 | University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. |  |
Academical Department.
| WILLIAM E. PETERS, LL. D. | Professor of Latin. |
| MILTON W. HUMPHREYS, M. A., Ph. D., LL. D. | Professor of Greek. |
| JAMES A. HARRISON, L.H. D., LL. D. | Professor of Romance Languages. |
| W. HOWARD PERKINSON, Ph. D. | Professor of Teutonic Languages. |
| JAMES M. GARNETT, M. A., LL. D. | Professor of English Language. |
| CHARLES W. KENT, M. A., Ph. D. | Professor of English Literature. |
| GEORGE FREDERICK HOLMES, LL. D. | Professor of Historical Science. |
| NOAH K. DAVIS, M. A., Ph. D., LL. D. | Professor of Moral Philosophy. |
| CHARLES S. VENABLE, LL. D. | Professor of Mathematics. |
| WILLIAM M. THORNTON, LL. D. | Professor of Applied Mathematics. |
| ORMOND STONE, M. A. | Professor of Practical Astronomy. |
| FRANCIS H. SMITH, M. A., LL. D. | Professor of Natural Philosophy. |
| JOHN W. MALLET, M. D., Ph. D., LL. D., F. R. S. | Professor of Chemistry. |
| FRANCIS P. DUNNINGTON, B. S. | Professor of Analytical Chemistry. |
| WILLIAM M. FONTAINE, M. A. | Professor of Natural History and Geology. |
| ALBERT H. TUTTLE, M. S. | Professor of Biology and Agriculture. |
| R. HEATH DABNEY, M. A., Ph. D. | Associate Professor of History. |
| WILLIAM H. ECHOLS, B. S., C. E. | Adjunct Professor of Applied Mathematics. |
| JAMES H. PAXTON, M. A. | Instructor in Ancient Languages. |
| HOPSON O. MURFEE | Instructor in Mathematics. |
| GORDON M. BUCK, B. A. | Instructor in Astronomy. |
| JAMES H. CORBITT, M. A. | Instructor in Physics. |
| WILLIAM J. MARTIN, A. M., M. D. | Instructor in Chemistry. |
| WILLIAM B. TUTTLE | Instructor in Biology. |
LITERARY SCHOOLS.
SCHOOL OF LATIN.
Professor Peters.
B. A. COURSE.
A. First Year.—A student who is able to translate Cæsar or Vergil, and
has a proper acquaintance with the Forms, is prepared to enter this course,
which begins with Sallust or a writer of like difficulty. Systematic attention
is given to the study of the Forms. The syntactical work is the study of the
Case-relations, the exact force of the Tenses, and a consecutive outline of the
connections in which the Subjunctive Mood is required. Principles and facts
is confined to selected portions of Sallust, Ovid, Curtius, and Vergil. A
limited amount from each author is prescribed for private reading. For the
examinations, passages are selected for translation from the Latin assigned as
private reading. There are two examinations—the Intermediate, held about
the middle of the session; the Final, near its close. These examinations are
conducted in writing.
B. Second Year.—The work of this year will be directed to the acquirement
of readiness in translation and syntactical interpretation, with as little
specialistic investigation as is consistent with a general but sound and permanent
knowledge of the language. As an indispensable auxiliary to this end,
written exercises in translating English into Latin and Latin into English will
be required. Proper attention will be given to Roman History and Literature.
The metrical work will be limited to the structure and accurate recitation of
the Dactylic, Anapæstic, Trochaic, and Iambic verses, with the verses occurring
in the odes of Horace. Translation will be confined to Livy, Horace,
Cicero, Seneca, and Tacitus. Selections from each author will be assigned as
parallel reading. There are two written examinations—Intermediate and
Final. The student who completes the work of this year will be entitled to
a diploma of graduation in the B. A. course in Latin.
M. A. COURSE.
This course commences with Juvenal or Livy, and includes selected portions
of Juvenal, Livy, Cicero, Seneca, Tacitus, and Plautus. The Case-relations
are reviewed, and the Syntax of the Verb is systematically presented.
Latin versification is taken up early in the session and continued throughout
the term. A theoretical acquaintance with this subject is insufficient. Prompt
identification and correct recitation of every variety of Latin verse is insisted
upon. A very prominent place is assigned to Latin Composition as an indispensable
means of acquiring an exact knowledge of the language. Portions
of the authors read in the lecture-room are designated as parallel and private
reading. The object of parallel reading is to enable a student to acquire a
more copious vocabulary than is furnished by the limited amount of Latin read
in the lecture-room, and to afford a wider field for the application of the principles
explained in the lectures. In this class there are two examinations—
one occurring about the middle of the session, the other near its close. The
examinations are conducted in writing. For the second or Final examination,
passages for translation are selected partly from the parallel and partly from
Latin which the class has not read. In Roman History and Literature the
work is that of the B. A. course. The completion of the work of this year
if the work of the B. A. course has been completed.
Text-Books.—Any approved edition of the authors above named.
Grammars.—Gildersleeve's, Syntax of the Verb by the Professor, Printed Lectures
by the Professor on the Latin Cases and Versification.
History.—Liddell's with Long's or any approved Atlas.
Literature.—Bender's, as a Hand-book and Guide, supplemented by Lectures.
PH. D. COURSE.
This course is intended for students who propose to teach, or desire to equip
themselves for original investigation in the language. The scope of the work
is such as to familiarize them with the language in its several periods. An
extensive course of reading is prescribed, and subjects for independent investigation
are from time to time assigned. The lecture-room exercises consist in
translation and the discussion by the student of the passage translated. He is
invited to propound such questions to the Professor, or to a member of the
class, as he would to a pupil. In addition, a careful translation from some
one of the best Latin prose writers is prepared, and the student is required at
once to write on the blackboard his Latin rendering of it, and to give his
reasons as well for the periods as for the syntactical constructions employed.
Though it requires at least two years to complete this course, yet one year
given to it abundantly repays the student, as the greater part of the first year
of the course is devoted to the Archaic period of the language, which cannot
be considered to any great extent in the under-graduate course.
SCHOOL OF GREEK.
Professor Humphreys.
In this School there are three courses:
I. A general course, comprising what is deemed essential to a liberal
classical education. This course extends over two years.
A. First Year Class.—As a preparation for this class an accurate knowledge
of the regular Attic inflections and some experience in translating are
necessary. A thorough study of two books of Xenophon's Anabasis may be
regarded as the minimum of preparatory reading. The work of the class is
directed to the acquirement of practical familiarity with the simpler Attic
prose. The Grammar is carefully reviewed, and weekly exercises, based on
Greek authors, are written. The authors read are Xenophon and Lysias.
B. Second Year Class.—This class, for which the work of the preceding
year, or some equivalent, is the appropriate preparation, continues the study of
Attic prose, and enters upon the study of Epic and Ionic Greek and the Drama.
The Syntax is reviewed, and weekly exercises are given for translation into
Attic prose. The authors read are Plato, Demosthenes, Euripides, Herodotus
and Homer. Instruction is given in History, Literature, Antiquities, and the
simpler Metres. Graduation in this course is prescribed for those who select
Greek as one of their studies for the degree of B. A.
II. An advanced course, adapted especially to the requirements of those
who desire to become teachers of the classics. It extends through one session
of nine months. For admission to this course, graduation in the preceding
course is required; but, when sufficiently prepared, students may be allowed
to pursue both courses simultaneously. In this course the Syntax of the Verb
is thoroughly studied, and weekly exercises, including passages from modern
English authors, are given to be translated into idiomatic Greek. Lectures
are given on Rhythm and Metres, and the students are practiced in reading
rhythmically the lyric parts of the Drama and the works of the Lyric Poets.
The authors read are Demosthenes, Æschylus, Sophocles, Aristophanes, Thucydides,
Pindar, and other Lyric Poets. The course will be varied and modified
as occasion may require. Graduation in this course is prescribed for
those who select Greek as one of their studies for the degree of M. A.
III. A special course designed for those who wish to devote themselves
to classical scholarship. For admission to this course, graduation in the
preceding course is required, but in special cases students may be permitted
to prosecute both courses at the same time. The work of this course will be
adapted to the special aims of those pursuing it, but will, in all cases, include
extensive reading of Greek authors and minute study of some branch
of Greek philology. Those who select Greek as one of their studies for the
degree of Ph. D. will be required to pursue this course for two years.
In all the courses private reading is prescribed, and the examinations will
be partly upon this and the work done in class, and partly upon passages
selected from the Greek authors at will.
Text-Books.—Goodwin's Greek Grammar; Goodwin's Moods and Tenses; Hogue's
Irregular Verbs; Veitch's Verbs; Liddell and Scott's Lexicon (Intermediate, and in
courses II. and III., unabridged seventh edition); Smith's History of Greece; Jebb's
Primer of Greek Literature. Any editions of Greek authors may be used, except when
particular ones are specially prescribed; but students should always have at hand
Teubner's texts for reference, and for use on examinations. At present Rhythm and
Metres and some other subjects are taught wholly or partly by lecture.
Hebrew.—Elementary instruction in Hebrew will be given when the
demand for such instruction is sufficient.
SCHOOL OF ROMANCE LANGUAGES.
FRENCH, SPANISH, ITALIAN.
Professor Harrison.
The courses offered in this School are General (B. A.), Special (M. A.),
and Advanced, or Post-Graduate (Ph. D.).
B. A. COURSE.
The General Course embraces such a knowledge of the selected language
as an intelligent student may be expected to acquire in one year. Some previous
preparation is most desirable. The aim of this course is to acquaint
the student with the pronunciation, phonology, grammar, and general syntax
of the language through systematic oral and written practice, to initiate him
into the literature through easy and abundant reading, and to lay a solid
foundation for the prosecution of his Special and Advanced courses, if he
elects to continue his studies in this School.
M. A. COURSE.
The Special Course embraces a systematic extension of the General Course
along the same lines, but is at once more comprehensive and more specialized
in certain directions; incessant practice in translation and composition, gradually
increasing in difficulty, is continued; instruction in syntax, in historical
grammar, and in literature is given by lecture and abstract; and an orderly
reading of the great writers in each language, chronologically arranged, is
planned and accomplished by class work and collateral reading.
PH. D. COURSE.
The Advanced or Post-Graduate Course is intended for those students that
elect Romance Languages for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. It embraces
two years of post-graduate work in any two languages of the group,
and is especially adapted to students who have graduated in Latin and Greek.
Study of the comparative grammar, vocabulary, and literature of these languages
is made a special feature of this course. Most attractive combinations
can be made in this department, such as French-Italian, Spanish-French,
Portuguese-Spanish, Provençal-French, Latin-French, etc. Graduation in
Latin is indispensable for the prosecution of a Ph. D. course in Romance Languages.
Instruction will be given by conference, assigned private work, and
stated examination, and a dissertation evincing original research in some department
of grammar, phonetics, syntax, literature or history, will in every
by the Professor on application.
FRENCH.
B. A. COURSE (Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday, 9-10).
Texts: Whitney's Large French Grammar and Introductory French Reader; Bruno's
Tour de la France; Joynes' Classic French Plays; Fontaine's Prosateurs et Poètes du
XIX Siècle. Exercises. Parallel reading (completion of the texts begun in class).
Heath's, Gasc's or Bellows' Dictionary. The texts used have been so chosen as to form
a suitable general introduction (a) to the grammar, (b) to the vocabulary, (c) to the
history and geography, and (d) to the literature of France in the XVIIth and XIXth
centuries.
M. A. COURSE (Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday, 10-11).
For pronunciation: Koschwitz' Parlers Parisiens; Passy's Sons du Français (Association
Fonétique). For reference: Harrison's French Syntax. For reading: Fasnacht's
Select Specimens of Great French Writers; Crane's Series of French Prose (for the
study of select periods of French culture and civilization); Voltaire's Siècle de Louis
XIV (for the study of one typical reign); Fortier's Littérature Française (reference-text
for professor's lectures on Eminent French Writers); Chardenal's Advanced Exercises.
Examinations on definite assigned work.
SPANISH.
B. A. COURSE (Monday, Wednesday, Friday, 12:30-1:30 or 10-11.)
Texts: Edgren's Spanish Grammar (for rapid survey); Knapp's Reader (for current
Spanish prose); Todd's Don Quijote, with Selections from Lope and Calderon (for classical
prose and poetry); Valera's Pepita Jiménez; Harrison's History of Spain; Seoane's
Dictionary. Exercises. Definite collateral reading and examinations on assigned work.
M. A. COURSE (Monday, Wednesday, Friday, 1:30-2:30).
Texts: Knapp's Grammar, with lectures based on Foerster's Sprachlehre and Wiggers'
Grammatik der Spanischen Sprache; Selections from the lyric and dramatic poets and
from the great prose writers, in connection with Ticknor's History of Spanish Literature;
Isla's Le Sage's Gil Blas; El Romancero del Cid; Seoane's Dictionary. Exercises,
assigned collateral reading, and stated examinations on definite assigned work.
Ph. D. Courses in Old French, Provençal, and Old Spanish will be arranged and offered
as they are required. The texts, editions, grammars, and chrestomathies of Schwan,
Bartsch, Keller, Groeber, Suchier, Vietor, Gaston Paris, Meyer, Darmesteter, and others,
will be used, and the professor's extensive collection of Modern Language works will be
freely open to students of the School.
ITALIAN.
B. A. Course.—Grandgent's Grammar; Foresti's Reader; De Amicis' Cuore; Pellico's
Le Mie Prigioni.
M. A. Course.—Vockeradt's Grammatik; Manzoni's I Promessi Sposi; Tasso's Gerusalemme
Liberata; Dante's Divina Commedia.
[The courses in Italian will be for the present directed by Professor Perkinson.]
SCHOOL OF TEUTONIC LANGUAGES.
GERMAN.
Professor Perkinson.
Three courses are offered in this language.
B. A. COURSE.
Students who desire to enter this course must possess an accurate knowledge
of English Grammar, and some familiarity with the rudiments of German.
They will study the grammar of the language, and will be trained in pronunciation,
on which special stress will be laid, and in translation, supplemented
by weekly exercises, parallel reading of easy texts, and a course in the history and literature of the language. The object of this course is
mainly to enable the student to read and appreciate ordinary German at
sight, and to give him an insight into the literature of the language. Three
hours a week.
M. A. COURSE.
In this course the syntax and historical grammar will be treated, and the
historical grammar illustrated by short selections from Old High German
and Middle High German authors. Practice in translation and composition
will be continued, and a minute study of certain authors made. Candidates
for graduation will be expected to translate at sight any passage that may be
assigned, and to render selections from English into German. Three hours
a week.
PH. D. COURSE.
This is designed for students who wish to make a special study of the
literature or the philology of the language. Only those who have completed
the lower courses are admitted to it. The work will be adapted to the
aims of the student, but in all cases the study of Gothic, Old High German
and Middle High German will be required. Applicants for the degree of
Ph. D. will be required to prepare a dissertation showing original research.
Three hours a week.
The text-books vary from time to time. Parallel reading will be assigned
at the beginning of the year.
B. A. German.—Whitney's Brief Grammar; Thomas' Grammar; Whitney's Introductory
German Reader; Hauff's Das Bild des Kaisers; Schiller's Maria Stuart; Goethe's
Hermann und Dorothea.
M. A. German.—Wright's Old High German Primer and Middle High German
Primer; Whitney's Grammar; Heine's Prosa: Scheffel's Ekkehard; Lessing's Nathan
der Weise and Emilia Galotti.
Ph. D. German.—Ulfilas, Tatian, Otfried, Nibelungenlied, Gudrun, Wolfram von
Eschenbach.
SCHOOL OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
Professor Garnett.
B. A. COURSE.
Modern English.—In this class the study of the English drama and of
the descriptive history of the language is pursued; Shakspere is made a
special subject of study. The critical study of one or two plays of Shakspere,
with private reading of about one-fourth of the plays, is followed by
similar study of selected works of other dramatic authors. Lectures on the
history of the Elizabethan drama are given in connection with the study of
Shakspere. These treat the early dramatic forms prevalent in England—i.e.,
the Mysteries, Moralities and Interludes; the rise of regular comedy and
tragedy as seen in Ralph Royster Doyster and Gorboduc; the Pre-Shaksperian
dramatists, Lyle, Peele, Greene and Marlowe; the Shaksperian
period, including Shakspere, Ben Jonson, Beaumont and Fletcher, and
Webster; and the Post-Shaksperian dramatists to the closing of the theatres
in 1642. The study of the English drama occupies the first half-session;
that of the history of English, treated from an elementary point of view,
the second half-session. The course closes with the reading of some work,
usually of Chaucer, in practical illustration of the formation of English.
The aim is to give such a knowledge of the history of the language as every
educated man should possess. Three lectures a week.
Text-Books.—For 1896-'97, Richard II. and Richard III.; Tancock's or Ward's
Old English Drama; Dowden's Shakspere Primer; Abbott's Shaksperian Grammar;
Champneys's History of English; Chaucer's Prologue and Knight's Tale; Pollard's
Chaucer Primer. For Reference.—The Globe Shakspere; Fleay's Life of Shakspere;
Fleay's History of the Stage, 1559-1642; Halliwell-Phillips's Life of Shakspere; Keltie's
British Dramatists; Dowden's Shakspere, His Mind and Art; Emerson's History of
the English Language; Skeat's Student's Chaucer.
M. A. COURSE.
Old and Middle English.—In this class the historical and philological
study of the language is pursued, the class beginning with its oldest forms
and tracing the language, by the study of specimens, through its different
periods to the formation of modern English. After a thorough study of the
grammar, selected pieces of Old and Middle English prose and poetry are
read, with a view to acquiring a philological knowledge of the origin and
structure of English. Lectures on the position of English in the Indo-European
family of languages, and on the history of the language, are also
given. These treat in outline the other branches of the Indo-European family
of languages, and in detail the Teutonic branch. Special stress is laid
periods, and the infusion of the Romance elements which so greatly affected
its character. The study of Old English (Anglo-Saxon) occupies the first
half-session; that of Middle English, the second half-session. In addition
to what is read in class, assigned parallel reading of Old and Middle English
works is also required. It is well for the student to have studied the history
of English as given in the class of Modern English, or some similar course,
before entering upon the study of the course in Old and Middle English,
although this is not essential, as the two may be studied together. Some
antecedent philological study is, however, necessary. The aim is to lay the
foundation for more advanced studies in English Philology. Three lectures
a week.
Text-Books.—Bright's Anglo-Saxon Reader; Morris and Skeat's Specimens of Early
English, Parts I. and II.; Cook's Sievers's Grammar of Old English; Earle's Anglo-Saxon
Literature; Skeat's Primer of English Etymology. For Reference.—Ten Brink's
Early English Literature; Brooke's History of Early English Literature; Skeat's Principles
of English Etymology, First and Second Series; Henry's Comparative Grammar of
English and German.
PH. D. COURSE.
This course is arranged to suit the needs of those students who desire to
pursue further their work in English Philology. It will comprise the further
study of Old and Middle English works, especially of Old English poetry,
and the study of Gothic and the comparative grammar of the Teutonic languages.
In addition to such examinations as may seem advisable, a dissertation
will be required, giving evidence of independent private study of
some subject cognate with the course pursued. The selection of the course
and subject is left to the student himself under the guidance of the Professor.
The completion of the M. A. Course in Old and Middle English is absolutely
necessary to the prosecution of the Ph. D. Course, and a knowledge of German
is desirable.
The first year course includes the reading of the Exodus and Daniel,
Andreas and Elene, Judith, and Beowulf, or any other old English poetry;
and the study of Wright's Gothic Language Primer, with additional readings
in Skeat's Gothic Gospel of St. Mark and Braune's Gothic Grammar.
The second year course embraces the study of Fourteenth-Century English
and the writing of a dissertation.
LINDEN KENT MEMORIAL SCHOOL OF ENGLISH
LITERATURE.
Professor Kent.
Experience has shown that of the large number who elect English Literature
as one of their studies here, a few are prepared to do work even more
advanced than that offered in the B. A. Course, some are able to accomplish
successfully, but without ease, the work assigned, and many find it too difficult.
It seems advisable, therefore, to divide the course, not for the purpose
of making graduation materially more difficult, though the nature of the
work be slightly changed, but in order to adapt it more closely to the requirements
of the students. This division will also enable the instructor to
readjust the work and thereby add to its interest and widen its scope.
B. A. COURSE.
A.—First Year. In addition to a certain maturity of mind and general
mental training, students who desire to pursue this course with profit should
have an accurate knowledge of the principles of English grammar, including
orthography, and some knowledge of the elements of rhetoric. Previous practice
in composition is well-nigh essential to the successful prosecution of
the work of the class, while information about the history and contents of
English Literature will add materially to appreciation of the lectures. Three
hours a week. In evidence of the successful completion of this course a
certificate is awarded.
For convenience of presentation, the course is divided as follows:
1. Rhetoric.—This will comprise a careful study of the principles of style
in prose discourse. Particular attention will be paid to frequent written
exercises, and to the critical analysis of selected specimens of English prose.
Text-Books.—Genung's Practical Rhetoric; Genung's Hand-book of Rhetorical
Analysis; Hill's Foundations of Rhetoric; Scott and Denney's Paragraph-writing.
2. General History of English Literature.—This course will follow in the
main the outline provided by Pancoast's Introduction to English Literature.
The text will be prefaced by a few lectures on the development of English
literature prior to Chaucer, and be supplemented throughout by explanations,
assigned topics for class-study, lectures, etc. Besides the various written
exercises of this class, two essays will be required. These will be due on
December 3d and April 2d.
B.—Second Year. Admission to this class presupposes preparation in
character similar, if not equal, to that offered in Course A., which is intended
to lead directly into this course. This class will meet three times a
English Literature as one of their studies for the B. A. degree.
This course is as follows:
1. Rhetoric.—This will comprise first a rapid review of the principles of
style as illustrated by the Sentence and the Paragraph, and then a careful
study of invention in prose discourse. There will be occasional written exercises,
and particular attention will be given to the critical analysis of selected
specimens of Descriptive, Narrative, Expository, and Argumentative Prose.
The course will be based on Genung's Rhetoric, but will not be limited to it.
Text-Books.—Genung's Rhetoric; Genung's Hand-book of Rhetorical Analysis;
Baldwin's Specimens of Prose Description; Brewster's Specimens of Narration; Lamont's
Specimens of Exposition, and Baker's Specimens of Argumentation.
2. Versification.—This course will be based upon the Professor's Notes
on Poetics, and will consider the mechanism of verse, the artistic elements in
versification, history of verse-forms, kinds of poetry, etc.
Class-exercises of various kinds will be assigned from time to time.
Text-Book.—Professor's Notes. References.—Gummere's Hand-book of Poetics;
Guest's English Rhythms; Schipper's Englische Metrik; Lanier's Science of English
Verse, etc.
3. Literature.—As members of this class are supposed to have some
general acquaintance with the historical development of English Literature,
this course will comprise some period of time, some literary form, some
author or group of authors, or some general division of literary history.
For '96-97 there will be offered a course in American Literature.
Text-Book.—Richardson's American Literature, supplemented by general and special
references.
Essays.—Besides the occasional written exercises of the class, four essays
will be required of each student applying for graduation in this B. A. Course.
These will be due October 14th, December 18th, March 18th, May 1st. The
subjects will, in some cases, be assigned and at other times be left to the
choice of the student, but will fall under these general heads; Description,
Narration, Exposition, Argumentation or Persuasion.
M. A. COURSE.
In this course there will be occasional lectures, but in general the exercises
of the class will be conducted by questions, conversation and conference.
Readings will be assigned, independent investigation insisted upon, and written
reports required from time to time. The students will be encouraged to
form their own judgments and to express them orally or in writing. References
use of the library in this and all courses is cordially recommended.
COURSES HERETOFORE OFFERED.
I. Representative Writers of English Prose.
II. History of Lyric Poetry from 1550 to 1800.
III. British Essayists from Bacon to Burke.
IV. Victorian and American Poets.
V. Tennyson, the Representative Poet of the Nineteenth Century.
COURSES ANNOUNCED FOR '96-97.
II. The History of Lyric Poetry from 1550 to 1800.
This course includes:
1. Lyric Poems from the Elizabethan Dramatists; 2. Lyric Poems from
the Elizabethan Romances; 3. Jacobean Lyric Poets; 4. Lyric Poetry in
the Puritan Era; 5. Lyric Poetry in the Restoration Era; 6. Lyric Poems
from the Restoration Dramatists; 7. The Romantic Movement illustrated
by the study of certain poets of the Eighteenth Century; 8. Burns, the Lyrist.
VI. The British Essay in the Nineteenth Century; illustrated by the study
of, 1. The Edinburgh Reviewers (Jeffrey, Smith, and Brougham); 2. The
Blackwood Reviewers (Wilson and Lockhart); 3. Lamb; 4. Hazlitt; 5.
Hunt; 6. Landor; 7. DeQuincey; 8. Macaulay; 9. Bagehot; 10. Sir Arthur
Helps; 11. Carlyle; 12. Newman; 13. Arnold; 14. Pater; 15. Leslie
Stephen; 16. Ruskin.
Dissertation.—As an essential part of this course a dissertation showing
independent and original work will be required. The theme of this dissertation
may be selected by the student, with the Professor's approval; or, if
desired, will be assigned by the Professor, but in either case the subject must
be recorded by the Professor on or before January 15.
PH. D. COURSE.
This course will be, in some measure, adapted to the needs of the students
desiring to pursue it. Its purposes will be to cultivate more fully the love
of letters, to encourage independent and scholarly research, and to further
the art of literary expression. It will include the study of some writer, or
school of writers, or of some period or movement of literature, and will take
into consideration the political, social, and literary characteristics of the time
under discussion.
CORCORAN SCHOOL OF HISTORICAL SCIENCE.
Political Economy and Science of Society.
Professor Holmes.
In this class there are two courses, each of three lectures a week throughout
the session. Political Economy will be prosecuted for the B. A., and
Science of Society for the Ph. D. degree.
Political Economy.—In the treatment of this department of knowledge
there is no rigid adherence to the school of Smith, Ricardo and Mill. The
modification of older doctrines, necessitated by the increase of productive
inventions and productive operations, is steadily regarded. Attention is paid
to the inquiries and criticisms of Thornton, Cairnes, Jevons, Marshall, Nicholson,
etc.; and to the altered views propounded by Laveleye, Walker, and
the school of the Cathedrists and other German schools.
Text-Books.—Walker's Political Economy (advanced course); Mill's Political
Economy (abridged). A later book than Mill's, and special lectures will be introduced.
Science of Society.—In this (the Post-graduate course) is prosecuted
the investigation of the laws and movements, the growth, decay, and constitution
of Societies, in the different phases and stages of social development.
The necessary organic functions of society are studied in their several forms.
They are also regarded in their reciprocal relations and in their conjoint
action in successive forms of civilization. All systems are interpreted; no
ideal constitution is contemplated. The course is descriptive of processes by
which experienced results have been obtained, not speculative in advocacy
of theoretic dreams.
This class is dependent on notes for the Lectures, as no text-book exists or has been
attempted.
History.
Associate Professor Dabney.
General History.—In this class, which comprises the historical work required
for the B. A. degree, great stress is laid on the view that the career
of man, as revealed in History, is not a mere jumble of disconnected dates
and facts, but a continuous stream, having its sources and tributaries in the
far-off past, its outlet in the remote future. No attempt is made, however,
to traverse in the class-room the entire length of this stream; for, although
constant efforts are made to demonstrate the vital connection of nation with
nation, of generation with generation, and of anterior with ensuing conditions
of historical development, the lectures are confined to the more important
periods, the student being required to fill the gaps by private reading.
varied each year. Three lectures a week.
Text-Books.—Fisher's Outlines of Universal History; Abbott's Pericles and the
Golden Age of Athens; Froude's Cæsar; Capes's Age of the Antonines; Duruy's Middle
Ages; Seebohm's Era of the Protestant Revolution; Gardiner's Thirty Years' War;
Longman's Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War; Dabney's Causes of the
French Revolution; Morris's French Revolution and First Empire.
English and American History.—In this advanced class the principles
taught in the preceding course will be applied to a more special field;
and in order that the students may be encouraged to exercise independent
thought and judgment, they will be required to write essays on assigned
topics. Moreover, it should be distinctly understood that the text-books are
by no means regarded by the professor as infallible authorities. On the contrary,
some of them contain much that is emphatically rejected by him. And
yet such books may be exceedingly useful; for to educate a man is not to
stuff him full of cut-and-dried opinions, but rather to draw forth and develop
his own judgment by presenting to his mind opinions that oppose and even
clash violently with each other. With this end in view different text-books
are studied side by side, the professor giving his own views of each and encouraging
the students also to think for themselves. Graduates in General
History will derive most benefit from this course. It may be taken, however,
by others; and, as considerable attention will be paid to constitutional development,
students intending to study Law will find the course of advantage. Candidates
for the M. A. degree selecting History as one of their four subjects
must graduate both in this course and in the preceding. Three lectures a week.
Text-Books.—Gardiner's History of England; Green's Short History of the English
People; Gardiner's Atlas of English History; Percy Greg's History of the United States;
Thwaites's Colonies; Hart's Formation of the Union; Wilson's Division and Re-union;
Curry's Southern States of the American Union.
The Post-Graduate Course.—This course is designed for those students
who aim at the Ph. D. degree and expect to become professors of History.
A large amount of reading will be assigned, and frequent discussion of
important points will be held between student and professor. The aim will
be to cultivate the habit of original research; and, if History be the major
subject of a candidate for the doctorate, a dissertation embodying the fruits
of such research will be required.
SCHOOL OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY.
Professor Davis.
There are two classes arranged for two successive sessions.
The First Class studies during the first half-session, Deductive and Inductive
Logic; during the second half-session, Psychology. Three lectures
a week.
Text-Books.—The Professor's Elements of Deductive Logic, Elements of Inductive
Logic, Theory of Thought, and Elements of Psychology.
The Second Class studies during the first half-session, Ethics; during the
second half-session, Philosophy. Two lectures a week.
Text-Books.—The Professor's Essay in Ethics; Janet's La Morale; Lotze's Grundzüge
der Praktischen Philosophie; Paulsen's Introduction to Philosophy; Ueberweg's
History of Philosophy.
SCIENTIFIC SCHOOLS.
SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS.
Professor Venable.
This School embraces the following courses:
B. A. COURSE.
A.—First Year. This class meets three times a week (three hours), and
studies the Theory of Arithmetical Notations and Operations; Algebra through
the Binomial Theorem; Indeterminate Coefficients and Theory of Logarithms;
Geometry, Plane and Solid; Geometrical Analysis, with numerous exercises
for original solution; Elementary Plane Trigonometry, embracing the solution
of Triangles, with the use of Logarithms, and some applications to
problems of "Heights and Distances." The preparation desirable for this
class is a good knowledge of Arithmetic, of Algebraic Operations through
Equations of the Second Degree, and of the first three books of Plane
Geometry.
Text-Books.—Todhunter's Algebra; Venable's Legendre's Geometry, with collection
of exercises; Todhunter's Trigonometry for Beginners.
B.—Second Year. This class meets three times a week (three hours), and
studies Geometrical Analysis, with exercises for original solution; Plane
Geometry of two dimensions; Spherical Trigonometry, with applications;
more advanced Algebra, including elements of the Theory of Equations.
The preparation necessary for this class is a thorough knowledge of Algebra
through the Binomial Theorem and Logarithms; of Synthetic Geometry,
Plane and Solid, with a fair training in the original solution of Geometrical
problems; and a knowledge of the elements of Plane Trigonometry, including
the use of Logarithmic tables.
Text-Books.—Todhunter's Plane Trigonometry; Puckle's Conic Sections; Collection
of Exercises in Plane Geometry; Wells's Spherical Trigonometry; Notes on Geometrical
Conics.
Candidates for the B. A. degree who elect Mathematics must complete the
work of this course.
M. A. COURSE.
This class meets three times a week (four and a half hours), and studies
Analytical Geometry of three dimensions, through the discussion of the Conicoids
and some curves in space; Differential and Integral Calculus, with
various applications; a short course in the Calculus of Variations; the Theory
of Equations; and lectures on the History of Mathematics.
Text-Books.—The Professor's Printed Notes on Solid Geometry (Analytical); Todhunter's
Differential Calculus; Courtenay's Calculus; Todhunter's Integral Calculus;
Todhunter's Theory of Equations.
Candidates for the M. A. degree who elect Mathematics must complete
the work of both the above courses. Students who complete both courses
are entitled to a diploma of graduation in the School of Mathematics.
PH. D. COURSE.
In Pure Mathematics advanced work will be given in the Modern Higher
Geometry, Analytical Geometry, the Infinitesimal Calculus, Higher Algebra,
Quaternions, Determinants, and other subjects.
In Mixed Mathematics the student is required to pursue an extended
course of reading under the instruction and guidance of the Professor on the
applications of the Differential and Integral Calculus to Mechanics, Physical
Astronomy, and selected portions of Physics. A diploma of graduation is
conferred in Mixed Mathematics.
Text-Books.—Price's Infinitesimal Calculus, Vols. II. and III.; Cheyne's Planetary
Theory.
Candidates for the Ph. D. degree who elect Mathematics will be assigned
work in both directions. If Mathematics be the chief of the two studies
elected the course will extend over two years.
SCHOOL OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS.
Professor Thornton.
Adjunct Professor Echols.
The work of this School is divided between the Academical and the Engineering
Departments. In the former the following courses are offered, each
of three lectures a week:
General Mechanics.—In this course, which comprises the work in Mechanics
for the B. A. degree, the subjects studied are Statics, Strength of Materials,
Graphical Statics, and the Elementary Dynamics of a Particle and a
Rigid Body. Elementary mathematical methods are employed; but no
student is prepared to undertake the course who has not a sound working
knowledge of Algebra, Geometry, and Plane Trigonometry, with the elements
of Analytical Geometry.
Text-Books.—Arthur Thornton's Theoretical Mechanics; Bovey's Theory of Structures;
Lectures.
Analytical Mechanics.—This course comprises the work in Mechanics
for the M. A. degree. Free use is made of the methods of the Infinitesimal
Calculus, and only suitably-prepared students will be admitted to it. The
subjects studied are the Dynamics of a Particle, Analytical Statics, and the
Dynamics of a Rigid Body.
Text-Books.—Williamson's Treatise on Dynamics; Tait and Steele's Dynamics of a
Particle; Routh's Analytical Statics; Pirie's Rigid Dynamics. For reference and parallel
reading, Minchin's Statics; Routh's Rigid Dynamics.
Post-Graduate work is offered also to candidates for the Ph. D. degree
and other students of Advanced Mathematics. The subjects pursued will be
the Theory of Elasticity, Hydrodynamics, and Thermodynamics. Extended
courses of reading are prescribed, lectures will be delivered on special
topics, and investigations will be planned and carried out in the Mechanical
Laboratory.
SCHOOL OF PRACTICAL ASTRONOMY.
Professor Stone.
B. A. AND M. A. COURSES.
General Astronomy.—First Year.—The aim of this course is to give
such a knowledge of the facts, principles, and methods of Astronomy as
every well-educated person should possess. The preparation required is a
good working knowledge of Arithmetic, Algebra through Quadratics, Plane
of Triangles.
Text-Book.—Young's General Astronomy.
Second Year.—This course is intended to elucidate selected portions of
the subject more fully and from a more strictly mathematical point of view
than can be taken in the course of the first year.
Text-Book.—Gauss's Theoria Motus (Davis's translation).
Candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Arts are required to complete
the work of the first year; those for the degree of Master of Arts must
pass examinations on the subjects embraced in both classes.
PH. D. COURSES.
Practical Astronomy, including a systematic training in making and reducing
astronomical observations; theory and use of the instruments of a fixed
observatory; methods of reducing observations; construction of star-catalogues.
Text-Books.—Doolittle's Practical Astronomy; Chauvenet's Spherical and Practical
Astronomy; various memoirs and volumes of observations in the Observatory Library.
Celestial Mechanics, with practice in numerical computations; general
laws of equilibrium and motion; formation and integration of the differential
equations of motion of a system of bodies subject to the laws of gravity.
Text-Book.—Tisserand's Mécanique Céleste.
A prescribed course in this School, to be agreed upon in a conference of
the professors interested, will be considered as the equivalent of the Graduate
Course in either Mathematics or Natural Philosophy for graduates in the
M. A. course of these schools.
The Astronomical Observatory is situated upon an elevation known
as Mount Jefferson, which furnishes an unobstructed horizon. The principal
building is a rotunda forty-five feet in diameter, and contains the great Clark
refractor of twenty-six inches aperture. The building and instrument are
the gift of Leander J. McCormick, Esq., of Chicago. The computing rooms
are adjoining, and contain clock, chronograph, etc., and a working library.
In a smaller building are a three-inch Fauth transit and a four-inch Kahler
equatorial.
SCHOOL OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.
Professor Smith.
This School offers four courses, each extending through the session of nine
months, and including lectures, text-book study, and laboratory work, as
follows:
General Physics.—The object of this course of lectures (which embraces
the work for the B. A. degree) is to furnish the student with an introduction
to Modern Physics. With the design of laying a scientific basis for
the course, a large space is given at the outset to the discussion of the
cardinal doctrines of motion, force, energy, and potential; and to their
simpler applications in the pressure and motion of sensible masses. This
discussion, while it is elementary, is designed to be in harmony with the
more thorough mathematical treatment of the same topics and to be a helpful
introduction to it.
With this preparation, the student proceeds to the subject of Molecular
Physics, prominence being given to those divisions, like Heat and Electricity,
in which the transformations of energy are most easily followed and measured.
Indeed, throughout the course the laws of energy are kept steadily in
view, and an attempt is made to exhibit the evidence, daily becoming stronger
and clearer, for the belief prevalent among scientists that the entire body of
Physics is a coherent and harmonious system of mechanical truth. This
course includes a series of exercises in the Physical Laboratory, selected
with a view of training the student in the measurement of phenomena.
Text-Books.—The Professor's Syllabus; Everett's Units and Physical Constants.
Sound and Light.—This course (which embraces the work for the M. A.
degree) treats of the theory of undulation and the transfer of Energy by
waves. It includes careful work in the Physical Laboratory.
Text-Books.—Preston's Theory of Light; Everett's Vibratory Motion and Sound;
Glazebrook's Practical Physics.
Electricity and Magnetism.—This class studies Electricity and Magnetism,
with special reference to Electrical Engineering, to which the course
is designed to be an introduction. Besides the mathematical theory, it embraces
Laboratory practice in electrical and magnetic measurements. To
enter this class, the student should be familiar with the elementary facts of
the science, and also with the simpler processes of differentiation and integration.
Text-Books.—Emtage; Ewing; Jackson.
Advanced Physics.—This course includes the study of original memoirs
in special departments of Physics, and of the history of Experimental
Science, together with laboratory work showing independent research. The
report of this work may be the dissertation offered for the attainment of the
Ph. D. degree.
The Physical Laboratory had at its disposal before the recent fire five
connected apartments, all on the same floor. One of these was also used as
a lecture-room; another one was permanently darkened, and in two others
massive piers as to be practically free from sensible tremors. The needful
appliances, in the way of fixtures and apparatus, had been so far supplied as
to furnish a sufficient range of practice for undergraduates, and some facilities
for the advanced student in Practical Physics.[1]
These rooms were destroyed by the fire. It is the purpose of the authorities to restore them in
a much improved form. Should the new apartments not be ready by the autumn of 1896, temporary
arrangements will be made, adequate to the needs of the school.
SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY.
Professor Mallet.
In this School the following courses are offered:
General Chemistry.—This course consists of three lectures a week
throughout the session. The fundamental ideas of chemical science, the relations
of Chemistry to Physics, the laws expressing the facts of chemical
combination by weight and by volume, the atomic theory as at present developed
in connection with Chemistry, the chemical nomenclature and symbols
now in use, and a general survey of the Descriptive Chemistry of the
elements and their compounds, inorganic and organic, are brought forward
in order, with incidental allusion to the applications in the arts and manufactures
of the facts mentioned.
Text-Books.—Fownes's Chemistry (last edition); Syllabus of the Professor's Lectures.
Recommended for Reference.—Roscoe and Schorlemmer's (or Miller's) Elements of
Chemistry; Lothar Meyer's Outlines of Theoretical Chemistry (English translation);
Bernthsen's Text-book of Organic Chemistry, translated by McGowan; Watt's Dictionary
of Chemistry.
Industrial Chemistry.—This course, in which also three lectures a week
are delivered, examines in detail the chemical principles and processes
specially concerned in the more important arts and manufactures, upon
which the development of the natural resources of the country in large measure
depends, the opportunity being thus presented of preparation for such
positions as those of the miner and metallurgist, the chemical manufacturer,
the dyer, bleacher, tanner, sugar-refiner, etc.
Text-Book.—Wagner's Chemical Technology. Recommended for Reference.—Richardson
and Watts's Chemical Technology; Muspratt's Chemistry as Applied to Arts and
Manufactures; Ure's Dictionary of Arts and Manufactures; Girardin's Leçons de Chimie
Élémentaire appliquée aux Arts Industriels; Percy's Metallurgy, etc.
The lectures in both courses are illustrated by suitable experiments, and
by such specimens, models, drawings, etc., as the various subjects require.
of Industrial Chemistry have been procured at much expense and pains in
this country, England, France and Germany, and are unusually extensive
and good; amongst the best on this side of the Atlantic.
In both courses there are one or more reviews each week of the subjects
under discussion, involving questions put by, as well as to, the students; and
exercises in writing are from time to time given out to afford practice in the
calculations which are needed by the chemist.
Post-Graduate work is offered in either course, and either or both may
be taken by the candidate for the Ph. D. degree. Laboratory work will be
required on subjects involving original investigation. Advanced reading
may also be prescribed, especially in the shape of the literature of particular
topics, to be looked up from various sources and condensed by the student.
Graduation in General Chemistry is required for the B. A. degree, graduation
in both General and Industrial Chemistry for the M. A. For admission
to a post-graduate course in the School of Chemistry or in the School of
Analytical Chemistry, previous graduation in both the schools named will be
required; but this part of the requirement may be waived, provided satisfactory
evidence be furnished that the student has already made equivalent
attainments elsewhere.
SCHOOL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY.
Professor Dunnington.
The regular work of this School, constituting a complete course in Practical
Chemistry, is arranged in two divisions, as follows:
1. A regularly arranged course in Chemical Manipulation is first given.
This is followed by Blow-pipe Analysis and Fire Assays of ores of lead, silver,
and gold. A systematic course in Inorganic Qualitative Analysis follows,
with practice in the analysis of mixtures of salts, alloys, ores, and so
on. Stoichiometry is taught by exercises and occasional lectures. Instruction
in the elements of Quantitative Analysis completes this division of the
course, which extends over the first half-session.
2. The work of the second division is an extended course of Quantitative
Analysis, both gravimetric and volumetric. The student determines the
composition of ores, minerals, clays, soils, manures, technical products, and
so on. As he advances in the course he is encouraged to undertake original
research and assisted in its prosecution; and, in determining his fitness for
graduation, work of this kind is considered as having great weight.
Five lessons are given each week, and the Laboratory is open to students
six days in the week during all the working hours of the day.
Students may matriculate either for the Full Course or for the First Course,
but candidates for graduation are required to complete the Full Course.
Those who accomplish it are prepared for work as Analytical Chemists,
Assayers, or Teachers of Chemistry.
Among the works recommended to laboratory students are: Fresenius's Qualitative
and Quantitative Analysis; Venable's Qualitative Analysis (2d ed.); Greville Williams's
Hand-book of Chemical Manipulation; Woehler's Examples for Practice in Chemical
Analysis; Foye's Hand-book of Mineralogy; A. Classen's Elementary Quantitative
Analysis.
In addition to the foregoing, the following Special Courses are given in
this School. They are open without additional charge to the regular students
of the School. For fees to others, see Expenses.
1. A laboratory course on Determinative Mineralogy for students of
Engineering, embracing Blow-pipe Analysis, Determinative Mineralogy, and
the application of chemical processes to the examination of potable waters,
coals, clays, building stones, and other materials employed in Engineering.
2. A laboratory course in Assaying, including all of the above mentioned
course on Determinative Mineralogy, together with Fire Assaying of
ores of lead, silver, gold, etc., and practice in volumetric and galvanic determinations,
such as are commonly employed in the valuation of certain
technical products and ores.
3. A laboratory course of twelve lessons in Practical Pharmacy, including
the compounding and dispensing of drugs. The pursuit of this course
will enable the practitioner satisfactorily to dispense medicines, and it will
afford him needed familiarity with handling chemicals and the forms of
prescriptions.
4. A course of twenty-four lectures on Agricultural Chemistry, including
a discussion of the chemical and physical properties of the atmosphere,
of soils and of plants; the chemistry of the processes of vegetable life as far
as they are related to Agriculture; the chemical composition and preparation
of manures; the chemistry of stock feeding, and so on. This course is open
without charge to students from Virginia and to farmers who are not matriculated
students.
For Reference.—Johnston's and Cameron's Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and
Geology (17th ed.); Johnson's How Crops Grow; Johnson's How Crops Feed; Armsby's
Manual of Cattle Feeding.
The Post-Graduate Course comprises practice in the more elaborate
processes of analysis, study of methods, and original investigations in the
economic interest.
The Chemical Laboratory is a building planned and erected for the purpose.
It is warmed throughout by hot water, completely fitted with the most
approved appliances, and stocked with apparatus, models, materials, and
specimens. The commodious lecture-room, with work and store-rooms attached,
is provided with every convenience for exhibiting a complete series
of experiments illustrating the lectures on General Chemistry. The large
room assigned to Analytical Chemistry will accommodate fifty working students,
and is furnished with work-tables, gas, water, and all proper laboratory
fixtures; smaller rooms are devoted to weighing, evaporations, assaying,
etc., and all requisite apparatus, chemicals, minerals, materials for analysis,
etc., are kept constantly supplied by home purchase and importation.
The Museum of Industrial Chemistry, contained in the same building,
consists of a very large number of specimens, collected at much expense and
pains in this country and abroad, to illustrate the products and processes of
Chemistry applied to the arts and manufactures, and is so arranged as to be
a most valuable aid to the student of Industrial Chemistry.
CORCORAN SCHOOL OF NATURAL HISTORY AND GEOLOGY.
Professor Fontaine.
In this School two subjects are taught, Geology and Descriptive Mineralogy.
There are two courses—first, a course embracing the requisites in Geology for
the attainment of the degree of Bachelor of Arts; and second, a course
covering what is required in Mineralogy and Geology for the degree of Master
of Arts.
B. A. COURSE.
Three lectures a week will be given throughout the session. The design
of the course is to enable the student to obtain such a knowledge of the
science of Geology as should be possessed by a well-educated man. As full
an exposition of the fundamental principles will be given as the time will
allow.
Text-Books.—Dana's Manual of Geology. The instruction will be in part by lecture.
M. A. COURSE.
This course consists of two divisions, one in Mineralogy, the other in
Geology.
Mineralogy.—The course in Mineralogy closes with the examination which
takes place in January. Three lectures a week are given in it. In this
course attention is paid to crystallography, and especially to the physical
properties of minerals. In Descriptive Mineralogy the relations, geological
occurrence, and history of the individual species are made prominent.
Geology.—This division of the course begins after the examination on
Mineralogy in January. Three lectures a week will be given. A knowledge
of the principles taught in the B. A. course will be assumed. The more
general and complicated problems in all the branches of Geology will be dealt
with in this course. As thorough a treatment as possible will be given of
Stratigraphy, Lithology, and Palæontology. More stress will be laid on the
methods of field-work and the application of geological principles. The aim
will be to give such a knowledge of the subject as may be useful to the
student in bread-winning pursuits, or may serve as a basis for the more specialized
course required for the attainment of the degree of Ph. D.
Text-Books.—Dana's Manual of Geology. For Reference.—Geikie's Text-Book of
Geology. The instruction will be in part by lecture.
PH. D. COURSE.
The Post-Graduate Course in this School is so arranged as to enable the
student to concentrate his efforts in some special line of study. Selections
will be made from one or both of the subjects taught in the School. The
work will be adapted to the wants of the student, and, as far as possible,
original research will be required in the treatment of the branches chosen.
Candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Arts are required to pass in
the B. A. Course, and those for the degree of Master of Arts in the M.
A. Course in Geology and in Mineralogy, in addition to the B. A. Course.
For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy the candidate must, in addition
to the requisites for the degree of Master of Arts, complete the Post-Graduate
Course.
The Lewis Brooks Museum contains collections illustrating the main
sub-divisions of Natural History. Each of the collections is arranged so as
to exemplify the principles of the science, and at the same time offers a large
variety of subjects for advanced study. In Geology the specimens show all
the different kinds of rocks, classified according to mineral character and the
formations in which they occur; the collection of fossils, plaster casts, maps,
etc., is exceptionally fine, and fully illustrates Historical Geology. In Mineralogy
the principles of the science are made plain by well-chosen suits of
specimens, models of crystals, etc.; the general collection of minerals contains
all the important minerals, and many of the rarer ones, in good specimens.
skeletons, stuffed animals, dried specimens, plaster casts, etc. In Botany the
collections contain charts, papier-maché models of flowers and fruits, sections
of wood, etc.; the bulk of the collection is in the form of an herbarium,
selected from the most important and interesting botanical regions of the
world. In addition to the above, a beginning has been made of a collection
to illustrate the geology and mineralogy of the State of Virginia, and this
will be increased as rapidly as possible.
These large and carefully selected collections of geological and mineralogical
objects afford unsurpassed facilities for the full illustration of the principles
taught. As free access to these collections is allowed the student, he
can find in their study an opportunity, rarely obtained, for gaining a practical
acquaintance with natural objects acquired from various parts of the
world, and chosen for their typical character. These collections are especially
useful to students pursuing Post-Graduate courses of study in Geology and
Mineralogy.
The Professor, when the number of applicants is sufficient, organizes a
party of geological exploration. The field-work is done in the month of
July, and is entirely optional with the students. Persons engaged in the
study of Geology and Mineralogy may, although not members of the University
class, with the consent of the Professor, and on paying $25 to the
Proctor, join the exploring party.
MILLER SCHOOL OF BIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE.
Professor Tuttle.
The work of this School is designed to meet the wants of students who
desire such knowledge of the principles of Biology and of the methods of
biological research as should properly form part of a liberal education, or
who desire such training as will fit them for independent work as students or
as teachers in that department of knowledge; and of those who seek such
acquaintance with the facts and laws of Biology as will prepare them for an
intelligent study of the relations of Biology to Agriculture.
Two introductory courses are offered, each of which is intended to serve
as a means of rendering the student familiar with the method, the aims, and
the fundamental laws of Biology while he is engaged in the one case with
the study of plants, in the other with that of a large and important group
of animals. Each course consists of three lectures a week throughout the
exercises. Graduation in either of these courses may be offered as one
of the electives for the degree of Bachelor of Arts.
I. Botany.—This course comprises a brief survey of the principal groups
of the Vegetable Kingdom, beginning with the lowest and simplest forms.
As the more complex forms are reached, their histology is discussed in its
physiological as well as its morphological relations. Special attention is paid,
as far as time will permit, to those groups of plants which have special economic
importance, and to the flora of the region. On account of the great
economic and sanitary importance of the Bacteria, their morphology and
physiology is made the subject of a special course of lectures before the students
of the Medical Department as a suitable preliminary to the specific
discussion of the principal pathogenic species in the School of Pathology. To
this course members of the class in Botany are admitted at their option.
Text-Books.—Warming's Systematic Botany (Potter tr.); Gray's Manual (6th edition).
II. Comparative Anatomy.—This course is devoted to the study of the
anatomy, histology, and embryology of Vertebrata, and to the principles
of animal physiology. The anatomical and histological structure of the
vertebrate body will be studied, as illustrated by a representative series of
forms; and one or more systems of organs discussed and examined comparatively
in both the adult and the developing organism. The amount of histological
work involved in this course includes (and exceeds) that of the
course in Histology of the Medical Department; and members of the class
who pass with the required standing will receive credit for that subject in
the medical course if they so desire.
Text-Books.—Wiedersheim's Comparative Anatomy (Parker tr.); Parker's Zootomy;
the Professor's Notes on Histology and Embryology.
In addition to the introductory or B. A. courses above described, the following
advanced courses are offered to students prepared to undertake them. In
each the work will be chiefly done in the laboratory, the student being in
large measure independent of his associates; such lectures will be given from
time to time and such reading indicated as will aid the student in an independent
investigation of the subject in hand. The relation of these courses
to degrees is indicated below; the completion of course V, as a Ph. D. course,
involves summer work at a seaside laboratory as an essential.
III. Vegetable Morphology.—An advanced course in Botany, devoted
chiefly to the study of the Algae and Fungi, and to the Histology of the
Vascular Plants. The completion of Course I., or its equivalent either here
or elsewhere, is required as a preliminary to this course.
Text-Books.—Bennett and Murray's Cryptogamic Botany; Strasburger's Practical
Botany (Hillhouse tr.). The library of the department contains numerous standard
works of reference.
IV. Vertebrate Morphology.—An advanced course based on Course II.,
the completion of which, or its equivalent, is required as preliminary. The
work will consist of more detailed comparative study of vertebrate structure
and development, and of the forms which may be regarded as phylogenetically
related to the Vertebrate stock.
Text-Books will be indicated as needed. The library of the department contains a
good amount of standard and periodical literature bearing on the subject of this course.
Courses III. and IV. will not both be given the same year, that one being
chosen which is elected by the greater number of eligible students, at the
beginning of the session.
Graduation in Courses I. and II. and either III. or IV. will be required
of candidates for a diploma of graduation in the School of Biology, and of
those offering Biology as one of their electives for the degree of Master of
Arts.
V. Zoology.—This course, open to graduate students only, includes the
study of Animal Morphology, as illustrated by the Anatomy, Histology
and, as far as possible, the Embryology of a series of representative species
chosen from the principal divisions of the Animal Kingdom, the principles
of classification, and the arrangement of the various orders and classes of
animals in larger groups as indicated by their structural affinities.
Text-Books.—Rolleston's Forms of Animal Life; Claus's Text-Book of Zoology;
Lang's Text-Book of Comparative Anatomy; Balfour's Embryology.
This course will be required of all students who elect Biology as one of
their studies for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy; those who choose it as
a major study will be required, in addition, to do such work as may be
assigned to them individually.
VI. Practical Biology and Agriculture.—The relations of Biology to
Agriculture are so manifold, and the subdivisions of the latter subject so
numerous, that it would be impossible to exhaust the discussion of either in
the work of any one year. A course consisting in part of lectures and in
part of an equivalent amount of practical work and collateral reading will
be offered yearly. It will include the discussion of selected topics pertaining
to Economic Botany (such as the diseases or the parasites of plants, the
natural history of cultivated varieties, and the like); to Economic Zoology
(such as the life-history and treatment of injurious or beneficial insects, external
or internal parasites, the special anatomy and physiology of the
domestic animals, etc.); and to questions connected with the Principles of
and tillage of soils, systems of rotation and allied topics).
Text-Books for 1896-'97.—Ward's Timber and its Diseases; Hough's Elements of
Forestry; Chauveau's Anatomy of the Domestic Animals.
Candidates for a diploma of graduation in Biology and Agriculture are
required to complete Courses I., II. and VI.
The Biological Laboratory is well provided with instruments for the gross
and minute dissection of animals and plants; microscopes, microtomes, reagents,
and materials for the staining and mounting of preparations; apparatus for
photography and microphotography, and other necessary appliances, not only
for student work, but for investigation and research as well. In addition to
the large and valuable collections of the Brooks Museum, an abundant
supply of other necessary specimens and material is furnished. A library
of reference is attached to the Laboratory, and students have access to a number
of leading biological and agricultural journals, thus acquiring practice
in the intelligent use of current literature.
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