The psychology of perspective and Renaissance art

Kubovy, Michael

10.

10 The invention of perspective and the evolution of art

[bibliography]

Figure acknowledgments and sources

Index

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187

Index

Adams, K. R., 49–50
Albers, Josef, 135
Alberti, Leon Battista (1404–72),
10–20, 32
Alberti's window, 12, 17–18, 22–
3, 88, 121, 139
Ames, A., Jr., 96–8
Ames room, see Dilemma,
perceptual
Andrea del Castagno (ca. 1420–
57), 16
Anstis, S. M., 86
Ansuino da Forli, 10
Antonello da Messina (ca. 1430–
79), 69, 71
Arcangeli, F., 11
Arnheim, R., 33, 121–2, 163
Aronson, E., 154–5
Arrow as metaphor, 1
Alberti, use of, 10–11
Filarete, use of, 14
Golden Legend, 8–9
in illustrations, 15
Leonardo da Vinci, use of, 14–
15
Mantegna and, opp. 1, 1, 10–
12
pictorial antecedents for, 9–10
Attneave, F., 83

Baird, J. C., 66
Barbari, Jacopo de' (ca. 1440–
1515,) 75, 77
Battisti, E., 2
Bellini, Gentile (ca. 1429–1507)
169, 172
Benjamin, W., 135
Bergman, L., 153
Bertolino dei Grossi, 10
Best, T., 157–8
Bono da Ferrara (active ca. 1442–
ca. 1461), 10
Box, perspective of, 26, 89–91
Bradley, D. R., 81–2
Brunelleschi (di Ser Brunellesco),
Filippo (1377–1446), 32–9,
49–50, 52, 57, 86, 127–8,
137, 148
Burnham, J., 130–4

Cage, J., 130–1
Camera obscura, 19, 20,
geometry of, 20–1
as pinhole camera, 20
Carpaccio, Vittore (ca. 1455/65–
ca. 1525), 139
Carpenter, R., 161
Carrà, C., 121
Carroll, L., 162
Cassirer, E., 163
Center(s) of projection, 19–22,
26–9, 31, 41, 43–4, 46, 52–4,
56–7, 88–95, 102–3, 112–14,
116, 118–20, 123–5, 137–45,
148, 158–9
inferred location, 89–92, 95–6,
103, 137–8
multiple, 116–21
Chardin, Jean-Baptiste (1699–
1779), 73, 76
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 11
Coleridge, S. T., 80

188

Collier (Colyer, Collyer), Edward
(Evert, Everett, Edwaert)
(?-ca. 1702), 75, 78
Collusion, perceptual, 78, 80–4
Comerford, J., 43
Construzione legittima, 28–31, 33–
4, 37–8, 91
Cooper R. G., Jr., 97–100
Crivelli, Carlo (ca. 1430/35–
before 1501), 69–70
Cube vertex, perspective of, 99–
103
Cylinder, perspective of, 115–16

Da Vinci's pane, see Alberti's
window
Dabos, Laurent (1761–1835), 70
74
Dante Alighieri, 16
Danto, A. C., 12, 69
Dars, C., 76
De Santillana, G., 32
Delusion, perceptual, 76–8, 83–4
see also Trompe l'oeil
Dennett, D., 151–2
Descargues, P., 115
Descartes, R., 15, 77
Dilemma, perceptual, 84
Ames room and, 96–7
and “following” in pictures,
84–6
and perspective, 88–9, 99,
102–3, 138–9,
see also Paradox, perceptual
Distance points, 29, 31, 141
Doesschate, G. ten, 163
Domenico Veneziano (Domenico
di Bartolomeo) (ca. 1405–
61), 3–6
Donatello (Donato di Betto
Bardi) (1386–1466), 16, 87,
139
Draper, S. W., 86
Dreyer, C., 153
Duchamp, Marcel (1887–1968),
132–4
Dumais, S. T., 81–2

Edgerton, S. Y., Jr., 12, 32–3,
127–8, 162–4
Egatz, R., 81
Egocenter, 151, 159
see also Point of view, virtual
Einstein A., 92
Eisenstein, S. M., 136
Elffers, E., 45, 76
Eliot, T. S., 32, 104
Elliott, H. B., 111–2
Emmert, E., 66–7
Epstein, W., 15
Euclid, 163

Farber, J., 54–5, 57–62
Ficino, Marsilio, 15, 159
Filarete, il (Antonio Averlino)
(ca. 1400–1469), 14
Film, 134–6
stereoscopic, 135–6
Finke, R. A., 108, 110
Forbora, Antonio (seventeenth
century), 72
Francastel, P., 163

Gablik, S., 162, 166–72
Gaddi, Taddeo (ca. 1300–66),
opp. 1, 2
Gadol, J., 10
Galileo Galilei, 170
Gentile da Fabriano (ca. 1370–
1427), 16
Geometry, 17, 19–23, 26–8, 89–
91, 161
Ghiberti, Lorenzo (1378–1455),
34–7
Gibson, J. J., 40–1, 87, 163
Gijsbrechts (Gysbrechts), Cornelis
Norbertus (active ca.
1659–78), 72–3, 75
Gill, R. W., 19
Gimmick, 128–9, 134–7, 148
perspective as, 34
Gioseffi, J. J., 32
Girgus, J. J., 81
Goffman, E., 69
Goldstein, E. B., 63–4
Gombrich, E. F., xii, 76, 85,
163, 165
Goodman, N., 122–5, 163–6,
172
Gowans, A., 172

189

Graves, R., 52
Grayson, C., 12
Guariento di Arpo, Ridolfo (ca.
1310–70), 10

Haber, R. N., 54–5
Hagen, M. A., 49, 111–2
Hammond, J. H., 20
Hartt, F., 8, 117–20, 137–8, 142
Hatfield, G. C., 15
Hauser, A., 135
Helmholtz, H. von, 67
Hershenson, M., 66
Hooch (Hoogh), Pieter de (1629–
ca. 1684), 45
Hoogstraten, Samuel van (1627–
78), 45–6, 75, 79
Horizon line, 19, 26–31, 139–40
Horizontal line, perspective of,
26–7, 29
Howard, I. P., 151
Huebler, Douglas, 133–4
Huffman, D. A., 86
Human body, 116, 120–1

Illusion, 65–9
Ames room and, 96–7
and art, 67–8, 129
cognitive-contour Necker
cube, 81–2
and “following” in pictures,
62–4, 84–6
metaperceptual experience and,
84, 129
moon, 66–7
perceptual paradox as, 83–4
vase–face, 81
vertical–horizontal, 84
waterfall, 83–4
see also Collusion; Delusion;
Gimmick; Trompe l'oeil
Innocent eye, 78
Inverse problem of perspective,
see Perspective, inverse
problem of
Isenbrandt, Adriaen (before
1510–51), 69

Jacobus of Voragine, 8–9
Janson, H. W., 28
Johnson, M., 15
Jones, R. K., 49

Kaftal, G., 9
Kemp, M., 33, 127
Kennedy, J. M., 76, 81
Kepes, G., 163
Kitao, T. K., 20
Koslow, S., 45
Kosslyn, S. M., 106
Krautheimer, R., 128
Kristeller, P. O., 159
Kubovy, M., 157–8
Kurtzman, H. S., 108, 110

La Gournerie, J. de, 28, 53–4,
88–9, 91, 96, 112, 115–16
Lakoff, G., 15
Lee, D. N., 154–5
Leeman, F., 46, 76
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519),
2–3, 12, 14–15, 23, 30, 40,
52, 55, 115–16, 120, 140–9,
158–9, 168, 170
Leonardo's window, see Alberti's
window
LeWitt, Sol, 168–9
Liotard, J. E., 76
Lippi, Fra Filippo (ca. 1406–69),
16
Lishman, J. R., 154
Lumsden, E. A., 54
Lynes, J. A., 34

Malevich, Kasimir Severinovich
(1878–1935), 168, 170
Malton, T., 115
Manetti, Antonio di Tuccio, 32–
3, 127
Mantegna, Andrea (1431–1506),
opp. 1, 1, 7–12, 14–16, 24–
5, 44–5, 124, 137–40, 148,
158
Marcus, J., 157–8
Marginal distortions, 126
of columns, 115–16
of cubes, 104–8, 111, 113,
145–6
of spheres, 112–15
and Uccello, 120

190

Martin, Kenneth (b. 1905), 130–
1, 134
Masaccio (Tommaso di Ser Giovanni)
(1401–ca. 1428), 2–3,
17–18, 28–9, 52–3
Mastai, M.-L. d'O, 45, 69, 76
Master of Frankfurt, 69
Mayhew, J. W., 86
Mercedes-Benz trademark, perspective
of, 101–3
Merleau-Ponty, M., 150
Mimetophobia, 122
see also Perspective, disdain for
Modern art, see Gimmick
Morley, T., 86
Murray, L., 119
Murray, P., 119

Nonrectangular bodies, perspective
of, 120–1

Olmer, p., 91, 104–8, 110–13,
116
Ono, H., 43, 150
Orthogonals, 2, 3, 6, 91, 138,
140, 146

Pallucchini, P., 10
Panofsky, E., 162–5, 172–3
Paradox, perceptual, 83–6
Parallel lines, perspective of, 27,
29, 31, 122–3, 138
Pastore, N., 19, 33
Paz, O., 132
Pedretti, C., 140–3, 145, 148
Peepshow, 112, 116, 127–9, 134,
137
Brunelleschi's, 32–4, 37, 49–
52, 57, 86, 127–8, 137, 148
and illusion of depth, 33, 39,
45–7, 49, 51
Rosinski et al. and, 57–62
van Hoogstraten and, 45–6
see also Gimmick
Perkins, D. N., 97–100
Perkins's laws, 99–103, 111–13,
46
Perspective
central, see Projection, central
conventionality of 163–6
dilemma of, 88–9, 98–9, 102–
3, 138–9
disdain for, 121–2
exaggerated, 104–5, 107, 11,
113
illusion of depth, 41–7, 41–7,
49–51, 148
inverse problem of, 28–9, 54–
6, 88
one-point, 91; see also Construzione
legittima
and predicted distortions, 52–
62, 92, 140, 147
and progress, 166–72
robustness of, 52, 54, 56, 61–
2, 64, 84–9, 91–2, 95, 103–4,
128, 137, 144, 146, 148
see also Marginal distortions;
Projective surrogate; names
of geometric figures and of
objects
Perspective, functions of
cache of allusions, 15–16
discrepancy between viewer's
real and experienced line of
sight, 138–40, 148, 158
discrepancy between viewer's
real and experienced points
of view, 1, 137, 140–9,
158–9
illusionistic, 1–2
narrative focus, 2–3
structural focus, 3–4, 6
Perspective cabinet, see
Peepshow
Perspective normale, 104, 106, 108,
110
Perugino, il (Pietro Vannucci)
(ca. 1448–1523), 6–7
Peruzzi, Baldassare (1481–1536),
44, 46
Petry, H. M., 81–2
photo of photo, 93–5
Photography, 17, 20, 44, 46–8,
51
lens, 20, 47–8
pinhole, 20
projection, 92
Piaget, J., 166–7, 171–2
Picture plane, 19–23, 26–30, 53,
123–5, 139–41, 146, 148

191

invisibility of, 41, 43–7, 49–51,
56–62, 91–2
perception of, 87–8, 91–5
tilted, 26–8, 138
Picture taking, 17–18, 20
Piero della Francesca (ca. 1410/
1420–92), 1–4, 6, 171
Pignatti, T., 11
Pirenne, M. H., 12, 20, 43–6,
56–7, 62, 92–4, 112, 163
Pisanello, il (Antonio Pisano)
(before 1395–after 1450), 16
Point of view, 22
viewer's real, 1, 41, 43–5, 52,
54, 56–64, 84–7, 91–4, 102–
4, 123–5, 137, 140, 142,
144–5, 147–8, 158–9
virtual (experienced by
viewer), 1, 55, 137–40, 144–
5, 148, 150–9; see also
Egocenter
see also Center(s) of Projection
Pollitt, J. J., 161
Pope-Hennessy, J., 118
Pozzo, Fra Andrea (1642–1709),
42–5, 57, 79, 91–2, 145
Prager, F. D., 34
Price, R., 129
Prince of rays, see Ray, principal
Projection
central, 20–3, 26–8, 31, 43, 53,
100, 104, 111–12, 114–7,
120–6, 139, 165, 171
parallel, 100, 111–12
Projective surrogate, perspective
as, 40–1, 49
Goodman's critique of, 122–3
see also, Surrogate
Psychoanalysis, 12
Puppi, L., 11

Raine, K., 65
Raphael Sanzio (1483–1520), 3,
5, 112–16
Ray
principal, 19, 21, 27–8, 112–
16, 120, 126, 139–40
projecting, 19, 21–2, 26–7
Ray, Man (1890–1976), 133
Read, H., 122
Rectangular corner, perspective
of, 99–103
Right angle, perspective of, 99–
103
Rock, I., 66–7, 81
Roemer, M., 152–4
Rosen, E., 19
Rosenberg, H., 134
Rosinski, R. R., 54–5, 57–62
Rousseau, Theodore (1812–67),
62–4, 85
Rubin, E., 81
Ruskin, J., 78

Sanders, A., 106–9
Sanpaolesi, P., 28–9
Santapà, F., 44
Scaglia, G., 34
Schlosberg, H., 50–1
Schuyt, M., 45, 76
Shepard, R. N., 86, 100–3
Smith, E., 100–3
Smith, O. W., 51
Smith, P. C., 51
Spencer, J. R., 11
Sphere, perspective of, 113–14
Spinelli, Parri (ca. 1397–1453),
10
Spinello Aretino (ca. 1346–1410),
10
Station point, see Center(s) of
projection; Point of view,
viewer's real
Steinberg, L. 2, 140–9
Stereoscopic vision, 39–41, 43,
37, 50, 134–6
Stevens, W., 17, 127
Straight lines, perspective of, 26,
Sukale, M., 38
Surrogate, 41
Suspension of disbelief, willing,
80, 82
see also Collusion, perceptual
Symbolic form, see Perspective,
conventionality of
Sypher, W., 43

Tetrahedron vertex, perspective
of, 101–3
Thom, R., 86

192

Tiled pavement, 28–31
Tinguely, Jean (b. 1925), 131–2,
134
Transformation, see Perspective
and predicted distortions;
Projection
Trompe l'oeil, 68–81, 83
Turock, D., 157–8

Uccello, Paolo (Paolo di Dono)
(1397–1475), 16, 116–20, 168
Unconscious inference, 67, 85–6,
97, 139

Vaillant, Wallerant (Wallerand)
(1623–77), 75, 80
Van der Vaart, J. (1647–1721),
75–6
Van Eyck, Jan (ca. 1390/1400–
41), 23–5, 69, 72
Vanishing point(s) 2–4, 6, 26–31,
89–91, 100, 137–41, 143
conjugate, 31, 89, 92
horizontal, 26–7
vertical, 26–7
see also Distance points
Vantage point, see Center(s) of
projection; Point of view,
viewer's real
Vasari, G., 33–7
Vermeer, Johannes (1632–75), 45
Vertical line, perspective of, 26,
29, 122–3, 138
Viewpoint, see Center(s) of
projection
Vitruvius, 163
Vredman de Vries, Jan (Hans)
(1527–ca. 1604), 55–6

Wagner, M., 66
Wallach, H., 62–3
Welch, R. B., 165
Welliver, W., 6–7, 15–16
Wells, W. C., 150
Wheatstone, Sir Charles, 39–40
Wheelock, A. K., Jr., 46
White, J., 33, 87, 115, 118–20
Window, perceived, 23–4, 87;
see also Alberti's window
Zurbarán, Francisco de (1598–
1664), 70, 73

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