University of Virginia Library

Epigraph: Cotton Mather, On Witchcraft (originally published 1692, reprinted by Dell Publishing Company, New York, 1972), pp. 13-14. William G. McLoughlin, Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), p. 29.

Ibid., pp. 30-1.

Historian Paul Johnson says, "Religious evangelism was the first continental phenomenon, transcending differences between the colonies and dissolving state boundaries." Thus, George Whitefield's religious ecumenism, born out of his Arminian theology, "preceded and shaped political unity." See Paul Johnson, "The Almost-Chosen People," The Wilson Quarterly, Winter 1985, pp. 78-89.

R. C. Gordon-McCutchan, "The Irony of Evangelical History," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 20 (December), 1981, pp. 309-26.

Paul Johnson, p. 82.

Cited in Martin Marty, Righteous Empire: The Protestant Experience in America (New York: Harper and Row, 1970), p. 7.

Wayne Flint, "One in the Spirit, Many in the Flesh: Southern Evangelicals," Notes in David Edwin Harrell, Jr. (ed.), Varieties of Southern Evangelicalism (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1981), p. 24.

Richard V. Pierard, The Unequal Yoke (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1970), p. 29.

The effect of World War I on evangelical Christian Americans is thoroughly discussed in George M. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), p. 141ff.

Myer S. Reed, Jr., "An Alliance for Progress: The Early Years of the Sociology of Religion in the United States," Sociological Analysis 42 (Spring), 1981, p. 31.

James Leuba, The Belief in God and Immortality (Boston: Sherman, French and Company, 1916), p. 264.

Donald Dayton, Discovering an Evangelical Heritage (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), p. 129.

Ibid., p. 127.

Cited in Haynes Johnson, "Modern-Day Book-Banning," Washington Post, July 23, 1986.

Richard G. Hutcheson, Jr., Mainline Churches and the Evangelicals (Atlanta, GA: John Knox Press, 1981).

See Joel Carpenter, "Geared to the Times, But Anchored to the Rock," Christianity Today, November 8, 1985, pp. 44-7; "The Fundamentalist Leaven and the Rise of an Evangelical United Front," in Leonard I. Sweet (ed.), The Evangelical Tradition in America (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1984), pp. 257-88; and The Renewal of American Fundamentalism, 1930-1945 (Ph. D. diss. Johns Hopkins University, 1984). In this chapter we have relied heavily on Carpenter's excellent and thorough doctoral dissertation for many of the details that we present on fundamentalism during the 1930s and 1940s.

Ibid., 1984, p. 145.

Richard G. Hutcheson, Jr., p. 5ff.

Carl F. H. Henry, The Uneasy Conscience of Modern Fundamentalism (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1947), p. 19.

Joel Carpenter, p. 47.

Carl F. H. Henry, p. 28.

Richard Quebedeaux, The Worldly Evangelicals (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1980), p. xi.

Robert C. Liebman, "The Making of the New Christian Right," in Robert C. Liebman and Robert Wuthnow (eds.), The New Christian Right (New York: Aldine, 1983), p. 235

Bruce Shelley, "The Pioneers at Fifty," Christianity Today, November 8, 1985, p. 42.