University of Virginia Library

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385

INDEX

• agriculture

  • holdings, 9

  • expansion of, in nineteenth century, 9

  • marginal land, 9 f.

  • 1963 Census, 10

  • land ownership, 23 f.

  • role and rituals of the guardian spirits in,
    268-71

  • field spirits, 316 f.

  • myth of the rice spirit, 351-66

• Alavaka (the demon), 204, 216

• Anawrata, King, 27

• Angkor, 25, 38, 252

• Angulimala, the robber, 204, 216, 221

• animism, 41, 263, 326 n.

• Anuradhapura, 32, 174

• arahats (ascetics), 42, 47-51, 210, 222, 324

• Asoka, King, 33, 169 f., 176

• asuras (demons), 38

• Ayudhya, 25 f., 28-31, 77 f., 252

• Baan Phraan Muan

  • the legend of Muan the hunter, 6

  • situation, 6-8

  • administration, 8

  • settlement pattern, 10 f.

  • social structure, 10, 14-23

  • age distributions, 12

  • household composition, 12-14

• Baka, the Brahman, 204, 216

• Bangkok, 25, 31, 110, 137, 150, 191, 254,
  373

• Bodhgaya, 47

• Borom, Khun, 29

• Bowring Treaty, the, 9

• Brahma, the god, 44, 60 f., 114, 356 f.

• brahman, and bhikkhu, 64-6, 213

  • of the court, 74

  • code, 86, 89

  • compared with Thai paahm, 252-62, 375

• Brahmins, 149, 193

• Buddha, Gotama, 33 f., 42-7, 49 f., 51 f.,
  61, 66, 72, 92-4, 107, 111, 113, 126,
  158 f., 161 n., 166, 169 f., 170, 173 f.,
  177, 196 f., 203 f., 210 f., 214, 216-18,
  288, 301, 340 f., 357

  • Buddha-to-be (bodhisattva), 38, 42, 46,
    200, 219 f.:

    • and kingship, 46, 48, 74,
      253;

    • Maitreya, 38, 43, 46-8, 61, 66,
      94, 165, 177, 355, 357, 364;

    • Pacceka,
      66, 356-8

  • other Buddhas, 42 f., 48, 203, 217,
    352 f., 357

• Buddhagosa, 47, 92, 196

• Buddhism

  • in Thai history, 26-30

  • Mahayana Buddhism, 26, 28, 48, 62,
    199 f.

  • Hinayana Buddhism, 27, 48

  • Pali Buddhism 27 f., 252, 371

  • Sinhalese Pali Buddhism, 27 f., 29, 32 f.,
    265

  • Theravada Buddhism, 29, 48, 62, 69, 74,
    82, 97, 197, 199, 375

  • doctrinal concepts, 34 f., 39-42

  • the anthropological approach, 41 f., 62

• Burma, 25-8, 30 f., 35, 38, 41, 44, 46,
  48, 51, 57, 62, 68, 74, 76, 90 f., 119,
  175, 192 f., 253 f., 284, 325, 367, 374

  • Upagotha in, 176-8

• calendrical rites, 144-6, 152-68, 190, 267,
  269-71, 285-311

  • (in chronological order)

  • Songkran (New Year), 152-4, 293

  • Wisaka (birth of Buddha), 154

  • Khaw Phansa (entering Lent), 154, 155 f.

  • Bunbangfai (the rocket festival), 156,
    286-94, 298, 300-4, 308-11, 348, 377

  • Phansa or Vassa (Lent—the rain retreat),
    28, 69-71, 103 f., 118, 125, 154-7, 205

  • Bun Khaw Saak (merit with rice), 156

  • Org Phansa (end of Lent), 125, 126, 157,
    160

  • Bun Kathin (presentation of robes), 28,
    157-60, 347

  • Bun Phraawes (harvest festival), 61,
    160-8, 289, 293, 300-4, 377

• Cambodia, 25, 28 f., 31, 33, 38, 74, 119,
  175, 252-4, 355, 367, 375

• Candima or Canada (the moon god), 221

• Ceylon, 27 f., 31-5, 37-9, 44, 46, 48, 56,
  60, 62, 67 f., 71, 73-6, 90, 93 f., 174,
  192-4, 211, 252, 287, 355 f., 359, 367,
  373, 375

• Chakri dynasty, 31

• Chiengmai (Lan Na), 25, 27, 29 f., 119

• Chinese, 20, 26 f.

• Christian monks

  • compared with Buddhist, 87-9

  • morality and salvation, 95

• Cincamanarika, 204, 216

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386





• Coorgs, 193

• cosmology, 32-52

  • the planes of existence: kama loka,
    36-9;

    • rupa loka and arupa loka,
      39-42

• dagoba, the, 46

• death

  • normal, involving mortuary rites, 22,
    180-8, 339, 345, 347:

    • chants in, 205 f.;

    • collection of bones, 186 f.;

    • cremation,
      183-6;

    • funeral procession, 182 f;

    • implication
      of, 191-4;

    • kinship participation
      in, 189;

    • laying out the corpse,
      180-2;

    • prasaat peueng, 186-8

  • the dead visit the living, 154, 156

  • abnormal, 179, 189 f., 313, 315 f.

  • transferring merit to the dead, 190 f.

  • death and spirits, 313-16

• devas (the gods), 38-40, 43 f., 52, 202

• Dharmasastras, the, 27

• Dhrita-rashtra, 37

• directions of the compass, symbolism of,
  21, 180-3

• Dvaravati, 26

• eclipse, myths of, 221

• education

  • of village children, 11, 97 f.

  • examinations, 78, 80

  • of movices and monks, 120-8

  • uses of literacy, 129-34

• Europeans, 31

• exorcism, see spirits

• Fa Ngum, 29

• Franco-Siamese Treaty (1893), 31

• Gandharvas (musicians in heaven), 37,
  204

• Ganesh, 254

• Garuda (the eagle), 173-5, 219 f., 238, 246,
  255, 355, 359, 375

• ghosts, see spirits

• gift-giving, 212-14, 347 f.

• hearing without understanding, virtue of,
  195 f.

• hierarchy

  • of generations in village life, 16-18,
    189, 260

  • of monks, 117;

    • monks and laymen, 142

• Hinduism, 27 f., 38, 44, 62-5, 91, 95, 139,
  173 f., 193 f., 213, 252, 255 f., 265,
  324, 341, 355, 357, 368-72, 376

• houses

  • plan, 19

  • symbolism, 21-3, 181, 331

  • household rites, 206, 347

• iddhi (siddhi), powers, 49 f.

• India, Indians, 20, 26 f., 31, 63-5, 74,
  169, 194, 213, 237, 252-4, 355 f., 359,
  367-75

• Indonesia, 26, 374

• Indra (the god), 37 f., 44, 60 f., 114, 166,
  202, 238, 246, 253, 255, 357

• inheritance patterns (of land), 12

• Islam, 138

• Jains, 63, 86, 89 f.

• Jambudvipa, 36

• Jetavana, 202, 214

• Kallar, the, 193

• Ketu (the demon), 38

• Khmers, 26-31, 119, 174 f., 252, 323, 355

• King, Maung, 176

• kingship, 46, 48, 74-80, 110, 253, 374

• kinship terminology, 16 f., 189

• Kublai Khan, 26

• Kumbandas (monsters), 37, 204

• Kuvera, 37

• Lamphun, 26

• languages and scripts, 26-30, 119, 121,
  244, 254

  • Pali, 122, 124 f., 128, 195-8, 349

• Laos, 25, 28-31, 109 f., 114, 119, 287 f.,
  367

• Lavo, 26

• Loi Kratong, 169

• Luang Phrabang (Muang Chawa), 25, 27,
  29-31, 114

• luck, dispelling bad, 226

• Maccadevi (the fish princess), legend of,
  176

• Maha-dharmaraja, 77

• Mahavihara, 32

• Malwa, 193

• Mara (the demon), 51 f., 158, 163, 169-71,
  173, 176-8, 204, 210, 216 f., 239, 245,
  302, 308, 353

• marriage

  • residence, 12

  • endogamy, 15

  • regulations, 17 f.

  • ceremony, 22 f.

  • sukhwan rites, 224, 227 f., 230-4, 237 f.:
    text of, 245-8

• `medicine'

  • practice of, 48, 133, 136, 257

  • chants for curing illness, 206-8

  ---

  387

  
  
  

  • healing rituals, 226, 278-80, 283, 313,
    327-36

  • illness, 268, 271

• merit-making, 22, 39, 51-7, 99, 101-3,
  106 f., 113, 122, 125, 143-51, 159 f.,
  164, 170, 179, 182-4, 188-90, 195,
  207, 210, 224, 239, 259, 261, 264, 290,
  301, 314, 338 f., 345

• Meru, Mount, 36-8, 46

• money-trees, 159, 165

• monks (bhikkhu; phraa)

  • history of monkhood, 62-76

  • wandering life to settled life, 68-76

  • rules of conduct for, 81-92

  • dekwats (temple-boys), 97 f.

  • novices, 98-103, 116 f.

  • routine, 116-28

  • learning and education, 120-8

  • rewards, 129

  • monks and laymen, 129 f., 141-3,
    209 n., 210 f., 376

  • scholar-monks, 137-9

  • ceremonies of the: de-robing, 108 f.;

    • honouring, 109-15;

    • Kathina (distribution
      of robes), 28, 70, 72, 75;

    • Patimokkha (confessional), 69-73;

    • Pavarana (pardoning), 70;

    • Upasam-

    • pada (ordination), 69, 71-3, 97,
      103-8;

    • sukhwan rituals at, 227 f.,
      234-6, 238 f., 244 f., 255, 289-91, 310

• Mons, 26-8, 30, 119

• mortuary rites, see death

• Muchalinda (the snake god), 113, 173 f.

• music in chants, 124

• myth and rite, 304-9, 365 f.

• Nagas (water serpents), 107, 111-13, 158,
  169-75, 204, 216, 219 f., 238, 246,
  255, 290 f., 295-304, 307 f., 355-7,
  359, 364, 375

• Nalagiri (the elephant), 204

• Nang Phrakosob (the rice spirit), myth of,
  351-66

• Nang Thoranee (the earth goddess), 52,
  60, 158, 163, 188, 340

• Napu village, 288 f., 309-11

• nats, 38, 42

• outsiders, 18, 20

• oral tradition, 124

• Parakrama Bahu I, 27

• Phadaeng and Nang Ai, myth of, 294-300,
  304, 308

• Pnom Penh, 25

• Polonnaruwa, 28

• pregnancy rites, 225, 227-9, 236-7, 239-41,
  248-51, 321, 345

• Puranas, 27

• Rahu (a demon), 38, 219, 221, 226

• rain, 10

  • Nagas and, 172

  • stopping the rain, 178

  • rain-making, see calendrical rites;
    Bunbangfai

• Rama I, 77

• Rama IV, 78 f.

• Rama V, 79

• Ramkamhaeng, king, 27 f., 119

• reintegration ceremonies, 225, 227

• relics, 44 f.

• religion, the relationship between historical
  and contemporary, 367-77

• religious writings

  • Pali Canon (Tripitaka), 27 f., 32-4, 43,
    51, 57, 81, 93:

    • Vinaya Pitaka, 33 f.,
      47, 50, 64 f., 67, 69, 71 f., 81 f.,
      88, 92, 116, 127 f., 143, 372, 375;

    • Mahavagga, 65, 69 f., 73;

    • Patimokkha
      (rules of discipline), 33, 69-73, 81-3,
      87-9, 118, 123, 128, 372, 375;

    • Sutta

    • Pitaka (sermons and discourses), 33,
      42, 44, 49-52, 64, 92-4, 116,
      201, 372, 374;

    • Jataka (stories), 33 f.,
      44, 201, 208 f., 219, 372, 374;

    • Mahachad, 161, 165-7, 205:

    • Abhidhamma
      (commentary), 33

  • Traiphoom, by Phya Tak, 30, 35 f.

  • Buddhist Canons, the, 32

  • Questions of King Milinda, The (to
    Nagasena), 33, 45, 65, 91, 93, 200 f.

  • Trai bhumikatha, by King Lu'tai, 35

  • Book of Indra (laws), 39

  • Dhamma (doctrine), 44, 66 f., 72, 85,
    117, 119, 127, 148, 166, 198, 202, 208,
    210-12

  • Upanishads, 63

  • Rule of St Benedict, The, 87-9

  • Pujavaliya (History of Offerings), 94

  • chants (paritta), 121-5, 182, 187, 195222,
    347, 372, 376:

    • Angulimala paritta,
      221;

    • Atanaitiya sutra (advice of the
      Yakkha king), 203 f., 217;

    • Candima
      paritta, 221;

    • Jayamangala gatha
      (also suad chaya mongkhon—victory
      blessing), 204, 206, 216;

    • Karaniya
      metra sutra (loving kindness), 203 f.,
      215 f.,

    • Khanda paritta, 220;

    • Khandha
      paritta, 217;

    • Mangala sutra (also
      suad mongkhon—auspicious things),
      202, 205 f., 214 f., 294, 303, 310,
      347;

    • Mora paritta, 219;

    • Ratana sutra
      

      ---

      388

      
      
      
      (The Jewel Discourse), 201-3;

    • Suriya
      paritta, 221

  • Bardo Thodol (The Tibetan Book of the
    Dead), 194, 196

  • Vedas, 200

  • Mahabharata, the, 213

• rice, see agriculture

• ritual

  • complexes, 337-40

  • distinctions in ritual offerings to supernaturals,
    340-2

  • functionaries, 343 f.

  • social participation in, 344-6

  • grammar of, 346-9

• rules of conduct

  • for monks, 81-96

  • for laymen, 89-96

• Saccaakarnigaranath, 204, 216

• Sailendra dynasty, 26

• Saivism, 26

• Saman, 48

• Sangha (the assembly of monks), 68, 72-81,
  88, 90 f., 93, 97, 151, 171, 198, 202,
  211 f., 302

• Shan States, 27

• Siva, 254

• Skanda, 48

• spirits

  • phii, 38, 54, 57, 59, 60 f., 182 f., 186,
    189, 191, 263-5, 274:

    • guardian spirits
      (Tapubaan and Chao Phau Phraa
      Khao), 263-9, 285-94, 300-4, 312,
      340-2, 346, 358;

    • post harvest offerings
      to, 269-71;

    • swamp spirit (Chao Phau
      Tong Khyang or Tapu Byng), 280-94,
      307-8

    • (see also Uppakrut): malevolent,
      312-26, 340-2, 345, 355, 358;

    • affliction
      by nature spirits, 316-18;

    • death and,
      313-16;

    • possession by, 318-26

  • ritual specialists concerned with, 271-8:

    • cham (intermediary), 274-6, 278-80,
      282, 286, 291, 310, 312 f., 343 f.;

    • female mediums, 282-4;

    • mau lek
      (astrologer), 317;

    • mau phii (intermediary),
      313, 316;

    • mau song
      (diviner), 272-4, 312 f., 343 f.;

    • mau
      tham (medium and exorcist), 313,
      318 f., 321-6 343;

    • tiam (medium),
      276-80, 282, 291, 310-13, 343 f.

  • exorcism, 277, 313, 332-6;

    • as a healing
      ritual, 327-36, 341 f., 350, 376

  • ghosts (pretas), 38 f.

  • divine angels (thewada), 57, 59-61, 160,
    162, 164 f., 231, 237, 254, 264 f., 273,
    276, 301, 308, 313, 328, 334, 340 f.,
    353, 358, 364

  • souls (winjan), 54, 57-9, 179 f., 182,
    185, 188, 191, 193, 206, 223, 243, 313,
    339, 356;

    • spirit esseence (khwan)
      and sukhwan rites, 57-9, 105, 224-51,
      254-60, 290, 310, 315, 317, 327,
      335 f., 338-43, 345, 348-50, 355 f.,
      358, 361-6

• Sri, Dharmaraja, 27

• Sri, King Kirti, 76

• Srivijaya dynasty, 26

• Sukhodaya, 77, 119

• Sukhothai, 26-9

• Sumatra, 26

• swamps and rivers, myth of the origin of,
  294-300, 304, 308

• Swanalok, 26

• teed (sermons), 125 f., 161

• Thai history, 25-32

• Thaton, 27

• Tissa, Cullapindatiya, 67

• threshold ceremonies, 225, 228

• Tusita (heaven), 38, 47, 61

• Udorn, 6, 8, 30

• Uppakrut (swamp spirit), 156, 160-3,
  168-75, 205, 300-3, 307-9

  • Upagotha in Burma, 176-8

  • see also spirits

• Vaishnavism, 26

• Vassa, see calendrical rites

• Vessavana (king of the demons), 203 f.

• Vietnamese, 20, 28, 355, 360

• Virudhaka, 37

• Virupaksha, 37, 351 f., 360

• Vishnu, 173 f., 254

• wat (monastery)

  • in the village, 10 f.

  • building a, 149-51

• Wiangchan, 25, 28-31, 109

• witchcraft, those accused of, 331-3,

• words, magical power of, 195-8, 273, 277,
  318, 323, 328, 330, 334, 349 f., 376

• yacca, yakkhas, Yakshas, 37 f., 203 f.

• Yama, god of the dead, 51

• Yunnan, 27