University of Virginia Library

CONTENTS.
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• INTRODUCTION......................................................Pages 1 — 26
• CHAP. I — GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION.
  The three chief principles stated — The first principle — Serviceable actions become habitual in association with certain states of the mind, and are performed whether or not of service in each particular case — The force of habit — Inheritance — Associated habitual movements in man — Reflex actions — Passage of habits into reflex actions — Associated habitual movements in the lower animals — Concluding remarks — 27 — 49
• CHAP. II — GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION — continued.
  The Principle of Antithesis — Instances in the dog and cat — Origin of the principle — Conventional signs — The principle of antithesis has not arisen from opposite actions being consciously performed under opposite impulses — 50 — 65
• CHAP. III — GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION — concluded.
  The principle of the direct action of the excited nervous system on the body, independently of the will and in part of habit — Change of colour in the hair — Trembling of the muscles — Modified secretions — Perspiration — Expression of extreme pain — Of rage, great joy, and terror — Contrast between the emotions which cause and do not cause expressive movements — Exciting and depressing states of the mind — Summary — 66 — 82
• CHAP. IV — MEANS OF EXPRESSION. IN ANIMALS.
  The emission of sounds — Vocal sounds — Sounds otherwise produced — Erection of the dermal appendages, hairs, feathers, &c., under the emotions of anger and terror — The drawing back of the ears as a preparation for fighting, and as an expression of anger — Erection of the ears and raising the head, a sign of attention — 88 — 114

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• CHAP. V. — SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS OF ANIMALS.
  The Dog, various expressive movements of — Cats — Horses — Ruminants — Monkeys, their expression of joy and affection — Of pain — Anger — Astonishment and Terror — Pages 115 — 145
• CHAP. VI. — SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS OF MAN: SUFFERING AND WEEPING.
  The screaming and weeping of infants — Form of features — Age at which weeping commences — The effects of habitual restraint on weeping — Sobbing — Cause of the contraction of the muscles round the eyes during screaming — Cause of the secretion of tears — 146 — 175
• CHAP. VII. — LOW SPIRITS, ANXIETY, GRIEF, DEJECTION, DESPAIR.
  General effect of grief on the system — Obliquity of the eyebrows under suffering — On the cause of the obliquity of the eyebrows — On the depression of the corners of the mouth — 176 — 195
• CHAP. VIII. — JOY, HIGH SPIRITS, LOVE, TENDER FEELINGS, DEVOTION.
  Laughter primarily the expression of joy — Ludicrous ideas — Movements of the features during laughter — Nature of the sound produced — The secretion of tears during loud laughter — Gradation from loud laughter to gentle smiling — High spirits — The expression of love — Tender feelings — Devotion — 196 — 219
• CHAP. IX. — REFLECTION — MEDITATION — ILL — TEMPER — SULKINESS — DETERMINATION.
  The act of frowning — Reflection with an effort or with the perception of something difficult or disagreeable — Abstracted meditation — Ill — temper — Moroseness — Obstinacy — Sulkiness and pouting — Decision or determination — The firm closure of the mouth — 220 — 236
• CHAP. X. — HATRED AND ANGER.
  Hatred — Rage, effects of on the system — Uncovering of the teeth — Rage in the insane — Anger and indignation — As expressed by the various races of man — Sneering and defiance — The uncovering of the canine teeth on one side of the face — 237 — 252
• CHAP. XI. — DISDAIN — CONTEMPT — DISGUST — GUILT — PRIDE, ETC. — HELPLESSNESS — PATIENCE — AFFIRMATION AND NEGATION.
  Contempt, scorn and disdain, variously expressed — Derisive Smile — Gestures expressive of contempt — Disgust — Guilt, deceit, pride, etc. — Helplessness or impotence — Patience — Obstinacy — Shrugging the shoulders common to most of the races of man — Signs of affirmation and negation — 253 — 277

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• CHAP. XII. — SURPRISE — ASTONISHMENT — FEAR — HORROR.
  Surprise, astonishment — Elevation of the eyebrows — Opening the mouth — Protrusion of the lips — Gestures accompanying surprise — Admiration — Fear — Terror — Erection of the hair — Contraction of the platysma muscle — Dilatation of the pupils — horror — Conclusion. Pages 278 — 308
• CHAP. XIII. — SELF-ATTENTION — SHAME — SHYNESS — MODESTY: BLUSHING.
  Nature of a blush — Inheritance — The parts of the body most affected — Blushing in the various races of man — Accompanying gestures — Confusion of mind — Causes of blushing — Self-attention, the fundamental element — Shyness — Shame, from broken moral laws and conventional rules — Modesty — Theory of blushing — Recapitulation — 309 — 346
• CHAP. XIV. — CONCLUDING REMARKS AND SUMMARY.
  The three leading principles which have determined the chief movements of expression — Their inheritance — On the part which the will and intention have played in the acquirement of various expressions — The instinctive recognition of expression — The bearing of our subject on the specific unity of the races of man — On the successive acquirement of various expressions by the progenitors of man — The importance of expression — Conclusion — 347 — 366