Buddhism and the spirit cults in North-east Thailand

agriculture
- holdings, 9
- expansion of, in nineteenth century, 9
- marginal land, 9 f.
- 1963 Census, 10
- land ownership, 23 f.
- role and rituals of the guardian spirits in,
  268-71
- field spirits, 316 f.
- myth of the rice spirit, 351-66
Alavaka (the demon), 204, 216
Anawrata, King, 27
Angkor, 25, 38, 252
Angulimala, the robber, 204, 216, 221
animism, 41, 263, 326 n.
Anuradhapura, 32, 174
arahats (ascetics), 42, 47-51, 210, 222, 324
Asoka, King, 33, 169 f., 176
asuras (demons), 38
Ayudhya, 25 f., 28-31, 77 f., 252
Baan Phraan Muan
- the legend of Muan the hunter, 6
- situation, 6-8
- administration, 8
- settlement pattern, 10 f.
- social structure, 10, 14-23
- age distributions, 12
- household composition, 12-14
Baka, the Brahman, 204, 216
Bangkok, 25, 31, 110, 137, 150, 191, 254,
373
Bodhgaya, 47
Borom, Khun, 29
Bowring Treaty, the, 9
Brahma, the god, 44, 60 f., 114, 356 f.
brahman, and bhikkhu, 64-6, 213
- of the court, 74
- code, 86, 89
- compared with Thai paahm, 252-62, 375
Brahmins, 149, 193
Buddha, Gotama, 33 f., 42-7, 49 f., 51 f.,
61, 66, 72, 92-4, 107, 111, 113, 126,
158 f., 161 n., 166, 169 f., 170, 173 f.,
177, 196 f., 203 f., 210 f., 214, 216-18,
288, 301, 340 f., 357
- Buddha-to-be (bodhisattva), 38, 42, 46,
  200, 219 f.:
  - and kingship, 46, 48, 74,
    253;
  - Maitreya, 38, 43, 46-8, 61, 66,
    94, 165, 177, 355, 357, 364;
  - Pacceka,
    66, 356-8
- other Buddhas, 42 f., 48, 203, 217,
  352 f., 357
Buddhagosa, 47, 92, 196
Buddhism
- in Thai history, 26-30
- Mahayana Buddhism, 26, 28, 48, 62,
  199 f.
- Hinayana Buddhism, 27, 48
- Pali Buddhism 27 f., 252, 371
- Sinhalese Pali Buddhism, 27 f., 29, 32 f.,
  265
- Theravada Buddhism, 29, 48, 62, 69, 74,
  82, 97, 197, 199, 375
- doctrinal concepts, 34 f., 39-42
- the anthropological approach, 41 f., 62
Burma, 25-8, 30 f., 35, 38, 41, 44, 46,
48, 51, 57, 62, 68, 74, 76, 90 f., 119,
175, 192 f., 253 f., 284, 325, 367, 374
- Upagotha in, 176-8
calendrical rites, 144-6, 152-68, 190, 267,
269-71, 285-311
- (in chronological order)
- Songkran (New Year), 152-4, 293
- Wisaka (birth of Buddha), 154
- Khaw Phansa (entering Lent), 154, 155 f.
- Bunbangfai (the rocket festival), 156,
  286-94, 298, 300-4, 308-11, 348, 377
- Phansa or Vassa (Lent—the rain retreat),
  28, 69-71, 103 f., 118, 125, 154-7, 205
- Bun Khaw Saak (merit with rice), 156
- Org Phansa (end of Lent), 125, 126, 157,
  160
- Bun Kathin (presentation of robes), 28,
  157-60, 347
- Bun Phraawes (harvest festival), 61,
  160-8, 289, 293, 300-4, 377
Cambodia, 25, 28 f., 31, 33, 38, 74, 119,
175, 252-4, 355, 367, 375
Candima or Canada (the moon god), 221
Ceylon, 27 f., 31-5, 37-9, 44, 46, 48, 56,
60, 62, 67 f., 71, 73-6, 90, 93 f., 174,
192-4, 211, 252, 287, 355 f., 359, 367,
373, 375
Chakri dynasty, 31
Chiengmai (Lan Na), 25, 27, 29 f., 119
Chinese, 20, 26 f.
Christian monks
- compared with Buddhist, 87-9
- morality and salvation, 95
Cincamanarika, 204, 216

386

Coorgs, 193
cosmology, 32-52
- the planes of existence: kama loka,
  36-9;
  - rupa loka and arupa loka,
    39-42
dagoba, the, 46
death
- normal, involving mortuary rites, 22,
  180-8, 339, 345, 347:
  - chants in, 205 f.;
  - collection of bones, 186 f.;
  - cremation,
    183-6;
  - funeral procession, 182 f;
  - implication
    of, 191-4;
  - kinship participation
    in, 189;
  - laying out the corpse,
    180-2;
  - prasaat peueng, 186-8
- the dead visit the living, 154, 156
- abnormal, 179, 189 f., 313, 315 f.
- transferring merit to the dead, 190 f.
- death and spirits, 313-16
devas (the gods), 38-40, 43 f., 52, 202
Dharmasastras, the, 27
Dhrita-rashtra, 37
directions of the compass, symbolism of,
21, 180-3
Dvaravati, 26
eclipse, myths of, 221
education
- of village children, 11, 97 f.
- examinations, 78, 80
- of movices and monks, 120-8
- uses of literacy, 129-34
Europeans, 31
exorcism, see spirits
Fa Ngum, 29
Franco-Siamese Treaty (1893), 31
Gandharvas (musicians in heaven), 37,
204
Ganesh, 254
Garuda (the eagle), 173-5, 219 f., 238, 246,
255, 355, 359, 375
ghosts, see spirits
gift-giving, 212-14, 347 f.
hearing without understanding, virtue of,
195 f.
hierarchy
- of generations in village life, 16-18,
  189, 260
- of monks, 117;
  - monks and laymen, 142
Hinduism, 27 f., 38, 44, 62-5, 91, 95, 139,
173 f., 193 f., 213, 252, 255 f., 265,
324, 341, 355, 357, 368-72, 376
houses
- plan, 19
- symbolism, 21-3, 181, 331
- household rites, 206, 347
iddhi (siddhi), powers, 49 f.
India, Indians, 20, 26 f., 31, 63-5, 74,
169, 194, 213, 237, 252-4, 355 f., 359,
367-75
Indonesia, 26, 374
Indra (the god), 37 f., 44, 60 f., 114, 166,
202, 238, 246, 253, 255, 357
inheritance patterns (of land), 12
Islam, 138
Jains, 63, 86, 89 f.
Jambudvipa, 36
Jetavana, 202, 214
Kallar, the, 193
Ketu (the demon), 38
Khmers, 26-31, 119, 174 f., 252, 323, 355
King, Maung, 176
kingship, 46, 48, 74-80, 110, 253, 374
kinship terminology, 16 f., 189
Kublai Khan, 26
Kumbandas (monsters), 37, 204
Kuvera, 37
Lamphun, 26
languages and scripts, 26-30, 119, 121,
244, 254
- Pali, 122, 124 f., 128, 195-8, 349
Laos, 25, 28-31, 109 f., 114, 119, 287 f.,
367
Lavo, 26
Loi Kratong, 169
Luang Phrabang (Muang Chawa), 25, 27,
29-31, 114
luck, dispelling bad, 226
Maccadevi (the fish princess), legend of,
176
Maha-dharmaraja, 77
Mahavihara, 32
Malwa, 193
Mara (the demon), 51 f., 158, 163, 169-71,
173, 176-8, 204, 210, 216 f., 239, 245,
302, 308, 353
marriage
- residence, 12
- endogamy, 15
- regulations, 17 f.
- ceremony, 22 f.
- sukhwan rites, 224, 227 f., 230-4, 237 f.:
  text of, 245-8
`medicine'
- practice of, 48, 133, 136, 257
- chants for curing illness, 206-8
- healing rituals, 226, 278-80, 283, 313,
  327-36
- illness, 268, 271
merit-making, 22, 39, 51-7, 99, 101-3,
106 f., 113, 122, 125, 143-51, 159 f.,
164, 170, 179, 182-4, 188-90, 195,
207, 210, 224, 239, 259, 261, 264, 290,
301, 314, 338 f., 345
Meru, Mount, 36-8, 46
money-trees, 159, 165
monks (bhikkhu; phraa)
- history of monkhood, 62-76
- wandering life to settled life, 68-76
- rules of conduct for, 81-92
- dekwats (temple-boys), 97 f.
- novices, 98-103, 116 f.
- routine, 116-28
- learning and education, 120-8
- rewards, 129
- monks and laymen, 129 f., 141-3,
  209 n., 210 f., 376
- scholar-monks, 137-9
- ceremonies of the: de-robing, 108 f.;
  - honouring, 109-15;
  - Kathina (distribution
    of robes), 28, 70, 72, 75;
  - Patimokkha (confessional), 69-73;
  - Pavarana (pardoning), 70;
  - Upasam-
  - pada (ordination), 69, 71-3, 97,
    103-8;
  - sukhwan rituals at, 227 f.,
    234-6, 238 f., 244 f., 255, 289-91, 310
Mons, 26-8, 30, 119
mortuary rites, see death
Muchalinda (the snake god), 113, 173 f.
music in chants, 124
myth and rite, 304-9, 365 f.
Nagas (water serpents), 107, 111-13, 158,
169-75, 204, 216, 219 f., 238, 246,
255, 290 f., 295-304, 307 f., 355-7,
359, 364, 375
Nalagiri (the elephant), 204
Nang Phrakosob (the rice spirit), myth of,
351-66
Nang Thoranee (the earth goddess), 52,
60, 158, 163, 188, 340
Napu village, 288 f., 309-11
nats, 38, 42
outsiders, 18, 20
oral tradition, 124
Parakrama Bahu I, 27
Phadaeng and Nang Ai, myth of, 294-300,
304, 308
Pnom Penh, 25
Polonnaruwa, 28
pregnancy rites, 225, 227-9, 236-7, 239-41,
248-51, 321, 345
Puranas, 27
Rahu (a demon), 38, 219, 221, 226
rain, 10
- Nagas and, 172
- stopping the rain, 178
- rain-making, see calendrical rites;
  Bunbangfai
Rama I, 77
Rama IV, 78 f.
Rama V, 79
Ramkamhaeng, king, 27 f., 119
reintegration ceremonies, 225, 227
relics, 44 f.
religion, the relationship between historical
and contemporary, 367-77
religious writings
- Pali Canon (Tripitaka), 27 f., 32-4, 43,
  51, 57, 81, 93:
  - Vinaya Pitaka, 33 f.,
    47, 50, 64 f., 67, 69, 71 f., 81 f.,
    88, 92, 116, 127 f., 143, 372, 375;
  - Mahavagga, 65, 69 f., 73;
  - Patimokkha
    (rules of discipline), 33, 69-73, 81-3,
    87-9, 118, 123, 128, 372, 375;
  - Sutta
  - Pitaka (sermons and discourses), 33,
    42, 44, 49-52, 64, 92-4, 116,
    201, 372, 374;
  - Jataka (stories), 33 f.,
    44, 201, 208 f., 219, 372, 374;
  - Mahachad, 161, 165-7, 205:
  - Abhidhamma
    (commentary), 33
- Traiphoom, by Phya Tak, 30, 35 f.
- Buddhist Canons, the, 32
- Questions of King Milinda, The (to
  Nagasena), 33, 45, 65, 91, 93, 200 f.
- Trai bhumikatha, by King Lu'tai, 35
- Book of Indra (laws), 39
- Dhamma (doctrine), 44, 66 f., 72, 85,
  117, 119, 127, 148, 166, 198, 202, 208,
  210-12
- Upanishads, 63
- Rule of St Benedict, The, 87-9
- Pujavaliya (History of Offerings), 94
- chants (paritta), 121-5, 182, 187, 195222,
  347, 372, 376:
  - Angulimala paritta,
    221;
  - Atanaitiya sutra (advice of the
    Yakkha king), 203 f., 217;
  - Candima
    paritta, 221;
  - Jayamangala gatha
    (also suad chaya mongkhon—victory
    blessing), 204, 206, 216;
  - Karaniya
    metra sutra (loving kindness), 203 f.,
    215 f.,
  - Khanda paritta, 220;
  - Khandha
    paritta, 217;
  - Mangala sutra (also
    suad mongkhon—auspicious things),
    202, 205 f., 214 f., 294, 303, 310,
    347;
  - Mora paritta, 219;
  - Ratana sutra
    
    388
    
    (The Jewel Discourse), 201-3;
  - Suriya
    paritta, 221
- Bardo Thodol (The Tibetan Book of the
  Dead), 194, 196
- Vedas, 200
- Mahabharata, the, 213
rice, see agriculture
ritual
- complexes, 337-40
- distinctions in ritual offerings to supernaturals,
  340-2
- functionaries, 343 f.
- social participation in, 344-6
- grammar of, 346-9
rules of conduct
- for monks, 81-96
- for laymen, 89-96
Saccaakarnigaranath, 204, 216
Sailendra dynasty, 26
Saivism, 26
Saman, 48
Sangha (the assembly of monks), 68, 72-81,
88, 90 f., 93, 97, 151, 171, 198, 202,
211 f., 302
Shan States, 27
Siva, 254
Skanda, 48
spirits
- phii, 38, 54, 57, 59, 60 f., 182 f., 186,
  189, 191, 263-5, 274:
  - guardian spirits
    (Tapubaan and Chao Phau Phraa
    Khao), 263-9, 285-94, 300-4, 312,
    340-2, 346, 358;
  - post harvest offerings
    to, 269-71;
  - swamp spirit (Chao Phau
    Tong Khyang or Tapu Byng), 280-94,
    307-8
  - (see also Uppakrut): malevolent,
    312-26, 340-2, 345, 355, 358;
  - affliction
    by nature spirits, 316-18;
  - death and,
    313-16;
  - possession by, 318-26
- ritual specialists concerned with, 271-8:
  - cham (intermediary), 274-6, 278-80,
    282, 286, 291, 310, 312 f., 343 f.;
  - female mediums, 282-4;
  - mau lek
    (astrologer), 317;
  - mau phii (intermediary),
    313, 316;
  - mau song
    (diviner), 272-4, 312 f., 343 f.;
  - mau
    tham (medium and exorcist), 313,
    318 f., 321-6 343;
  - tiam (medium),
    276-80, 282, 291, 310-13, 343 f.
- exorcism, 277, 313, 332-6;
  - as a healing
    ritual, 327-36, 341 f., 350, 376
- ghosts (pretas), 38 f.
- divine angels (thewada), 57, 59-61, 160,
  162, 164 f., 231, 237, 254, 264 f., 273,
  276, 301, 308, 313, 328, 334, 340 f.,
  353, 358, 364
- souls (winjan), 54, 57-9, 179 f., 182,
  185, 188, 191, 193, 206, 223, 243, 313,
  339, 356;
  - spirit esseence (khwan)
    and sukhwan rites, 57-9, 105, 224-51,
    254-60, 290, 310, 315, 317, 327,
    335 f., 338-43, 345, 348-50, 355 f.,
    358, 361-6
Sri, Dharmaraja, 27
Sri, King Kirti, 76
Srivijaya dynasty, 26
Sukhodaya, 77, 119
Sukhothai, 26-9
Sumatra, 26
swamps and rivers, myth of the origin of,
294-300, 304, 308
Swanalok, 26
teed (sermons), 125 f., 161
Thai history, 25-32
Thaton, 27
Tissa, Cullapindatiya, 67
threshold ceremonies, 225, 228
Tusita (heaven), 38, 47, 61
Udorn, 6, 8, 30
Uppakrut (swamp spirit), 156, 160-3,
168-75, 205, 300-3, 307-9
- Upagotha in Burma, 176-8
- see also spirits
Vaishnavism, 26
Vassa, see calendrical rites
Vessavana (king of the demons), 203 f.
Vietnamese, 20, 28, 355, 360
Virudhaka, 37
Virupaksha, 37, 351 f., 360
Vishnu, 173 f., 254
wat (monastery)
- in the village, 10 f.
- building a, 149-51
Wiangchan, 25, 28-31, 109
witchcraft, those accused of, 331-3,
words, magical power of, 195-8, 273, 277,
318, 323, 328, 330, 334, 349 f., 376
yacca, yakkhas, Yakshas, 37 f., 203 f.
Yama, god of the dead, 51
Yunnan, 27

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INDEX