University of Virginia catalogue

Junior Class.—This class meets three times a week (4½ hours), and
studies Theory of Arithmetical Notations and Operations; Algebra through
the Binomial Theorem; Geometry, Plane and Solid; Geometrical Analysts,
with numerous exercises for original solution; Elementary Plane Trigonome
try, embracing the solution of Triangles, with the use of Logarithms, and
some applications to problems of "Heights and Distances." The prepara
tion desirable for it is a good knowledge of Arithmetic, of Algebraic Ope
rations through Equations of the Second Degree, and of the first three books
of Plane Geometry.

Text books—Todhunter's Algebra; Venable's Legendre's Geometry, with collection o
exercises; Todhunter's Trigonometry for Beginners.

Intermediate Class.—This class meets twice a week (3 hours), and
studies Geometrical Analysis, with exercises for original solution; Plane
Trigonometry, with applications; Analytical Geometry of two dimensions;
Spherical Trigonometry, with applications; Elements of the Theory of
Equations. The preparation desirable for this class is a thorough knowledge

of Algebra through the Binomial Theorem and Logarithms; of Synthetic
Geometry, Plane and Solid, with a good training in the solution of Geometrical
problems; and a knowledge of the elements of Plane Trigonometry,
including the use of Logarithmic tables.

Text-books.—Snowball's or Todhunter's Trionmetry, Puckle's Come Sctions, The Professor's
collection of Exercises in Plane Geometry.

Senior Class.—This class meets three times a week (4½ hours), and
studies Analytical Geometry of three dimensions, through the discussion of
the Conicoids and some curves in space; Differential and Integral Calculus,
with various applications; a short course in the Calculus of Variations; the
Theory of Equations; and lectures on the History of Mathematics.

Text-books.—The Professor's Notes on Solid Geometry Analytical); Todhunter's
Differential Calculus; Williamson's Integral Calculus; Courtenay's Calculus; Todhunter's
Theory of Equations.

Candidates for graduation in Pure Mathematics are required to pursue in
the University the study of both the Intermediate and Senior Classes.

II. Mixed Mathematics.

This course is designed for those students who may desire to prosecute their
studies beyond the limits of Pure Mathematics. It embraces an extended
course of reading under the instruction and guidance of the Professor on the
applications of the Differential and Integral Calculus to Mechanics, Physical
Astronomy, and selected portions of Physics. The class in Mixed Mathematics
meets once a week. A diploma of graduation is conferred in Mixed
Mathematics.

Text-books—Price's Infinitesimal Calculus, Vols. II. and III.; Cheyne's Planetary Theory.

The instruction in each class in the School of Mathematics is conveyed
partly by lectures and partly by the systematic study of approved text-books.
The progress of the student in each class is tested constantly by his being
called upon to apply the principles acquired to the independent solution of
selected problems.

SCHOOL OF PRACTICAL ASTRONOMY.

Professor Stone.

The courses in this school are arranged primarily for persons proposing to
become practical astronomers. The course in General Astronomy, however,
is adapted to those who desire to pursue the subject as a part of their general

education; while the courses in Celestial Mechanics are recommended to
graduate students in Mathematics. Each class meets twice a week.

The courses pursued are as follows:

I. General Astronomy, with exercises in the use of logarithms and in
the application of trigonometrical formulæ to the solution of astronomical
problems.

Text-book.—Young's General Astronomy.

II. Practical Astronomy, including a systematic training in making
and reducing astronomical observations.

Junior.—Least squares; interpolation; Practical Astronomy as applied to
Geodesy and Navigation.

Jenior.—Theory and use of the instruments of a fixed observatory; construction
of star catalogues.

Text-books.—Doolittle's Practical Astronomy; Chauvenet's Spherical and Practical
Astronomy; various memoirs and volumes of observations in the Observatory Library.

III. Celestial Mechanics, with practice in numerical computations.

Junior.—Relations referring to position in orbit and space; determination
of an undisturbed orbit; special perturbations.

Senior.—General laws of equilibrium and motion; formation and integration
of the differential equations of motion of a system of bodies subject
to the laws of gravity.

Text-books.—Oppolzer's Lehrbuch zur Bahnbestimmung; Gauss's Theoria Motus; Laplace's
Mécanique Céleste; Tisserand's Mécanique Céleste.

SCHOOL OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.

Professor Smith.

This school includes two courses, as follows:

I. General Physics.

Junior Class.—The object of the course of lectures to this class is to furnish
the student with an introduction to Modern Physics, and to acquaint
him with its methods of investigation. With the design of laying a thoroughly
scientific basis for the course, a large space is given at the outset to
the discussion of the cardinal doctrines of motion, force, energy, and potential,
and to their simpler applications in the pressure and motion of sensible
masses.

This discussion, while it is elementary, is designed to be in harmony with
more thorough mathematical treatment of the same topics and to be a
helpful introduction to it.

With this preparation the student proceeds to the subject of Molecular
Physics, embracing Sound, Light, Heat, and Electricity. Throughout the
course the laws of energy are kept steadily in view, and an attempt is made
to exhibit the evidence, daily becoming stronger and clearer, for the belief
prevalent among scientists that the entire body of Physics is a coherent and
harmonious system of mechanical truth.

Members of the Junior Class are admitted at suitable times to the Physical
Laboratory, where they repeat and extend the experiments of the lecture-room.
Such exercise is required of candidates for the B. A. degree, but
is optional with others. Experience shows that this privilege is highly valued
and extensively used.

Text-books for '90-'91.—The Professor's Syllabus; Everett's Units and Physical Constants.
For reference: Anthony and Brackett's Text-book of Physics; Glazebrook's Practical
Physics.

Senior Class.—This class studies selected portions of Elementary Mathematical
Physics. The members of the class are required to spend about two
months in the Physical Laboratory.

Text-books for '90-'91.—The Professor's Syllabus; Everett's Wave Motion; Anthony and Brackett's Text-book of Physics; Glazebrook's Practical Physics.

Candidates for graduation in Natural Philosophy are required to attend
only the foregoing classes.

II. Practical Physics.

This course is for students preparing to become teachers of science, or
desiring to push their studies in Physics beyond the limits of the undergraduate
course. The instruction is partly theoretical and partly experimental,
embracing the following topics:

Theoretical.—Reduction of observations; Method of Least Squares;
Graphical representation of results; Interpolation; Essays on prescribed Physical
topics.

Experimental.—In this, the main portion of the course, the student will
learn physical manipulation, and the use of instruments by actual practice in
the Physical Laboratory. (1.) Lecture-room Apparatus and Lecture-room
Experiments. (2) Physical Measurements and "Instruments of Precision."

Text-books.—Merriman's Method of Least Squares; Kohlrausch's Physical Measurements.

SCHOOL OF GENERAL AND INDUSTRIAL
CHEMISTRY.

Professor Mallet.

In this school there are two courses, as follows:

I. General Chemistry.

This course consists of three lectures a week throughout the session. The
fundamental ideas of chemical science, the relations of Chemistry to Physics,
the laws regulating chemical combination by weight and by volume, the
atomic theory as at present viewed in connection with Chemistry, the chemical
nomenclature and symbols now in use, and a general survey of the
descriptive chemistry of the elements and their compounds, inorganic and
organic, are brought forward in order, with incidental allusion to the applications
in medicine, the arts and manufactures, of the facts mentioned.

Text-book.—Fownes's Chemistry (last edition). Recommended for reference: Roscoe
and Schorlemmer's (or Miller's) Elements of Chemistry; Watt's Dictionary of Chemistry.

II. Industrial Chemistry.

This course, in which also three lectures a week are delivered, examines in
detail the chemical principles and processes specially concerned in the more
important arts and manufactures, upon which the development of the natural
resources of the country in large measure depends, the opportunity being
thus presented of preparation for such positions as those of the miner and
metallurgist, the chemical manufacturer, the dyer, bleacher, tanner, sugar
refiner, etc.

Text-book.—Wagner's Chemical Technology. Recommended for reference: áichardson
and Watt's Chemical Technology; Muspratt's Chemistry as Applied to Arts and Manufactures;
Ure's Dictionary of Arts and Manufactures; Girardin's Léâons de Chimie Elémentaire
appliquée aux Arts Industriels; Percy's Metallurgy, etc.

The lectures in both these courses are illustrated by suitable experiments,
and by such specimens, models, drawings, etc., as the various subjects
require. The collections of the University in illustration of the processes and
products of Industrial Chemistry have been procured at much expense and
pains in this country, England, France, and Germany, and are unusually
extensive and good—amongst the best on this side of the Atlantic.

In both courses there are one or more reviews each week of the subjects
under discussion, involving questions put by, as well as to, the students; and

exercises in writing are from time to time given out to afford practice in the
calculations which are needed by the chemist.

In the course of Chemistry for the B. A. degree, the lectures on Chemical
Physics may be omitted by the student.

SCHOOL OF ANALYTICAL AND AGRICULTURAL
CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACY.

Professor Dunnington.

The regular work of this School, constituting a complete course in Practical
Chemistry, is arranged in two divisions, as follows:

I. A regularly-arranged course in Chemical Maniulation is first given.
This is followed by Blowpipe Analysis and Fire Assays of ores of lead, silver
and gold. A systematic course in Inorganic Qualitative Analysis follows
with practice in the analysis of mixtures of salts, alloys, ores, and so on,
and in Determinative Mineralogy. Instruction in the elemnts of Quantitative
Analysis completes this division of the course, which extends over the
first half session.

II. The work of the second division is an extended course of Quantitative
Analysis, both gravimetric and volumetric. The student determines the
composition of ores, minerals, clays, soils, manures, technical products, and
so on.

As he advances in the course he is encouraged to undertake original
research and assisted in its prosecution; and in determining his fitness for
graduation, work of this sort is considered as having great weight.

Five lessons are given each week, and the Laboratory is open to students
six days in the week during all the working hours of the day.

Students may matriculate either for the Full Course or for the First Course;
but candidates for graduation are required to complete the Full Course.
Those who accomplish it are prepared for work as Analytical Chemists,
Assayers, or Teachers of Chemistry.

Among the works recommended to laboratory students are: Freenu's Qualitative and
Quantitative Analysis; Greville Williams's Hand book of Chemical Manipulation; Woehler's
Examples for Practice in Chemical Analysis; Foye's Hand Book of Mineralogy; Odling's
Practical Chemistry for Medical Students; A. Clasen's Elementary Quantitative Analysis.

In addition to the foregoing the following Special Courses are given in
this School. They are open without additional charge to the regular students
of the School. For fees to others, see Expenses.

1. A laboratory course on Determinative Mineralogy for students of
Engineering, embracing Blowpipe Analysis, Determinative Mineralogy, and
the application of chemical processes to the examination of potable waters,
clays, building-stones, and other materials employed in Engineering.

2. A laboratory course of sixteen lessons on the Medical Applications
of Chemistry; the detections of poisons, the chemical and microscopical
examination of urine and blood, and so on.

3. A laboratory course of twelve lessons in Practical Pharmacy,
including the compounding and dispensing of drugs.

4. A lecture course of twenty-four lessons on Agricultural Chemistry,
including the chemical and physical properties of the atmosphere, of soils
and of plants; the chemistry of the processes of vegetable life; the chemical
composition and preparation of manures, and so on. This course is
open without charge to farmers.

Text books.—Johnston's and Cameron's Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology
(12th edition). For Reference: Johnson's How Crops Grow; Johnson's How Crops Feed;
Lupton's Elementary Principles of Scientific Agriculture.

CORCORAN SCHOOL OF NATURAL HISTORY AND
GEOLOGY.

Professor Fontaine.

In this School there are two regular classes—Geology and Mineralogy.

Geology.—This subject is taught during the entire session, and three
lectures a week are devoted to it until the examination in Mineralogy, which
takes place usually in the latter part of February; thereafter five lectures a
week are given to Geology until the final examination, which takes place late
in April. The aim of the course of instruction is to give as thorough an
exposition of the fundamental principles of the science as possible, and to
teach the student how to use them in practical work in the field.

Text-book.—Le Conte's Elements of Geology. For Reference: Dana's Manual, and
Lyell's Elements and Principles of Geology. The teaching is chiefly by lecture.

Mineralogy.—This subject is studied until the intermediate examination
in February. Two lectures a week are devoted to it. Special attention
is paid to crystallography, as well as to the chemical and physical
properties of minerals. In Descriptive Mineralogy, the geological occurrence,
and the importance and relations of the species are made prominent.

Text book.—Dana's Manual of Mineralogy and Lithology. For Reference: Dana's Textbook
of Mineralogy. The teaching is chiefly by lecture.

The large and carefully selected collections of geological and mineralogical
objects found in the Lewis Brooks Museum of Natural History afford
unsurpassed facilities for the full illutration of the principles taught. As
free access to these collections is allowed the tudent, he can find in their
study an opportunity, rarely obtained, for gaining a practical acquaintance
with natural objects acquired from various parts of the world, and chosen for
their typical character. Thee collections are especially ueful to students
pursuing graduate courses of study in Geology and Mineralogy.

The Professor, when the number of applicants is sufficient, organizes a
party for Geological exploration. The field work is done in the month of
July, and is entirely optional with the students. Persons engaged in the
study of Geology and Mineralogy may, although not members of the University
class, with the consent of the Professor, and on paying $25 to the
Proctor, join the exploring party.

MILLER SCHOOL OF BIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE.

Professor Tuttle.

The work of this School is specially designed to meet the wants of two
classes of students: those who desire such knowledge of the principles of
Biology as will prepare them for an intelligent study of the relations of
Biology to Agriculture, as well as of the principles of Agriculture regarded
as a practical application of biological knowledge; and those who seek
such knowledge of the facts and laws of Biology and the methods of biological
research as will fit them for independent work as students or as teachers
of that science. In accordance with this plan, two courses are offered,
arranged in three classes, as follows:

Class in General Biology.—This work is alike in both courses; its
object is to make known the fundamental facts and laws of plant and animal
life by means of the direct study in the laboratory of a series of representative
forms, the accompanying lectures being explanatory of or supplemental
to the practical work of the student.

It is found convenient to arrange the work of this year in two parallel lines,
either of which may be pursued alone by those who desire. Two lectures a
week, with associated laboratory work, are devoted to the tudy of representative
animals, taking into consideration their physiological anatomy, their
histology, and their embryology, as well as the morphological relations which
these indicate; thus forming an elementary course in Zoology. One lecture

a week, with accompanying practical work, is given to a corresponding study
of plants, including the subjects of Descriptive and Systematic Botany.

Text books.—Brooks's Handbook of Invertebrate Zoölogy; Marshall and Hurst's Practical
Zoölogy; Bessey's Botany; Gray's Manual.

The advanced work of the course in Biology and Agriculture is as follows:

Class in Practical Biology and Agriculture.—The relations of
Biology to Agriculture are so manifold, and the subdivisions of the latter
subject so numerous, that no attempt will be made to exhaust the discussion
of either in the work of any one year. A course of two lectures a week,
with associated practical work, and collateral reading, will be offered yearly;
in each case including the discussion of selected topics pertaining to Economic
Botany, such as the physiology, the diseases or the parasites of plants,
the natural history of cultivated varieties, and the like; to Economic
Zoology, including such subjects as the life-history and treatment of injurious
or beneficial insects, external and internal parasites, the anatomy and
physiology of the domestic animals, etc.; and to the principles of Agriculture,
such as the laws of the growth and nutrition of crops, the drainage and
tillage of soils, systems of rotation, and other subjects connected with the
theory and practice of the art of Agriculture; including a critical discussion
of the methods and results of agricultural experimentation.

Text-books will be assigned from year to year in accordance with the subjects
chosen for study.

The advanced work of the course in Biology is as follows:

Class in Biology and Comparative Anatomy.—Two lectures a
week with associated laboratory work throughout the session are devoted to
the Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology of Vertebrates, one or more systems
of organs being specially discussed and examined comparatively both
in the adult and the developing organism.

Text-books—Flower's Osteology of the Mammalia; Wiedersheim's Comparative Anatomy of
Vertebrates; Foster and Balfour's Embryology.

GRADUATE COURSES.

School of Mathematics.—The graduate course includes the course of
Mixed Mathematics, with advanced studies in Modern Higher Geometry,
Infinitesimal Calculus, and Higher Algebra. For those candidates for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy who select the Mathematics as their chief
study, the graduate course will extend through two sessions.

School of Practical Astronomy.—A prescribed course in this School,
to be agreed upon in a conference of the Professors interested, will be considered
as the equivalent of the graduate course in either Mathematics or
Natural Philosophy for graduates of these schools.

School of Natural Philosophy.—The graduate studies are those of
the Course in Practical Physics.

School of General and Industrial Chemistry.—The principal part
of the graduate course will consist of laboratory work on subjects of original
investigation. Advanced reading may also be prescribed, especially in the
shape of the bibliography of particular topics, to be looked up from various
sources and condensed by the student.

School of Analytical and Agricultural Chemistry.—The graduate
course comprises practice in the more elaborate processes of analysis, study
of methods, and original investigations in the composition of rare minerals
and technical products presenting scientific or economic interest.

School of Natural History and Geology.—In this School subjects
will be selected from one or both of the branches included in the School,
and assigned to the students. As far as possible, original research will be
required in the treatment of the subjects chosen.

School of Biology and Agriculture.—Graduate work is offered for
students who have completed either of the advanced courses. It will consist
of original investigations of Biological Problems of practical or scientific
interest, under the direction of the Professor. Subjects of research will be
assigned to each student individually.

N. B.—Graduation in a School is a prerequisite to admission to the advanced
Graduate Course of that School. For admission to a graduate course
in the School of General and Industrial Chemistry, or in the School of
Analytical and Agricultural Chemistry, previous graduation in both the
schools named will be required; but this part of the requirement may be
waived, provided satisfactory evidence be furnished that the student has
already made equivalent attainments elsewhere.

University of Virginia Library

SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT.

SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS.

Professor Venable.

I. Pure Mathematics.