Critique of Pure Reason :: :: University of Virginia Library

CONTENTS.

Translator's Preface......................................xi
Preface to the First Edition of the Critique............xvii
Preface to the Second Edition...........................xxiv

Introduction.

I.—Of the Difference Between Pure REason and Empirical Knowledge..................................................1
II.—The Human Intellect, Even in an Unphilosophical State, is in Possession of Certain Cognitions A PRIORI..................2
III.—Philosophy STands in NEed of a Science which shall Determine the Possibility, PRinciples, and Extent of Human Knowledge A PRIORI.....................................................4
IV.—Of the Difference Between Analytical and Synthetical Judgments..................................................7
V.—In all Theoretical Sciences of Reason, Synthetical Judgments A PRIORI are contained as Principles.............9
VI.—The General Problem of Pure Reason..............12
VII.—Idea and work of a Particular Science, under the Name of a Critique of Pure Reason.................................15

Transcendental Doctrine of Elements.

Part First.—Transcendental Aesthetic.

1. Introductory.......................................21

Section I.—Of Space.

2. Metaphysical Exposition of this Conception.........23
3. Trnascendental Exposition of this Conception.......25
4. Conclusions from the foregoing Conceptions.........25
Section II.—Of Time.
5. Metaphysical Exposition of this Conception.........28
6. Transcendental Exposition of the Conception of Time29
7. Conclusions from the Above Conceptions.............30
8 Elucidation........................................32
9. General Remarks on Transcendental Æsthetic...35

Part Second.—Transcendental Logic.

Introduction.—Idea of a Transcendental Logic.

I.—Of Logic in general...........................45
II.—Of Transcendental Logic......................49
III.—Of the work of Transcendental Logic into Transcendental Analytic and Dialectic........................53

Transcendental Logic.—First work.

Transcendental Analytic. 1...................................54
Analytic of Conceptions. 2...................................55

Chap. 1—Of the Transcendental Clue to the Discovery of all Pure Conceptions of the Understanding.

Introductory. 3..............................................56

Sect. 1—Of the Logical use of the Understanding in general. 4............................................................56
Sect. II—Of the Logical Function of the Understanding in Judgments. 5.................................................58
Sect. III—Of the Pure Conceptions of the Understanding, or Categories. 6................................................62

Chap. II—Of the Deduction of the Pure Conceptions of the Understanding.

Sect. I.— Of the Principles of Transcendental Deduction in general. 9.............................................................71

Transition to the Transcendental Deduction of the Categories. 10............................................................77

Sect II.—Transcendental Deduction of the Pure Conceptions of the Understanding.

Of the Possibility of a Conjunction of the manifold representations given by Sense. 11............................................80
Of the Originally Synthetical Unity of Apperception. 12.......81
The Principle of the Synthetical Unity of Apperception is the highest Principle of all exercise of the Understanding. 13............84
What objective Unity of Self-Consciousness is. 14.............86
The Logical Form of all Judgments consists in the Objective Unity of Apperception of the Conceptions contained therein. 15.........86
All Sensuous Intuitions are subject to the Categories, as Conditions under which alone the manifold contnets of them can be united in one Consciousness. 16.............................................88
Observations. 17..............................................88
In Cognition, its Application to Objects of Experience is the only legitimate use of the Category. 18............................90

vii

Of the Application of the Categories to Objects of the Senses in general. 20...................................................92
Transcendental Deduction of the universally possible employment in experience of the Pure Conceptions of the Understanding. 23...97
Result of this Deduction of the Conceptions of the Understanding. 23............................................................101
Short view of the above Deduction.............................103

Transcendental Analytic.—Book II.

Analytic of Principles........................................103
Introduction.—Of the Transcendental Faculty of Judgment in general.......................................................104

Transcendental Doctrine of the Faculty of Judgment, or Analytic of Principles.

Chap. I— Of the Schematism of the Pure Conceptions of the Understanding.................................................107
Chap. II— System of all Principles of the Pure Understanding.................................................113

System of the Principles of the Pure Understanding.

Section I.— Of the Supreme Principle of all Analytical Judgments.....................................................115
Section II.— Of the SUpreme Principle of all Synthetical Judgments.....................................................117
Section III.— Systematic Representations of all Synthetical Principles of the Pure Understanding..........................120

I. Axioms of Intuition........................................122
II. Anticipations of Perception...............................125
III. Analogies of Experience..................................132

A. First Analogy.—Principle of the Permanence of Substance.....................................................136
B. Second Analogy.—Principle of the Succession of Time..141
C. Third Analogy—Principle of Co-existence..............166

IV.—The Postulates of Empirical Thought.................161

Refutation of Idealism........................................166

General Remark on the System of Principles....................174

Chap III.—Of the Ground of the work of all objects into Phaenomena and Noumena........................................178

Appendix. Of the Equivocal Nature of Amphiboly, the Conceptions of Reflection from the Confusion of the Transcendental with the Empirical use of the Understanding......................................190
Remark on the Amphiboly of the Conceptions of Reflection......194

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Transcendental Logic—Second work.
Transcendental Dialectici.—Introduction.

I.— Of Transcendental Illusory Appearance...............209
II.— Of Pure Reason as the Seat of Transcendental Illusory Appearance....................................................

A. Of Reason in General.......................................212
B. Of the Logical Use of Reason...............................214
C. Of the Pure Use of Reason..................................216

Transcendental Dialectic.—Book I.

Of the Conceptions of Pure Reason............................219

Sect. I.— Of Ideas in General..........................221
Sect. II— Of Transcendental Ideas......................225
Sect. III—System of Transcendental Ideas...............233

Book II.— Of the Dialectical Procedure of Pure Reason..237

Chap. I—Of the Paralogisms of Pure Reason..............237

Refutation of the Argument of Mendelssohn for the Substantiality or Permanence of the Soul.......................................245
Conclusion of the Solution of the Psychological Paralogism...251
General Remark on the Transition from Rational Psychology to Cosmology....................................................253

Chap. II—The Antimony of Pure Reason...................255

Sect. I. System of Cosmological Ideas........................256
Sect. II. Antithetic of Pure Reason..........................263

First Antimony...............................................266
Second Antimony..............................................271
Third Antimony...............................................278
Fourth Antimony..............................................284

Sect. III.— Of the Interest of Reason in these Self-Contradictions..........................................290
Sect. IV.— Of the Necessity Imposed upon Pure Reason of presenting a Solution of its Transcendental Problems.........298
Sect. V.— Sceptical Exposition of the Cosmological Problems presented in the four Transcendental Ideas...................303
Sect. VI.— Transcendental Idealism as the Key to the Solution of Pure Cosmological Dialectic..................................307
Sect. VII.— Critical Solution of the Cosmological Problems.....................................................310
Sect. VIII.—Regulative Principle of Pure Reason in relation to the Cosmological Ideas.......................................316
Sect. IX.—Of the Empirical Use of the Regulative Principle of Reason, with regard to the Cosmological Ideas................321

I.— Solution of the Cosmological Idea of the Totality of the Composition of Phænomena in the Universe...............332
II.— Solution of the Cosmological Idea of the Totality of the work of a Whole given in Intuition.......................325

Concluding Remark on the Solution of the Trancendental Mathematical Ideas—and Introductory to the Solution of the Dynamical Ideas........................................................328

III.— Solution of the Cosmological Idea of the Totality of the Deduction of Cosmical Events from their Causes................330

Possibility of Greedom in Harmony with the Universal Law of Natural Necessity.....................................................333
Exposition of the Cosmological Idea of the Totality of the Dependence of Phaenomenal Existences . . . . 335

IV.— Solution of the Cosmological Idea of the Totality of the Dependence of Phænomenal Existences.....................345

Concluding Remarks on the Antimony of Pure Reason.............349

Chap. III— The Ideal of Pure Reason.

Sect.I.— Of the Ideal in General..........................350
Sect. II.— Of the Transcendental Ideal ...................352
Sect. III.— OF the Arguments Employed by Speculative Reason in Proof of the Existence of a Supreme Being.......................359
Sect. IV.— Of the Impossibility of an Ontological Proof of the Existence of God................................................364
Sect. V.— Of the Impossibility of a Cosmological Proof of the Existence of God...........................................370

Detection and Explanation of the Dialectical Illusion in all Transcendental Arguments for the Existence of a Necessary Being...........................................................377

Sect. VI.— Of the Impossibility of a Physico-Theological Proof...........................................................381
Sect. VII.— Critique of all Tehology based upon Speculative Principles of Reason............................................387

Of the Regulative Employment of the Ideas of Pure Reason........394
Of the Ultimate End of the Natural Dialectic of Human Reason....410

Transcendental Doctrine of Method...............................431

Chap. I.— The Discipline of Pure Reason...................432

Sect. I.— The Discipline of Pure Reason in the Sphere of Dogmatism.......................................................439
Sect. II.— The Discipline of Pure Reason in Polemics......449
Sect. III.— The Discipline of Pure Reason in Hypothesis...467
Sect. IV.— The Discipline of Pure Reason in Relation to Proofs..........................................................475

Chap. II.—The Canon of Pure Reason

Sect. I.— Of the Ulitmate End of the Pure Use of Reason...483
Sect. II.— Of the Ideal of the Summum Bonum as a Determining Ground of the ultimate End of Pure Reason.......................487
Sect III.— Of Opinion, Knowledge, and Belief..............496

Chap. III.— The Architectonic of Pure Reason..............503
Chap. IV.— The History of Pure Reason.....................515