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The pros and cons of the impact of the missionary movement on the cultures of West Africa is still a matter of vigorous historical controversy.[1] One side-effect of the attempts to Christianise West Africa was the introduction of the art of printing by the missionaries in order to make the Gospel available to their converts. This short article attempts an objective account of the introduction of printing to that part of Africa now known as Eastern Nigeria, by the Presbyterian mission set up at Calabar in 1846.[2] It is, as far as I know, the first attempt by a booktrade historian to re-create the circumstances by which printing was brought to Eastern Nigeria. The data has been derived from both printed and manuscript records of the mission which are to be found in Scottish archives.[3] These relate to the missionary activities of the Presbyterian Church known from 1847 to 1900 as the United Presbyterian Church. This church had been formed in 1847 by the uniting of the Relief Church with the United Associate Synod of the Secession Church — two evangelical groups outside the Church of Scotland, particularly interested in missionary work. The United Presbyterian Church became part of the United Free Church in 1900. The United Free Church itself re-amalgamated with the Church of Scotland in 1929. The official Church of Scotland, therefore, is now the custodian of the records of the U. P. Church, 1847-1900.
Presbyterian Christianity came to Eastern Nigeria via Jamaica. In 1834 the United Associate Synod resolved to send two missionaries to that island. By 1836 the Jamaican Missionary Presbytery was set up. Several congregations were established by the time of the union of 1847, a union which put all the Jamaican missions under the control of the U. P. Church,
Waddell's published and unpublished writings also give us the fullest
Waddell's unpublished journal reveals, despite the tone of the above, that there was often trouble between him and Edgerley who complained directly to Waddell, and to the Mission Board of the home church, that Waddell was parsimonious and overbearing. Waddell clearly though that Edgerley was of a hasty and suspicious temper, and that he had acted very rashly on a number of occasions as far as the natives of Old Town, Calabar were concerned. On one occasion he was reprimanded for breaking an 'Egbo' drum venerated by the Efik people.[9] There is some evidence, too, that Edgerley, who had been left in charge in Calabar, when Waddell went on his staffing journey to Jamaica, resented the fact that newcomers to the mission had been placed in authority over him. Edgerley's complaints to the home board reveal his distaste for restraint and control, and his suggestion that he order his own supplies may indicate that he thought Waddell was hampering the printing operations. Edgerley returned to Scotland in 1850, ostensibly because of the health of his wife, and gave an account of the progress of the mission at Calabar. On this trip, he was ordained minister of the U. P. Church by the Glasgow Presbytery. The unpublished material reveals that Waddell was unhappy about this, believing that Edgerley was spiritually unprepared despite his piety and fervour.[10] When
The activities of Edgerley's press at first Old Town and then at Duke Town can be partially reconstructed from the letterbooks and minutes of the Board of Missions of the U .P. Church. Edgerley's earlier output is listed at the end of this article. In September, 1848, Waddell, who had collected a brief vocabulary of the Efik language, asked that 250 copies of it be printed in Scotland as the work could not be undertaken in Calabar. The Board agreed to have it printed by Grant and Taylor in Edinburgh, and in 1849 Goldie made inquiries about having a small catechism printed. By 1851, after Edgerley's return from Scotland, the Calabar press was once more in action. Andrew Somerville, the secretary to the home Board wrote to Edgerley, 12 Feb. 1852:
Somerville reported in January, 1853 that he had received copies of the New Testament, and said, 'They are a credit to the Calabar Press.' In April 1853, Edgerley and Goldie requested from the home Board that a fount of brevier type, a specified number of accented vowel letters, twelve reams of good strong printing paper and certain other articles of printing paper be sent out. In July, 1853 the home Board acknowledged receipt of copies of Elijah and Jonah and the 1852 Annual Report, Mr. Waddell's History of Joseph, and the Calabar Hymn Book.[14] In October, 1853, Gibb, an Edinburgh printer who did work for the U. P. Church, was asked to fill further (unspecified) requests of Edgerley for paper and types, and in February, 1854, Somerville writes: 'You are usefully employed at the Printing Press. The books which you are sending out will be effective teachers and will very greatly aid in helping forward the reformation of Calabar.'[15] I have no record of further work done in 1854, in which year Edgerley visited Sierra Leone, and in 1855 the work of the press came to an abrupt stop with the expulsion of Edgerley from Old Town. He was at work again in Duke Town in 1856. Somerville writes, 18 July, 1856: 'I had a visit from Mr. Armour about rollers for printings. He is to send out a pair and some glair[16] — but he spoke of a kind of balls — used in printing in olden times — which he says climate does not affect and which he thinks will be suitable for you if you can make them. I asked him to find out from some old printer the way of making them and give you a description of the method.'[17] The inactivity of the press at the end of 1856 is indicated by a request by Waddell that his short course of lectures in Efik on the Ten Commandments be printed in Britain and by the fact that W. Anderson's Efik translation of the Epistle to the Romans was being printed in Glasgow in March, 1857. The Press was working well enough for Edgerley to have made some progress with the Efik Dictionary before his four-month illness and death, in May, 1857.
An agreeable footnote to the short and stormy career of Samuel Edgerley, printer at Calabar, is the fact that he was succeeded both as printer and missionary by his son, Samuel Edgerley, junior. The boy had been brought to Britain in 1845. From 1852 to 1855, he had been apprenticed to an
- 1. H. M. Waddell, Twelve Bible Lessons, Lithographed. 1846. No copy traced.
- 2. H. M. Waddell, Efik vocabulary, Lithographed. 30pp. 1846. No copy traced.
- 3. H. M. Waddell, Efik vocabulary. Letterpress. 1847. No copy traced.
- 4. H. M. Waddell, Primer. Letterpress, 3 impressions, 800 copies. 1848. No copy traced.
- 5. H. M. Waddell, Bible Lessons. 2 impressions, 500 copies. 1848. No copy traced.
- 6. Anon., Arithmetical Examples. 150 copies. 1848. No copy traced. Reprinted 1851.
- 7. Anon., Elementary Arithmetic. 300 copies. 1848. No copy traced. Reprinted 1851.
- 8. H. Goldie, Catechism. Efik and English. 400 copies. 1848. No copy traced.
- 9. H. Goldie, Ikau Ngpooru emi ewetdke ke Akani Testament. 1849. No copy traced.
- 10. H. Goldie, Hymn Book. 1851. No copy traced.
- 11. H. M. Waddell, History of Joseph. Completed by January 9, 1852. No copy traced.
- 12. H. Goldie, Mbuk mkpo emi ekewetde ke obufa Testament. 1852. Copy. B. M. 124 pp.
- 13. Annual Report, 1852. No copy traced.
- 14. H. Goldie, Catechism. Efik. Second edition. 64 pp. 1853. No copy traced.
- 15. H. Goldie, History of the prophets, Elisha and Jonah. Efik. 1853. No copy traced.
- 16. H. Goldie, Principles of Efik Grammar. 1857. Copies B.M.; E.U.L.
- 17. H. Goldie, Dictionary of the Efik Language. 1857. (Appeared with Glasgow imprint, 1874).
- A large amount of job printing, broadsheets, almanacks, Ten Commandments &c. was also carried out in the period 1846-1857.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE CALABAR MISSION PRESS, 1846-1857.
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