 | The University of Virginia record February, 1909 |  |
COURSES OF INSTRUCTION.
The work of each of the four years of the course in Medicine continues
through the nine months of the University session. Studies included
are arranged as follows:
During the first session: Organic Chemistry, Anatomy and Anatomy
of the Nervous System; Normal Histology, and Embryology; Physiological
Chemistry.
During the second session: Anatomy; Physiology; Bacteriology
and Pathology; Pharmacology; Physical Diagnosis.
During the third session; Materia Medica, Pharmacy, and Toxicology;
Clinical Diagnosis; Theory and Practice of Medicine; Surgery
and Gynecology; Clinics.
During the fourth session: Surgery and Gynecology; Neurology,
Pediatrics, Dermatology, and Therapeutics; Hygiene; Diseases of the
Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat; Forensic Medicine; Clinics.
In the following description of courses, the number of hours represents
the amount of time each student devotes to the course. In the clinical
work, where the class is divided into sections, it is often possible to
give only approximately the number of hours spent by each student on
each subject.
ANATOMY.
Professor Whitehead.
Adjunct Professor Byrnes.
Adjunct Professor Jordan.
Mr. Smart.
The work in this subject extends through the entire first year and
the first six months of the second year. It is divided, for the sake of
convenience, as follows:
Anatomy 1.—Six hours weekly until November 1st; twelve hours
weekly from November 1st to the end of the winter term of the first year.
This course begins with a systematic study of the bones, on the completion
of which a part (either the head and neck with the upper extremity
and thorax, or the lower extremity and abdomen) is assigned to each
student for dissection and study. For this purpose each cadaver is considered
as composed of four parts; on the completion of this course
and Anatomy 3 each student has dissected a lateral half of the body.
Emphasis is placed upon the benefit to be derived by the student who obtains
his knowledge at first hand and by his own personal efforts. While
practical dissection and the consideration of topographical relations
make up the essential features of the course, there are occasional lectures
and frequent recitations, followed by a final written examination in March.
grade. Dr. Whitehead.
Anatomy 2.—Six hours weekly during the spring term of the first
year. In this course, the central nervous system is studied in some detail.
The study begins with the spinal cord, its membranes, circulation, and gross
anatomy. One complete spinal cord is given to each two students. This
is followed by the microscopic study of sections from the more important
spinal segments.
The brain is then studied in a similar manner. In the gross study
one entire brain is furnished to each two students, supplemented by transverse
and sagittal sections. The microscopic sections consist of a transverse
series extending from the pyramidal decussation to the head of the
caudate nucelus, so arranged that each student will have at least twenty-five
sections in series, thus affording sufficient continuity of structure.
Great emphasis is attached to laboratory work, and the actual knowledge
of the specimens studied. This is supplemented by recitations, and occasional
lectures. Dr. Byrnes.
Anatomy 3.—Ten hours weekly from October 1st through the fall
term and fourteen hours weekly during the winter term of the second
year. This course is the continuation of Anatomy 1, and consists of the
systematic dissection and study, by essentially the same methods, of the
parts not studied during the first year. Dr. Byrnes.
Histology.—Three lectures or recitations and nine hours of laboratory
work weekly during the fall and winter terms of the first year.
The student's record in the course will depend upon his recitations, laboratory
drawing books, and final examination, both written and practical.
The course aims to acquaint the student primarily with the microscopic
structure of cells, tissues, and organs. Cytogenesis and histogenesis are
briefly considered in the case of many tissues studied; and the relation
of the whole subject of histology to pathology is never lost sight of. The
student is also given opportunity to acquaint himself with the principles
and practice of histological technique. The laboratory is excellently
equipped with microscopes, paraffin baths, microtomes, and various accessories
essential to the most favorable presentation of this course.
A record of seventy per cent. in this course is required for admission
to Physiology 2, and of eighty per cent. for admission to Pathology.
Dr. Jordan and Mr. Smart.
Embryology.—Nine hours weekly during the spring term of the first
year. The laboratory work (six hours weekly) is accompanied by lectures,
recitations, and the study of models and text-books. The course aims to
which he may the better understand the more abstruse normal conditions
of adult anatomy, as well as many anomalies and variations, neoplasms
and malformations. The close correlation of obstetrics is recognized.
and a correct knowledge of the fetus and its membranes is taught from
the embryological approach. The course is made as practical as possible
for the student and practitioner of medicine. It begins with a consideration
of maturation phenomena, fertilization, segmentation, and the development
of the germ-layers. This study is made chiefly upon the ova and
early stages of an invertebrate, followed by a comparison in an amphibian.
The chick is used for the primary relations of the systems to one another;
and this is followed by the study of pig embryos, where each system is
taken up separately and the organology and histogenesis of its parts are
studied. Finally, the fetal membranes and their relations to the fetus
and uterus are studied in their variations among the amniota. Dr. Jordan
and Mr. Smart.
CHEMISTRY.
Professor Bird.
Adjunct Professor Bedford.
Organic Chemistry.—Three hours of lectures and six hours of
laboratory work during the fall and winter terms of the first year.
In this course a very intense and systematic study is made of the principles
of organic chemistry, with special reference, at appropriate places,
to compounds of medical importance. Such constant reference is made to
the analogous phenomena of inorganic chemistry as will coordinate the
work as far as possible with the student's previous study of general
chemistry. The object is to lay a good foundation for the courses that
follow in physiological chemistry, pharmacology, etc.; and also to instruct
the student carefully in the methods of investigation of chemical
problems.
The student prepares in sufficient quantity one or more compounds
that illustrate the essential characteristics of each of the more important
classes of organic compounds, a compound of medical interest being selected
wherever advisable. Great stress is laid on the proper experimental
method of studying chemistry, and numerous questions are attached
to the directions for each experiment in order to force the student to
adopt a comparative method of studying at the time the type compound
is being prepared and its reactions illustrated.
Brief instruction is given in the methods of quantitative analysis of
organic compounds, both ultimate and proximate.
A record of seventy per cent. on this course is required for admission
to Physiology 1 (Physiological Chemistry.)
PHYSIOLOGY.
Professor Hough.
Mr. Purdum.
Mr. Setzler.
Mr. Vaiden.
The required course of study in this subject begins with the spring
term of the first year and continues throughout the second year. It is
divided into two courses, as follows:
Physiology 1: Physiological Chemistry.—Three lectures, three recitations,
and nine hours of laboratory work weekly during the spring term
of the first year. The fundamentals of physiological chemistry, especially
the chemical structure, properties, and reactions of the more important
compounds with which the student must deal in his subsequent studies
of physiology. The laboratory work, for which ample facilities are provided,
consists of the thorough study of the properties of the carbohydrates,
fats, soaps, fatty acids, and proteins and of the more important
members of each of these groups; the composition of blood, milk, muscle,
pancreas, and other organs; the action of the more important digestive
enzymes and of the bile; and the chemistry of the urine. Accurate quantitative
determinations are required of urea (Folin), total nitrogen
(Kjeldahl), uric acid (Hopkins-Folin), ammonia (Folin), sugar (Fehling
and Benedict), and kreatinin (Folin). Other processes of quantitative
analysis, such as the Soxhlet method of fat determination and the silver
nitrate method of determining the total purins, are either demonstrated
or their essential manipulations carried out by the student himself. The
exceptional preparation of students not only in general but also in organic
chemistry makes it possible to acquire in this course not only a clear understanding
of the problems of physiological chemistry but also skill in
the use of the fundamental qualitative and quantitative methods.
A grade of 70 per cent. on this course is required for admission to
Physiology 2. Open only to students who have attained a grade of 70
per cent. in Organic Chemistry.
Physiology 2.—The Physiology of Function.— Four hours weekly
of lectures, recitations, and demonstrations throughout the second year;
six hours weekly of laboratory work in the fall term and three hours
weekly in the winter term. The physiology of muscle and nerve; blood
and lymph; the circulation; respiration; secretion; digestion and nutrition;
excretion; the sense organs; and the central nervous system. The laboratory
is equipped with kymographs, induction coils, signals, muscle and
heart levers, tambours, manometers, etc. for thirty men working at one
time in pairs. The work of the laboratory closely follows the lectures
and is an integral part of the study of each subject. The student becomes
practically acquainted with the methods of modern physiological
with full descriptions of his experiments. The satisfactory completion
of the laboratory work is as necessary to a clear record on the course
as is the passing of the final examinations.
Open only to students who have obtained a grade of seventy per
cent. in Histology and in Physiological Chemistry. The satisfactory
completion of the laboratory work of this course is necessary for admission
to Pharmacology.
During the winter and spring terms a student's Physiological Journal
Club meets with the professor one evening every two weeks to report and
discuss current literature.
Advanced Physiology.—Six hours weekly throughout the fall and
winter terms. An elective open to fourth year students who have completed
Physiology 1 and 2. Some one portion of physiology—the subject
changing from year to year—is studied more fully than is possible in
the required courses and students are referred to the original literature
as far as possible. As an introduction to the methods of experimental
investigation, either a number of more difficult experiments are assigned
or else the student repeats the experimental work of some original
memoir. He then undertakes, under the guidance of the professor in
charge, an investigation, which may be continued, if desired, into the
spring term. There are weekly conferences for the discussion of the
assigned reading and experiments.
The object of the course is to afford those students who are inclined
to specialize in physiology the opportunity to do so. Application
for admission to the course must be made at the close of the third year,
since the course must at present be limited to four students.
BACTERIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY.
Professor Marshall.
Adjunct Professor Meloy.
Mr. Jones.
Thirteen hours weekly throughout the second year.
Bacteriology and pathology are taught throughout the second year
from September to June. Practical laboratory work by the student with
daily individual attention from the instructors forms the basis of each
course.
In Bacteriology the student is taught to prepare culture media
and to employ the usual methods necessary for the isolation and identification
of bacteria, and he learns the biological peculiarities of the microorganisms
concerned in the common bacterial diseases.
After a few days have been spent in the making of culture media,
sterilization, etc., the general technic is learned by isolating the bacteria
bacteria are taken up serially. Those receiving special attention are the
bacteria concerned in wound infections, in respiratory and intestinal
diseases, and in tuberculosis.
With several diseases the pathogenic action of the bacteria is studied
directly upon animals, the anatomical changes are observed, the bacteria
are recovered, and the diseased tissues are prepared by the student for
microscopic examination.
The lectures which accompany the laboratory work are designed to set
forth clearly the relation which bacteria bear to disease, to immunity,
and to preventive medicine.
The course in Pathology extends from January to June. The
greater part of the practical work is devoted to the study of the microscopic
changes occuring in disease. This is supplemented by the study
of autopsy material and museum specimens. Wherever it is possible the
development and progress of the lesions are studied experimentally. The
practical work includes the consideration of the vascular disturbances,
degeneration, inflammation, regeneration, and of benign and malignant
tumors. The diseases produced by animal parasites are considered briefly.
During the course the student has an opportunity to learn the standard
methods employed in preparing tissues for microscopic examination, and
he is called upon to witness and assist in the autopsies.
A lecture precedes the practical work each day and in addition selected
topics are discussed more fully in a series of lectures.
Both in Bacteriology and Pathology frequent recitations are held,
and the standing of the student is determined largely from these and
from the character of his daily work.
In addition to the courses outlined above, there will be opportunities
for qualified students to engage in special work.
The work in Pathology is open only to students who have obtained
a record of eighty per cent. on Histology.
PHARMACOLOGY, MATERIA MEDICA, AND TOXICOLOGY.
Professor Eyster.
Mr. Wilde.
Pharmacology.—Five hours of lectures, recitations, and demonstration
and six to eight hours of laboratory work weekly during the third
term of the second year. In this course a study is made of the chemical
characteristics and physiological action of representative drugs from the
different pharmacological groups. The satisfactory completion of the laboratory
work of Physiology 2 is required for admission to the course.
Materia Medica and Pharmacy.— Two hours of lectures and recitation
and two hours of laboratory work weekly during the first term of
the third year. The more important drugs and preparations of the
Pharmacopea, together with newer non-official which bid fair to attain or
have attained considerable use, form the subject of study. In the laboratory
the student becomes familiar with the peculiarities and methods of
preparation of the different preparations of the Pharmacopea, as well as
solubilities and other characteristics of the more important drugs. Especial
attention is paid to chemical and pharmaceutical incompatibility.
Prescription writing is dealt with by lecture and frequent practical exercises.
Toxicology.— One hour of lecture and three hours of laboratory
weekly during the first term of the third year. The methods of separation
and identification of poisons.
Forensic Medicine.— One lecture weekly during the first term of the
fourth year. To replace the course in Medical Jurisprudence after the
present session.
The laboratory is well equipped for special study and investigation
in Pharmacology and Toxicology, and offers at all times this opportunity
to medical students and others who may wish to pursue some special line
of inquiry. The head of the department will be glad to suggest and outline
problems for investigation to any medical or other student who has
had the necessary preliminary training in physiology or chemistry for
such investigation.
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS.
Adjunct Professor Flippin.
Clinical Diagnosis.—Six hours weekly during the fall and winter
terms of the first year.
In this course the student is made familiar with those modern laboratory
methods which are practically helpful in the diagnosis of disease.
These include, among others, the systematic examination of blood, sputum,
urine, gastric contents, feces, exudates, transudates, and milk. The
student is not only required to understand the methods employed in such
examinations, but by practice to acquire the skill necessary for accurate
results. The instruction is given in the new Clinical Laboratory, situated
in the north wing of the Hospital. This laboratory is well equipped
with instruments and apparatus, and the wards of the Hospital furnish
ample material for the proper presentation of the subject.
PRACTICE OF MEDICINE.
Professor Davis.
Adjunct Professor Flippin.
Dr. Magruder.
Dr. Nelson.
Dr. Rea.
Dr. Garnett.
Third Year.
Theory and Practice of Medicine.—Three hours weekly of lectures
and recitations throughout the third year; six hours weekly in the
Dispensary for one half the session. A systematic course of lectures,
supplemented by work in the Dispensary. The third year class is divided
into two sections each of which devotes itself for half the year to
the medical service in the Dispensary. Dr. Davis, Dr. Flippin, Dr.
Magruder, Dr. Nelson.
Fourth Year.
In the fourth year the same plan is followed in the clinical work;
each of the two sections of the class devotes itself for half the year to
the medical service in the wards of the hospital. Full histories are
taken of every case, thorough examinations made, and management indicated
by the students of each division. The records thus obtained are
kept up by the student assigned to the case, which he is expected to follow
until its discharge. The accuracy and completeness with which this
is done constitutes a large element in the determination of fitness for
graduation.
The subjects treated with the approximate division of time between
them are as follows:
Nervous Diseases and Insanity.—Three lectures and recitations
weekly supplemented by clinical work during the fall term of the fourth
year. In this course is given also instruction in electro-therapeutics.
Dr. Davis.
Pediatrics.— Three lectures and recitations weekly, supplemented by
clinical work during the winter term of the fourth year. This course
of lectures is intended to point out in a brief way how disease is modified
by childhood and to indicate how the difficulties of diagnosis and
treatment due to early age may best be encountered. The principles
of infant feeding are emphasized and the student is taught how to prepare
the food. Instruction in the practical details of the subject is given by
work at the Dispensary and in the wards of the Hospital. Dr. Davis and
Dr. Rea.
Dermatology.—A brief course of lectures is given on this subject
embodying a consideration of the commoner diseases met with in medical
devoted to the diseases of the skin. The senior class is divided into sections
for the work in this branch. After a brief review of the anatomic
and histologic structure and of the physiology of the skin, the diseases
most commonly met with are discussed.
The clinical material available at the University Dispensary is utilized
to the best advantage to give the students a practical working knowledge
of the diagnosis and treatment of affections of the skin. Dr. Davis and
Dr. Garnett.
Case Teaching, Medical Ethics and Economics, and Insurance
Examinations.—Two hours weekly during the spring term of the fourth
year. Dr. Davis.
Therapeutics.—Two lectures weekly during the second half of the
fourth year, with five hours weekly of ward rounds for one half the
session.
The treatment of internal diseases is discussed in a systematic course
of lectures and practically demonstrated in the wards of the Hospital.
Especial attention is given to the clinical side of the teaching of this
subject, the student being required to suggest treatment for cases assigned
to him and to follow closely and make a record of the results of the
therapeutic agents employed throughout the course of the disease.
The course includes a discussion of the preparation of food for the
sick; demonstrations of the preparation of stupes, plasters, and poultices;
and the methods of giving therapeutic baths, electrical treatment, massage,
and other therapeutic measures. Dr. Flippin.
SURGERY AND GYNECOLOGY.
Professor Watts.
Adjunct Professor Stone.
Dr. Pendleton.
Mr. Bardin.
Surgery and Gynecology.—During the third year, five hours weekly
of lectures and recitations, and two hours weekly of surgical clinic
throughout the session, with six hours weekly in the Dispensary for one
half the session.
During the fourth year, two hours weekly of surgical clinic throughout
the session; three hours weekly of ward classes, supplemented by
clinical work in the wards and operating room for one half the session.
Third Year.
The study of Surgery begins in the third year and continues
through the fourth year. In the third year the class room work consists
Principles and Practice of Surgery, Surgical Diseases, Surgical Diagnosis,
etc., are thoroughly discussed. This also includes the surgical specialties,
Orthopedics, Genito-urinary Surgery, etc.
The Dispensary course in the third year gives opportunities for diagnosis
and treatment of clinical cases under close personal supervision.
Experience in dressings, bandaging, anesthesia, and minor surgery is
afforded. Surgical appliances and technique are demonstrated to the
students, divided into small groups.
Fourth Year.
In the fourth year the instruction is carried on by clinics and bed-side
demonstrations in the hospital. In the wards the students are assigned
cases, whose histories they must take, make complete physical and clinical
examinations, urine analyses, blood examinations, etc. In the ward rounds
the diagnosis, operative and other treatment, post-operative care of the
cases, complications, prognosis, etc., are discussed in detail. A large
variety of cases is available, and the close contact of the students with
their cases and with the routine of hospital management offer many of
the opportunities that an internship affords.
In the operating rooms the students, in small groups, take part in the
operations, thus acquiring familiarity with technique, anesthetization, etc.
Those of the class who are not assisting, witness the operations, whose
important features are demonstrated to them.
The work in Gynecology follows closely the outlines already
described for surgery. In the third year the general principles of gynecology
are taken up in lectures and recitations. In addition, the dispensary
affords practice in palpation, diagnosis and treatment.
In the fourth year the students have the same general work as in
surgery, consisting of the examination and recording of cases in the
public wards, attendance on ward rounds, at which the cases are discussed,
and observation and assistance in the operating rooms. Dr.
Watts, Dr. Stone, and Dr. Pendleton.
In addition to the above course, required of all students the following
elective courses are offered:
Surgical Pathology.—Two hours weekly during the first half of the
third year. The work in this course is optional and comprises lectures
upon the pathology of surgical lesions, with especial emphasis upon the
clinical diagnosis of tumors and inflammations, the examination of microscopic
sections, and the study of fresh tissues in the gross, obtained from
courses in pathology and surgery, and to acquaint the student with
the appearance of fresh pathological material from surgical cases. Dr.
Stone and Mr. Bardin.
Operative Surgery.—Five hours a week during the second half of the
third year. This is also an optional course, consisting of lectures upon
the development of operations, descriptions of steps in the more common
operations, and the actual performance by the student of these operations
upon living animals. The course affords experience in the use of anesthesia,
the handling of living tissues, and post-operative treatment. The
students care for the animals from the time they enter the clinic until
they are well. Dr. Stone.
OBSTETRICS.
Professor Macon.
Obstetrics.—Three hours weekly during the third year, of lectures,
recitations, and manikin demonstrations, supplemented by work with
living subjects in the wards of the Hospital.
The class is divided into sections of five for manikin instruction
and for examination of patients in the Hospital. The manikin course
forms an important part of the work, not only for teaching presentation,
position, and posture, but also the mechanism of normal and abnormal
labor and the application of forceps. When the section is taken into the
wards of the Hospital, the methods of examination, particularly abdominal
palpation, are practiced on the living subject.
In the fourth year the student attends, under the guidance of an instructor,
the labour cases in the Hospital, is required to prepare the history
of patients, and to follow up the cases through the puerperium. Instruction
is also given in the care of the new born. In addition the student
has the chance of attending patients in the outpatient department and
each student is expected to attend at least four cases of labour.
DISEASES OF THE EYE, EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT.
Professor Hedges.
Professor Compton.
Diseases of the Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat.—Two lectures weekly
from the beginning of the session to the first of March, supplemented by
regular clinics twice weekly throughout the fourth year and clinical lectures
to sections of the class as suitable cases occur.
No attempt is made to train specialists, but every effort is made to
render the class familiar with such common diseases of the eye, ear,
To this end the class is divided into small sections and each student is
taught the methods of examination and the use of the ophthalmoscope,
head-mirror, and of the laryangeal and post-nasal mirrors. In the clinics
each patient is assigned to a student who must take the history and keep
the record of that patient; the case is then demonstrated by the professor
in charge, and, if possible, each student makes his own examination under
the personal supervision of the attending physician. Clinical cases are
abundant, and during the year the student sees and handles practically
all the common diseases of the eye, ear, and upper respiratory tract.
At the operations in the Hospital only as many students are allowed
to be present as can really see and appreciate what is being done.
Valuable work is also given in the dissecting room, where the technic
of operative work is shown in a way that cannot be employed with the
living patient. Students do this work as far as possible for themselves,
especially in tracheotomy and intubation of the larynx.
Finally the attempt is made so to ground the student in the anatomy,
physiology, general pathology, and in methods of examination and treatment
that he may diagnose and treat intelligently many of the cases that
cannot afford to go to a perhaps distant specialist; that he may treat
successfully that large class of emergency cases that first come to the
general practitioner and in which immediate treatment is imperative; and,
lastly, that he may recognize and intelligently refer these cases that need
the services of one specially trained to this branch of work.
HYGIENE.
Professor Lambeth.
Hygiene.—Three hours weekly throughout the fourth year.
The course begins with a historical sketch of the development of
preventive medicine, including short biographical sketches of the pioneers
of Hygiene. With this introduction the story of the natural history of
contagious and infectious diseases, modes of propagation and methods of
prevention engage the attention of the student. With this preparation, the
chemical and bacteriological contamination of food, water, air, and soil is
made an important study. Instruction is also begun in the proper location
and construction of habitations, hospitals, schoolhouses, etc., with special
reference to the modern methods of heating, ventilating and draining.
Notice is taken of the special relations involved in military and naval
hygiene.
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE.
Professor Lambeth.
A brief course of lectures in which the general relations of medicine
to law are discussed, and the duties and rights of the medical expert as
a witness. The other special branches of legal medicine and surgery are
taken charge of by the other professors of the Medical Department, to
whose chairs the several subjects are naturally most cognate. After the
present session the place of this course will be taken by that in Forensic
Medicine, given by Professor Eyster.
| The University of Virginia record February, 1909 | |