Original journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806 printed from the original manuscripts in the library of the American Philosophical Society and by direction of its committee on historical documents |
 | I. |
| A. |
| B. |
| C. |
| II. |
| A. |
| B. | B. ESTIMATE OF THE WESTERN INDIANS |
| III. |
| IV. |
| V. |
| VI. |
| VII. |
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| VIII. |
 | II. Ethnology Original journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806 |  |
B. ESTIMATE OF THE WESTERN INDIANS
[Editorial Note.—During the winter passed at Fort Clatsop,
Lewis and Clark drew up an "Estimate of the Western
Indians," referring thereby to tribes west of the Rocky Mountains.
This was entered in Codex I, pp. 147–155 (though in
reverse order).[6]
The first six pages were written by Clark,
and the tribal names seem to have been jotted down without
order or system. On pp. 148, 149, Lewis entered his estimate,
beginning with the tribes that roamed between the upper
waters of the Columbia and those of the Missouri, and following
these in the order of their residence down to the tribes of
the coast. On p. 147, Clark has added a number of other tribes
situated north and south along the coast, compiled from Indian
information. The sum total of this population, as here estimated,
was 69,040. On the return journey, the explorers
came into further contact with the tribes, and learned more
information they added to the original draft. At some later
time, Clark revised his enumeration, compiling from this original
estimate, and numbering the tribes in the order in which
he intended to describe them. He then wrote in red ink
across the foot of p. 150, Codex I: "The estimate of the
Nations and tribes West of the Rocky Mountains May be
seen more Correctly Stated in a Supplement accompanying
these Books. W. C. 80,000 Soles."
This "supplement" (now in possession of the American
Philosophical Society) consists of four sheets of heavy paper,
13 1/2 × 9 1/2 inches, written upon one side, all in Clark's handwriting,
and emended by 'himself in red ink. In this supplement,
the populations of certain tribes were considerably
enlarged. The differences between this final estimate and the
original draft in Codex I are, in the following table, indicated
by foot-notes.]
| Names of Indian Nations and their places of General Residence | No. of Houses or Lodges |
Probable No. of Souls |
| 1. SHO-SHO-NE [7]
Nation reside in Spring and Summer on the East fork of Lewis's river a branch of the Columbia, and winter and fall on the Missouri |
60 | 800 |
| 2. OATE-LASH-SCHUTE [8]
Tribe of the Tush-she-pah Nation reside in Spring and Summer in the Rocky Mountains on Clarks river, and winter and fall on the Missouri and its waters |
33 | 400 |
| 3. CHOPUNNISH Nation residing on the Kooskooske river below the forks and on Colters Creek &c_and who sometimes pass over to the Missouri |
large Lodges |
2,000 |
| 4. PEL-LOAT-PAL-LAH Band of Chopunnish reside on the Kooskooske above the forks and on the small streams which fall into that river west of the rocky mountains, & chopunnish river, and sometimes pass over to the Missouri |
d° | 1,600 |
| 4,800 |
| Names of Indian Nations and their places of General Residence | No. of Houses or Lodges |
Probable No. of souls |
| 5. KI-MOO-E-NIM Band of Chopunnish N. reside on Lewis'es river above the enterance of the Kooskooske as high up that river as the Forks |
d° | 4,800 800 |
| 6. Y-E-LET PO Band of Choponish reside under the S. W. Mountains on a Small river which falls into Lewis's river above the enterance of the Kooskooske which they call we-are-cum |
d° | 250 |
| 7 WIL-LE-WAH Band [of] Choponish on a river of the same name which discharges itself into Lewis's river on the S. W. side below the forks of that river |
d° | 500 |
| 8 SO-YEN-NOW Band of Choponiesh [9]
on the N. side of the E. fork of Lewis's river from it's junction to the rocky Mountains and on La-mal-tar Creek |
d° | 400 |
| 9 CHOPUNNISH of Lewis's river below the enterance of Kooskooske on either Side of that river to it's junction with the Columbia |
h[ouses]Lodges 30 10 |
2,300 |
| 10 SOKULK Nation reside on the Columbia above the) enterance of Lewis's river as high up as the enterance of Clarks river |
120 | 2,400 |
| 11 CHIM-NAH-PUM on the N. W. side of the Columbia both above and below the enterance of Lewis' s river and on the Tapteel R.[10] which falls into the Columbia 15 M. above Lewis's R. |
42 | 1,860 |
| 12 WAL-LOW-WAL-LOW Nation on both sides of the Columbia from the enterance of Lewis's river as low as the Muscle shell rapid and in winter pass over to the waters of the Tapteel river. |
46 | 1,600[11] |
| 13 PISH-QUIT-PAH'S Nation reside from the Muscle rapid & on the N. side of the Columbia to the Commencement of the high Country this N. winter on the waters of the Tapteel river |
71 | 2,600[12] |
| 14 WAH-HOW-PUM Nation reside on the N. bank of the Columbia in different Bands from the pish-qunitpales as lowas River Lapage the differt. bands of this nation winter on the waters of Tapteel & Catteract Rvs. |
33 | 700 |
| 15 E-NE-CHUR Nation reside at the Great falls of Columbia on either side are stationary |
41 | 1,200 |
| 16 E-SKEL-LUTE Nation reside at the upper part of the Great Narrows of Columbia on the N. Side (is the great mart for all the Country) |
h[ouses] 21 |
1,000[13] |
| 31,860 |
| Names of Indian Nations and their places of General Residence | No. of Houses or Lodges |
Probable No. of Souls |
|
| 17 | CHIL-LUCK-KlT-TE-QUAW N. resideing next below the narrows and extending down on the N. side of the Columbia to River Labeech |
h[ouses] 32 |
31,860 1,400[14] |
| 18 | SMOCK -SHOP Band of Chil-luck-kit-te-quaw reside on the Columbia on each side from the Enterance of River Labiech to the neighbourhood of the Great rapids of that river |
24 | 800 |
| 19 | SHA-HA-LA [15]
Nation reside at the Grand Rapids of the Columbia and extend down in different Villages as low as the Multnomah river consisting of the following tribes, viz : y-e-huh above the rapids, Clah-clel-lah below the rapid, the Wah-clel-lah below all the rapids and the Ne-er-cho-ki-oo 1 House 100 sole on the S. side a fiew miles above the Multnomah R. |
62 | 2,800 |
| 20 Wappato Indians[16] |
NE-CHA-CO-KEE Tribe reside on the S. side of the Columbia a fiew miles below quick Sand river & opposit the dimond Island—(remains)— |
1 | 100 |
| SHOTO Tribe resides on the N. side of the Columbia back of a pond 1/2 mile from the river and nearly opposit the Enterance of the Multnomah river |
8 | 460 | |
| MULT-NO-MAH Tribe reside on Wap-pa-tow Island in the Mouth of the Multnomah, the remains of a large nation |
6 | 800 | |
| CLAN-NAH-QUEH'S Tribe of Moltnomah's on Wappato Island below the Multnomars |
4 | 130 | |
| Wap-pa-ra Indianss | NE-MAL-QUIN-NER'S a Tribe of Multnom's reside on the N. E. side of the Multnomah River 2 ms. above its mouth |
4 | 200 |
| CATH-LAH-COM-MAH-TUP'S a Tribe of Multnom's South Side of the Wappato Island on a slew of the Miltnr. |
3 | 170 | |
| CATH-LAH-NAH-QUI-AH'S Tribe of Multnomes reside on the SW. side of Wappato Island |
6 | 400 | |
| CLACK-STAR-N. resides on a small river which discharges itself on the S. W. Side of Wappato Island |
28 | 1,200 | |
| CLAN-IN-NA-TA'S resides on the S.W. Side of Wap-pa-to Island |
5 | 200 | |
| CATH-LAH-CUM-UPS on the main Shore South West of Wappato Island |
6 | 450 | |
| CLAN-NAR-MIN-NA-MUN'S on the S.W. side of the Wappato Island |
12 | 280 | |
| 42,150 |
| Names of Indian Nations and their places of General Residence | No. of Houses or Lodges |
Probable No. of Souls |
|
| 42,150 | |||
| Wap-pa-ro Indians continued |
QUATH-LAH-POH-TLE'S. N. reside on the N.W. of the Columbia above the Enterance of Cah-wah-na- hi-ooks river opposit the Low pt. of Wappato Isd. |
14 | 900 |
| CAL-LA-MAKS reside on a creek which falls into the-. Columbia on the N . side at the lower part of the Columbian Vally N. Side |
10 | 200 | |
| 21 | SKIL-LUTE Nation resides on the Columbia on each sides in different Villages from the lower part of the Columbian Vally as low as the Sturgeon Island and on either Side of the Cow-e-lis-kee River Hull-loo-el-lell on the Cow-e-lis-kee[17] |
50 | 2,500 |
| 22 | WACK-KI-A-CUMS reside on the N. Side of the Columbia opposit the Marshey Islands |
11 | 200 |
| 23 | CATH-LÂH-MÂHS reside on the S. side of the Columbia opposit to the Seal Islands |
9 | 300[18] |
| 24 | CHIN-NOOK'S reside on the N. side of the Columbia} to its enterance & on Chinnook river |
28 | 400 |
| 25 | CLÂT. SOP'S N. reside on the S. Side of the Columbia and a fiew miles along the S. E. coast on both Sides of point Adams |
14 | 200 |
| 26 | KIL-LA-MUCKS N. from the Clâtsops of the coast along the S. E. coast for many Ms. |
50 | 1,000 |
| Indian information. those nations speak the Kila-mucks Lg. 27 [19] |
LUCK-TONS reside on the sea coast to the S.SE. of the Kil-la-mucks. | houses | 200 |
| KA-HUN-KLE'S d° d° d° S.SE. of the Luck-tons | houses | 400 | |
| LICK-A-WIS d° d° d° to the S.SE. large town | houses | 800 | |
| YORICK-CONE'S d° d° d° d° d° houses | houses | 700 | |
| NECK-Ĥ-TO'S d° d° d° d° large town | houses | 700 | |
| UL-SE-ÅH'S d° d° d° d° small town | houses | 150 | |
| YOU-ITTS d° d° d° d° d° | houses | 150 | |
| SHE-A-STUCK-KLE'S d° d° d° d° large town | houses | 900 | |
| KIL-LA-WATS d° d° d° d° d° | houses | 500 | |
| COOK-KOO-OOSE Nation reside on the Sea coast to the South of the Kil-la-wats[20] |
hous | 1,500 | |
| SHAL-LA-LAH Nation on the Same course to the South |
hous | 1,200 | |
| Indian information reside to the South of the Killamox & speak Dift. Languages 28 |
LUCK-KAR-SO Nation on the Same course to the South &c |
hous | 1,200 |
| HAN-NA-KAL-LAL Nation on the Same course to the South &c |
hous | 600 | |
| 56,850 |
| Names of Indian Nations and their places of General Residence | No. of Houses or Lodges |
Probable No. of Souls |
|
| 56,850 | |||
| KIL-LAXT-HO-KLE'S T. on the Sea coast from the Chinnooks to the N. N. W. |
8 | 100 | |
| CHILTZ N. from the Killaxthokles along the N. N. W coast |
38 | 700 | |
| CLA-MOC-TO-MICK'S from the chiltz along the N. N. W. coast |
12 | 260 | |
| POTOASH'S reside on the Same Coast N. westwarly of the Clamochokle[21] |
10 | 200 | |
| PAILSH T. reside from the potash on the N. W. coast &c |
10 | 200 | |
| Information of different Indians on the N. W. Coast 29 |
QUI-NI-ILT'S from the pailsh along the N. W. coast &c |
60 | 1,000 |
| QUI-EET-SO'S from the Quiniilts along the N W. coast &c |
18 | 250 | |
| CHIL-LÂTE'S from the quieettso along the N. W. coast &c |
8 | 150 | |
| CA-LÂST-HO-CLE from the Chillâte N. W. allong the same coast |
10 | 200 | |
| QUIN-NE-CHART N. reside on the sea coast. & Creeks N. & N W. of the calâsthocles[22] |
2,000 | ||
| 30 | CLARK-A-MUS Nation reside on a large river of the Same name which heads in Mt. Jefferson and discharges itself into the Multnonah 40 M. up that river on its N. E. Side. this N. has several villages on either side |
Houses | 1,800[23] |
| 31 | CUSH-HOOKS N. reside on the N.E. bank of the Multnomah imediately below the fall of that river about 60 M. above its enterance into the Colm.. |
d° | 650[24] |
| 32 | CHAR-COW-AH N. reside on the S.W. bank of the Multnomah imediately above the falls and take the salmon in that river |
d° | 200 |
| 33 | CAL-LAH-PO-E-WAH Nation inhabit the country on both sides of the Multnomah above the Charcowahs for great extent' |
d° | 2,000 |
| 34 | SHO-SHO-NE (or Snake indians) residing in Winter and fall on the Multnomah river. Southerly of the S. W. Mountains, and in Spring and summer on the heads of the To-war-ne-hi-ooks, La Page, You-ma-tol-am, and Wal-lar-wal-lar rivers, and more abundantly at the falls of the Towarnehiooks, for the purpose of fishing |
d° | 3,000 |
| 69,560 |
| Names of Indian Nations and their places of General Residence | No. of Houses or Lodges |
Probable No. of Souls. |
|
| 35 | SHO-SHO-NE'S on the Multnomah and its waters, the residence of them is not well known to us. or Inds.-of-the Columbia say abt. |
No. of Houses or Lodges |
69,560 6,000 |
| 36 | SHO-BAR-BOO-BE-ER Band of Shoshones reside on the S. W. side of the Multnomah river, high up the Said river |
No. of Houses or Lodges |
1,600[25] |
| 37 | SHO-SHO-NE'S. resideing on the S. fork of Lewis's river and on the Nemo, Walshlemo, Shallett, Shushpellanimmo, Shecomskink, Timmooenumlarwas, and the Cop cop pahark rivers branches of the South fork of Lewises river |
No. of Houses or Lodges |
3,000 |
| We Saw parts of those Tribes at the long narrows 38 |
SKÂD. DÂTS N. reside on Cattaract river 25 M. N. of the big narrow live by hunting |
No. of Houses or Lodges |
200 |
| SQUÂN-NAR-OOS. d° d° below the Skaddals | No. of Houses or Lodges |
120 | |
| SHAL-LÂT-TOS. d° d° above d° | No. of Houses or Lodges |
100 | |
| SHAN-WAP-POM'S reside on the heads of Catteract river & Tapteel river |
No. of Houses or Lodges |
400 | |
| 39 | CUTS-SÂH-NIM Nation reside on both Sides of the Columbia Above the Sokulks & on the Northerly branches of the Tapteel river and also on the Wah-na-a-chee river |
60 | 1,200 |
| LA-HÂN-NA Nation reside on both Sides of the Columbia above the enterance of Clarks river[26] |
120 | 2,000 | |
| COOS-PEL-LAR'S Nation reside on a river which falls into the Columbia to the N. of Clarks river[27] |
30 | 1,600 | |
| WHE-EL-PO Nation reside on both Sides of Clarks river from the enterance of the Lastaw to the Great falls of Clarks R |
130 | 2,500 | |
| HI-HIGH-E-NIM-MO Nation from the enterance of the Lastaw into Clarks river on both Sides of the Lestaw as high as the forks |
45 | 1,300[28] | |
| LAR-TI-E-TO'S Nation at the Falls of the Lastaw river below the great Waytom Lake, on both Sides of the river |
30 | 600 | |
| SKEET-SO-MISH Nation resides on a Small river of the Same name which discharges itself into the Lastaw below the falls around the Waytom Lake, and on two islands within the said Lake |
120 | 2,000 | |
| MICK-SUCK-SEAL-TOM Tribe of the Tushshepah reside on Clark river above the great falls of that river, in the rocky Mounts. |
25 | 300 | |
| 92,480 |
| Names of Indian Nations and their places of General Residence | No. of Houses or Lodges |
Probable No. of Souls |
| HO-HIL-POS. a tribe of d°. on Clarks river above the Micksuck-seal-toms in the Rocky Mountains |
25 | 92,480 300 |
| TUSH-SHE-PAH'S Nation reside on a N. fork of Clarks river and rove on Clarks river in Spring and Summer and the fall and winter on the Missouri.[29] The Oat-lash-shute is a band of this nation |
35 | 430 |
| 80,000 | ||
| [93,210] | ||
| West of the Rocky Mountains is | 80,000 Sol |
As evidence in regard to the date of the original draft, the following note of
Lewis (Codex I, p. 148) may be considered: "Feb. 8th 1805 [sc. 1806]. Note
there are several other nations residing on the Columbia below the grand rappids and
on some streams which discharge themselves into the same whose names we have learnt
but have not any proper data from which to calculate ther probable number; therefor
omitted." See also text of journal for June 13, 1806, (volume v, p. 133), when
the original draft as entered in Codex I was doubtless completed.—Ed.
In the original draft Lewis begins with the Oatelashschute tribe, and leaves the
Shoshones until later. Clark appears to have entered them first, as these were the
first Western Indians whom they encountered.—Ed.
The Clark-Voorhis note-book No. 4 adds: "a part of the Tushshepaw Nation
includes the Tush she pah, ho hill pos & Micksicksealtom Tribes all of them rove
on Clark's River and occasionally cross over to the Missouri for the purpose of making
robes and dried meat &c."—Ed.
The preceding six tribes of the Chopunnish nation were entered in the original
draft as follows : "Chopunnish of the Kooskooske River, 220 lodges, 3600 souls;
Chopunnish of Lewis's River above the entrance
of the Kooskooske, 80 lodges, 1200
souls." Later was added Willeletpo and Willelahs with substantially the same
description as given here.—Ed.
Of the different branches of the Shahala nation, only the Neerchokioo is mentioned
in the original draft, and the numbers are given as "1340."—Ed.
All these tribes of Wappato Indians are given in the first draft substantially as
here, save that the numbers are here considerably enlarged.—Ed.
This tribe appears to have been entered as an after-thought, is not in original
draft, and is here unnumbered and unestimated.
The numbers for the three preceding tribes have been much enlarged; the
Skillutes increased from 1500 to 2500, the Wackkiacums from 100 to 200, the
Cathlâhmâhs from 200 to 400.—Ed.
The list of Indians southeast of the Killamucks is also to be found in the Clark-Voorhis
note-book No. 4.—Ed.
Clark adds following note in the original draft, also in the Clark-Voorhis notebook
No. 4: "I saw Several prisoners from this nation with the Clatsops and Kilamox,
they are much fairer than the common Indians of this quarter, and do not
flatten their heads."—Ed.
The Clark-Voorhis note-book No. 4 adds at this point, "and on the Slashes
& Creeks off the coast."
The original draft adds here: "and as fur up the Columbia as is known by
the Chopunnish & other nations which we have Seen on the Columbian Waters."—Ed.
| II. Ethnology Original journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806 | |