haul, Cost of Earthwork, Blasting. Practical
exercises in Map Drawing and Topography.
Building Construction.—Lectures on the Materials of Construction;
Soil Foundations; the design and construction of Walls, Floors,
Partitions and Roofs of buildings. Practical exercises in Structural
Drawing. Laboratory tests of Building Materials.
Civil Engineering 2. [Newcomb].
Masonry Construction.—Lectures on Foundations; the design and
construction of Dams, Retaining Walls, Bridge Piers and Abutments,
Culverts, Arches; the Theory of Reenforced Concrete; the design
and construction of Reenforced Concrete Structures. Practical exercises
in the design of Masonry Structures and Structural Drawing.
Short Span Bridges.—Lectures on the design and construction
of standard types of Steel and Timber Bridges. Each student makes a
complete bridge design with all necessary computations and drawings.
Railway Engineering.—Lectures on Reconnoissance and Preliminary
Surveys, Office Location, Field Location; the construction, maintenance
and operation of Railroads. In Field Work the class is divided
into squads, each squad making complete Surveys, Maps, Profiles,
and Estimates for a mile of located line.
Civil Engineering 3. [Newcomb].
Long Span Bridges.—Lectures on the design and construction of
the more intricate Simple Trusses, Cantilever Bridges, Steel Arches.
Continuous Girders, and Swing Bridges. Each student is required to
work out stress sheets and general drawings for specified types of long
span Bridges.
Water Works and Sewers.—Lectures on the quality, sources, collection,
conveyance, purification and distribution of City Water Supplies;
the laws of flow in pipe lines and aqueducts; the drainage of
houses and streets; the collection and conveyance of sewage; the
disposal of sewage; the construction and maintenance of works. Practical
exercises in the design of pipe lines and sewers.
Roads, Streets, and Street Railways.—Lectures on the Principles
of Road Location; the Construction and Maintenance of Earth Roads,
Broken Stone Roads, Gravel Roads; the pavements for City Streets
and Sidewalks; the Location and Construction of Street Railways.
Laboratory tests for Road Materials.
Mechanical Engineering 1. [Hancock].
Machine Kinematics.—A careful study of plane, spheric, and screw
motions, turning pairs, slider crank chains, cams, ratchets, escapements,
toothed gears and so on. Free use is made of the drawing
board, the greater bulk of the work consisting in the graphic solution
of problems and the production of finished plates.
Shop work under instructors in Joinery and Turning.
Machine Design.—Consideration of the straining actions to which
machine parts are subjected; analysis and design of machine parts,
such as fastenings, journals, shafts and bearings, the investigation of
these parts or elements being, so far as is possible, independent of
their application to any special machine. Both carefully penciled
designs and finished plates are required.
Shop work under instructors in the Machine Shop.
Elementary Steam Engineering.—An elementary study of the
properties of steam; of the standard modern types of steam boilers,
engines, feed water heaters, and condensers; of gas, gasoline, oil, and
alcohol engines; and of steam turbines. Laboratory exercises in
steam tests for pressure, temperature and humidity; and in tests of
steam and gasoline engines for speed, horse-power, and mechanical
efficiency.
Mechanical Engineering 2. [Hancock].
Steam Engines and Steam Boilers.—Thermodynamics of the steam
engine; behavior of steam in the engine cylinder; effects of superheating,
jacketing, compounding, and condensing; study of the steam
boiler as a means of transferring heat energy from fuel to engine,
based on a preliminary study of the heat values of fuels, of economizers
and of feed water heaters. Laboratory tests for the steam consumption,
heat consumption, and thermodynamic efficiency of a steam
engine.
Shop work under instructors in Pattern Making.
Engine and Boiler Design.—Study and design of valves, vaive
gears, and governors; straining actions to which engine parts are
subjected and the design of these parts; balancing the engine; capacity,
artificial and natural draft and chimney design; design of steam mains
and boiler accessories. A complete engine and boiler design are required
of each student.
Shop work under instructors in the Forge Shop and in the Foundry.
Steam Turbines and Gas Engines.—Thermodynamic theory of the
steam turbine; behavior of steam in nozzles and flow from orifices;
power and efficiency of the turbine; materials of construction, mechanics
of the turbine, and balancing the motor; study of standard types
of turbines. Theory of internal combustion engines; power, efficiency,
and economy; forces due to gas pressure and inertia; dimensions of
the engine parts. Laboratory exercises in thermodynamic and mechanical
efficiency tests of gasoline and alcohol engines. Complete
test of a steam power plant in the vicinity.
Mechanical Engineering 3. [Hancock].
Hydraulic Machinery.—Review of Theoretical Hydraulics as applied
to efflux from orifices, weirs, nozzles, and flow in pipes, canals,
and rivers; computation of the horse-power of streams and of hydraulic
transmissions; pressure machines, reciprocating pumps, water
wheels, turbines and centrifugal pumps. Complete hydraulic and
mechanical efficiency test of some water-power plant in the vicinity.
Heating and Ventilation.—Careful study and analysis of fuels
and determination of heat-values; types and arrangement of furnaces
and boilers; settings, appliances, and pipe fittings; principles of ventilation;
heat given off from radiating surfaces; systems of heating
and their design; special study of heating and ventilating public
buildings from the standpoint of correct sanitation. Laboratory exercises
in fuel tests, radiation from heating surfaces, and efficiency
tests of heating systems in large buildings.
Locomotive Engineering.—Study of the peculiarities in design
of locomotive furnaces and boilers, forced draft; valves and valve
gears; inertia effects on moving parts, their strength and design;
engine balancing; tractive force, hauling capacity, efficiency, and economy;
examination of the peculiar demands of service and investigation
of the means used to meet these demands.
Electrical Engineering 1. [Holladay].
The work of the Fall Term is devoted to the study of the fundamental
principles of Electrical Measurements, and Electric and Magnetic
Circuits. The Arithmetic of Electrical Engineering is emphasized
course in the laboratory familiarizes the student with measuring instruments
and their uses in making tests.
The work of the Winter Term is devoted to the study of the theory
and operation of Direct Current Machinery. In the laboratory the
student submits his theory to test by determining the characteristics
and constants of commercial types of Direct Current Generators and
Motors.
During the Spring Term a study of Telephony is undertaken in
which the general principles of telephony, the design and construction
of commercial apparatus and the circuits connecting such apparatus
into operative systems are discussed.
The year's work is completed by a brief study of Primary and
Secondary Batteries, the theory of their reactions, the methods of
manufacture, and some of the uses of batteries.
Electrical Engineering 2. [Holladay].
The Fall Term is devoted to the study of the fundamental principles
of Alternating Currents and Alternating Current Apparatus.
The physics of the phenomena is emphasized and by the use of
numerous exercises the student is thoroughly drilled in original calculations.
The course is paralleled by selected laboratory exercises
which give the use of standardizing apparatus.
The Winter Term is given to the study of Photometry, Electric
Lighting, and Low Voltage Power Distributions. The student is familiarized
with the different types of Photometers, Photometric Standards,
Incandescent Lamps, Arc Lamps, and Systems of Electrical
Distribution. In the laboratory the student tests various types of
commercial lamps, and studies their luminous effects, efficiencies and
general characteristics.
The Spring Term is devoted to the Design of Electrical Apparatus.
Calculations are made of the electric, magnetic and mechanical parts
of Direct Current Machines, Transformers, and Alternators; and the
operation of certain laboratory apparatus is presented and the calculations
are verified by test of the apparatus itself.
Electrical Engineering 3. [Holladay].
The Fall Term is devoted to an advanced study of Alternating
Current Phenomena as encountered in complex Electric Circuits, Transformers,
Induction Motors, Frequency Changers, Alternators and Synchronous
Motors. The Vector Method is freely employed as by its use
simplified.
During the Winter Term a study is made of Electric Traction and
Traction Apparatus, including the various types of Direct and Alternating
Current railway motors, controllers, brakes, rolling stock,
track, train performance, and electric railway economics.
The work of the Spring Term is in part a resumé of the entire
course, embracing a general study of the Generation and Transmission
of Electrical Energy, Prime Movers, Generating apparatus, auxiliary
apparatus, switchboards, High Tension Transmission Lines, and economic
designs of modern Electric plants and Transmission Systems.
Laboratory exercises run parallel with the lectures throughout the
entire course.
Mining Engineering 1. [Newcomb and Hancock].
Plane Surveying.—Lectures on the uses and adjustments of the
Compass, Level, Transit and Stadia; on the computations of the
Surveyor; on the conduct of Land, Mine, City, and Hydrographic
Surveys. Practical field exercises with Compass, Level, Transit, and
Stadia.
Machine Design.—Lectures on the straining actions in Machine
Parts; on the analysis and design of such parts as fastenings, journals,
shafts, and bearings. Drafting exercises including both carefully
penciled designs, and finished plates in Machine Drawing.
Elementary Steam Engineering.—Lectures on the properties of
Steam; on the standard modern types of boilers, engines, condensers,
and feed-water heaters; on modern gas, gasoline, and alcohol engines;
and on the steam turbine. Laboratory exercises in testing steam for
pressure, temperature, and humidity; and steam and gasoline engines
for speed, horse-power, and mechanical efficiency.
[This course is identical with Chemical Engineering 1].
Mining Engineering 2. [Holladay and Newcomb].
Electrical Measurements.—Lectures on the principles of electrical
measurements, and of electric and magnetic circuits. Practical exercises
in the arithmetic of Electrical Engineering, involving the solution
by the student of numerous well-graded problems. Laboratory
work on measuring instruments, and their uses in making tests.
Direct Current Machinery.—Lectures on the theory and operation
of Direct Current Electric Generators and Motors; Laboratory
and magnetic constants of commercial types of machines.
Building Construction.—Lectures on the materials of construction;
on foundations and the bearing powers of soils; on the design
and construction of walls, floors, partitions and roofs of buildings.
Practical exercises in drafting and computation. Laboratory tests
of building materials.
[This course is identical with Chemical Engineering 2].
Mining Engineering 3. [Thornton].
Exploitation of Mines.—Lectures on the principles to be observed
in prospecting; on the work of opening the mine by shaft or adit
tunnel; on the layout of the underground workings and the extraction
of the mineral; on timbering the excavations; on lighting the mine; on
mine explosions and other accidents; on mine surveys, maps, and
plans. Practical exercises solved by the student in nocturnal surveying
and on the computations and drawings of the Mining Engineer.
Mining Machinery.—Lectures on the central power plant for mining
undertakings; on the theory and operation of power transmission
lines; on the machinery for haulage, hoisting, drainage, and ventilation;
on the methods and machinery used in hydraulic mining; and on
the machinery for quarrying and ore dressing. The lectures are paralleled
by a series of practical exercises in which the student makes
independent estimates on the mechanical equipment of a projected
mine or reports on the operation and outfit of some actual mine inspected
by him.
Electricity in Mining.—Lectures on the installation of electric
lines for light and for power in mines; on the special types of generators
and motors suitable for mines; on electric locomotives and haulage;
on electrically driven hoists, pumps, and fans; on electric coal
cutters; on electric lights for mines; and on electric methods of
signaling. Practical exercises in electric computations for mine installations.
Drawing 1. [Thornton and West].
The purpose of this course is to familiarize the beginner with the
technique of Engineering Drafting. The student executes each week
under the supervision of the Instructor a plate (15×20 inches), the
entire course consisting of about twenty-four such plates. The Fall
Term is given to Mechanical Drawing, including practice in lettering
and dimensioning; the Winter Term to Projection Drawing, including
Term to Machine Drawing. Three periods a week of three hours each
are assigned to the course; one hour is devoted to a lecture by the
Professor on the theories and constructions illustrated in the weekly
plate and the remaining eight hours to practice in the Drafting Room
under the Instructor.
Drawing 2. [Thornton and West].
The object of the Sophomore course in Drawing is to train the
student in the use of the graphical method not merely as a means
of representation, but as an instrument of research. The work is
organized as in Drawing 1; one hour a week being devoted to a lecture
by the Professor on the problems of the plate and eight hours
a week to practice under the direction of the Instructor. The Fall
Term is devoted to a systematic course in Descriptive Geometry;
the Winter Term takes up Graphical Statics and includes the analysis
of roofs, bridges, beams, reservoir walls and dams, chimneys, and
so on; the Spring Term is given to Topographical Drawing, including
the construction of maps and plans.
Drawing 3. [Thornton and West].
The Junior course in Drawing furnishes striking illustrations of
the power of the graphical method in achieving easy and rapid solutions
of problems, before which analytical methods are comparatively
impotent. The work is organized as in the other courses; one hour
of lecture and eight hours of practice. In the Fall Term a series of
problems in the Strength of Materials is given for graphical solution.
The Winter Term is devoted to the analysis of high masonry dams,
retaining walls, continuous girders and trusses, masonry and reenforced
concrete arches, and like problems of Structural Drawing. The
Spring Term concludes the course with a series of plates on Shades
and Shadows, and Linear Perspective.
| The University of Virginia record February, 1909 | |