Original journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806 printed from the original manuscripts in the library of the American Philosophical Society and by direction of its committee on historical documents |
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 | II. | II. Ethnology |
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 | II. Ethnology Original journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806 |  |
II. Ethnology
EDITORIAL NOTE.—During the winter at Fort
Mandan, Lewis and Clark prepared a large table of the
Indian nations east of the Rockies, with data respecting
their trade, etc. At least two copies were made, one of which
was sent to the Secretary of War, and probably perished when
the records of that department were burned in 1809, or in the
stampede of 1814; what is apparently the second copy is now
in the possession of the American Philosophical Society, at
Philadelphia, and is a sheet 34 1/2 × 27 inches, composed of six
pieces of paper pasted together. Owing to its unwieldy size
and form, we have decided somewhat to recast the material as
follows:
To each of the columns in the original manuscript we have,
for purpose of identification, assigned the appropriate letter, as
explained by the explorers under the heading "Notation," below.
In grouping into a paragraph, in narrative form, all the
tabulated information concerning a tribe (which in the original
manuscript occupies a line across the broad page), we have assigned
to each item the letter [enclosed within brackets] corresponding
to the column in which it appears in the original.
The numeral assigned to each tribe is that given in the
original manuscript.
Upon the margin of the reverse of the manuscript, Clark
made the following memorandum, showing that the copy sent
to the Secretary of War contained considerable data not in the
original tabulation :
additional Remarks made on the Copy Sent to the Secretary at war
the boundaries of the Countrey which they claim—the quantity
of land & face of the Countreytheir Antient residence if known.
the State of their Trade whether it can be expected to increase
and in what proportion.their Trafick with other Indian nations, in what it consists and
where carried on.their Disposition towards the whites, and their conduct to their
Traders.to what place they might be provailed on to remove to make
room for other nations.whether they cultivate or not.
whether Stationary or roveing
whether the Nations is increasing or Deminishing.
1st
2d.
3
4th
5th
6
7
8
9
Genl. remarks on the Trade & remittences and amt. Estimated—
Establishments in a Govmnt pt. of view—Notations on Indian Names
Sub Divisions of the Sioux Bands & names of their principal Chiefs.
From the tabulated statement prepared by Clark for the Secretary
of War, with the above "additional Remarks," President
Jefferson had prepared and presented to Congress A Statistical
View of the Indian Nations inhabiting the Territory of Louisiana
and the Countries adjacent to its northern and Western boundaries
(printed by A. & G. Way, Washington, 1806).[1]
We
have selected from this publication all of the additional information
contained therein, and appended the same to our
compilation. Such matter we have indicated by two methods,
according to the extent of the added data—(1) for mere words,
phrases, figures, etc., printing the material in Italics and enclosing
it within parentheses—e.g. (except the Little Osage);
(2) for long sentences or paragraphs, printing it in smaller
type.—Ed.]
A. ESTIMATE OF THE EASTERN INDIANS
A List of the Names of the different Nations & Tribes
of Indians Inhabiting the Countrey on the Missourie and
its waters, and West of the Mississippi (above the Missourie)
and a line from its head in Latd. 47°. 38′ N – & Longt. 95°. 6′ W –
to the N W extremity of the Lake of the Woods, in Latd.
49°. 37′ N – and Longd. 94°. 31′ W – and Southerley & Westerley,
of a West line from the Said Lake of Wood, as far as is known
Jany. 1805. Expressive of the Names, Language, Numbers,
rove &c. &c. &c.
over a, denotes that a sounds as in caught, taught, &c.
over a, denotes that it sounds as in dart, part, &c.
without notation has its primitive sound as in ray, hay, &c. except
only when it is followed by r or w, in which case it sounds
as âset underneath denotes a small pause, the word being divided by
it into two parts.The Names of the Indian nations, as usially spelt and pronounc'd
by the English.Primitive Indian names of Nations and Tribes, English Orthography,
the syllables producing the sounds by which the Inds
themselves express the names of their respective nations.Nick-names, or those which have generally obtained among the
Canadian Traders.The Language they speak if primitive marked with a * otherwise
derived from, & approximating to.Nos. of Villages.
Nos. of Tents or Lodges of the roveing bands.
Number of Warriours.
The probable Number of Souls, of this Numbr, deduct about
1/3 generally.[2]The Names of the Christian Nations or Companies with whome
they Maintain their Commerce and Traffick.The places at which the Traffick is usially carried on.
The estimated amount of Merchindize in Dollars at the St. Louis
prices for their annual consumption.The estimated amount of their returns in dollars, at the St. Louis
prices.The kind of pelteries, & Robes which they Annually supply or
furnish.The defferant kinds of Pelteres, Furs, Robes Meat Greece &
Horses which each could furnish for trade.The place at which it would be mutually advantageous to form
the principal establishment, in order to supply the Several
nations with Merchindize.The names of the nations with whome they are at war.
The names of the nations with whome they maintain a friendly
alliance, or with whome they may be united by intercourse or
marriage.The particular water courses on which they reside or rove.
The Countrey in which they usially reside, and the principal
water courses on or near which the Villages are Situated, or the
Defferant Nations & tribes usially rove & Remarks.
NOTATIONS [of Indian names].
_
^
a
,
[a]
[b]
[c]
[d]
[e]
[f]
[g]
[h]
[i]
[j]
[k]
[l]
[m]
[n]
[o]
[p]
[q]
[r]
[s]
The Indian Trade. The sums stated under and opposite [k] are the amounts
of merchandise annually furnished the several nations of Indians, including all
incidental expenses of transportation, &c. incurred by the merchants which
generally averages about one third of the whole amount. The merchandise is
estimated at an advance of 125 per cent. on the sterling cost. It appears to me
that the amount of merchandise which the Indians have been in the habit of
receiving annually, is the best standard by which to regulate the quantities necessary
for them in the first instance; they will always consume as much merchandise
as they can pay for, and those with whom a regular trade has been carried
on have generally received that quantity.
The amount of their returns stated under and opposite [l] are estimated by the
peltry standard of St. Louis, which is 40 cents per pound for deer skins; (i. e.)
all furs and peltries are first reduced by their comparative value to lbs. of merchantable
deer skins, which are then estimated at 40 cents per lb.
These establishments are not mentioned as being thought important at present
in a governmental point of view.
[a] Grand Osarge; [b] Bar-har-cha; [c] Grand Ose or zo;
[d]* Osarge; [e] 2; [f]—; [g] 1200; [h] 5000; [i] a Co : at
St Louis; [j] at their Village & the 3 forks of the Arkansaw River;
[k] $15,000; [1] $20,000; [m] Skins of the small Deer, some Beaver
a fiew Bear, & otter skins; [n] Beaver, otter, small Deer, Black Bear, &
racoons Skins; [o]at the 3 forks of the Arkansaw 600 Miles up that
river and 60 Lg S. West of their Village [p] With all Nations of Indians
(except the Little Osage) untill the United States took possession of
Louisiana; [q]—(with the Little Osage only); [r]—; [s] Their
villages are (80) Leagues up the Osarge River on the S. E. Side, they
claim all the Countrey included in the following boundrey. Viz begining
at a S. E. branch of the Osarge called Neangua R up that river to
the head from thence Southerley to the Arkansaw 100 miles below the
three forks up the Arkansaw and a Southerly fork Some Distance above
the Great Saline, & the Ctry nearly to the Kanzus river. Cultivate
Corn, Beens &c. &c.84
embracing the waters of the upper portion of the Osage river, and thence
obliquely approaching the same to the beginning. The climate is delightful, and
the soil fertile in the extreme. The face of the country is generally level, and
well watered; the eastern part of the country is covered with a variety of excellent
timber; the western and middle country high prairies. It embraces within
its limits four salines, which are, in point of magnitude and excellence, unequalled
by any known in North America; there are also many others of less note. The
principal part of the Great Osage have always resided at their villages, on the
Osage river, since they have been known to the inhabitants of Louisiana. About
three years since, nearly one half of this nation, headed by their chief the Big-track,
emigrated to the three forks of the Arkansas, near which, and on its north side,
they established a village, where they now reside. The Little Osage formerly
resided on the S. W. side of the Missouri, near the mouth of Grand river; but
being reduced by continual warfare with their neighbors, were compelled to seek
the protection of the Great Osage, near whom they now reside.There is no doubt but their trade will increase : they could furnish a much
larger quantity of beaver than they do. I think two villages, on the Osage river,
might be prevailed on to remove to the Arkansas, and the Kansas, higher up the
Missouri, and thus leave a sufficient scope of country for the Shawnees, Dillewars,
Miames, and Kickapoos.[a] Little Osarge; [b] ooed-za-tar, [c] Petite Ose (or little
zo; [d] [Same as for No. 1]; [e] 1; [f]—; [g] 300; [h] 1300;
[i] [Same as for No. 1]; [j] near their Village; [k] $5000; [l] $8000;
[m] [Same as for No. 1]; [n] [Same as for No. 1]; [o] [Same as for
No. 1]; [p](With all their Indian neighbors, except the Great Osage);
[q] (With the Great Osage only); [r] on Kanzes R.; [s] [Included in
No.1[s]].[a] Kanzas; [b] Karsea; [c] Kah [d] * Osarge; [e] 1; [f]
—; [g] 300; [h] 1300; [i] The Merchants of St. Louis; [j] at
their Village and on the Missouri about the mouth of the Kanzes River;
[k] $5000; [l] $8000; [m] (The same as the Osage, with buffaloe grease
and robes); [n] Beaver, otter, Deer, Bear & Muskrat Skins; [o] 1 Mile
up on the N. Side above the Mouth of the Kanzas R.; [p] with all
nations; [q] (They are sometimes at peace with the Ottoes and Missouris,
with whom they are partially intermarried); [r] on Kanzes R.; [s] their
village is 80 Leagues up the Kanzes River, they Hunt high up the
Kanzes and Arkansaws they Cultivate Corn Beans &c. &c. Great
robers.The limits of the country they claim is not known. The country in which
they reside, and from thence to the Missouri, is a delightful one, and generally
well watered and covered with excellent timber: they hunt on the upper part
of Kanzas and Arkanzas rivers: their trade may be expected to increase with
85proper management. At present they are a dissolute, lawless banditti; frequently
plunder their traders, and commit depredations on persons ascending and descending
the Missouri river: population rather increasing. These people, as well as
the Great and Little Osages, are stationary, at their villages, from about the 15th
of March to the 15th of May, and again from the 15th of August to the 15th of
October : the balance of the year is appropriated to hunting.[a] Ottoes; [b] War-doke-tar-tar; [c] la Zoto; [d] * Missoure,
& Some words of osarge; [e] 1 [with the Missouris]; [f ]—; [g] 120;
[h] 500; [i] the Merchants of St. Louis; [j] at their Village and at tradeing
houses at different Places between the Grand Nemahar and Platt
Rivers; [k] $4000 (including the Missouris); [l] $6000 (including the
Missouris); [m] Beaver, otter, racoons, Deer & Black Bear Skins; [n]
Beaver, otter, Muskat racoon, wolves Deer, bear, skins, bears oil &
Buffalow tallow; [o] Council Bluffs 50 miles by water above R. Platt
or there abouts, and about; [p] with all nations generally Partially at
peace with the Panias and Kanzies nations; [q] with the Missouries;
[r] 18 Lg up the Platt (south side); [s] The Village is 18 Leagues up
the Platt River SE. Side, they hunt up the Salene and grand Ne-ma-har
Rivers &c. they cultivate Corn Beans &c. &c This nation formerley
lived on the Missoure river above the Platt river, they Speake Some
words of the Osarge & Mahar (bad.They have no idea of an exclusive possession of any country, nor do they
assign themselves any limits. I do not believe that they would object to the introduction
of any well disposed Indians : they treat the traders with respect and
hospitality, generally. In their occupations of hunting and cultivation, they are
the same with the Kanzas and Osage. They hunt on the Saline, Nimmehaw
rivers, and west of them in the plains. The country in which they hunt lies
well; it is extremely fertile and well watered; that part of it which borders on
the Nimmehaw and Missouri possesses a good portion of timber: population
rather increasing. They have always resided near the place their village is situated,
and are the descendants of the Missouris.[a] Missouries; [b] New-dar-cha; [c] Missourie; [d] * Missoure,
& Some words of osarge; [e] 1 [with the Ottoes]; [f ]—; [g] 80;
[h] 300; [i] the Merchants of St Louis; [j] [Same as for No. 4];
[k] included [in the Ottoes]; [l] included [in the Ottoes]; [m]
[Same as the Ottoes]; [n] [Same as the Ottoes]; [o] [Same as the
Ottoes]; [p] [Same as the Ottoes]; [q] With the Ottoes; [r] With the
Ottoes; [s] With the Ottoes and hund[t] also above the Platt near
the Missourie near the Corn Des cerf River; they Cultivate Corn
Beans &c. This nation formerley lived below the grand River, and
was noumerous, they Speake some words of the Osarge (bad.86
These are the remnant of the most numerous nation inhabiting the Missouri,
when first known to the French. Their ancient and principal village was situated
in an extensive and fertile plain on the north bank of the Missouri, just below
the entrance of the Grand river. Repeated attacks of the small pox, together
with their war with the Saukees and Renars, has reduced them to their present
state of dependence on the Ottoes, with whom they reside, as well in their village
as on their hunting excursions. The Ottoes view them as their inferiors,
and sometimes treat them amiss. These people are the real proprietors of an
extensive and fertile country lying on the Missouri, above their ancient village
for a considerable distance, and as low as the mouth of the Osage river, and
thence to the Mississippi.[a] Pania proper; [b] Parnee [c] Grand par; [d] * Pania; [e] 1/2;
[f]—; [g] 400; [h] 1600; [i] the Merchants of St Louis; [j] at
their Village; [k] $3,200 [l] $5000; [m] Beaver otter & racoons Skins
& Buffalow Robes; [n] Beaver, otter, racoon, cabra & a fiew Deer
Skins, roabs, Buffalow meat & greas & horses; [o] Council Bluffs;
[p] Ossar[ge]s, Kanzes, Pania Pickey, Padonces, Ali-tans & La-plays;
[q] republickin Pania Loup & Mahas; [r] 30 Lgs up the Platt; [s] Their
Village is 30 Leagues up the river platt on the S. E. Side, they Hunt
on the heads of the Kanzes, and its N W waters and high up the Platt;
they Cultivate Corn Beans &c. &c. (mild & well disposed)With repect to their idea of the possession of soil, it is similar to that of the
Ottoes : they hunt on the south side of the river Platte, higher up and on the
head of the Kanzas. A great proportion of this country is open plains, interspersed,
however, with groves of timber, which are most generally found in the
vicinity of the water courses. It is generally fertile and well watered; lies level,
and free of stone. They have resided in the country which they now inhabit,
since they were known to the whites. Their trade is a valuable one, from the
large proportion of beaver and otter which they furnish, and it may be expected
yet to increase, as those animals are still abundant in their country. The periods
of their residence at their village and hunting, are similar to the Kanzas and
Osages. Their population is increasing. They are friendly and hospitable to
all white persons; pay great respect and deference to their traders, with whom
they are punctual in the payment of their debts.[a] Pania Loup (or Wolves; [b] Skee-e-ree; [c] La Loup (or
Lou) Pania Maher; d * Pania; [e] 1; [f]—; [g] 280; [h] 1000;
[i] the Merchants of St Louis; [j] at the Pania Vilage; [k] $2400;
[l] $3500; [m] [Same as Pania proper]; [n] [Same as Pania proper];
[o] Council Bluffs; [p] Ottoes & Missouries, and the same as the
Panias; [q] The same as the Panias; [r] on the Loup R. [s] Their
Village is 40 Leagues above the Panias on the right of the R. Loup
87which empties into the Platt 8 Lgs above the Panias, they hunt on the
rivers platt & Loup above their Village; they Cultivate Corn Beens
&c. &c. (mild & well disposed)These are also a branch of the Panias proper, who Separated themselves from
that nation many years since, and established themselves on a north branch of the
river Platte, to which their name was also given: these people have likewise no
idea of an exclusive right to any portion of country. They hunt on the Wolf
river above their village, and on the river Platte above the mouth of that river.
This country is very similar to that of of the Panias proper; though there is an
extensive body of fertile well timbered land between the Wolf river below their
village and the river Corn de Cerf, or Elkhorn river. The particulars related
of the other Panias is also applicable to them. They are seldom visited by any
trader, and therefore usually bring their furs and peltry to the village of the Panias
proper, where thev traffic with the whites.[a] Pania Republicans; [b] Ar-rah-pa-hoo [c] Republick; [d] *
Pania; [e] 1/2; [f ]—; [g] 300 [h] 1400 [i] the Merchants of St. Louis;
[j] at the Pania Vilage; [k] $3,200 [1] $5000; [m] [Same as Panias
proper]; [n] [Same as Panias proper]; [o] Council Bluffs; [p] the
Same as the Panias; [q] The same as the Panias; [r] with the Panias;
[s] Their village is with the Pania on the River Platt, they hunt on a
branch of the Kanzus called the Republican fork, and near the Kanzes
river also with the Panias; Cultivate Corn Beens &c. &c. (mild & well
disposed).Are a branch of the Pania proper, or, as they are frequently termed, the Big
Paunch. About ten years since they withdraw themselves from the mother
nation, and established a village on a large northwardly branch of the Kanzas, to
which they have given name: they afterwards subdivided and lived in different
parts of the country on the waters of Kanzas river; but being harassed by their
turbulent neighbors, the Kanzas, they rejoined the Panias proper last spring.
What has been said with respect to the Panias proper is applicable to these people,
except that they hunt principally on the Republican river, which is better stocked
with timber than that hunted by the Panias.[a] Mahar; [b] Oh-Mar-ha; [c] La Mar; [d] * Mahar with
some words of the Osarge & Souix; [e]—; [f ] 80; [g] 150; [h] 600;
[i] the Merchants at St. Louis; [j] on the Missourie at different places
between the old Mahar Village and River Platt; [k] $3000; [l] $5000;
[m] Beaver, otter & racoons Skins & Buffalow Robes & B. Bear;
[n] Beaver, otter, racoon, wolves Deer, Bear & Cabra Skins, & Buffalow
robes, g[r]ees & oil; [o] Council Bluffs; [p] Ottoes & Missouries,
all the Bands of Sieux, except the Yanktons of the burnt woods;
88[q] Panias, Loup, republicks, Poncarer; [r] rove on the River Quicure;
[s] Their Village was 1 League from the Missouree on the
S. W. Side, about 4 Leagues below Floyds river & 5 below the Grand
R Sieux, They now rove (haveing been reduced by the Small pox and
war with the Soues) on rapid river or quicureThey have no idea of exclusive possession of soil. About ten years since,
they boasted 700 warriors. They have lived in a village, on the west bank of the
Missouri, 236 miles above the mouth of the river Platte, where they cultivated
corn, beans, and melons : they were warlike, and the terror of their neighbors.
In the summer and autumn of 1802, they were visited by the small-pox, which
reduced their numbers to something less than 300; they burnt their village, and
have become a wandering nation, deserted by the traders, and the consequent
deficiency of arms and ammunition has invited frequent aggressions from their
neighbors, which have tended to reduce them still further. They rove principally
on the waters of the river Quicurre, or Rapid river. The country is generally
level, high, and open : it is fertile, and tolerably well watered. They might
easily be induced to become stationary : they are well disposed towards the
whites, and are good hunters: their country abounds in beaver and otter, and
their trade will increase and become valuable, provided they become stationary,
and are at peace. The Tetons Bois brûle' killed and took about 60 of them last
summer.[a] Poncare; [b] Poong-car; [c] La Pong; [d] * Mahar with
some words of the Osarge, & Souix; [e]—; [f ] 20; [g] 50; [h] 200;
[i] the Merchants of St Louis; [ j] [Same as the Mahar] [k] [included
with the Mahar]; [l] [included with the Mahar]; [m] Same as the
Mahar]; [n] [Same as the Mahar]; [o] Council Bluffs; [p] [Same as
the Mahar]; [q] the Mahars only; [r] with the Mahas; [s] Their
Village was 1 League up a Small river above the quicure called Poncerres
River, they being reduced by the Small pox, and their war with
the Soues rove in the plains with the Mahars, bad fellows, (a tribe of
Mahars) No Corn Beens to Cultivate at present, lost all in the late
maladay with the Small pox.The remnant of a nation once respectable in point of numbers. They formerly
resided on a branch of the Red river of lake Winnipie: being oppressed by the
Sioux, they removed to the west side of the Missouri, on Porcar river, where
they built and fortified a village, and remained some years; but being pursued by
their ancient enemies the Sioux, and reduced by continual wars, they have joined,
and now reside with the Mahas, whose language they speak.[a] Ricaras 8 tribes; [b] Star-rah-he; [c] Ree; [d] Pania Corrupted;
[e] 3; [f]—; [g] 500; [h] 2000; [i] a Co. at St. Louis;
89[j] at their Villages; [k] $2,500; [l] $6,000; [m] Buffalow roabes,
Greese & a fiew fox skins, and a little Beaver; [n] Buffalow robes,
Tallow Grece de mele, large & small fox skins, wolves; [o] Those
four nations [Ricaras, Mandans, Shoe, and Minnetarries] would move to
the River Yallowstone at or about that place would be a proper place
for the establishment for them; [p] with the Gens des Serpent or Snake
Indians; [q] the Tetons in their neighbourhood the Chyennes & nations
to the S. West; [r] on the Missouri; [s] Their Villages one in an
Island in the Missouries above the Maropa River 1430 Miles up, two
others near each other 4 miles above on the S W Side; those villages
are the remains of Eight different tribes of the Pania nation who have
become reduced by the Soues and compelled to live together in fortified
towns for their protection, their villages on Different parts of the Missouries
from the Teton river to near the mandans they may be Stiled
gardners for the Soues; they raise Corn Beans &c. & hunt in their
Neighborhood Those people have a partial exchange with the Soues
for guns powder Ball & for Horses & corn &c. &c.Are the remains of ten large tribes of Panias, who have been reduced, by the
small pox and the Sioux, to their present number. They live in fortified villages,
and hunt immediately in their neighborhood. The country around them, in every
direction, for several hundred miles, is entirely bare of timber, except on the
water courses and steep declivities of hills, where it is sheltered from the ravages
of fire. The land is tolerably well watered, and lies well for cultivation. The
remains of the villages of these people are to be seen on many parts of the Missouri,
from the mouth of Tetone river to the Mandans. They claim no land
except that on which their villages stand and the fields which they cultivate. The
Tetons claim the country around them. Though they are the oldest inhabitants,
they may be properly considered the farmers or tenants at will of that lawless,
savage and rapacious race the Sioux Teton, who rob them of their horses, plunder
their gardens and fields, and sometimes murder them, without opposition. If
these people were freed from the oppression of the Tetons, their trade would increase
rapidly, and might be extended to a considerable amount. They maintain
a partial trade with their oppressors the Tetons, to whom they barter horses,
mules, corn, beans, and a species of tobacco which they cultivate; and receive
in return guns, ammunition, kettles, axes, and other articles which the Tetons obtain
from the Yanktons of N. and Sissatones, who trade with Mr. Cammeron, on
the river St. Peters. These horses and mules the Ricaras obtain from their western
neighbors, who visit them frequently for the purpose of trafficking.[a] Mandans; [b] Ma-too-tonka 1st vilage; Roop-tar-ha 2nd.
Vil.; [c] Mandan; [d] * Mandan (some words like the Osarge &
Sieux; [e] 2; [f]—; [g] 350; [h] 1250; [i] Hudson Bay, N. W.
90& X. Y. Companies from Assinniboin R. overland N. 150 ms.; [j] at
their Villages; [k] $2000; [l] $6000; [m] Buffalow robes, wolves a
fiew Beavers Elk Skins & a fiew Horses & Corn; [n] Beaver otter &
Small furs, also cabre, a few Deer & a fiew White Bear Skins; [o]
[See for the Ricaras]; [p] with Soues, & Snake indians; [q] with the
Shoe Tribe the big bellies, Cheyennes ravins & those to the S. W. who
visit them; [r] on the Missouri 16000 [1600] mls. up. [s] Their Villages
are on both Sides of the Missouree 1605 miles up, those Villages
are the remains of thirteen different villages of this nation and have been
reduced by the Small Pox, and the wars which the Soues have caused
them to collect & form [War with the Soues is according] to their earliest
tredition [they have] been Compelled to unite in two Villages and
drove back by the Sous, from the Countrey below White River to this
place, haveing made on their retreat below, at this place they have resided
9 years in 2 Stockaded Towns. they raise Corn Beans &c &
hunt a fiew miles around They trade Horses with the Assinnaboins for
Sundrey articles which is not sufficiently furnished by their Traders from
the North.These are the most friendly, well disposed Indians inhabiting the Missouri.
They are brave, humane and hospitable. About 25 years since they lived
in six villages, about forty miles below their present villages, on both sides
of the Missouri. Repeated visitations of the small pox, aided by frequent attacks
by the Sioux, has reduced them to their present number. They claim no particular
tract of country. They live in fortified villages, hunt immediately in their
neighborhood, and cultivate corn, beans, squashes and tobacco, which form articles
of traffic with their neighbors the Assinniboin : they also barter horses with the
Assinniboins for arms, ammunition, axes, kettles, and other articles of European
manufacturer, which these last obtain from the British establishments on the Assinniboin
River. The articles which they thus obtain from Assinniboins and
the British traders who visit them, they again exchange for horses and leather
tents with the Crow Indians, Chyennes, Wetepahatoes, Kiawas, Kanenavich,
Staetan and Cataka, who visit them occasionally for the purpose of traffic. Their
trade may be much increased. Their country is similar to that of the Ricaras.
Population increasing.[a] Shoes Men; [b] Mah-har-ha; [c]Soulier; [d] * Menetarra
(big belly) [e] 1; [f]—; [g] 50; [h] 200; [i] [Same as for the
Mandans]; [j] at the Mandan Villages; [k] $300; [l] $1000; [m]
The same [as the Mandans]; [n] The same [as the Mandans] and
White Har[e]s and large Foxes; [o] [See for the Ricaras]; [p] [Same as
the Mandans]; [q] with the Big-bellies Mandans, Crows and those to
the S. W. who rove; [r] in sight of the Mandans; [s] This village is
91Situated on the S W. Side of the Missouries at the mouth of Knife
river in Sight of the Mandans above, those people came from the S. W.
and are of the Big Belley nation, they raise Corn &c hunt in their
neighborhood [Trade similar to the Mandans].They differ but very little, in any particular, from the Mandans, their neighbors,
except with the unjust war which they, as well as the Minetares, prosecute
against the defenseless Snake Indians, from which, I believe, it will be difficult to
induce them to desist. They claim to have been once a part of the Crow Indians,
whom they still acknowledge as relations. They have resided on the
Missouri as long as their tradition will enable them to inform.[a] Big bellies; [b] 1st Vilg. Me-ne-tar-re Me-ta-har-ta; 2 vilg.
Me-ne-tar-re; [c] Gross Ventre; [d] Me ne tar re; [e] 2; [f]—;
[g] 500; [h] 2500; [i] [Same as the Mandans]; [j] at their Villages;
[k] $1000; [l] $3,500; [m] The same [as the Mandans] except
robes; [n] the same [as the Mandans] & White bear; [o] [See for the
Ricaras] [p] with Sioux, Snake Inds. & partially with the upper tribes of
the Assinniboins, to the N. W. [q] [Same as the Shoe]; [r] in sight
of the Mandans; [s] Their Villages are on the Knive river near its
mouth and about 2 Miles apart & 1 from the Missouri, they came from
the S E as they say, they raise corn Beans &c. &c. and hunt on both
Sides of the Missourie above their Villages. [Trade the same as the
Mandans].They claim no particular country, nor do they assign themselves any limits:
their tradition relates that they have always resided at their present villages. In
their customs, manners, and dispositions, they are similar to the Mandans and
Ahwahhaways. The scarcity of fuel induces them to reside, during the cold
season, in large bands, in camps, on different parts of the Missouri, as high up
that river as the mouth of the river Yellow Stone, and west of their villages, about
the Turtle mountain. I believe that these people, as well as the Mandans and
Ahwahhaways, might be prevailed on to remove to the mouth of the Yellow
Stone river, provided an establishment is made at that place. They have as yet
furnished scarcely any beaver, although the country they hunt abounds with
them; the lodges of these animals are to be seen within a mile of their villages.
These people have also suffered considerably by the small-pox; but have successfully
resisted the attacks of the Sioux. The N. W. company intend to form an
establishment in the course of the next summer, and autumn, on the Missouri,
near these people, which, if effected, will most probably prevent their removal
to any point which our government may hereafter wish them to reside at.[a] Ayauwais; [b] Ah-e-o-war; [c] dis Iaways or ne persa;
[d] Ottoes; [e] 1; [f ]—; [g] 200; [h] 800; [i] Mr Crawford
92from Michilimacknac; [j] at the Villages; [k] $3,800 [l] $6000;
[m] Deer Beaver otter Mink Black Bear, fox racoon Muskrat &c.
[n] Deer, Black Bear Beaver otter Mink Muskrats, Racoons Gray
foxes & Tallow & Bears Oile; [o] on the Missourie at the mouth of
Kanzus or at the; [p] no nation particularly, sometimes join the
Saukies; [q] with the Saukees & renars, and all nations East of the
Mississippi; [r] 36 Lgs up Demoin; [s] Their Village is 40 Leagues
up the River Deemoen, their Countrey join the Soues Lands and extend
to the Missoure River they are a tribe of the Ottoes Nation and
formerley lived on the Missourie (a fiew miles below the Antient Ottoes
Town) or their Town was at the 1st Bluff above R. platt on the N.
Side, they cultivate corn Beans &c. &c.They are the descendants of the ancient Missouris, and claim the country west
of them to the Missouri; but as to its precise limits, or boundaries, between
themselves and the Saukees and Foxes, I could never learn. They are a turbulent
savage race, frequently abuse their traders, and commit depredations on those
ascending and descending the Missouri. Their trade cannot be expected to
increase much.[a] Saukees; [b] O-sau-kee; [c] la Sauk; [d] * O. Sau kee
(like the Shaw-o nee and Au-Chipaway; [e] 2; [f]—; [g] 500;
[h] 2000; [i] Merchants at the Prarie de Chein & St Louis & Illinois
& Mick-a-nah; [j] at their Villages at Prarie de Chien and on the
Mississippi; [k]$4000; [l] $6000; [m] Deer skins principally, [also]
Beaver otter, mink Black Bear, fox racoon Muskrats &c. [n] Deer,
Black Bear Beaver otter mink Muskrats, Racoons Gray foxes &
Tallow & Bears Oile; [o] At prarie de Chien; [p] With the Osarge
& different tribes of the Chipaways; [q] all the nations on the East of
the Mississippi & with the Ayaways; [r] on the West of the Mississippi
above rock river; [s] [Saukees and Renards] live in 3 villages a fiew
miles above the mouth of the mouth of Rock River on the West bank
of the Mississippi, their Countrey is principally on the E. Side of the
Missippi, they hunt on the waters of the Missourie low down, on the
Demoin & the Mississippi on both Side from the oisconsin river down
to the Illinois river.Saukees and Renars, or Foxes. These nations are so perfectly consolidated
that they may, in fact, be considered as one nation only. They speak the same
language: they formerly resided on the east side of the Mississippi, and still
claim the land on that side of the river, from the mouth of the Oisconsin to the
Illinois river, and eastward towards lake Michigan; but to what particular boundary,
I am not informed: they also claim, by conquest, the whole of the country
93belonging to the ancient Missouris, which forms one of the most valuable portions
of Louisiana, but what proportion of this territory they are willing to assign
to the Ayouways, who also claim a part of it, I do not know, as they are at war
with the Sioux, who live N. and N. W. of them, except the Yankton ahnah.
Their boundaries in that quarter are also undefined : their trade would become
much more valuable if peace was established between them and the nations west
of the Missouri, with whom they are at war: Their population has remained
nearly the same for many years : they raise an abundance of corn, beans and
melons: These people are extremely friendly to the whites, and seldom injure
their traders; but they are the most implacable enemies to the Indian nations
with whom they are at war. To them is justly attributable the almost entire
destruction of the Missouris, the Illinois, Cahokias, Kaskaskias, and Piorias.[a] Renarz; [b] Ottar-car-me; [c] la Renars; [d] [Same as
Saukees]; [e] 1; [f ]—; [g] 300; [h] 1200; [i] [Same as for Saukees];
[j] [Same as for Saukees]; [k] $2500; [1] $4000; [m] Same
[as for Saukees] a greater pirpotion of otter skins; [n] [Same as for
Saukees]; [o] At Prarie de Chien; [p] [Same as the Saukees]; [q] [Same
as the Saukees]; [r] [Same as the Saukees]; [s] [Included with the
Saukees].[a] [All the tribes from 18 to 27 are entered as] Dar-co-tar's
proper the Soos or Sioux; [b] Wah-pa-tone tribe; [c] Sioux; [d] * Darcotar
or Sioux; [e]—; [f] 80; [g] 200; [h] 700; [i] Mrs Campbell
Dickson and other Merchants who trade to Michilimack; [j] on the
R. St. Peters; [k] $10,000; [1] $18,000 [m] Deer Beaver otter, fox
mink Black bear, racoons fishers Muskrats with a greater perpotion of
Deer; [n] Deer Bever otter red fox Mink Martains, Muskrat fishers
Black bear, racoon and wolves [o] on the Mississippi R about the Falls
of St Anthony or mouth of St Peters; [p] with the Chipaways of La
follavoine & leach Lakes (defensive with the Saukees, Renars and Ayauwais);
[q] The Saukie & Renards and those who inhabit East of the
R Mississippi, below the Chipaways; [r] rove on the Mississippi;
[s] a Band of Sieux or Darcotars rove on both Sides of the Mississippi
about the Mouth of River St. Peters and claim jointly with the other
bands of the Sieux or Dar-co-tars all the Countrey North of a East line
from the Mouth of Little Sieux River to the Mississippi R on the west
Side of that river to the Oisconsin, and up on both Sides of the Mississippi,
and an Easterley & westerley line passing the otter tail portage &
between the head of St Peters & river Rogue [Rouge] and westerley
passing the heads of River Jacque (or James) to the head of War re' con
ne River Down that to the Missourie, and on both Sides of that river
(including the Ricaries Tribes) to the White river, thence on the West
of the west Side of the Missourie to the little Soues R.94
Claim the country in which they rove on the N. W. side of the river St.
Peters, from their village to the mouth of the Chippeway river, and thence north
eastwardly towards the head of the Mississippi, including the Crow-wing river.
Their lands are fertile, and generally well timbered. They are only stationary
while the traders are with them, which is from the beginning of October to the
last of March. Their trade is supposed to be at its greatest extent. They treat
their traders with respect, and seldom attempt to rob them. This, as well as the
other Sioux bands, act, in all respects, as independently of each other as if they
were a distinct nation.[a] Sioux; [b] Min-da-war-car-ton tribe; [c] Gens de Lake;
[d] * Dar-co-tar (or Sioux); [e]—; [f] 120; [g] 300; [h] 1200;
[i] [Same as Wah-pa-tone]; [j] on the Mississippi River St Peters not
Stationary; [k] $8,700; [1] $16000; [m] [Same as Wah-pa-tone];
[n] [Same as Wah-pa-tone]; [o] on the Mississippi about the Falls of
St Anthony or mouth of S Peters; [p] with the Chipaways of La follavoine
& leach Lakes never go to war on the Missouri; [q] [Same as
Wah-pa-tone]; [r] rove on the Mississippi; [s] they rove above the
mouth of the St Peters River, their Village is on the Mississippi they rove
on both Sides of the river as far or high up as the Crow Wing river,
they cultivate Corn Beans &c. &c.'Tis the only band of Siouxs that cultivates corn, beans, &c. and these even
cannot properly be termed a stationary people. They live in tents of dressed
leather, which they transport by means of horses and dogs, and ramble from
place to place during the greater part of the year. They are friendly to their own
traders; but the inveterate enemies to such as supply their enemies, the Chippeways,
with merchandise. They also claim the country in which they hunt, commencing
at the entrance of the river St. Peters, and extending upwards, on both
sides of the Mississippi river, to the mouth of the Crow-wing river. The land is
fertile, and well watered; lies level and sufficiently timbered. Their trade cannot
be expected to increase much.[a] Sioux; [b] Wâh-pa'-coo-ta tribe; [c] people who shoot at
leaves; [d] *Dar-co-tar (or Sioux); [e]—; [f] 60; [g] 150; [h] 500;
[i] [Same as Wah-pa-tone]; [j] on the Mississippi & River St Peters
not stationary; [k] $3,800; [l] $6,000; [m] the Same [as the Wah-pa-tone]
(a greater perptn. of otter skins); [n] the Same [as the Wah-pa-tone;
[o] on the Mississippi R about the Falls of St Anthony or
mouth of St Peters; [p] with the Chipaways but sometimes go to war
on the Missouri; [q] [The Same as the Wah-pa-tone]; [r] rove on the
St Peters; [s] they rove on St Peters river claim the Countrey on the
N W Side of the Mississippi to the Chipaway River and on both sides
95above, their Villag is 18 Lgs up St Peters on the N. Side, do not Cultivate
the land but live by hunting, and is only stationary when Traders are
with them.They rove in the country south west of the river St. Peters, from a place
called the Hardwood to the mouth of the Yellow Medicine river : never stationary
but when their traders are with them, and this does not happen at any regular or
fixed point. At present they treat their traders tolerably well. Their trade cannot
be expected to increase much. A great proportion of their country is open
plains, lies level, and is tolerably fertile. They maintain a partial traffic with the
Yanktons and Tetons to the west of them; to these they barter the articles
which they obtain from the traders on the river St. Peters, and receive in return
horses, some robes and leather lodges.[a] Sioux; [b] Sis-sa-tone tribe; [c]—; [d] * Dar-co-tar (or
Sioux); [e]—; [f] 80; [g] 200; [h] 800; [i] Mr. Cammeron who
trades to Mackilimack; [j] at the head of the St. Peters river;
[k] $17,000; [1] $30,000; [m] the Same [as the Wah-pa-tone] (a
greater perpotion of Beaver otter & Bear; [n] The Same [as the Wah-pa-tone];
[o] at the heads of St. Peters and red river (or R Rouch);
[p] with the Chipaways & Mandans Knistanoux & assinniboins;
[q] [Same as the Wah-pa-tone] & Ricarras; [r] Head of St. Peters;
[s] on the heads of St. Peters—not seperate—claim the Countrey on
the N. W Side of the Mississippi, only Stationary when Traders are
with them do not cultivate the groundThey claim the country in which they rove, embracing the upper portions of
the Red river, of lake Winnipie and St. Peters: it is a level country, intersected
with many small lakes; the land is fertile and free of stone; the majority of it
open plains. This country abounds more in the valuable fur animals, the beaver,
otter and marten, than any portion of Louisiana yet known. This circumstance
furnishes the Sissatones with the means of purchasing more merchandise, in proportion
to their number, than any nation in this quarter. A great proportion of
this merchandise is reserved by them for their trade with the Tetons, whom they
annually meet at some point previously agreed on, upon the waters of James river,
in the month of May. This Indian fair is frequently attended by the Yanktons
of the North and Ahnah. The Sissatones and Yanktons of the North here supply
the others with considerable quantities of arms, ammunition, axes, knives, kettles,
cloth, and a variety of other articles; and receive in return principally horses,
which the others have stolen or purchased from the nations on the Missouri and
west of it. They are devoted to the interests of their traders.[a] Souix; [b] Yanktons of the N. tribe; [c]—[d] * Dar-co-tar
(or Sioux); [e]—; [f] 200; [g] 500; [h] 1600; [i] a partial
Trade [with] Mr Cammeron no trader of their own; [j] [Same as the
96Sissatone]; [k] $1800; [1] $3000; [m] Buffalow robes & Wolves
only; [n] [The Same as for the Wah-pa-tone]; [o] at the same place
[as the Sissatone] or on the Missourie; [p] with the Chipaways &
Mandans, Knistanoux & assinniboins; [q] [Same as the Sissatones];
[r] Hds of R Jacque E Side (from the heads of the river St. Peters and
Red river to the Missouri, about the great bend); [s] on the heads of
Rivers Jacque & Big Sioux on the N. W. Side of the Mississippi, no
traders, & but little acquainted with whites.This band, although they purchase a much smaller quantity of merchandise
than the Sissatones, still appropriate a considerable proportion of what they do
obtain in a similar manner with that mentioned of the Sissatones. This trade, as
small as it may appear, has been sufficient to render the Tetones independent of
the trade of the Missouri, in a great measure, and has furnished them with the
means, not only of distressing and plundering the traders of the Missouri, but also,
of plundering and massacreing the defenceless savages of the Missouri, from the
mouth of the river Platte to the Minetares, and west to the Rocky mountains.
The country these people inhabit is almost one entire plain, uncovered with
timber; it is extremely level; the soil fertile, and generally well watered.[a] Sioux; [b] Yank-tons-Ah-nah tribe or River Demoin;
[c]—, [d] * Dar-co-tar (or Sioux) [e]—; [f] 80; [g] 200;
[h] 700; [i] with Mr. Crawford on river Demoin; [ j] on the river Demoin
30 Leagues up that R. [k] $3000; [l] $5000; [m] Deer & racoon, Some
Bear otter & Beaver; [n] Deer, rackoon, Bear otter Beaver Buffalow
roabs & Grees Elk, wolves; [o] near the mouth of Chyenne or Dog
River or at the Council Bluffs; [p] with the nations on the West and
lower part of the Missourie River and with the Ricaras; [q] The Saukie
& Renards and those who inhabit East of the R. Mississippi below the
Chipaways & Ayauways; [r] River Demoin; [s] between the Missourie
& River Desmoin, on the Little River Souix they rove live by hunting
do not cultivate the ground not good or verry bad.These are the best disposed Sioux who rove on the banks of the Missouri, and
these even will not suffer any trader to ascend the river, if they can possibly
avoid it; they have, heretofore, invariably arrested the progress of all those they
have met with, and generally compelled them to trade at the prices, nearly, which
they themselves think proper to fix on their merchandise : they seldom commit
any further acts of violence on the whites. They sometimes visit the river
Demoin, where a partial trade has been carried on with them, for a few years
past, by a Mr. Crawford. Their trade, if well regulated, might be rendered
extremely valuable. Their country is a very fertile one; it consists of a mixture
of wood-lands and prairies. The land bordering on the Missouri is principally
plains with but little timber.[a] Sioux; [b] Teton Bous rouley (burnt woods) [c] Bous
rouley; [d] * Dar-co-tar (or Sioux) [e]—; [f] 120; [g] 300; [h] 900;
[i] with Louisell &c. from St. Louis; [j] at Cedar Island 1235 miles
up the Missoure River; [k] $5000; [l] $7000; [m] Buffalow robes,
Dressd Buffalow Skins Greece in bladders & meat; [n] Buffalow roabs,
Dressed Buffalow Skins, Grees, [o] near the mouth of Chyenne or Dog
River [p] with the nations on the West and lower part of the Missourie
River; [q] the Saukie & Renards and those East of the R Mississippi
below the Chipeways & Ayauways; [r.] 400 Lgs. up M[issouri]; [s] rove
on both Sides of the Missourie about the Grand de tour (or big bend &
on Teton River above White River, they are but little acquainted with
the whites, uncivilised rascals, they attempted to Stop the party for
N W &c.[a] Sioux; [b] Teton-O-kan-dan-das tribe; [c]—; [d] * Dar-co-tar
(or Sioux); [e]—; [f] 50; [g] 120; [h] 360; [i] with
Louisell &c. from St. Louis; [j] above the mouth of Chien or Shar ha
R; [k] $1500; [l] $2500; [m] [Same as for No. 24]; [n] Buffalow
roabs, Dressed Buffalow Skins, Grees, Beaver, Deer, Cabbra, Skins;
Small & large foxes mink otter, Wolves & Hair. [o] near the mouth
of Chyenne or Dog River. [p] with the Loup, Mahers, Pon[c]arer,
Mandans & Big bellies; [q] the Saukie & Renards [and those East of
the Mississippi] Shar ha & Ricreras; [r] on the Miss[ouri]; [s] rove
on both Sides of the Missourie below the Mouth of Shar ha (Chien or
Dog) river on the Teton River above White River, they are but little
acquainted with the whites.[a] Sioux; [b] Teton-Min-ne-kine-az-zo; [c]—; [d] * Dar-co-tar
(or Sioux); [e]—; [f] 100; [g] 250; [h] 750; [i] no
trader; [j] about the mouth of Chien and at Ceder Isd.; [k] $2000;
[l] $3000; [m] [Same as Teton O-kan-dan-das]; [n] [Same as Teton
O-kan-dan-das]; [o] near the mouth of Chyenne or Dog River; [p]
with the Loup, Mahars, Pon[c]arer, Mandans, & Big bellies; [q] [Same
as Teton O-kan-dan-das]; [r] on the Missouri up; [s] rove on both
Sides of the Missourie above the Sharha or Chien river Visious but have
behaved tolerably well to the only trader Mr. Haney, but little acquainted
with the whites; Some intercourse with the Ricaras whome they Sometimes
treat well but oftener bad (a kind of an exchange exists between
them.[a] Sioux; [b] Teton-Sah-o-ne tribe; [c]—; [d] * Dar-co-tar
(or Sioux); [e]—; [f] 120; [g] 300; [h] 900; [i] no Trader;
[j] about the mouth of Chien and at Cedar Isd.; [k] $2,300; [l] $3500;
[m] [Same as Teton O-kan-dan-das]; [n] [Same as Teton O-kan-dan-das];
98[o] [Same as Teton O-kan-dan das]; [p] [Same as Teton
0-kan-dan-das]; [q] [Same as Teton O-kan-dan-das]; [r] above
[Teton Min-ne-kine-az-zo] on the Missouri; [s] rove on both sides
of the Missourie above & below the Ricaraas, [included in the description[s]
of Teton Min-ne-kine-az-zo].Tetons Bois Brulé, Tetons Okandandas, Tetons Minnekineazzo, Tetons
Sahone. These are the vilest miscreants of the savage race, and must ever
remain the pirates of the Missouri, until such measures are pursued, by our
government, as will make them feel a dependence on its will for their supply of
merchandise. Unless these people are reduced to order, by coercive measures,
I am ready to pronounce that the citizens of the United States can never enjoy
but partially the advantages which the Missouri presents. Relying on a regular
supply of merchandise, through the channel of the river St. Peters, they view
with contempt the merchants of the Missouri, whom they never fail to plunder,
when in their power. Persuasion or advice, with them, is viewed as supplication,
and only tends to inspire them with contempt for those who offer either.
The tameness with which the traders of the Missouri have heretofore submitted
to their rapacity, has tended not a little to inspire them with contempt for the
white persons who visit them, through that channel. A prevalent idea among
them, and one which they make the rule of their conduct, is, that the more illy
they treat the traders the greater quantity of merchandise they will bring them,
and that they will thus obtain the articles they wish on better terms; they have
endeavored to inspire the Ricaras with similar sentiments, but, happily, without
any considerable effect. The country in which these four bands rove is one continued
plain, with scarcely a tree to be seen, except on the water-courses, or the
steep declivities of hills, which last are but rare: the land is fertile, and lies
extremely well for cultivation; many parts of it are but badly watered. It is
from this country that the Missouri derives most of its colouring matter; the
earth is strongly impregnated with glauber salts, alum, copperas and sulphur,
and when saturated with water, immense bodies of the hills precipitate themselves
into the Missouri, and mingle with its waters. The waters of this river have a
purgative effect on those unaccustomed to use it. I doubt whether these people
can ever be induced to become stationary; their trade might be made valuable
if they were reduced to order. They claim jointly with the other bands of
the Sioux, all the country lying within the following limits, viz. beginning at the
confluence of the river Demoin and Mississippi, thence up the west side of the
Mississippi to the mouth of the St. Peters river, thence on both sides of
the Mississippi to the mouth of Crow-wing river, and upwards with that stream,
including the waters of the upper part of the same; thence to include the waters
of the upper portion of Red river, of lake Winnepie, and down the same nearly
to Pembenar river, thence a south westerly course to intersect the Missouri at
or near the Mandans, and with that stream downwards to the entrance of the
Warrecunne creek, thence passing the Missouri it goes to include the lower
99portion of the river Chyenne, all the waters of White river and river Teton,
includes the lower portion of the river Quicurre, and returns to the Missouri, and
with that stream downwards to the mouth of Waddipon river, and thence eastwardly
to intersect the Mississippi at the beginning.The subdivisions of the Darcotar or Sioux nation, with the names of the
principal chiefs of each band and subdivision.[3]Names of the Bands. Names of the subdivisions. Names of the chiefs. Remarks. Mindawarcarton. Mindawarcarton.
Kee-uke-sah.
Tin-tah-ton.
Mah-tah-ton.*Ne-co-hun-dah.
Tar-tong-gar-mah-nee.
Cha-tong-do-tah.Those marked with
a star are the principal
chiefs of their respective
bands, as well as their
own subdivisions.Wahpatone. Wah-pa-tone.
O-ta-har-ton*Tar-car-ray.
War-bo-sen-dat-ta.Wahpacoota. Wah-pa-coo-ta.
Mi-ah-kee-jack-sah.*War-cah-to.
Chit-tah-wock-kun-de-pe.Sissatone. Sissatone.
Caw-ree.*Wack-he-en-do-tar.
Tar-tung-gan-naz-a.Yankton, (of the
north.)Kee-uke-sah.
Sah-own.
Hone-ta-par-teen.
Hah-har-tones.
Hone-ta-par-teen-waz.
Za-ar-tar.*Mah-to-wy-ank-ka.
Arsh-kane.
Pit-ta-sah.
Mah-pe-on-do-tak.
Tat-tung-gar-weet-e-co.Said individually to be
very friendly to the whites.
He possesses great influence
in his band and
nation.Yankton ahnah. Yank-ton,-sa-char-hoo.
Tar-co-im-bo-to.*Nap-pash-scan-na-mah-na.
War-ha-zing-ga.Accepted a medal and
flag of the United States.
Do. a medal.Teton, (Bois
brûle.)E-sah-a-te-ake-tar-par.
War-chink-tar-he.
Choke-tar-to-Oz-ash.
[womb.
Me-ne-sharne.*Tar-tong-gar-sar-par
. . .
Man-da-tong-gar . . .
Tar-tang-gar-war-har.
Mah-zo-mar-nee.
Wah-pah-zing-gar.Do. do. & flag of
U.S.
A great scoundrel;
we gave him a medal before
we were acquainted
with his character.Teton, O-Kan-dan-das. She-o.
O-kan-dan-das.*O-ase-se-char.
Wah-tar-pa.Teton, min-na-kine-az-zo. Min-na-kine-az-zo.
Wan-nee-wack-a-ta-o-ne-lar.
Tar-co-eh-parh.*Wock-ke-a-chauk-in-dish-kah.
Chan-te-wah-nee-jah.Teton, sah-o-ne. Sah-o-ne.
Tack-chan-de-see-char.
Sah-o-ne-hont-a-par-par.*Ar-kee-che-tar.
War-min-de-o-pe-in-doo-tar
Sharh-ka-has-car.[a]Chyennes; [b] Shar-ha; [c] Chien (Dog); [d] * Chyenne;
[e]—; [f] 110; [g] 300; [h] 1200; [i] No Trader; [j] on the
Chien River (not stationary) and at the Ri[c]aras (villages); [k] ($1500)
[l] ($2000); [m] buffalow robes (of best quality); [n] Buffalow roabs,
Dressed Buffalow Skins, Grees, Beaver, Deer, Cabbra, Skins; small &
large foxes otter, wolves & Big horn anamal Skins; [o] at the Mouth
or Shar ha River or at the Mouth of Yellowstone R.; [p] a Defensive
War with Sioux (or Darcotas) and at war with no other that I know of;
[q] with the Ricaras, Mandans, Menatares, and all their neighbours in
the plains to the S.W. [r] on Chien R.; [s] No Settled place they
rove to the S. W. of the Ricaras, and on both Sides of the Cout Noir or
black hills, at the heads of the Chien River, do not cultivate the Soil,
they formerley lived in a Village and Cultivated Corn on the Cheyene
River a fork of the red river of Lake Winipique, the Souis drove them
from that quater across the Missourie, on the S. W. bank of which they
made a Stand (a fort) a little above the ricares a fiew years, and was
compelled to rove well disposed Inds.They are the remnant of a nation once respectable in point of number : formerly
resided on a branch of the Red river of Lake Winnipie, which still bears
their name. Being oppressed by the Sioux, they removed to the west side of the
Missouri, about 15 miles below the mouth of the Warricunne creek, where they
built and fortified a village, but being pursued by their ancient enemies the Sioux,
they fled to the Black hills, about the head of the Chyenne river, where they
wander in quest of the buffaloe, having no fixed residence. They do not cultivate.
They are well disposed towards the whites, and might easily be induced
to settle on the Missouri, if they could be assured of being protected from
the Sioux. Their number annually diminishes. Their trade may be made
valuable.[a] Wetapaha to [and] Cay-au-wa (Kiâwâs) nation;[4] [b] We
ta pa ha to & Cay-au-wah; [c]—; [d]—; [e]—; [f] 70;
[g] 200; [h] 700; [i] no Traders that visit them, what little trinkets
they possess is acquired from their neighbouring Tribes or Nations; [j]
Sometimes visit the Ricaras; [k]—; [l]—; [m]—; [n] [Same
as Chyennes] and Horses; [o] at the Mouth of the Shar ha River or
at the Mouth of Yellowstone R.; [p] a Defensive War with Sioux
(or Darcotas ) and at war with no other that I know of; [q] with
the Ricaras, Mandans, Menatares, and all their neighbours in the plains
to the S. W; [r] Rivers platt & Loup; [s] rove on the Paducar fork
101of the river platte [and] on the Wolf or Loup river a N. W branch of
the Platt to the S W. of the Black hills or Cout niree a little to the S.
of West from the mouth of the Chien or Sharha River they are but
little known, they Sometimes Come to the ricaras and trade horses to
them.They are a wandering nation, inhabit an open country, and raise a great number
of horses, which they barter to the Ricaras, Mandans., &c. for articles of
European manufactory. They are a well disposed people, and might be readily
induced to visit the trading establishments on the Missouri. From the animals
their country produces, their trade would, no doubt, become valuable. These
people again barter a considerable proportion of the articles they obtain from
the Menetares, Ahwahhaways, Mandans, and Ricaras, to the Dotames and
Castapanas.[a] Ca-ne-na-vich [and] Sta-e-tan tribes;[5] [b] Ca-ne-na-vich
[and] Sta-e-tan; [c] Kites; [d]—; [e]—; [f.] 190; [g] 500;
[h] 1900; [i] No Traders visit them, what little trinkets they possess
is acquired from their neighbouring Tribes or Nations; [j] Some times
visit the Ricaras; [k]—; [l]—; [m]—; [n] [Same as the
Chyennes] and horses; [o] at the Mouth of the Cheyenne or the River
Roche-joune (yellow Rock); [p] [Same as Wetapahato]; [q] Mandans,
Ricaras, and all their neighbours; [r] Heads of the R. Loup;
[s] no limits can be discribed for any of the Nations and tribes in this
quarter as war with their neighbours frequently happen which force one
party to remove a considerable distance from the others, untill peace is
restored, at which period all lands are Generally in common, yet it is not
common for two tribes to camp to gether for any long time or hunt in
the Same place. [applies also to the We ta pa ha to and Kiawas].[a]Cataka Tribe; [b]Cat' a kâ; [c] Ha ka [?] [d]—; [e]—;
[f] 25; [g] 75; [h] 300; [i] No Traders that visit them, what little
trinkets they possess acquired from their neighbouring Tribes or Nations;
[j] Some times visit the Ricaras; [k]—; [1]—; [m]—; [n]
[Same as for the Canenavich]; [o] [Same as for the Canenavich];
[p] [Same as for Wetapahato]; [q] Mandans, Ricaras, and all their
neighbours; [r] Heads of R Loup above; [s] Those tribes [Cataka,
Nemousin, Dotame] rove on the heads of the Wolf or Loup River and
on the head waters of the S. E branches of the river, Rochejoune or yellow
102rock, and between the Cout Noire and rock or Shineing mountains—
one of those tribes is known to Speak the Padoucan Language. Their
Territories are in Common as above Stated [of the Canenavich]; do
not Cultivate the Soil but live by hunting in a countrey abounding in
animals, inhabit a fine [country] for Beaver Otter &c.Neither these people, the Wetepahatoes, Kanenavish, Staetan, Cataka, nor the
Chyennes have any idea of exclusive right to the soil.[a] Nemousin Tribe; [b] Ni-mi-ou-sin; [c]—; [d]—;
[e]—; [f] 15; [g] 50; [h] 200; [i] [Same as for Cataka]
[j] Sometimes visit the Ricaras; [k]—; [l]—; [m]—;
[n] [Same as for the Canenavich]; [o] [Same as for the Canenavich];
[p] [Same as for the Wetapahato]; [q] [Same as for the Cataka];
[r] Heads of R. Loup above; [s] [Included in Cataka].These differ from the others (viz. Wetepahatoes, Kiawas, Kanenavich, Staetan
and Cataka) in as much as they never visit the Ricaras; in all other respects they
are the same.[a] Do-ta-me tribe; [b] Do-ta ma; [c]—; [d] Padouces;
[e]—; [f] 10; [g] 30; [h] 120; [i] (No Trader); [j] Some
times visit the Ricaras; [k]—; [l]—; [m]—; [n] [Same
as for the Canenavich]; [o] [Same as for the Canenavich]; [p] [Same
as for the Wetapahato]; [q] [Same as for the Cataka]; [r] Heads of
the R. Loup above; [s] [Included in Cataka [s]].The information I possess, with respect to this nation, is derived from Indian
information : they are said to be a wandering nation, inhabiting an open country,
and who raise a great number of horses and mules. They are a friendly, well
disposed people, and might, from the position of their country, be easily induced
to visit an establishment on the Missouri, about the mouth of Chyenne river.
They have not, as yet, visited the Missouri.[a] Cas-ta-ha-na N; [b] Cas-ta-ha-na Nation; [c] Gens des
Vache; [d] Me na tare (or big belly); [e]—; [f] 500; [g] 1300;
[h] 5000; [i] No Traders; [j] Some visit the Mandans & Minataries;
[k]—; [l]—; [m]—; [n] [Same as preceding tribes] (and
skins if the lynx or louverin; and martens in addition); [p] at the mouth
of Rochejoune (or Yellow Stone R); [p] a Defensive War with the
Sioux & Assinniboins, at war with no other nation that I know of;
[q] Mandans, Big bellies and their wandering neighbours; [r] Yellow
rock river & Loup; [s] rove on a S. E. fork of the Yellow Rock River
called Big horn River, and the heads of the Loup. Their Territories
are in common as above stated [of the Canenavich] do not cultivate the
Soil but live by hunting.103
What has been said of the Dotames is applicable to these people, except that
they trade principally with the Crow Indians, and that they would most probably
prefer visiting an establishment on the Yellow Stone river, or at its mouth
on the Missouri.[a] Ravin nation (Crow Indians); [b] Keé-hât-sâ; [c] Corbeaus;
[d] Menetare (or big belly) [e]—; [f] 350; [g] 900; [h] 3500;
[i] No Traders; [j] Some visit the Mandans & Minataries; [k]—;
[l]—; [m]—; [n] [Same as for the Castahana]; [o] At the Mouth
of Rochejoune (or Yellow Stone R); [p] a Defensive War with Sioux &
Assinniboins & Ricares; [q] Mandans Big bellies and their wandering
neighbours; [r] on the Yellow Rock R. low down; [s] rove on both
Sides of the River Rochejone (or Yellow Stone) some distance above
the mouth. Their territories are in Common, do not cultivate the
Soil but live by hunting, Ther Countrey is full of anamals or Game of
every Kind perticularly Beaver, a great perpotion Wood L[an]d.These people are divided into four bands, called by themselves Ahâh'-âr-ro'-pir-no-pah,
Noo'-ta-, Pa-rees-car, and E-hârt'-sâr. They annually visit the
Mandans, Minetares, and Ahwahhaways, to whom they barter horses, mules,
leather lodges, and many articles of Indian apparel, for which they receive in
return, guns, ammunition, axes, kettles, awls, and other European manufactures.
When they return to their country, they are in turn visited by the Paunch and
Snake Indians, to whom they barter most of the articles they have obtained from
the nations on the Missouri, for horses and mules, of which those nations have a
greater abundance than themselves. They also obtain of the Snake Indians,
bridle-bits and blankets, and some other articles which those Indians purchase
from the Spaniards. The bridle-bits and blankets I have seen in the possession of
the Mandans and Minetares. Their country is fertile and well watered, and in
most parts well timbered.[a] (Paunch tribe); [b] Kee-hât-sâ (Al-la-kâ'-we-âh); [c] Gens
des panse; [d] Menetarre; [e]—; [f ] 300; [g] 800; [h] 2,300;
[i] No Traders; [ j] Some visit the Mandans & Minataries; [k]—;
[l]—; [m]—; [n] [Same as for the Castahana]; [o] at the
mouth of the Rochejoune (or Yellow Stone R; [p] a Defensive War
with the Sioux & Assinniboins; [q] Mandans, Big bellies and their
wandering neighbours; [r] on the Yellow Rock R. high up; [s] rove
on the River Rochejone high up their countrey abounds in animals of
Different kinds. Their Territories are in Common do not cultivate
the Soil but live by hunting.104
These are said to be a peaceable, well disposed nation. Their country is a
variegated one, consisting of mountains, vallies, plains, and wood-lands, irregularly
interspersed. They might be induced to visit the Missouri, at the mouth of the
Yellow Stone river; and from the great abundance of valuable fured animals
which their country, as well as that of the Crow Indians, produces, their trade
must become extremely valuable. They are a roving people, and have no idea
of of exclusive right to the soil.[a] [The three tribes 37, 38, 39 are called] Assiniboins T[ribe]s
as cald. by the Chipaways or Stone Sious; [b] Ma-ne-to-par Tribe; [c] or
Band lar Gru (crain) or canoe; [d] Soues (Darcota) with a little corruption;
[e]—; [f] 100; [g] 200; [h] 750; [i] Hudsons Bay
N. W. & X. Y. Companies; [j] The Establishments at the mouth of
Mous R. on the Assiniboin River & at the Establishmts. on R. Cappell
abt. 150 mls. N. of Fort Mandan; [k] $4,500; [l] $7,000; [m] some
Beaver a fiew Roabs, Grees, meat wolves & penistigon; [n] (Buffalow
robes, tallow, dried and pounded meat and grease, skins of the large and small
fox, small and large wolves, antelopes, (or cabri) and elk in great abundance,
also some brown, white and grissly bear, deer and lynx); [o] at the mouth
of the Roche-joune (or Yellow Stone R; [p] Sioux Snake Indians and
partially with Ricaras & Several nations on the S. W. of Missouri;
[q] the Knistanoes (or Cristanoes & their own tribes only; [r] on
Mous river & R. Rogue; [s] rove on the Mouse River and the branches
of River Assinaboin North of the Mandans, those people do not cultivate
the ground, they are Vicious, they live by hunting pay but little
respect to their engagements, great Drunkards.[a] Assiniboins; [b] Na-co'-ta O-see-gah; [c] Gens des fees or
Girls (Gens des Tee); [d] Soues with a little corruption; [e]—;
[f] 100; [g] 250; [h] 850; [i] [Same as for Manetopa tribe];
[j] [Same as for Manetopa tribe]; [k] $6,000; [1] $6,500; [m] [Same
as for Manetopa tribe]; [n] [Same as for Manetopa tribe]; [o] At the
mouth of Roche-joune (or Yellow Stone R; [p] [Same as for Manetopa
tribe; [q] [Same as for Manetopa tribe]; [r] between the R. Rouche
& Missouri; [s] Rove on the heads of the Mouse river & River Capell
(or that Calls) and on a N. West branch of the Missourie called White
earth River, vicious & do not Cultivate the land live by hunting pay
but little respect to their engagements, great Drunkards.[a] Assiniboins; [b] Na-co'-ta Mah-to-pâ-nar-to; [c] Big
Devils (Gens des grand diable); [d] Soues with a little corruption;
[e]—; [f] 200; [g] 450; [h] 1600; [i] [Same as for Manetopa
tribe]; [j] ]Same as for Manetopa tribe] (and occasionally at the establishments
105on the river Saskashawan); [k] $8,000; [1] $8000; [m] [Same
as for the Manetopa tribe]; [n] [Same as for Manetopa tribe] (with more
bears and some marten); [o] At the mouth of Roche-joune (or Yellow
Stone R; [p] [Same as for the Manetopa tribe]; [q] [Same as for the
Manetopa tribe]; [r] between the R. Rouche & Missouri & up white
earth R; [s] rove in the plains in Different parties between the Missouris
& the Saskashowan rivers above the Yallow Stone River & heads of the
Ossiniboins River, they are vicious do not Cultivate the Soil live by
huntingManetopa. Oseegah. Mahtopanato. Are the descendants of the Sioux, and
partake of their turbulent and faithless disposition: they frequently plunder, and
sometimes murder, their own traders. The name by which this nation is generally
known was borrowed from the Chippeways, who call them Assinniboan,
which, literally translated, is Stone Sioux, hence the name of Stone Indians, by
which they are sometimes called. The country in which they rove is almost
entirely uncovered with timber; lies extremely level, and is but badly watered in
many parts; the land; however, is tolerably fertile and unincumbered with stone.
They might be induced to trade at the river Yellow Stone; but I do not think
that their trade promises much. Their numbers continue about the same. These
bands, like the Sioux, act entirely independent of each other, although they claim
a national affinity and never make war on each other. The country inhabited by
the Mahtopanato possesses rather more timber than the other parts of the
country. They do not cultivate.[a] Knistanoes or Cristanoes; [b] Knis-ta-nau 2 bands; [c]
Crees; [d] Corupted Chipaway; [e]—; [f] 150; [g] 300; [h]
1000; [i] Hudsons Bay N. W. & X. Y. Companies; [j] The Establishments
at the mouth of Mous R. on the Assiniboin River & at
the Establishmts. on R. Cappell abt 150 mls. N. of Fort Mandan;
[k] $10,000; [1] $15,000; [m] Beaver, wolves, otter, Carkajeu (or
wolverine or Beaver robes) Dressed Elk or Mo[o]se little fox Loucirva
Picou or Lynx, Mink Martin &c; [n] (The skins of the beaver, otter,
lynx, wolf, wolverine, marten, mink, small fox, brown and grizzly bear,
dressed elk and moose-deer skins, muskrat skins, & some buffaloe robes, dried
meat, tallow and grease.) [o] at the mouth of Rochejoune (or Yellow
Stone R; [p] Sioux the fall Indians Blood Indians, Crow, &c.; [q]
Algonquins Chipaways Assiniboins Mandans Grovantre &c. and the
Ah-nah-ha-ways or Shoe Indians; [r] Assiniboin River; [s] rove on
Heads of Ossiniboin & its waters and to the Missouri in the Countrey
of the Assiniboins, principally on the head [of] Assiniboin, not
Stationary.106
They are a wandering nation; do not cultivate, nor claim any particular tract
of country. They are well disposed towards the whites, and treat their traders
with respect. The country in which they rove is generally open plains, but in
some parts, particularly about the head of the Assinniboin river, it is marshy and
tolerably well furnished with timber, as are also the Fort Dauphin mountains, to
which they sometimes resort. From the quantity of beaver in their country,
they ought to furnish more of that article than they do at present. They are not
esteemed good beaver hunters. They might, probably be induced to visit an
establishment on the Missouri, at the Yellow Stone river. Their number has
been reduced, by the small pox, since they were first known to the Canadians.[a] Fall Indians; [b] (A-lân-sâr); [c] Fall Indians or Gen de
rapid; [d] Menetarre; [e]—; [f] 260; [g] 660; [h] 2,500;
[i] N. W. Company; [j] Eagle Mountain (upper establishment on the
Saskashawan; but little trade.); [k] $1,000; [1] $4,000; [m] [Same
as for Assiniboins]; [n] [Same as for Assiniboins] and Big horned
animal skins and all other no[r]thern animals inhabiting a N. climate
except racoons & fisher; [o] about the falls of Missouri; [p] (Defensive
war with the Christenoes); [q]—; [r] near Rock M[ountains];
[s] rove between the Missouries and Askaw or Bad river a fork of the
Saskashawan, a tribe of Menetaries but little known, they rove as far as
the Rock mountains.The country these people rove in is not much known : it is said to be a high,
broken, woody country. They might be induced to visit an establishment at
the falls of the Missouri : their trade may, no doubt, be made profitable.[a] Cattanahaws; [b] Cat-an-a-haws; [c] none; [d]—;
[all blank to] [m] [Same as for Cristanoes]; [n] [Same as for Falls
Indians]; [o] about the falls of Missouri; [r] near Rock M; [s] on the
heads of the South fork of the Sas-kas-ha-wan, and North branches of
the Missouri about the rock Mountains but little known.What has been said of the Fall Indians is, in all respects, applicable to this
nation. They are both wandering nations.[a] Blue Mud Indians; [b]—; [c] Blue Muds; [d] to [r]
[Same as for Cattanahaws]; [s] In the Rock or Shineing mountains on
the S. Side of a River Called Great Lake River, Supposed to run into
the Columbia river, but little known.[a] Alitan or Snake Indians; [b] A-li-tan; [c] Gens de Serpent;
[d] * Alitan; [e] [f ] [g] [h] verry noumerous; [i] Some of those
Indians trade with the Spaniards S. of them; [j] New Mexico; [k]
107[l] [m]—; [n] Carkajous wolverine or Beaver eaters Loucirva
Picpou or Links (they have in addition immense quantities of horses, mules
and asses); [o] Head of Platt or Arkansaws R. (At or near the Falls of
Missouri); [p] Act on Defensive as far as I can lern, the most of the
nearer nations make war upon them; [q] with those who wish to be
friendly; [r] in and about Rockey Mountns.; [s] rove on both Sides
from the falls about 2500 miles up near the Rock mountain to the
head and about those mountains Southerley quite to the heads of
Arkansaw, verry noumerous all the nations on the Missouries make
war on them & Steal their horses Those I have seen are mild and
appear well disposed (I am told they are the best nation known) those
to the South have some trade with the Spaniards of N. Mexico from
whom those on the Missouries get some articles they abound in
horses.[The Statistical View divides this nation into three tribes as follows:]
Aliatans, Snake Indians. These are a very numerous and well disposed
people, inhabiting a woody and mountainous country; they are divided into three
large tribes, who wander at a considerable distance from each other; and are
called by themselves So-so-na, So-so' bu-bar, and I-a-kar; these are again subdivided
into smaller tho' independent bands, the names of which I have not yet
learnt; they raise a number of horses and mules which they trade with the Crow
Indians, or are stolen by the nations on the east of them. They maintain a
partial trade with the Spaniards, from whom they obtain many articles of cloathing
and ironmongery, but no warlike implements.Of the West. These people also inhabit a mountainous country, and sometimes
venture in the plains east of the Rocky mountains, about the head of the
Arkansas river. They have more intercourse with the Spaniards of New Mexico,
than the Snake Indians. They are said to be very numerous and warlike, but
are badly armed. The Spaniards fear these people, and therefore take the precaution
not to furnish them with any warlike implements. In their present unarmed
state, they frequently commit hostilities on the Spaniards. They raise a
great many horses.La Playes. These principally inhabit the rich plains from the head of the
Arkansas, embracing the heads of Red river, and extending with the mountains
and high lands eastwardly as far as it is known towards the gulph of Mexico.
They possess no fire arms, but are warlike and brave. They are, as well as the
other Aliatans, a wandering people. Their country abounds in wild horses,
besides great numbers which they raise themselves. These people, and the West
Aliatans, might be induced to trade with us on the upper part of the Arkansas
river. I do not believe that any of the Aliatans claim a country within any
particular limits.[a]Padoucas; [b]—; [c] Padoo; [d] * Padoucies; [e] Several
v[illages]; [f]—; [g] [h] very noumerous; [i] Some of those Inds.
trade with the Spaniards S. of them; [j] New Mexico; [k] [1] [m]—;
[n] [Same as Snake Indians] except Moose Marten Picou & carckjou
skins; [o] near the head of Platt, or Arkansaw Rivers; [p] act on the
Defensive as far as I can lern, the most of the nearer nations make war
upon them; [q] with those who wish to be friendly; [r] Heads of Platt
& Arkansaws R; [s] This nation live in Villages on the heads of
River Platt & Arkansaws noumerous, well disposed, abound in horses,
have Some [trade] with New Mexico, I can obtain no certain account
of their Situation numbers &c. &c.This once powerful nation has, apparently, entirely disappeared; every inquiry
I have made after them has proved ineffectual. In the year 1724, they resided
in several villages on the heads of the Kansas river, and could, at that time, bring
upwards of two thousand men into the field (see Monsr. Dupratz history of
Louisiana, page 71, and the map attached to that work). The information that
I have received is, that being oppressed by the nations residing on the Missouri,
they removed to the upper part of the river Platte, where they afterwards had but
little intercourse with the whites. They seem to have given name to the northern
branch of that river, which is still called the Paducas fork. The most probable
conjecture is, that being still further reduced, they have divided into small wandering
bands, which assumed the names of the subdivisions of the Paducas nation,
and are known to us at present under the appellation of Wetepahatoes, Kiawas,
Kanenavish, Katteka, Dotame, &c. who still inhabit the country to which the
Paducas are said to have removed. The majority of my information led me to
believe that those people spoke different languages, but other and subsequent information
has induced me to doubt the fact.[a] Chipaways; [b] Oo-chi-pa-wau; [c] Souteau; [d] * Oochepawau;
[e] 1; [f]—; [g] 400; [h] 1600; [i] British N. W. Co.
[j] near their Village; [k] $12,000; [1] $16,000 [m] Beaver, Otter,
racoon fox Min[k] Deer & B[lack] Bear Skins & Martens; [n] Beaver
otters, racoon, fox, Mink, Deer & B. Bear Skins & Martens; [o] head
of Mississippi or at Red Lake; [p] Sioux (or Darcotas) (Saukees, Renars,
and Ayouwais); [q] all the tribes of Chipaways and the nations about
the Lakes & Down the Missippi; [r] in an Island in Leach Lake;
[s] a village in a lake near the head of the Mississippi and an expansion
of the Same Called Leach, they own all the Countrey West of L.
Super[i]or & to the Sous line—wild rice which is in great abundance
in their [Country] raise no Corn &c.109
Chippeways, of Leach Lake. Claim the country on both sides of the
Mississippi, from the mouth of the Crow-wing river to its source, and extending
west of the Mississippi to the lands claimed by the Sioux, with whom they still
contend for dominion. They claim, also, east of the Mississippi, the country
extending as far as lake Superior, including the waters of the river St. Louis.
This country is thickly covered with timber generally; lies level and generally
fertile, though a considerable portion of it is intersected and broken up by small
lakes, morasses and swamps, particularly about the heads of the Mississippi and
river St. Louis. They do not cultivate, but live principally on the wild rice,
which they procure in great abundance on the borders of Leach Lake and the
banks of the Mississippi. Their number has been considerably reduced by wars
and the small pox. Their trade is at its greatest extent.[a] Chipaways about L. Dubois (or wood) (Red Lake) and the
head of the Mississippi; [b] Algonquins 100 men & chipaways 200;
[c] Souteaus; [d] * Oochepawau; [e]—; [f] ramble; [g] 300
(200, 100); [h] 1050 (700, 350); [i] British N. W. Co. [j] at Deft.
Camps; [k] $12,000; [l] $16,000; [m] Beaver, otters, racoon fox
Min[k] Deer & B. Bear skins & Marten & some Berch Canoos;
[n] Beaver, otters, racoon, fox, Mink Deer & B. Bear skins & Martens
& Canoos; [o] head of the Mississippi or at Red Lake; [p] Sioux (or
Darcotas); [q] all the tribes of Chipaways and the nations about the
Lakes & Down the Missippi & partially with the Assiniboin; [r] about
the head of Mississippi & L. of Woods; [s] in defferant parts of the
Countrey from the heads of the Mississippi Northerley to the N. W.
part of Lake Dubois do not cultivate the land but live on Wild rice
hunting &c. &c.[Chippeways] of Red lake. Claim the country about Red lake and Red lake
river, as far as the Red river of lake Winnipie, beyond which last river they
contend with the Sioux for territory. This is a low level country, and generally
thickly covered with timber, interrupted with many swamps and morasses.
This, as well as the other bands of Chippeways, are esteemed the best hunters
in the north west country; but from the long residence of this band in the
country they now inhabit, game is becoming scarce; therefore, their trade is
supposed to be at its greatest extent. The Chippeways are a well disposed
people, but excessively fond of spirituous liquor.[a] Chipaways on River Rouge; [b] Oo-che-pa-wau; [c]
Souteau; [d] * Oochepawau; [e]—; [f] ramble; [g] 100; [h] 800;
[i] N. W. & X. Y. Co.; [j] at the mouth of Pembinar river; [k] $7,000;
[l] $10,000; [m] [same as Chipaways of Leach Lake] and no Canoos;
[n] Beaver, otters, racoon, fox, Mink, Deer & B. Bear skins & martens,
Lynx, Wolverine & wolves; [o] head of the Mississippi or at
110Red Lake; [p] Sioux (or Darcotas); [q] all the tribes of Chipaways
and the nations about the Lakes & Down the Missippi & cristinoes;
[r] on R. Ruge about the Mouth of Pembina; [s] ramble near the Establishment
on the River Assiniboin & fork of red River running into
Lake Winipicque, This tribe of Chipaways formerley lived on the Mississippi
at Sand Lake and encouraged by the British traders to hunt on
River Rogue [Rouge].[Chippeways] of river Pembena. These people formerly resided on the
east side of the Mississippi, at Sand lake, but were induced, by the north west
company, to remove, about two years since, to the river Pembena. They do
not claim the lands on which they hunt. The country is level and the soil good.
The west side of the river is principally prairies or open plains; on the east side
there is a greater proportion of timber. Their trade at present is a very valuable
one, and will probably increase for many years. They do not cultivate, but live
by hunting. They are well disposed towards the whites.[a] Algonquin; [b] Oo Chipawau; [c] Souters; [d] * Oochipawau;
[e]—; [f] ramble; [g] 200; [h] 600; [i] N. W. & X. Y.
Co.; [j] Portage de prarie (Establishments on the Assiniboin at Fort de
Prairie); [k] $8,000; [1] $11,000; [m] Beaver, otter, racoon, fox
mink, Deer & B. Bear Skins & marten; [n] Beaver, otters, racoon, fox,
Mink, Deer & B. Bear Skins & martens Lynx & Wolverines [o] Mouth
of Assinnoboin about the place the West line will cross from the L. of
Wo[o]ds in Lat. 49° 37′ North or thereabouts (At the Red river establishment);
[p] Sioux (or Darcotas); [q] [Same as Chippaways of River
Pembena]; [r] about the Mouth of the assiniboin; [s] Those bands [including
No. 50] rove on the river Rogue from the Pembauer down to
the Lake Winipicque and about the Lake Manitauber, removed from the
East encouraged by the British traders to hunt on River Rogue Those
people do not cultivate the earth but hunt beaver & valuable furs.Algonquins, of Rainy Lake, &c. With the precise limits of the country
they claim, I am not informed. They live very much detached, in small
parties. The country they inhabit is but an indifferent one; it has been much
hunted, and the game, of course, nearly exhausted. They are well disposed
towards the whites. Their number is said to decrease. They are extremely addicted
to spirituous liquor, of which large quantities are annually furnished them
by the N.W. traders, in return for their bark canoes. They live wretchedly
poor.[a] Algonquin; [b] Oo Chipawau; [c] Souteau; [d] * Oochipawau;
[e]—; [f] ramble; [g] 100; [h] 500; [i] N.W. & X. Y.
Co.; [j] Portage de prarie (Establishments on the rivers Winnipie an
111Rainy Lake, and at their hunting camps); [k] $4,000; [l] $5,000; [m]
[Same as Algonquins of Rainy Lake]; [n] [Same as Algonquins of Rainy
Lake & wolverines wolves & Muskrats]; [o] [Same as Algonquins of
Rainy Lake]; [p] Sioux (or Darcotas); [q] [Same as Chippeways of
River Pembena] & Algonquins; [r] low down the red R.; [s] [Included
in No. 49 s].Algonquins, of Portage de Prairie. These people inhabit a low, flat, marshy
country, mostly covered with timber, and well stocked with game. They are
emigrants from the lake of the Woods and the country east of it, who were
introduced, some years since, by the N. W. traders, in order to hunt the country
on the lower parts of the Red river, which then abounded in a variety of animals
of the fur kind. They are an orderly, well disposed people, but like their relations
on Rainy lake, extremely addicted to spirituous liquors. Their trade is at
its greatest extent.[a] Black foot Indians; [b]—; [c] la peain noir; d—;
[e] [f] [g] [h] [i] [j] [k] [l]—; [m] Beaver, otter, racoons, fox,
mink Deer Black Bear martens & Elk; [n] Beaver, otter, racoon, fox,
Mink, Deer, Black Bear, Marten, Lynx, wolverines, wolves, Muskrats
Elk & Bighorn; [o] about the falls of Missouri; [p] [q]—; [r]
near the Rock M.; [s] Blackfots rove near the Rock mountains on the
East Side on the waters of the Missouries. but little known. Those
nations [including Flat heads] being little known the information is from
the Menetarres.[a] Flat head Inds.; [b] (Tut-see'-wâs); [c] Tate Platt; [d] [e]
[f] [g] [h]—; [i] (No trader); [j] [k] [l] [m]—; [n] [Same as
Blackfoots]; [o]—; [p] (Defensive war with Minetares); [q]—;
[r] on the W. of Rock M.; [s] Flatheads live on a river running
to the N. W. beyond the Missouri, Supposed to be a branch of the
Columbia.The information I posses with respect to these people has been received from
the Minetares, who have extended their war excursions as far westerly as that
nation, of whom they have made several prisoners, and brought them with them
to their villages on the Missouri: these prisoners have been seen by the Frenchmen
residing in this neighborhood. The Minetares state, that this nations resides
in one village on the west side of a large and rapid river, which runs from south
to north, along the foot of the Rocky mountains on their west side; and that
this river passes at a small distance from the three forks of the Missouri. That
the country between the mountains and the river is broken, but on the opposite
side of the river, it is an extensive open plain, with a number of barren, sandy
hills, irregularly distributed over its surface as far as the eye can reach. They are
a timid, inoffensive, and defenceless people. They are said to possess an
abundance of horses.[a] Pania Pickey; [b]—; [c] Pania Pickey; [d] * Pania;
[e] 2; [r]—, [g] 500; [h] 2000; [i] [j] [k] [l] [m] [n]—;
[o] 3 Forks of Arkansaw [p] Little & Big Ossage Kanses & Panias;
[q]—; [r] on the head of Red River of Mississippi;[s] These people have no intercourse with the inhabitants of the Illinois; the
information, therefore, which I have been enabled to obtain, with respect to them,
is very imperfect. They were formerly known by the name of the White Panias,
and are of the same family with the Panias of the river Platte. They are said
to be a well disposed people, and inhabit a very fertile country; certain it is that
they enjoy a delightful climate.[Here end both the printed Statistical View and Clark's MS. table.
In the additional space at the foot of the table, Clark added the following
information on the Southern tribes.—Ed.][a] Dellaways Kickapoos about the mouth of the Missouri; [c]
Loups; [d] Dillaway &c.; [f] ramble; [g] 20; [h] 60; [r] above the
Mouth of Missouri & up that river as high as Osarge Womans
River[a] Dellaways Miamis &c. about Dilliard & S. Louis; [c]
Loups; [d] Dellaway &c.; [f] ramble; [g] 25; [h] 80; [r] about
St. Louis & Dilliard village.[a] Piories & Illinois; [f] camps; [g] 18; [h] 50; [r] near
St. Genivieve;[a] Shawonies; [d] Shawonies; [e] 3; [g] 150; [h] 600; [r]
on apple River near Cape Gerardeau[a] Dillaways; [c] Loups [d] Dillawais; [e] 2; [g] 200; [h]
800; [r] on a Small Creak near Cape Girardeau.[a] Cherikees Creeks &c. delewais & Chickasaws; [f] ramble;
[h] varies; [r] near New Madrid.[a] Chickasaws, Chocktaws & Cherikees; [f ] ramble; [h] varies;
[r] Between the Mississippi & Arkansaws Rivers.
in Lower Louisiana[a] Arkansaws; [b] O-zar-jees; [d] Osage; [e] 2; [g] 260;
[h] 1000; [r] Near the mouth of the Arkansaws R.[a] Chacktaws; [f] ramble; [g] 300; [h] 1560; [r] from the
Natchetouchs to the Mississippi.[a] Biloxes; [e] 2; [g] 40; [h] 150; [r] on red River below
the Natchetouches.[a] Chacktaws; [e] 1; [g] 25; [h] 100; [r] 26 Leagues up
Red R. at the Rapids.[a] Biloni N. [e] 2; [g] 15; [h] 60; [r] on Red River near
Avoyelles.[a] Cadoquies [e] 1; [g] 400; [h] 1600; [r] on Red River 80
Leagues above Natchitoches.[a] Conchates; [f] Dispersed; [g] 100; [h] 350; [r] Dispersed
through the Opilousas countrey.[a] Alibamas N: [e] 1; [g] 30; [h] 100; [r] near Opilousas
Chirch.[a] Bilexis & Chacktaws; [e] 1; [g] 15; [h] 50; [r] Rochedile
Beyou.[a] Atacapas; [f] Dispersed; [g] 30; [h] 100; [r] Dispersed
on Vermillion Creek.[a] Chitenachas [d] Natchas; [e] 3; [g] 30; [h] 100; [r] 12
Leagues from the Sea on bayou Teeche.[a] Tounicas; [e] 1; [g] 18; [h] 60; [r] Point Coupee E.
Side.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
The numbers given in the following text are the corrected estimates, after deducting
the one-third.—Ed.
This is probably a copy of the table referred to by Clark as having been sent to
the Secretary of War.—Ed.
In the printed Statistical View these tribes are given separately, but with no additional
matter.—Ed.
In the printed Statistical View these tribes are given separately: 150 lodges, 400
warriors, and 1,500 people are assigned to the Kanenavish; and 40 lodges, 100 warriors,
and 400 people to the Staetan; otherwise there is no additional information.
—Ed.
B. ESTIMATE OF THE WESTERN INDIANS
[Editorial Note.—During the winter passed at Fort Clatsop,
Lewis and Clark drew up an "Estimate of the Western
Indians," referring thereby to tribes west of the Rocky Mountains.
This was entered in Codex I, pp. 147–155 (though in
reverse order).[6]
The first six pages were written by Clark,
and the tribal names seem to have been jotted down without
order or system. On pp. 148, 149, Lewis entered his estimate,
beginning with the tribes that roamed between the upper
waters of the Columbia and those of the Missouri, and following
these in the order of their residence down to the tribes of
the coast. On p. 147, Clark has added a number of other tribes
situated north and south along the coast, compiled from Indian
information. The sum total of this population, as here estimated,
was 69,040. On the return journey, the explorers
came into further contact with the tribes, and learned more
information they added to the original draft. At some later
time, Clark revised his enumeration, compiling from this original
estimate, and numbering the tribes in the order in which
he intended to describe them. He then wrote in red ink
across the foot of p. 150, Codex I: "The estimate of the
Nations and tribes West of the Rocky Mountains May be
seen more Correctly Stated in a Supplement accompanying
these Books. W. C. 80,000 Soles."
This "supplement" (now in possession of the American
Philosophical Society) consists of four sheets of heavy paper,
13 1/2 × 9 1/2 inches, written upon one side, all in Clark's handwriting,
and emended by 'himself in red ink. In this supplement,
the populations of certain tribes were considerably
enlarged. The differences between this final estimate and the
original draft in Codex I are, in the following table, indicated
by foot-notes.]
| Names of Indian Nations and their places of General Residence | No. of Houses or Lodges |
Probable No. of Souls |
| 1. SHO-SHO-NE [7]
Nation reside in Spring and Summer on the East fork of Lewis's river a branch of the Columbia, and winter and fall on the Missouri |
60 | 800 |
| 2. OATE-LASH-SCHUTE [8]
Tribe of the Tush-she-pah Nation reside in Spring and Summer in the Rocky Mountains on Clarks river, and winter and fall on the Missouri and its waters |
33 | 400 |
| 3. CHOPUNNISH Nation residing on the Kooskooske river below the forks and on Colters Creek &c_and who sometimes pass over to the Missouri |
large Lodges |
2,000 |
| 4. PEL-LOAT-PAL-LAH Band of Chopunnish reside on the Kooskooske above the forks and on the small streams which fall into that river west of the rocky mountains, & chopunnish river, and sometimes pass over to the Missouri |
d° | 1,600 |
| 4,800 |
| Names of Indian Nations and their places of General Residence | No. of Houses or Lodges |
Probable No. of souls |
| 5. KI-MOO-E-NIM Band of Chopunnish N. reside on Lewis'es river above the enterance of the Kooskooske as high up that river as the Forks |
d° | 4,800 800 |
| 6. Y-E-LET PO Band of Choponish reside under the S. W. Mountains on a Small river which falls into Lewis's river above the enterance of the Kooskooske which they call we-are-cum |
d° | 250 |
| 7 WIL-LE-WAH Band [of] Choponish on a river of the same name which discharges itself into Lewis's river on the S. W. side below the forks of that river |
d° | 500 |
| 8 SO-YEN-NOW Band of Choponiesh [9]
on the N. side of the E. fork of Lewis's river from it's junction to the rocky Mountains and on La-mal-tar Creek |
d° | 400 |
| 9 CHOPUNNISH of Lewis's river below the enterance of Kooskooske on either Side of that river to it's junction with the Columbia |
h[ouses]Lodges 30 10 |
2,300 |
| 10 SOKULK Nation reside on the Columbia above the) enterance of Lewis's river as high up as the enterance of Clarks river |
120 | 2,400 |
| 11 CHIM-NAH-PUM on the N. W. side of the Columbia both above and below the enterance of Lewis' s river and on the Tapteel R.[10] which falls into the Columbia 15 M. above Lewis's R. |
42 | 1,860 |
| 12 WAL-LOW-WAL-LOW Nation on both sides of the Columbia from the enterance of Lewis's river as low as the Muscle shell rapid and in winter pass over to the waters of the Tapteel river. |
46 | 1,600[11] |
| 13 PISH-QUIT-PAH'S Nation reside from the Muscle rapid & on the N. side of the Columbia to the Commencement of the high Country this N. winter on the waters of the Tapteel river |
71 | 2,600[12] |
| 14 WAH-HOW-PUM Nation reside on the N. bank of the Columbia in different Bands from the pish-qunitpales as lowas River Lapage the differt. bands of this nation winter on the waters of Tapteel & Catteract Rvs. |
33 | 700 |
| 15 E-NE-CHUR Nation reside at the Great falls of Columbia on either side are stationary |
41 | 1,200 |
| 16 E-SKEL-LUTE Nation reside at the upper part of the Great Narrows of Columbia on the N. Side (is the great mart for all the Country) |
h[ouses] 21 |
1,000[13] |
| 31,860 |
| Names of Indian Nations and their places of General Residence | No. of Houses or Lodges |
Probable No. of Souls |
|
| 17 | CHIL-LUCK-KlT-TE-QUAW N. resideing next below the narrows and extending down on the N. side of the Columbia to River Labeech |
h[ouses] 32 |
31,860 1,400[14] |
| 18 | SMOCK -SHOP Band of Chil-luck-kit-te-quaw reside on the Columbia on each side from the Enterance of River Labiech to the neighbourhood of the Great rapids of that river |
24 | 800 |
| 19 | SHA-HA-LA [15]
Nation reside at the Grand Rapids of the Columbia and extend down in different Villages as low as the Multnomah river consisting of the following tribes, viz : y-e-huh above the rapids, Clah-clel-lah below the rapid, the Wah-clel-lah below all the rapids and the Ne-er-cho-ki-oo 1 House 100 sole on the S. side a fiew miles above the Multnomah R. |
62 | 2,800 |
| 20 Wappato Indians[16] |
NE-CHA-CO-KEE Tribe reside on the S. side of the Columbia a fiew miles below quick Sand river & opposit the dimond Island—(remains)— |
1 | 100 |
| SHOTO Tribe resides on the N. side of the Columbia back of a pond 1/2 mile from the river and nearly opposit the Enterance of the Multnomah river |
8 | 460 | |
| MULT-NO-MAH Tribe reside on Wap-pa-tow Island in the Mouth of the Multnomah, the remains of a large nation |
6 | 800 | |
| CLAN-NAH-QUEH'S Tribe of Moltnomah's on Wappato Island below the Multnomars |
4 | 130 | |
| Wap-pa-ra Indianss | NE-MAL-QUIN-NER'S a Tribe of Multnom's reside on the N. E. side of the Multnomah River 2 ms. above its mouth |
4 | 200 |
| CATH-LAH-COM-MAH-TUP'S a Tribe of Multnom's South Side of the Wappato Island on a slew of the Miltnr. |
3 | 170 | |
| CATH-LAH-NAH-QUI-AH'S Tribe of Multnomes reside on the SW. side of Wappato Island |
6 | 400 | |
| CLACK-STAR-N. resides on a small river which discharges itself on the S. W. Side of Wappato Island |
28 | 1,200 | |
| CLAN-IN-NA-TA'S resides on the S.W. Side of Wap-pa-to Island |
5 | 200 | |
| CATH-LAH-CUM-UPS on the main Shore South West of Wappato Island |
6 | 450 | |
| CLAN-NAR-MIN-NA-MUN'S on the S.W. side of the Wappato Island |
12 | 280 | |
| 42,150 |
| Names of Indian Nations and their places of General Residence | No. of Houses or Lodges |
Probable No. of Souls |
|
| 42,150 | |||
| Wap-pa-ro Indians continued |
QUATH-LAH-POH-TLE'S. N. reside on the N.W. of the Columbia above the Enterance of Cah-wah-na- hi-ooks river opposit the Low pt. of Wappato Isd. |
14 | 900 |
| CAL-LA-MAKS reside on a creek which falls into the-. Columbia on the N . side at the lower part of the Columbian Vally N. Side |
10 | 200 | |
| 21 | SKIL-LUTE Nation resides on the Columbia on each sides in different Villages from the lower part of the Columbian Vally as low as the Sturgeon Island and on either Side of the Cow-e-lis-kee River Hull-loo-el-lell on the Cow-e-lis-kee[17] |
50 | 2,500 |
| 22 | WACK-KI-A-CUMS reside on the N. Side of the Columbia opposit the Marshey Islands |
11 | 200 |
| 23 | CATH-LÂH-MÂHS reside on the S. side of the Columbia opposit to the Seal Islands |
9 | 300[18] |
| 24 | CHIN-NOOK'S reside on the N. side of the Columbia} to its enterance & on Chinnook river |
28 | 400 |
| 25 | CLÂT. SOP'S N. reside on the S. Side of the Columbia and a fiew miles along the S. E. coast on both Sides of point Adams |
14 | 200 |
| 26 | KIL-LA-MUCKS N. from the Clâtsops of the coast along the S. E. coast for many Ms. |
50 | 1,000 |
| Indian information. those nations speak the Kila-mucks Lg. 27 [19] |
LUCK-TONS reside on the sea coast to the S.SE. of the Kil-la-mucks. | houses | 200 |
| KA-HUN-KLE'S d° d° d° S.SE. of the Luck-tons | houses | 400 | |
| LICK-A-WIS d° d° d° to the S.SE. large town | houses | 800 | |
| YORICK-CONE'S d° d° d° d° d° houses | houses | 700 | |
| NECK-Ĥ-TO'S d° d° d° d° large town | houses | 700 | |
| UL-SE-ÅH'S d° d° d° d° small town | houses | 150 | |
| YOU-ITTS d° d° d° d° d° | houses | 150 | |
| SHE-A-STUCK-KLE'S d° d° d° d° large town | houses | 900 | |
| KIL-LA-WATS d° d° d° d° d° | houses | 500 | |
| COOK-KOO-OOSE Nation reside on the Sea coast to the South of the Kil-la-wats[20] |
hous | 1,500 | |
| SHAL-LA-LAH Nation on the Same course to the South |
hous | 1,200 | |
| Indian information reside to the South of the Killamox & speak Dift. Languages 28 |
LUCK-KAR-SO Nation on the Same course to the South &c |
hous | 1,200 |
| HAN-NA-KAL-LAL Nation on the Same course to the South &c |
hous | 600 | |
| 56,850 |
| Names of Indian Nations and their places of General Residence | No. of Houses or Lodges |
Probable No. of Souls |
|
| 56,850 | |||
| KIL-LAXT-HO-KLE'S T. on the Sea coast from the Chinnooks to the N. N. W. |
8 | 100 | |
| CHILTZ N. from the Killaxthokles along the N. N. W coast |
38 | 700 | |
| CLA-MOC-TO-MICK'S from the chiltz along the N. N. W. coast |
12 | 260 | |
| POTOASH'S reside on the Same Coast N. westwarly of the Clamochokle[21] |
10 | 200 | |
| PAILSH T. reside from the potash on the N. W. coast &c |
10 | 200 | |
| Information of different Indians on the N. W. Coast 29 |
QUI-NI-ILT'S from the pailsh along the N. W. coast &c |
60 | 1,000 |
| QUI-EET-SO'S from the Quiniilts along the N W. coast &c |
18 | 250 | |
| CHIL-LÂTE'S from the quieettso along the N. W. coast &c |
8 | 150 | |
| CA-LÂST-HO-CLE from the Chillâte N. W. allong the same coast |
10 | 200 | |
| QUIN-NE-CHART N. reside on the sea coast. & Creeks N. & N W. of the calâsthocles[22] |
2,000 | ||
| 30 | CLARK-A-MUS Nation reside on a large river of the Same name which heads in Mt. Jefferson and discharges itself into the Multnonah 40 M. up that river on its N. E. Side. this N. has several villages on either side |
Houses | 1,800[23] |
| 31 | CUSH-HOOKS N. reside on the N.E. bank of the Multnomah imediately below the fall of that river about 60 M. above its enterance into the Colm.. |
d° | 650[24] |
| 32 | CHAR-COW-AH N. reside on the S.W. bank of the Multnomah imediately above the falls and take the salmon in that river |
d° | 200 |
| 33 | CAL-LAH-PO-E-WAH Nation inhabit the country on both sides of the Multnomah above the Charcowahs for great extent' |
d° | 2,000 |
| 34 | SHO-SHO-NE (or Snake indians) residing in Winter and fall on the Multnomah river. Southerly of the S. W. Mountains, and in Spring and summer on the heads of the To-war-ne-hi-ooks, La Page, You-ma-tol-am, and Wal-lar-wal-lar rivers, and more abundantly at the falls of the Towarnehiooks, for the purpose of fishing |
d° | 3,000 |
| 69,560 |
| Names of Indian Nations and their places of General Residence | No. of Houses or Lodges |
Probable No. of Souls. |
|
| 35 | SHO-SHO-NE'S on the Multnomah and its waters, the residence of them is not well known to us. or Inds.-of-the Columbia say abt. |
No. of Houses or Lodges |
69,560 6,000 |
| 36 | SHO-BAR-BOO-BE-ER Band of Shoshones reside on the S. W. side of the Multnomah river, high up the Said river |
No. of Houses or Lodges |
1,600[25] |
| 37 | SHO-SHO-NE'S. resideing on the S. fork of Lewis's river and on the Nemo, Walshlemo, Shallett, Shushpellanimmo, Shecomskink, Timmooenumlarwas, and the Cop cop pahark rivers branches of the South fork of Lewises river |
No. of Houses or Lodges |
3,000 |
| We Saw parts of those Tribes at the long narrows 38 |
SKÂD. DÂTS N. reside on Cattaract river 25 M. N. of the big narrow live by hunting |
No. of Houses or Lodges |
200 |
| SQUÂN-NAR-OOS. d° d° below the Skaddals | No. of Houses or Lodges |
120 | |
| SHAL-LÂT-TOS. d° d° above d° | No. of Houses or Lodges |
100 | |
| SHAN-WAP-POM'S reside on the heads of Catteract river & Tapteel river |
No. of Houses or Lodges |
400 | |
| 39 | CUTS-SÂH-NIM Nation reside on both Sides of the Columbia Above the Sokulks & on the Northerly branches of the Tapteel river and also on the Wah-na-a-chee river |
60 | 1,200 |
| LA-HÂN-NA Nation reside on both Sides of the Columbia above the enterance of Clarks river[26] |
120 | 2,000 | |
| COOS-PEL-LAR'S Nation reside on a river which falls into the Columbia to the N. of Clarks river[27] |
30 | 1,600 | |
| WHE-EL-PO Nation reside on both Sides of Clarks river from the enterance of the Lastaw to the Great falls of Clarks R |
130 | 2,500 | |
| HI-HIGH-E-NIM-MO Nation from the enterance of the Lastaw into Clarks river on both Sides of the Lestaw as high as the forks |
45 | 1,300[28] | |
| LAR-TI-E-TO'S Nation at the Falls of the Lastaw river below the great Waytom Lake, on both Sides of the river |
30 | 600 | |
| SKEET-SO-MISH Nation resides on a Small river of the Same name which discharges itself into the Lastaw below the falls around the Waytom Lake, and on two islands within the said Lake |
120 | 2,000 | |
| MICK-SUCK-SEAL-TOM Tribe of the Tushshepah reside on Clark river above the great falls of that river, in the rocky Mounts. |
25 | 300 | |
| 92,480 |
| Names of Indian Nations and their places of General Residence | No. of Houses or Lodges |
Probable No. of Souls |
| HO-HIL-POS. a tribe of d°. on Clarks river above the Micksuck-seal-toms in the Rocky Mountains |
25 | 92,480 300 |
| TUSH-SHE-PAH'S Nation reside on a N. fork of Clarks river and rove on Clarks river in Spring and Summer and the fall and winter on the Missouri.[29] The Oat-lash-shute is a band of this nation |
35 | 430 |
| 80,000 | ||
| [93,210] | ||
| West of the Rocky Mountains is | 80,000 Sol |
As evidence in regard to the date of the original draft, the following note of
Lewis (Codex I, p. 148) may be considered: "Feb. 8th 1805 [sc. 1806]. Note
there are several other nations residing on the Columbia below the grand rappids and
on some streams which discharge themselves into the same whose names we have learnt
but have not any proper data from which to calculate ther probable number; therefor
omitted." See also text of journal for June 13, 1806, (volume v, p. 133), when
the original draft as entered in Codex I was doubtless completed.—Ed.
In the original draft Lewis begins with the Oatelashschute tribe, and leaves the
Shoshones until later. Clark appears to have entered them first, as these were the
first Western Indians whom they encountered.—Ed.
The Clark-Voorhis note-book No. 4 adds: "a part of the Tushshepaw Nation
includes the Tush she pah, ho hill pos & Micksicksealtom Tribes all of them rove
on Clark's River and occasionally cross over to the Missouri for the purpose of making
robes and dried meat &c."—Ed.
The preceding six tribes of the Chopunnish nation were entered in the original
draft as follows : "Chopunnish of the Kooskooske River, 220 lodges, 3600 souls;
Chopunnish of Lewis's River above the entrance
of the Kooskooske, 80 lodges, 1200
souls." Later was added Willeletpo and Willelahs with substantially the same
description as given here.—Ed.
Of the different branches of the Shahala nation, only the Neerchokioo is mentioned
in the original draft, and the numbers are given as "1340."—Ed.
All these tribes of Wappato Indians are given in the first draft substantially as
here, save that the numbers are here considerably enlarged.—Ed.
This tribe appears to have been entered as an after-thought, is not in original
draft, and is here unnumbered and unestimated.
The numbers for the three preceding tribes have been much enlarged; the
Skillutes increased from 1500 to 2500, the Wackkiacums from 100 to 200, the
Cathlâhmâhs from 200 to 400.—Ed.
The list of Indians southeast of the Killamucks is also to be found in the Clark-Voorhis
note-book No. 4.—Ed.
Clark adds following note in the original draft, also in the Clark-Voorhis notebook
No. 4: "I saw Several prisoners from this nation with the Clatsops and Kilamox,
they are much fairer than the common Indians of this quarter, and do not
flatten their heads."—Ed.
The Clark-Voorhis note-book No. 4 adds at this point, "and on the Slashes
& Creeks off the coast."
The original draft adds here: "and as fur up the Columbia as is known by
the Chopunnish & other nations which we have Seen on the Columbian Waters."—Ed.
In the original draft : "reside on a large fork of the Columbia which discharges
itself into that river on it's East Side above the enterance of Clarks river, and heads
with the waters of Hudsons bay."—Ed.
| II. Ethnology Original journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806 | |