University of Virginia catalogue

Junior Class.—A student who is able to read Cæsar or Vergil, and has a
proper acquaintance with the Forms, is prepared to enter this class. The
class begins with Sallust or a writer of like difficulty. Systematic attention
is given to the study of the Forms. The syntactical work is the study of the
Case-relations, the exact force of the Tenses, and a consecutive outline of the
connections in which the Subjunctive Mood is required. Principles and facts
explained are applied by frequent exercises in Latin Composition. The
reading is confined to selected portions of Sallust, Ovid, Curtius, and Vergil.
A limited amount from each author is prescribed for private reading. For
the examinations, passages are selected for translation from the Latin assigned
as private reading. There are two examinations—the Intermediate, held
about the middle of the session; the Final, at its close. These examinations
are conducted in writing.

Intermediate Class.—Work in this class will be directed to the acquirement
of readiness in translation and syntactical interpretation, with as little
specialistic investigation as is consistent with a general but sound and permanent
knowledge of the language. As an indispensable auxiliary to this
end written exercises in translating English into Latin and Latin into
English will be required. Proper attention will be given to Roman History

and Literature. The metrical work will be limited to the structure and
accurate recitation of the Dactylic, Anapæstic, Trochaic, and Iambic verses,
with the verses occurring in the odes of Horace. Translation will be confined
to Livy, Horace, Cicero, Seneca, or Tacitus. Selections from each
author will be assigned as parallel reading. There will be two written
examinations—Intermediate and inal.

Senior Class.—This class commences with Juvnal or Livy, and reads
during the session selected portons of Juvenal, Livy, Cicero, Seneca, Tacitus,
or a play of Plautus. The Cae relations are reviewed, and the Syntax
of the Verb is systematically presented. Latin versification is taken up
early in the session, and continued throughout the term. A theoretical
acquaintance with this subject is insufficient. Prompt identification and
correct recitation of every variety of Latin verse is insisted upon. A very
prominent place is assigned to Latin Composition as an indispensable means
of acquiring an exact knowledge of the Language. Portions of the authors
read in the Lecture-room are designated as parallel and private reading.
The object of parallel reading is to enable a student to acquire a more
copious vocabulary than is furnished by the limited amount of Latin read in
the Lecture-room, and to afford a wider field for the application of the
principles explained in the Lectures. In this class there are two examinations—one
occurring about the middle of the session, the second at its
close. The examinations are conducted in writing. For the second or
Final examination, passages for translation are selected partly from the
parallel and partly from Latin which the class has not read. In this class
due attention is given to Roman History and Literature.

Text-books.—Any approved edition of the authors above named.

Grammars—Gildersleeve's, Syntax of the Verb by the Professor, Printed Lectures by
the Professor on the Latin Cases and Versification.

History—Liddell's, with Long's or any apprved Atlas.

Literature Bender's, as a Hand-book and Gude, supplemented by Lectures.

Sanskrit.—The Professor will also give instruction in the elements of
Sanskrit whenever a sufficient number of students desire it.

SCHOOL OF GREEK.

Professor Humphreys.

The school is organized in three classes—the Junior, the Intermediate, and
the Senior. The method of instruction is by lectures, by daily examination

upon the matter of the lectures, and upon assigned portions of the textbooks,
and by written and oral exercises.

A full knowldge of the regular Attic inflections and some experience in
translation are necessary as a preparation for the Junior Class. Two books
of Xenophon's Anabasis, or some suitable equivalent, may be regarded as a
proper amount of preparatory reading. Diligent students inadequately prepared
often make good progress with the aid of a Licentiate.

Junior Class.—The work of this class is directed to the acquirement of a
practical familiarity with the simpler Attic prose. The Grammar is rapdly
but carefully reviewed; for translation into Greek, sentences are given out
which involve the vocabulary and the idioms of the Greek texts studied.
The authors read are Xenophon and Lysias. The Geography and Political
History of Greece are taught in this class.

Intermediate Class.—This class, for which the Junior course, or some
equivalent, is the appropriate preparation, continues the study of Attic prose
usage, and enters upon the study of the Drama and of Homer. Weekly
exercises for translation into Greek are given, each being a passage of simple
but idiomatic English based on a Greek author. Selected portions of the
Grammar are closely studied, and the whole Syntax is reviewed. The
authors read are Lysias, Plato, Euripides, and Homer. Instruction in Greek
Literature and Antiquities is given in this class.

Senior Class.—The successful pursuit of the Senior course demands such
attainments as may be acquired in the two lower classes, or an equivalent.
The authors read this session are Demosthenes, Sophocles, Thucydides, Aristophanes,
and the fragments of the Lyric Poets. The Syntax of the Greek
Verb is discussed, and courses of lectures are given upon Metres and the History
of Greek Literature. The weekly exercises are partly based on ancient
authors and partly specially prepared or taken from standard English writers.

Text-Books.—Liddell and Scott's Greek Lexicon (seventh edition), Veitch's Greek
Verbs, Goodwin's Greek Grammar, Goodwin's Greek Moods and Tenses, and approved
editions of the authors read.

For each class a course of private reading is prescribed, not restricted to
the authors named above.

The state of preparation of a pupil joining the School may often make it
expedient to take two classes at once.

In the examination of candidates for graduation, all the subjects taught in
the School are involved, and the passages set for translation are selected from
the classic writers at will.

Hebrew.—Elementary instruction in Hebrew will be given when the
demand for such instruction is sufficient.

SCHOOL OF MODERN LANGUAGES.

SPANISH, ITALIAN AND ANGLO-SAXON.

Professor Schele de Vere.

In Spanish and Italian each there is one class in which a number of
classic and of modern authors is read, to practice pronunciation, to acquire
facility in prompt rendering of the foreign idiom, and to appreciate the
literary beauties of eminent writers. A much larger number of works,
mainly by modern authors, is assigned to be read privately.

At every meeting a lecture is delivered, and to a large extent illustrated
by examples and quotations. In these lectures the Grammar and the
Syntax of each idiom are discussed. The treatment is mainly historical,
the words, the sentences, and the general structure being exhibited as they
gradually develop themselves from the earliest efforts made by the infant
nation to the highest results obtained in its so-called Golden Age.

These lectures are accompanied by weekly exercises, translations from the
vernacular into the foreign idioms. They furnish the Professor with evidence
of the degree of success with which he has tried to explain the rules and
usages of each language. After having been carefully marked, they are returned to the student, and then written, in correct form, on the blackboard.
The Professor, as he writes there, accompanies the exercises with a
running commentary on the various rules that have been violated or misunderstood.

At stated intervals the Professor reads aloud, so as to train the ear; at
others, he dictates extracts from foreign writers for the same purpose.

After the classes have become somewhat familiar with the language, they
are given a series of lectures treating of the History of the idiom. Its forms,
its structure, and its spiritual characteristics are carefully traced through the
different periods, and minutely compared with each other. This gives an
opportunity for instruction in the fundamental rules of the Science of Language,
to which much attention is given. These lectures are followed by
another course on the Literature of each idiom. The different periods of the
literature are explained and illustrated by sketches of the lives, and criticisms
on the works, of the principal writers of each age. The parallelism
between the national growth of a people and its literary proficiency is constantly
pointed out.

In the Class of Anglo-Saxon the study of the language is mainly
pursued in its aspect as the mother of English, furnishing the student the
means of tracing the history of his native tongue from its earliest beginning.

Much attention is given to the illustration of the history of words, their
birth, teir fate under the rule of the Norman, and their subsequent modification.
Lxtracts from Anglo-Saxon writers are read, and the bearing of
their works on the history of our race is explained.

The following text books are used:

Spanih. The rofessor's Grammar, Seoane's Dictionary, Velasquez' Reader, Breton's
La Independencia, Don Quiote, Calderon's El Principe Constante, Lope's Estrella de Sevilla,
Cervantes's Novelas E'emplares, Galdos's Trafalgar, Caballero's La Familia de Alvareda,
Ticknor's Hitory of Spanish Literature. In default of the Professor's Grammar, now out
of print, Knapp's Spanish Grammar will be used.

Itaan.—Cuore's Grammar, Foresti's Reader, Manzoni's I Promessi Sposi, Tasso's Gerusalemme
Lberata, Pellico's Le Me Prigioni, Petrarca, Dante's La Divina Commedia.

AnloSan—Shute's Manual of Anglo-Saxon, or Sweet's Primer, The Professor's
Studies in English, March's Anglo-Saxon Grammar (for reference), the Anglo-Saxon Gospels.

FRENCH AND GERMAN.

Adjunct Professor Perkinson.

There will be three classes in each language.

The Junior Classes are designed for beginners. They must possess an
accurate knowledge of the elements of English grammar, and will study the
grammar of the language with weekly written exercises, and will be practiced
in pronunciation, on which special stress will be lad, and in translation from
easy authors. As soon as sufficient progress has been made in acquiring elementary
grammatical principles, translation from the foreign idioms into
English will be begun.

The Intermediate Classes embrace the work for the B. A. degree.
These classes are based on the Junior, and include a thorough study of the
grammar, supplemented by weekly written exercises and copious reading,
and a course in the history and the literature of the language. The amount
of reading to be done is definite, and is assigned at the beginning of the
session. A part of this is read in class, the rest is left as parallel reading.
Special attention is paid to reading at sight.

The Senior Classes study the historical grammar of the language, given
by lectures, continue the practice of translation and composition, and enter
more minutely into the study of certain authors and selected periods. Candidates
for graduation will be expected to translate at sight any passage that
may be assigned and to render selections from English authors into the foreign
idiom.

The text-books in all the classes and the authors to be read vary from
year to year and are subject to change at any time. The following are the
books for 1889-90:

Junior French.—Whitney's Grammar, De Vere's Reader, La Mare au Diable, Les
Demoiselles de Saint-Cyr.

Junior German.—Whitney's Brief Grammar, Joynes-Meissner's Grammar, Grimm's
Kinder-und Hausmärchen, Das Kalte Herz, Undine.

Intermediate French.—Whitney's Grammar, Saintsbury's Primer of French Literature,
Le Cid, Phédre, Andromaque, L'Avare, Le Misanthrope, Roman d'un Jeune Homme Pauvre,
Le Matre de Forges, La France, Un Philosophe sous les Toits.

Intermediate German.—Whitney's Grammar, Die Jungfrau von Orleans, Maria Stuart,
Historische Skizzen, Ballads; Hermann und Dorothea, Die Journalisten, Peter Schlemihl,
Undine.

Senior French.—Saintsbury's History of French Literature, Taine's Notes sur L'Angleterre,
Verre d'eau, Paris en Amérique, Sacs et Parchemins, Dosia, Britannicus, Victor Hugo's
Works.

Senior German.—Heine's Prosa, Goethe's Egmont, Iphigenie auf Tauris, Faust, Götz von
Berlichingen, Aus Meinem Leben; Lessing's Minna von Barnhelm, Emilia Galotti, Nathan
der Weise, Laocöon.

Gasc's, or Spiers and Surenne's French Dictionary.

Adler's, or Whitney's German Dctionary.

Candidates for graduation in the School of Modern Languages are required
to pass examination in French and German only.

SCHOOL OF ENGLISH.

Professor Garnett.

Instruction in this School is given in three classes:

Class of Early English.—In this class the historical and philological
study of the language is pursued, the class beginning with its oldest forms,
and tracing the language, by the study of specimens, through its different
periods to the formation of modern English. After a thorough study of the
grammar, selected pieces of Old and Middle English prose and poetry are
read, both in class and privately, with a view to acquiring a philological
knowledge of the origin and structure of English. Lectures on the position
of English in the Indo-European family of languages, and on the history of
the language, are also given.

Text-books.—Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Reader; Morris and Skeat's Specimens of Early English,
Parts I and II. For reference.—Cook's Sievers's Grammar of Old English; Earle's
Anglo-Saxon Literature; Ten Brink's Early English Literature.

Class of Modern English.—In this class the study of the later language
is pursued, and Shakspere is made a special subject of study. The critical
study of a play of Shakspere, with private reading of about one-fourth of
the plays, is followed by similar study of selected works of later authors.

Lectures on the history of the Elizabethan drama and on the history of the
later language are given.

Text bok. For 1890-'91, As You Like It (Rolfe's edition); Dowden's Shakspere Primer;
Abbott's Shaksperian Grammar; Lounsbury's History of the English Language; Burke's
Works (Payne's Clarendon Press edition). For reference.—The Globe Shakspere, Fleay's
Shakspere Manual; Keltie's British Dramatists.

Class of Rhetoric and English Literature.—In this class the principles
of Composition and Rhetoric are first studied, and then the study of
the history of English Literature is taken up. Along with study of the textbooks,
selected works of authors are assigned for private reading. Essays are
required at regular intervals. Lectures on each subject are given in connection
with the text-book.

Text bk.—Genung's Practical Elements of Rhetoric, Genung's Hand-Book of Rhetorical
Analysis; Lectures on the Anglo-Saxon and the Norman Periods; Nicoll's Landmarks
of English Literature; Ward's English Poets. For reference.—Minto's Manual of
English Prose Literature; Galton's English Prose; Saintsbury's History of Elizabethan Literature;
Gosse's History of Eighteenth Century Literature.

Each class meets twice a week, and may be attended separately; but graduation
in Rhetoric and English Literature in addition to one of the other
classes will be necessary for a diploma of graduation in the School.

N. B.—Books marked "For reference" are used at the option of the
student.

CORCORAN SCHOOL OF HISTORICAL SCIENCE.

SCIENCE OF SOCIETY.

Professor Holmes.

In this class there are two courses each extending over a half session.

Political Economy.—In the treatment of this department of knowledge,
there is no rigid adherence to the school of Smith, Ricardo, and Mill.
The modification of older doctrines, necessitated by the increase of productive
inventions and productive operations, is steadily regarded. Attention
is paid to the inquiries and criticisms of Thornton, Cairnes, Jevons,
etc.; and the altered views propounded by Laveleye, Walker, and the school
of the Cathedrists are duly considered.

Text books.—Walker's Political Economy (advanced course); Mill's Political Economy
(abridged).

Science of Society.—The latter half of the course in this class is
devoted to the Science of Society.

In this is prosecuted the investigation of the laws and movements, the
growth, decay, and constitution of Societies, in the different phaes and stages
of social development. The necessary organic functions of Society are
studied in their several forms. They are also regarded in their reciprocal
relations and in their conjoint action in successive forms of civilization. All
systems are interpreted; no ideal constitution is contemplated. The course
is descriptive of processes by which experienced results have been obtained,
not speculative in advocacy of theoretic dreams.

The Class is dependent on notes for the Lecture, as no text book exists.

GENERAL HISTORY.

Adjunct Professor Dabney.

Stress is laid on the view that the career of man, as revealed in History, is
not a mere jumble of disconnected dates and facts, but a continuous stream,
having its sources and tributaries in the far-off past, its outlet in the remote
future. No attempt is made, however, to traverse in the class-room the
entire length of this stream; for, although constant efforts are made to impress
the vital connection of nation with nation, of generation with generation,
and of anterior with ensuing conditions of historical development, the
lectures are confined to the more important periods, the student being
required to fill the gaps by private reading in a manual of General History.
The periods, and, therefore, the text books, studied, will be more or less varied
each year. Three lectures a week.

Text-books for '89-'90—Fisher's Outlins f Universal Hitory; Coxs Athenin Empire;
Ihne's Early Rome; Beesly's Gracch, Mrius and Sulla; Capes's Early Empire; Church's
Beginning of the Middle Ages; Cox's Crusades; Sbohm' Era of the Prtetant Revolution;
Gardiner's Thirty Years' War; Dabne's Caues of the French Revoluton; Morris's
French Revolution and First Empire.

SCHOOL OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY.

Professor Davis.

There are two classes, best taken in two successive sessions:

The Class in Logic studies Deductive Logic, Inductive Logic, and
Applied Logic. Two lectures a week.

Text-books.—The Professor's Logic, Mill on Induct on, Whately' Rhetoric, Jevons's Principles
of Science.

The Class in Moral Philosophy studies Psychology, Ethics, and
History of Philosophy. Three lectures a week.

Text books. The Professor's Psychology, Hamilton's Metaphysics, Janet's La Morale,
Lotze's Grundsätze der Praktischen Philosophie, Kant's Theory of Ethics, Ueberweg's History
of Philosophy.

GRADUATE COURSES.

School of Latin.—This work is intended for students who desire to
pursue their Latin studies beyond the requirements for graduation. The
value of the course to a student who proposes to teach, or who desires to
equip himself for original investigation in the language, cannot well be overrated.
The scope of the work is such as to familiarize him with the language
in its several periods. An extensive course of reading is prescribed, and
subjects for independent investigation are from time to time assigned. The
Lecture-room exercises consist in translation and the discussion by the student
of the passage translated. He is invited to propound such questions to the
Professor, or to a member of the class, as he would to a pupil. In addition,
a careful translation from some one of the best Latin prose writers is prepared,
and the student is required at once to write on the blackboard his
Latin rendering of it, and to give his reasons as well for the periods as for
the syntactical constructions employed. Though it requires at least two
years to complete this course, yet one year given to it abundantly repays the
student, as the greater part of the first year of the course is devoted to the
archaic period of the language, which cannot be considered to any great
extent in the course for graduation.

School of Greek.—This course is designed primarily for those who
intend to become teachers of the classical languages, and who desire a
thorough introduction to Greek philology as a part of their professional
equipment. With such students the Professor will read and discuss the more
difficult Greek authors. Courses of private reading are marked out, including
important text-books and monographs; and by systematic lectures, as well as
by constant supervision and advice, the Professor will aid and direct the
student's endeavors. As an exercise in the independent investigation of
philological problems, each student is from time to time expected to prepare
a paper, discussing thoroughly some topic selected by himself. Constant
practice is given in Greek composition.

School of Modern Languages.—Graduate students in this school
will read additional foreign authors, pursue the study of Comparative Philology,
and write monthly essays on kindred subjects, which must give proof

of original research. A thorough knowledge of at least one ancient language,
and graduation in two modern languages, are deemed prerequisite.
Such students will, however, have the choice between the two methods of
comparing idioms—either by tracing out the kinship existing between several
languages, or families of languages, such as the Romanic, the Germanic, or
the Slavic, in their lexical, grammatical, or psychological nature; or by
comparing with each other the different aspects borne by one and the same
idiom in its successive periods of life. The writings of Diez, Hovelacque,
Sayce, Max Müller, and others, are carefully studied; and the final result of
the whole course of study is to be shown in a concluding dissertation evidencing
original thought.

School of English.—In this school two separate graduate courses will
be arranged to suit the needs of those students who dere to pursue further
either philological or literary studies. The former will comprise the further
study of Anglo-Saxon and Middle English works, epecially of Anglo-Saxon
poetry, or the study of Gothic and the comparative grammar of the Teutonic
languages. The latter will comprise the study of some distinctive
period in English literature, or of some particular writer, or writers, including
the political, social, and literary characteristics of the age under consideration.
In each course a thesis will be required, giving evidence of independent
private study of some subject cognate with the course pursued, in addition
to such examinations as may be advisable. The selection of the course and
subject is left to the student himself, under guidance of the Professor.

School of Historical Science.—The graduate course in this school
will be varied from year to year, but will always be designed to train the
student in original research and systematic exposition of the results. Some
historical period, with the accompanying social, political and intellectual
development of the people, will be made the subject of study. Such instructions
and directions as may be required to render those pursuits efficacious
will be given throughout the session.

School of Moral Philosophy.—The history of Philosophy, ancient
and modern, with a special study of Aristotle and Kant. A course in
Physiological Psychology.

N. B.—Graduation in a school is prerequisite to admission to the advanced
Graduate Course of that school.

University of Virginia Library

LITERARY DEPARTMENT.

SCHOOL OF LATIN.

Professor Peters.