The expression of the emotions in man and animals,

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

ON THE EXPRESSION OF THE EMOTIONS IN MAN AND ANIMALS. — — — — — INTRODUCTION.

CHAPTER I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION. The three chief principles stated — The first principle — Serviceable actions become habitual in association with certain states of the mind, and are performed whether or not of service in each particular case — The force of habit — Inheritance — Associated habitual movements in man — Reflex actions — Passage of habits into reflex actions — Associated habitual movements in the lower animals — Concluding remarks.

CHAPTER II. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION — continued. The Principle of Antithesis — Instances in the dog and cat — Origin of the principle — Conventional signs — The principle of antithesis has not arisen from opposite actions being consciously performed under opposite impulses.

CHAPTER III. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION — concluded. The principle of direct action of the excited nervous system on the body, independently of the will and in part of habit — Change of colour in the hair — Trembling of the muscles — Modified secretions — Perspiration — Expression of extreme pain — Of rage, great joy, and terror — Contrast between the emotions which cause and do not cause expressive movements — Exciting and depressing states of the mind — Summary.

CHAPTER IV. MEANS OF EXPRESSION IN ANIMALS. The emission of Sounds — Vocal sounds — Sounds otherwise produced — Erection of the dermal appendages, hairs, feathers, &c., under the emotions of anger and terror — The drawing back of the ears as a preparation for fighting, and as an expression of anger — Erection of the ears and raising the head, a sign of attention.

CHAPTER V. SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS OF ANIMALS. The Dog, various expressive movements of — Cats — Horses — Ruminants — Monkeys, their expression of joy and affection — Of pain — Anger — Astonishment and Terror.

CHAPTER VI. SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS OF MAN: SUFFERING AND WEEPING. The screaming and weeping Of infants — Forms of features — Age at which weeping commences — The effects of habitual restraint on weeping — Sobbing — Cause of the contraction of the muscles round the eyes during screaming — Cause of the secretion of tears.

CHAPTER VII. LOW SPIRITS, ANXIETY, GRIEF, DEJECTION, DESPAIR. General effect of grief on the system — Obliquity of the eyebrows under suffering — On the cause of the obliquity of the eyebrows — On the depression of the corners of the mouth.

CHAPTER VIII. JOY, HIGH SPIRITS, LOVE, TENDER FEELINGS, DEVOTION. Laughter primarily the expression of joy — Ludicrous ideas — Movements of the features during laughter — Nature of the sound produced — The secretion of tears during loud laughter — Gradation from loud laughter to gentle smiling — High spirits — The expression of love — Tender feelings — Devotion.

CHAPTER IX. REFLECTION — MEDITATION — ILL — TEMPER — SULKINESS — DETERMINATION. The act of frowning — Reflection with an effort, or with the perception of something difficult or disagreeable — Abstracted meditation — Ill-temper — Moroseness — Obstinacy — Sulkiness and pouting — Decision or determination — The firm closure of the mouth.

10.

CHAPTER X. HATRED AND ANGER. Hatred — Rage, effects of on the system — Uncovering of the teeth — Rage in the insane — Anger and indignation — As expressed by the various races of man — Sneering and defiance — The uncovering of the canine tooth on one side of the face.

11.

CHAPTER XI. DISDAIN — CONTEMPT — DISGUST — GUILT — PRIDE, ETC. — HELPLESSNESS — PATIENCE — AFFIRMATION AND NEGATION. Contempt, scorn and disdain, variously expressed — Derisive smile — Gestures expressive of contempt — Disgust — Guilt, deceit, pride, &c. — Helplessness or impotence — Patience — Obstinacy — Shrugging the shoulders common to most of the races of man — Signs of affirmation and negation.

12.

CHAPTER XII. SURPRISE — ASTONISHMENT — FEAR — HORROR. Surprise, astonishment — Elevation of the eyebrows — Opening the mouth — Protrusion of the lips — Gestures accompanying surprise — Admiration — Fear — Terror — Erection of the hair — Contraction of the platysma muscle — Dilatation of the pupils — Horror — Conclusion.

13.

CHAPTER XIII. SELF-ATTENTION — SHAME — SHYNESS — MODESTY: BLUSHING. Nature of a blush — Inheritance — The parts of the body most affected — Blushing in the various races of man — Accompanying gestures — Confusion of mind — Causes of blushing — Self — attention, the fundamental element — Shyness — Shame, from broken moral laws and conventional rules — Modesty — Theory of blushing — Recapitulation.

14.

CHAPTER XIV. CONCLUDING REMARKS AND SUMMARY. The three leading principles which have determined the chief movements of expression — Their inheritance — On the part which the will and intention have played in the acquirement of various expressions — The instinctive recognition of expression — The bearing of our subject on the specific unity of the races of man — On the successive acquirement of various expressions by the progenitors of man — The importance of expression — Conclusion.

INDEX.

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG.
1. Diagram of the muscles of the face, from Sir C. Bell 24
2. " " " Henle 24
3. " " " " 25
4. Small dog watching a cat on a table 43
5. Dog approaching another dog with hostile intentions 52
6. Dog in a humble and affectionate frame of mind 53
7. Half-bred Shepherd Dog 54
8. Dog caressing his master 55
9. Cat, savage, and prepared to fight 58
10. Cat in an affectionate frame of mind 59
11. Sound-producing quills from the tail of the Porcupine 93
12. Hen driving away a dog from her chickens 98
13. Swan driving away an intruder 99
14. Head of snarling dog 117
15. Cat terrified at a dog 125
16. Cynopithecus niger, in a placid condition 135
17. The same, when pleased by being caressed 135
18. Chimpanzee disappointed and sulky 139
19. Photograph of an insane woman 296
20. Terror 299
21. Horror and Agony 306

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Plate	I.	to face page	147.	Plate	V.	to face page	254.
"	II.	"	178.	"	VI.	"	264
"	III.	"	200.	"	VII.	"	300
"	IV.	"	248.

N. B. — Several of the figures in these seven Heliotype Plates have been reproduced from photographs, instead of from the original negatives; and they are in consequence somewhat indistinct. Nevertheless they are faithful copies, and are much superior for my purpose to any drawing, however carefully executed.

University of Virginia Library

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

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