BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ian Burton, “The Quality of the Environment: A Review,”
Geographical Review, 58 (1968), 472-81, provides current
discussions of environmental quality, imagery, perception,
attitudes to nature, and is well documented. Paul Claval,
Essai sur l'évolution de la géographie humaine, Annales
littéraires de l'université de Besançon, Vol. 67 (Paris, 1964),
is a history of human geography, including contemporary
world developments with references in English, French, and
German. T. W. Freeman, A Hundred Years of Geography
(Chicago, 1962), includes discussion of geographers, method-
ology, and environmental theories. Clarence J. Glacken,
“Changing Ideas of the Habitable World,” Man's Role in
Changing the Face of the Earth, ed. William L. Thomas,
Jr. (Chicago, 1956), pp. 70-92, discusses the history of the
idea of man as a modifier of nature, and has many references.
Materials discussed in this article up to the early nineteenth
century are based on idem, Traces on the Rhodian Shore.
Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times
to the End of the Eighteenth Century (Berkeley and Los
Angeles, 1967), which provides references to the sources
and important secondary works; see p. 423 for eighteenth-
century ecology. Richard Hartshorne, Perspective on the
Nature of Geography (Chicago, 1959), has revisions and
amplifications of his Nature of Geography (1939). Ellsworth
Huntington, Mainsprings of Civilization (New York, 1945),
is a summary of Huntington's life work, with a full bibli-
ography including references to Huntington's earlier writ-
ings; see especially Part III, “Physical Environment and
Human Activity.” Gordon R. Lewthwaite, “Environ-
mentalism and Determinism: A Search for Clarification,”
Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 56
(1966), 1-23, is a valuable discussion of environmental con-
cepts, especially for the 1950's and early 1960's with full
citations chiefly to sources in English. David Lowenthal,
“Geography, Experience, and Imagination: Towards a Geo-
graphical Epistemology,” Annals of the Association of
American Geographers, 51 (1961), 241-60, is an essay “in
the theory of geographical knowledge,” on the relation of
man's perception of environments and his interpretations
of them, with valuable notes; idem, George Perkins Marsh.
Versatile Vermonter (New York, 1958), is indispensable for
understanding a key figure in the history of attitudes to
environment. George P. Marsh, Man and Nature, ed. David
Lowenthal (Cambridge, Mass., 1965), is an excellent edition
(with an introduction) of Marsh's work, first published in
1864. Friedrich Ratzel, Anthropogeographie. Erster Teil, 2nd
ed. (Stuttgart, 1899); idem, Zweiter Teil, 3rd ed., 2 vols.
(Stuttgart, 1922), is a basic work on modern human geogra-
phy, Vol. I of which has an interesting historical introduc-
tion; for criticism of Darwin, see I, xxiv-xxvi; and for a
discussion of people's roots in the soil, see I, 195. Carl O.
Sauer, “Cultural Geography,” Encyclopedia of the Social
Sciences, 15 vols. (New York, 1931), VI, 621-24, discusses
the decline of modern environmentalism and its replace-
ment by newer concepts in cultural geography. Ellen C.
Semple, Influences of Geographic Environment, on the Basis
of Ratzel's System of Anthropo-geography (New York, 1911),
was in its time probably the most influential single work
on this subject in English. O. H. K. Spate, “Environ-
mentalism,” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sci-
ences, 17 vols. (New York, 1968), V, 93-97, is particularly
informative, with excellent bibliography on contemporary
discussions of environment and ideas of determinism, possi-
bilism, and probabilism, with semantics of these words and
comments on quantification. Johannes Steinmetzler, Die
Anthropogeographie Friedrich Ratzels und ihre ideen-
geschichtlichen Wurzeln, Bonner Geographische Abhand-
lungen, Heft 19 (Bonn, 1956), provides Ratzel's basis ideas
in anthropogeography including his relationship to Herder
and Ritter, and a valuable bibliography of German second-
ary works. Griffith Taylor, ed., Geography in the Twentieth
Century, 3rd ed. (New York, 1957), is an excellent source
for nineteenth- and twentieth-century concepts of environ-
ment, determinism, possibilism, as well as for French and
German developments. William L. Thomas, Jr., ed., Man's
Role in Changing the Face of the Earth (Chicago, 1956),
consists of fifty-two articles with discussions based on an
International Symposium of the same name, and is dedi-
cated to George P. Marsh. Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of
History, 2nd ed., Vol. I, (London, 1935), discusses environ-
ment and the genesis of civilizations and challenge and
response; ibid., Vol. XII, Reconsiderations (London, New
York, and Toronto, 1961), answers the critics of his treatment
of environment, 146-48, 254-58, 314-27. Harriet Wanklyn,
Friedrich Ratzel. A Biographical Memoir and Bibliography
(Cambridge, 1961), is a short but well-balanced appraisal
of Ratzel with a bibliography of his works. John Kirtland
Wright, Human Nature in Geography... (Cambridge,
Mass., 1966), is an admirable selection from Wright's essays
on environment and culture. D. O. Zöckler, Geschichte der
Beziehungen zwischen Theologie und Naturwissenschaft mit
besondrer Rücksicht auf Schöpfungsgeschichte. Erste
Abtheilung: Von den Anfängen der christlichen Kirche bis
auf Newton und Leibnitz. Zweite Abtheilung: Von Newton
und Leibnitz bis zur Gegenwart, 2 vols. (Gütersloh, 1877-79),
is a fundamental work on natural and physicotheology by
one sympathetic to the design argument.
CLARENCE J. GLACKEN
[See also Causation;
Conservation; Continuity; Creation;
Design Argument;
Environment; Evolutionism; God;
Mountains; Progress;
Uniformitarianism.]
