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INDEX

385

Page 385

INDEX

  • agriculture

    • holdings, 9

    • expansion of, in nineteenth century, 9

    • marginal land, 9 f.

    • 1963 Census, 10

    • land ownership, 23 f.

    • role and rituals of the guardian spirits in,
      268-71

    • field spirits, 316 f.

    • myth of the rice spirit, 351-66

  • Alavaka (the demon), 204, 216

  • Anawrata, King, 27

  • Angkor, 25, 38, 252

  • Angulimala, the robber, 204, 216, 221

  • animism, 41, 263, 326 n.

  • Anuradhapura, 32, 174

  • arahats (ascetics), 42, 47-51, 210, 222, 324

  • Asoka, King, 33, 169 f., 176

  • asuras (demons), 38

  • Ayudhya, 25 f., 28-31, 77 f., 252

  • Baan Phraan Muan

    • the legend of Muan the hunter, 6

    • situation, 6-8

    • administration, 8

    • settlement pattern, 10 f.

    • social structure, 10, 14-23

    • age distributions, 12

    • household composition, 12-14

  • Baka, the Brahman, 204, 216

  • Bangkok, 25, 31, 110, 137, 150, 191, 254,
    373

  • Bodhgaya, 47

  • Borom, Khun, 29

  • Bowring Treaty, the, 9

  • Brahma, the god, 44, 60 f., 114, 356 f.

  • brahman, and bhikkhu, 64-6, 213

    • of the court, 74

    • code, 86, 89

    • compared with Thai paahm, 252-62, 375

  • Brahmins, 149, 193

  • Buddha, Gotama, 33 f., 42-7, 49 f., 51 f.,
    61, 66, 72, 92-4, 107, 111, 113, 126,
    158 f., 161 n., 166, 169 f., 170, 173 f.,
    177, 196 f., 203 f., 210 f., 214, 216-18,
    288, 301, 340 f., 357

    • Buddha-to-be (bodhisattva), 38, 42, 46,
      200, 219 f.:

      • and kingship, 46, 48, 74,
        253;

      • Maitreya, 38, 43, 46-8, 61, 66,
        94, 165, 177, 355, 357, 364;

      • Pacceka,
        66, 356-8

    • other Buddhas, 42 f., 48, 203, 217,
      352 f., 357

  • Buddhagosa, 47, 92, 196

  • Buddhism

    • in Thai history, 26-30

    • Mahayana Buddhism, 26, 28, 48, 62,
      199 f.

    • Hinayana Buddhism, 27, 48

    • Pali Buddhism 27 f., 252, 371

    • Sinhalese Pali Buddhism, 27 f., 29, 32 f.,
      265

    • Theravada Buddhism, 29, 48, 62, 69, 74,
      82, 97, 197, 199, 375

    • doctrinal concepts, 34 f., 39-42

    • the anthropological approach, 41 f., 62

  • Burma, 25-8, 30 f., 35, 38, 41, 44, 46,
    48, 51, 57, 62, 68, 74, 76, 90 f., 119,
    175, 192 f., 253 f., 284, 325, 367, 374

    • Upagotha in, 176-8

  • calendrical rites, 144-6, 152-68, 190, 267,
    269-71, 285-311

    • (in chronological order)

    • Songkran (New Year), 152-4, 293

    • Wisaka (birth of Buddha), 154

    • Khaw Phansa (entering Lent), 154, 155 f.

    • Bunbangfai (the rocket festival), 156,
      286-94, 298, 300-4, 308-11, 348, 377

    • Phansa or Vassa (Lent—the rain retreat),
      28, 69-71, 103 f., 118, 125, 154-7, 205

    • Bun Khaw Saak (merit with rice), 156

    • Org Phansa (end of Lent), 125, 126, 157,
      160

    • Bun Kathin (presentation of robes), 28,
      157-60, 347

    • Bun Phraawes (harvest festival), 61,
      160-8, 289, 293, 300-4, 377

  • Cambodia, 25, 28 f., 31, 33, 38, 74, 119,
    175, 252-4, 355, 367, 375

  • Candima or Canada (the moon god), 221

  • Ceylon, 27 f., 31-5, 37-9, 44, 46, 48, 56,
    60, 62, 67 f., 71, 73-6, 90, 93 f., 174,
    192-4, 211, 252, 287, 355 f., 359, 367,
    373, 375

  • Chakri dynasty, 31

  • Chiengmai (Lan Na), 25, 27, 29 f., 119

  • Chinese, 20, 26 f.

  • Christian monks

    • compared with Buddhist, 87-9

    • morality and salvation, 95

  • Cincamanarika, 204, 216


  • 386

    Page 386
  • Coorgs, 193

  • cosmology, 32-52

    • the planes of existence: kama loka,
      36-9;

      • rupa loka and arupa loka,
        39-42

  • dagoba, the, 46

  • death

    • normal, involving mortuary rites, 22,
      180-8, 339, 345, 347:

      • chants in, 205 f.;

      • collection of bones, 186 f.;

      • cremation,
        183-6;

      • funeral procession, 182 f;

      • implication
        of, 191-4;

      • kinship participation
        in, 189;

      • laying out the corpse,
        180-2;

      • prasaat peueng, 186-8

    • the dead visit the living, 154, 156

    • abnormal, 179, 189 f., 313, 315 f.

    • transferring merit to the dead, 190 f.

    • death and spirits, 313-16

  • devas (the gods), 38-40, 43 f., 52, 202

  • Dharmasastras, the, 27

  • Dhrita-rashtra, 37

  • directions of the compass, symbolism of,
    21, 180-3

  • Dvaravati, 26

  • eclipse, myths of, 221

  • education

    • of village children, 11, 97 f.

    • examinations, 78, 80

    • of movices and monks, 120-8

    • uses of literacy, 129-34

  • Europeans, 31

  • exorcism, see spirits

  • Fa Ngum, 29

  • Franco-Siamese Treaty (1893), 31

  • Gandharvas (musicians in heaven), 37,
    204

  • Ganesh, 254

  • Garuda (the eagle), 173-5, 219 f., 238, 246,
    255, 355, 359, 375

  • ghosts, see spirits

  • gift-giving, 212-14, 347 f.

  • hearing without understanding, virtue of,
    195 f.

  • hierarchy

    • of generations in village life, 16-18,
      189, 260

    • of monks, 117;

      • monks and laymen, 142

  • Hinduism, 27 f., 38, 44, 62-5, 91, 95, 139,
    173 f., 193 f., 213, 252, 255 f., 265,
    324, 341, 355, 357, 368-72, 376

  • houses

    • plan, 19

    • symbolism, 21-3, 181, 331

    • household rites, 206, 347

  • iddhi (siddhi), powers, 49 f.

  • India, Indians, 20, 26 f., 31, 63-5, 74,
    169, 194, 213, 237, 252-4, 355 f., 359,
    367-75

  • Indonesia, 26, 374

  • Indra (the god), 37 f., 44, 60 f., 114, 166,
    202, 238, 246, 253, 255, 357

  • inheritance patterns (of land), 12

  • Islam, 138

  • Jains, 63, 86, 89 f.

  • Jambudvipa, 36

  • Jetavana, 202, 214

  • Kallar, the, 193

  • Ketu (the demon), 38

  • Khmers, 26-31, 119, 174 f., 252, 323, 355

  • King, Maung, 176

  • kingship, 46, 48, 74-80, 110, 253, 374

  • kinship terminology, 16 f., 189

  • Kublai Khan, 26

  • Kumbandas (monsters), 37, 204

  • Kuvera, 37

  • Lamphun, 26

  • languages and scripts, 26-30, 119, 121,
    244, 254

    • Pali, 122, 124 f., 128, 195-8, 349

  • Laos, 25, 28-31, 109 f., 114, 119, 287 f.,
    367

  • Lavo, 26

  • Loi Kratong, 169

  • Luang Phrabang (Muang Chawa), 25, 27,
    29-31, 114

  • luck, dispelling bad, 226

  • Maccadevi (the fish princess), legend of,
    176

  • Maha-dharmaraja, 77

  • Mahavihara, 32

  • Malwa, 193

  • Mara (the demon), 51 f., 158, 163, 169-71,
    173, 176-8, 204, 210, 216 f., 239, 245,
    302, 308, 353

  • marriage

    • residence, 12

    • endogamy, 15

    • regulations, 17 f.

    • ceremony, 22 f.

    • sukhwan rites, 224, 227 f., 230-4, 237 f.:
      text of, 245-8

  • `medicine'

    • practice of, 48, 133, 136, 257

    • chants for curing illness, 206-8


    • 387

      Page 387
    • healing rituals, 226, 278-80, 283, 313,
      327-36

    • illness, 268, 271

  • merit-making, 22, 39, 51-7, 99, 101-3,
    106 f., 113, 122, 125, 143-51, 159 f.,
    164, 170, 179, 182-4, 188-90, 195,
    207, 210, 224, 239, 259, 261, 264, 290,
    301, 314, 338 f., 345

  • Meru, Mount, 36-8, 46

  • money-trees, 159, 165

  • monks (bhikkhu; phraa)

    • history of monkhood, 62-76

    • wandering life to settled life, 68-76

    • rules of conduct for, 81-92

    • dekwats (temple-boys), 97 f.

    • novices, 98-103, 116 f.

    • routine, 116-28

    • learning and education, 120-8

    • rewards, 129

    • monks and laymen, 129 f., 141-3,
      209 n., 210 f., 376

    • scholar-monks, 137-9

    • ceremonies of the: de-robing, 108 f.;

      • honouring, 109-15;

      • Kathina (distribution
        of robes), 28, 70, 72, 75;

      • Patimokkha (confessional), 69-73;

      • Pavarana (pardoning), 70;

      • Upasam-

      • pada (ordination), 69, 71-3, 97,
        103-8;

      • sukhwan rituals at, 227 f.,
        234-6, 238 f., 244 f., 255, 289-91, 310

  • Mons, 26-8, 30, 119

  • mortuary rites, see death

  • Muchalinda (the snake god), 113, 173 f.

  • music in chants, 124

  • myth and rite, 304-9, 365 f.

  • Nagas (water serpents), 107, 111-13, 158,
    169-75, 204, 216, 219 f., 238, 246,
    255, 290 f., 295-304, 307 f., 355-7,
    359, 364, 375

  • Nalagiri (the elephant), 204

  • Nang Phrakosob (the rice spirit), myth of,
    351-66

  • Nang Thoranee (the earth goddess), 52,
    60, 158, 163, 188, 340

  • Napu village, 288 f., 309-11

  • nats, 38, 42

  • outsiders, 18, 20

  • oral tradition, 124

  • Parakrama Bahu I, 27

  • Phadaeng and Nang Ai, myth of, 294-300,
    304, 308

  • Pnom Penh, 25

  • Polonnaruwa, 28

  • pregnancy rites, 225, 227-9, 236-7, 239-41,
    248-51, 321, 345

  • Puranas, 27

  • Rahu (a demon), 38, 219, 221, 226

  • rain, 10

    • Nagas and, 172

    • stopping the rain, 178

    • rain-making, see calendrical rites;
      Bunbangfai

  • Rama I, 77

  • Rama IV, 78 f.

  • Rama V, 79

  • Ramkamhaeng, king, 27 f., 119

  • reintegration ceremonies, 225, 227

  • relics, 44 f.

  • religion, the relationship between historical
    and contemporary, 367-77

  • religious writings

    • Pali Canon (Tripitaka), 27 f., 32-4, 43,
      51, 57, 81, 93:

      • Vinaya Pitaka, 33 f.,
        47, 50, 64 f., 67, 69, 71 f., 81 f.,
        88, 92, 116, 127 f., 143, 372, 375;

      • Mahavagga, 65, 69 f., 73;

      • Patimokkha
        (rules of discipline), 33, 69-73, 81-3,
        87-9, 118, 123, 128, 372, 375;

      • Sutta

      • Pitaka (sermons and discourses), 33,
        42, 44, 49-52, 64, 92-4, 116,
        201, 372, 374;

      • Jataka (stories), 33 f.,
        44, 201, 208 f., 219, 372, 374;

      • Mahachad, 161, 165-7, 205:

      • Abhidhamma
        (commentary), 33

    • Traiphoom, by Phya Tak, 30, 35 f.

    • Buddhist Canons, the, 32

    • Questions of King Milinda, The (to
      Nagasena), 33, 45, 65, 91, 93, 200 f.

    • Trai bhumikatha, by King Lu'tai, 35

    • Book of Indra (laws), 39

    • Dhamma (doctrine), 44, 66 f., 72, 85,
      117, 119, 127, 148, 166, 198, 202, 208,
      210-12

    • Upanishads, 63

    • Rule of St Benedict, The, 87-9

    • Pujavaliya (History of Offerings), 94

    • chants (paritta), 121-5, 182, 187, 195222,
      347, 372, 376:

      • Angulimala paritta,
        221;

      • Atanaitiya sutra (advice of the
        Yakkha king), 203 f., 217;

      • Candima
        paritta,
        221;

      • Jayamangala gatha
        (also suad chaya mongkhon—victory
        blessing), 204, 206, 216;

      • Karaniya
        metra sutra
        (loving kindness), 203 f.,
        215 f.,

      • Khanda paritta, 220;

      • Khandha
        paritta,
        217;

      • Mangala sutra (also
        suad mongkhon—auspicious things),
        202, 205 f., 214 f., 294, 303, 310,
        347;

      • Mora paritta, 219;

      • Ratana sutra


        388

        Page 388
        (The Jewel Discourse), 201-3;

      • Suriya
        paritta,
        221

    • Bardo Thodol (The Tibetan Book of the
      Dead
      ), 194, 196

    • Vedas, 200

    • Mahabharata, the, 213

  • rice, see agriculture

  • ritual

    • complexes, 337-40

    • distinctions in ritual offerings to supernaturals,
      340-2

    • functionaries, 343 f.

    • social participation in, 344-6

    • grammar of, 346-9

  • rules of conduct

    • for monks, 81-96

    • for laymen, 89-96

  • Saccaakarnigaranath, 204, 216

  • Sailendra dynasty, 26

  • Saivism, 26

  • Saman, 48

  • Sangha (the assembly of monks), 68, 72-81,
    88, 90 f., 93, 97, 151, 171, 198, 202,
    211 f., 302

  • Shan States, 27

  • Siva, 254

  • Skanda, 48

  • spirits

    • phii, 38, 54, 57, 59, 60 f., 182 f., 186,
      189, 191, 263-5, 274:

      • guardian spirits
        (Tapubaan and Chao Phau Phraa
        Khao
        ), 263-9, 285-94, 300-4, 312,
        340-2, 346, 358;

      • post harvest offerings
        to, 269-71;

      • swamp spirit (Chao Phau
        Tong Khyang
        or Tapu Byng), 280-94,
        307-8

      • (see also Uppakrut): malevolent,
        312-26, 340-2, 345, 355, 358;

      • affliction
        by nature spirits, 316-18;

      • death and,
        313-16;

      • possession by, 318-26

    • ritual specialists concerned with, 271-8:

      • cham (intermediary), 274-6, 278-80,
        282, 286, 291, 310, 312 f., 343 f.;

      • female mediums, 282-4;

      • mau lek
        (astrologer), 317;

      • mau phii (intermediary),
        313, 316;

      • mau song
        (diviner), 272-4, 312 f., 343 f.;

      • mau
        tham
        (medium and exorcist), 313,
        318 f., 321-6 343;

      • tiam (medium),
        276-80, 282, 291, 310-13, 343 f.

    • exorcism, 277, 313, 332-6;

      • as a healing
        ritual, 327-36, 341 f., 350, 376

    • ghosts (pretas), 38 f.

    • divine angels (thewada), 57, 59-61, 160,
      162, 164 f., 231, 237, 254, 264 f., 273,
      276, 301, 308, 313, 328, 334, 340 f.,
      353, 358, 364

    • souls (winjan), 54, 57-9, 179 f., 182,
      185, 188, 191, 193, 206, 223, 243, 313,
      339, 356;

      • spirit esseence (khwan)
        and sukhwan rites, 57-9, 105, 224-51,
        254-60, 290, 310, 315, 317, 327,
        335 f., 338-43, 345, 348-50, 355 f.,
        358, 361-6

  • Sri, Dharmaraja, 27

  • Sri, King Kirti, 76

  • Srivijaya dynasty, 26

  • Sukhodaya, 77, 119

  • Sukhothai, 26-9

  • Sumatra, 26

  • swamps and rivers, myth of the origin of,
    294-300, 304, 308

  • Swanalok, 26

  • teed (sermons), 125 f., 161

  • Thai history, 25-32

  • Thaton, 27

  • Tissa, Cullapindatiya, 67

  • threshold ceremonies, 225, 228

  • Tusita (heaven), 38, 47, 61

  • Udorn, 6, 8, 30

  • Uppakrut (swamp spirit), 156, 160-3,
    168-75, 205, 300-3, 307-9

    • Upagotha in Burma, 176-8

    • see also spirits

  • Vaishnavism, 26

  • Vassa, see calendrical rites

  • Vessavana (king of the demons), 203 f.

  • Vietnamese, 20, 28, 355, 360

  • Virudhaka, 37

  • Virupaksha, 37, 351 f., 360

  • Vishnu, 173 f., 254

  • wat (monastery)

    • in the village, 10 f.

    • building a, 149-51

  • Wiangchan, 25, 28-31, 109

  • witchcraft, those accused of, 331-3,

  • words, magical power of, 195-8, 273, 277,
    318, 323, 328, 330, 334, 349 f., 376

  • yacca, yakkhas, Yakshas, 37 f., 203 f.

  • Yama, god of the dead, 51

  • Yunnan, 27