BIBLIOGRAPHY
The most important older studies of Gnosticism are W.
Bousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis (Göttingen, 1907) and
E. de Faye, Gnostiques et Gnosticisme, 2nd ed. (Paris, 1925).
Criticisms and reinterpretations are provided by A.-J.
Festugière, la révélation d'Hermès Trismégiste, 4 vols. (Paris,
1945-54); H. J. Schoeps, Urgemeinde—Judenchristentum—
Gnosis (Tübingen, 1956); H. Jonas, The Gnostic Religion
(Boston, 1958); R. McL. Wilson, The Gnostic Problem
(London, 1958); and C. Colpe, Diereligionsgeschichtliche
Schule (Göttingen, 1961); see also K. Wegenast, “Gnosis,
Gnostiker,” in K. Ziegler and W. Sontheimer, Der Kleine
Pauly: Lexikon der Antike (Stuttgart, 1967), II, 830-39. The
newer discoveries are discussed by J. Doresse, The Secret
Books of the Egyptian Gnostics (New York, 1960), and ac-
curately listed by M. Krause, “Die koptische Hands-
chriftenfund bei Nag Hammadi,” Mitteilungen des
Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo, 18
(1962), 121-32; 19 (1963), 106-13. On special points see also
H. A. Wolfson, The Philosophy of the Church Fathers
(Cambridge, Mass., 1956), I, 495-574; G. G. Scholem, Jewish
Gnosticism, Merkabah Mysticism, and Talmudic Tradition
(New York, 1960); and R. M. Grant, Gnosticism: an Anthol-
ogy (New York, 1961), and Gnosticism and Early Christian-
ity, 2nd ed. (New York, 1966). For the important Messina
conference see U. Bianchi, ed., le origini dello gnosticismo:
Colloquio di Messina (Leiden, 1967) and Studi di storia
religiosa della tarda antichità (Messina, 1968).
ROBERT M. GRANT
[See also
Dualism; God; Heresy; Hierarchy; Myth; Neo-
Platonism; Prophecy; Sin.]
