University of Virginia Library

V. MATERIALS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS

In Pueblo del Arroyo, as in other ruins long exposed to summer
rains and winter snows, few perishable substances have survived.
Windblown sand in greater or less amount had collected in every
ground-floor room we opened—accumulations sometimes contemporary
with occupancy of the village since household sweepings often
overlay the sand. Many of the objects we recovered came from these
sweepings but others clearly had fallen with collapse of second- and
third-story floors.

In eight instances, Rooms 9, 10, 28, 39, 40, 43, 51, and 62, debris
of occupation in appreciable quantity had been dumped in before the
ceilings and masonry had crashed down from above. Rooms 14 and
46 had been briefly used as dumps, then refloored and reoccupied.
Room 65 was a storeroom until its roof caved in; thereafter, a neighborhood
dump. Burials had been made in the sand layer or in the
overlying waste in Rooms 4, 13, and 40; portions of human skeletons
dislodged elsewhere had been thrown in upon the accumulations in
Rooms 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 21, and 24, in Kivas H and I, and in the
area of demolition west of the village. Together, burials and salvaged
artifacts fail fully to illustrate either the inhabitants of Pueblo del
Arroyo or their arts and crafts.

FOODSTUFFS AND CLOTHING

A few scraps of woven goods, a sackful of bird and mammal bones
from kitchen rubbish, and a small selection of fruits from native
plants are all we have to show what the local population ate and wore.
If we were to complete the list, even in part, we should have to rely
upon the published records of archeological research in contemporary
ruins where a like culture prevailed, as Pueblo Bonito and Aztec Ruin.

Clothing was prepared from cotton, dogbane, yucca, and perhaps
other vegetal fibers, and the tanned skins of mammals. A 3-inch
square fragment of cotton cloth, plain-woven 30 threads to the inch
(U.S.N.M. No. 334715) was found on the floor of Room 9B-II. A
cotton blanket, of which we were able to save very little (No. 334716),
had been wrapped about the body of an infant (field No. 90) buried in
Room 4. A knotted 2-ply apocynum thread dyed red came from second-story
Room 9B-I and short lengths of yucca cord of varied diameter

were recovered in Rooms 8B-I and 16A. We should have
found, but did not, lengths of yucca-fiber cord intertwisted with strips
of fur or feathers to evidence the cold-weather blankets (doubling as
bedding) used in Pueblo homes from prehistoric times until the close
of the nineteenth century. Three scraps of unidentifiable mammal
skin, tanned and tailored (U.S.N.M. No. 334721), also came from
Room 8B-I.

Sandals are represented by four fragments only—two plaited of
narrow strips of yucca leaves and two woven of dogbane fibers (Apocynum
sp.). The larger of these two latter (No. 334714) is from the
instep and measures approximately 5 inches long by 3½ inches wide.
On a foundation of 29 stiff, 3-fiber yucca warp threads it is woven
with a 2-color bar-and-stepped-square design on the upper side and a
raised pattern below. This fragment, likewise from the floor of second-story
Room 8B-I, is the only evidence of cloth sandals with
colored ornamentation unearthed during our seven summers in Chaco
Canyon. The outline of a complete example, for the right foot, was
drawn with chalky-white kaolin on the brown north-wall plaster of
Room 44 (pl. 14, B).

Two pieces of sandals, twill plaited of narrow strips of yucca
leaves in the familiar over-2-under-2 technique, were recovered from
Room 8B-I (fig. 3) and Room 44A. Sandals such as these, with a
notch on the outer edge at the little toe, doubtless were the favored
footgear at Pueblo del Arroyo, although a coarser, notchless variety,
braided with wide strips of the broad-leafed yucca (Y. baccata), was
equally well known.

Ornaments.—The meager assortment of ornaments in our collection
was recovered chiefly from household rubbish. Beads and pendants
predominate, and most of them were fashioned from shells
originating in the Gulf of California. The series is less diversified
than that from Pueblo Bonito but includes no species not represented
there. Of two "saucer-shaped" beads, both ⅜ inch in diameter and cut
from the wall of an olivella, one (field No. 303) is faced with a disk
of jet and drilled transversely under the disk for stringing.

We have two beautifully polished jet pendants, both from Room 32
and somewhat heat blistered on the back. One is square with three
rounded corners, and the other is triangular with all corners rounded
(U.S.N.M. Nos. 334753-334754). The former, sawed from a thicker
piece, had holes for a suspension cord drilled to meet below the surface
behind its one squared angle. We have half of a discoidal red claystone
pendant and three that are oblong, two of them undrilled. Several

fragments of calcite and selenite and a cube of galena bear
abrasion scratches as though they had been considered momentarily
as possible ornaments.

Turquoise was conspicuously lacking in Pueblo del Arroyo. We recovered
only 15 discoidal beads and fragments, all from an offering in
Pilaster 8, Kiva C, and only 16 whole and fragmentary pendants of
which 13 came from various Kiva C pilasters. Of the other three,
two are half an inch long or less while the third, found burned and
broken in Room 41, represents a once magnificent specimen (fig. 8).
In addition we have 10 small shaped pieces of turquoise, mostly tesserae
(U.S.N.M. No. 334741), and a handful of chips from a lapidary's
workbench in Room 24 (No. 334744).

Copper bells presumably were worn as personal ornaments. We
recovered two small complete examples and fragments of three others,
and of the five only one (U.S.N.M. No. 334766) came from a kiva, J.
In addition, a piece of sheet copper 1⅝ inches square was found in
Kiva F (No. 334767). Three of the six specimens were included in
our analysis of copper bells from Pueblo Bonito.[1]

Foodstuffs.—The remains of foodstuffs recovered during the course
of our excavations are as scant as those of clothing. Seeds, rind fragments,
and stems of the common pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) were
found in several rooms, but maize, or Indian corn (Zea mays Linn.),
the staff of life here as elsewhere in the Plateau Province since the
beginning of Pueblo history, was represented by a mere hatful of
charred cobs from Room 65. Pinyon nut shells were noted among
debris of occupation in three rooms, 43, 46, and 65; a thimbleful of
prickly-pear seeds (Opuntia sp.) were found together in Room 44.
Other fruit- or seed-bearing trees and shrubs, native grasses, and
wild potatoes (Solanum sp.) likewise contributed their annual harvests
as we know from findings in Pueblo Bonito. However, the cockleburs
(Xanthium saccharatium Wallr.) embedded in the wall masonry of
Room 47 are believed to represent, not a possible food plant, but
merely an annual annoyance to the women who mixed mud mortar
with their bare feet.

The inhabitants of Pueblo del Arroyo were agriculturists and, as
such, depended for their livelihood primarily upon plants cultivated
in small garden plots. Nevertheless, they probably trapped ground
squirrels, as Pueblo farmers still do, and hunted larger game whenever

opportunity offered. Animals, all or most of which presumably
were eaten, were represented in local trash heaps by bones of the
following species:

• Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus)

• Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana)

• Elk (Cervus canadensis)

• Mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis)

• Jack rabbit (Lepus californicus)

• Cottontail (Sylvilagus auduboni)

• Badger (Taxidea taxus)

• Beaver (Castor canadensis)

• Bobcoat (Lynx baileyi)

• Coyote (Canis lestes)

• Indian dog (Canis familiaris)

Dogs and turkeys had been domesticated by the several Pueblo
tribes long before advent of the Spaniards in 1540, but there is still
doubt as to whether they were regularly eaten. The unknown author
of the "Relación del Suceso," a member of the Coronado Expedition,
observed (Winship, 1896, p. 573) that the Pueblos kept turkeys "more
for their feathers than to eat, because they make long robes of them."
Parsons (1939, p. 22) expressed surprise upon seeing Taos men eat
turkey, since in villages south of Taos "turkey is a ritual bird, kept
that its feathers may be used in prayer offerings; and it would not be
eaten, people say, even in time of famine."

Hopi of the present century insist that they would not eat dog or
coyote except to ward off starvation (Parsons, ibid., p. 22) but Alexander
M. Stephen (1936, pp. 266, 939), with no famine in prospect,
saw two dogs killed and dressed for the table, one of them "a large,
fat, young dog" that had broken a window pane while accidentally
locked in one of the houses and therefore "deserved to be killed."

Birds presumably were kept or caught for their feathers, not to eat.
Turkeys had been domesticated in P.I times if not before, and thereafter
strips of turkey feathers were twisted with yucca fibers to
make winter blankets. We found bones of the wild turkey (Meleagris
gallopavo) wherever household rubbish was thrown and, chroniclers
of the Conquest period to the contrary (Winship, 1896, p. 573), I
find it difficult to believe that pre-Spanish Pueblo peoples had not discovered
the edibility of boiled breast of turkey.

Other than wild turkey, only the following species were recognized
among our bird bones from Pueblo del Arroyo:

• Macaw (Ara macao; A. militaris)

• Prairie falcon (Falco mexicanus)

• Raven (Corvus corax)

• Red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis)

Whether eaten or not, Indian dogs and coyotes were familiar sights
at Pueblo del Arroyo as indicated by the following findings:

                     

Room	Field No.	Description
3	88	Coyote, cranium only
11	..	Coyote skeleton, incomplete
20	..	Dog, puppy, incomplete skeleton
37	..	Dog, cranium only
Kiva C	..	Coyote and young dog, miscellaneous bones
Kiva F	484	Dog skeleton (on floor)
Kiva F	485	Dog skeleton (on east side, bench level)
Kiva F	486	Young dog, incomplete
Kiva I	487	Dog skeleton, cranium missing
Kiva I	..	Dog skeleton (on east side)

These remains, divided between the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., and the United States National Museum,
were described by the late Glover M. Allen (1954).

Three articulated macaw skeletons (Ara macao, A. militaris, A.
sp.) were found on a shallow accumulation of sand in Room 63
(U.S.N.M. Nos. 334950-334952), and an incomplete skeleton of the
gorgeous red-blue-yellow macaw (A. macao) was recovered in
Room 44. This latter find (field No. 312) is of more than usual
interest because it provides evidence of an apparent clash of tempers.
We may imagine a sudden painful bite from an irritated beak and a
sharp, angry blow in retaliation. Landing full on the bird's breast, the
blow resulted in permanent injury which A. Wetmore describes as
follows: "The lower end in both coracoids has been fractured and
then has healed in such a way as to bring complete fusion at the
normal area of attachment to the sternum, as well as with the manubrial
area. The free edge of the keel of the sternum also shows an
old injury, being distorted to the side in subsequent healing." (Note:
The coracoids were driven within the sternal apparatus; the keel distortion
is due to lack of sunlight or calcium deficiency.)

The quill fragment of a turkey wing feather wrapped about with a
length of coarse 2-ply yucca cord and the forward part of a blue
feather, presumably macaw, lay on the floor of Room 9B-III (Nos.
334720-334722). An incomplete turkey skeleton came from Room 63.
Captive macaws and eagles are to be seen occasionally in present-day
Pueblo villages where there is a year-long need for their feathers on
prayer offerings.

As a final possible item of food there was fish. There has never
been a living stream in Chaco Canyon and there is no likely source of
fish nearer than the San Juan River, 50 miles to the north, hence
our astonishment when seven scales of the gar pike (Lepisosteus sp.,

U.S.N.M. No. 334958) were unearthed in Room 44. The gar pike
has not been reported from the Rio San Juan but it is at home in the
Rio Grande over 100 miles to the east.

BASKETRY

Basketry, of daily use in every household in Pueblo del Arroyo, is
another material that could not withstand dampness. We noted several
instances where baskets had left their imprint on muddy floors or in
sandy accumulations but recovered only three small fragments. One
of these is a 2½-inch-long piece embodying only three coils of a bowl
woven in the well-known technique, 2-rod-and-bundle bunched foundation
with uninterlocking stitches. The other two fragments, clearly
from the same specimen, exhibit simple interlocked stitching on a
1-rod foundation. These three scraps thus represent only two of the
many basketry techniques undoubtedly employed at Pueblo del Arroyo
and only one of several vessel forms, the bowl.

Two earthenware effigies of the bifurcated carrying basket, which
presumably served some religious function, were found in the secondstory
wreckage of Room 27 (pl. 35). Other examples of this unusual
creation, together with remnants of burden baskets, cylindrical baskets,
and other forms have been reported from nearby Pueblo Bonito
(Pepper, 1920; Judd, 1954).

OBJECTS OF WOOD

The men of Pueblo del Arroyo were skillful workers in wood.
Despite tools limited to stone axes, sandstone abraders, flint or obsidian
knives, and wedges of some sort, the product of their industry
merits our applause. Their methods of working wood were simple:
chopping and sawing, scraping and rubbing.

Architectural wood includes beams and ceiling poles, lintels, posts,
shakes, and planks. Beams were cut and peeled while green and
carried to the building site. We saw none that had been scarred or
chafed in transportation; none that had been felled by fire. The
principal beams, often 10 or 11 inches in diameter, presumably were
cut to the desired length either in the forest or at the building site,
since the final axwork, rechopping each end until it lay at a neat right
angle to beam length, was first delimited by an encircling line drawn
with a flint chip. Subsequently, and despite the fact that both ends
were to be concealed by wall plaster, the ax marks were commonly
erased by rubbing with sandstone abraders. Knots likewise were removed
by rubbing. Ceiling poles and lintels were treated in the same

way as beams but with less abrader work. Beams and ceiling poles
alike appear to have been in position when the mud-and-stone masonry
rose above them.

Shakes, or shingles, of split juniper (cedar) were locally preferred
in ceiling construction. Placed close together upon the poles and
bound to them by yucca thongs, these shakes supported layers of
cedar bark and adobe mud to provide a tight ceiling and a floor for the
room above (pls. 6, A; 7, A). Averaging between 2 and 3 feet long
and an inch or more in width, the shakes were split individually from
a log and, if need be, were shortened by sawing part way through from
both sides with a flint blade and breaking.

Boards adzed and abraded from sections of pine or fir logs occasionally
replaced cedar splints in ceilings; more frequently they
appeared as lintels over doors and ventilators. Other examples lay
detached and alone. A 32-inch-long fragment of dressed spruce, 2¼
inches wide by 1⅜ inches thick, was found among fallen masonry
above floor level in Room 16B (pl. 38, k). Another dressed board,
10½ inches wide by 1 inch thick by 12 feet long, floored a 3-inch deep,
11-inch-wide trench across the north end of Room 55.

Posts were often required to prop the ends of beams, even large
beams. Apparently rock and mud stonework, without wall plates,
lacked strength to support the combined weight of an average ceiling
and occupants of the room or rooms above. Posts usually were placed
close against the side walls, but not necessarily under both ends of a
given beam. In each case we examined, the post stood upon a slabstone
base.

What we believe to have been the prop for a broken beam in Room
16A is shown, in situ, in plates 7, A, and 8, A. It is of yellow pine
(Pinus sp.) stone-ax hewn and sandstone abraded, the largest example
of prehistoric woodwork from the Southwest with which I am acquainted.
Here, as in every other planklike artifact recovered during
our excavations, thickness lessens slightly from the middle toward
the edges. Plate 39, B, clearly illustrates the manner of finishing ends
and sides.

This great hewn timber is unique as far as I know, the only one of
its kind. Other wooden objects we recovered are not necessarily
unique but each stands alone. We found only one fragment of a
spindle shaft (U.S.N.M. No. 334691); only one digging stick (oak;
pl. 38, e); one piece, with square-cut ends and opposed X's incised on
one side (pl. 38, c); another piece, ⅝ inch diameter, with one end
rounded (the other is burned off) and a squared side notch, the bottom

of which has been compressed by pressure and friction (pl. 38, b).
These latter two, both cedar, are from Room 9B-III.

Bows and arrows.—Only one indubitable fragment of a bow was
recovered, a fragment 3 inches long and [fraction 7 by 16] inch in both width and
thickness. It had been partially severed with a flint knife and then
broken off. On either side at the tip is a slanting nock for the bowstring;
immediately below, sinew wrappings and some sort of adhesive
have left a dark encircling band ⅝ inch wide. But of greatest interest
is the fact that the wood is Osage orange (Maclura pomifera Schn.),[2]
a wood quite foreign to Chaco Canyon.

Two 5-inch pieces from Room 9B-III, both planoconvex in cross
section and tapering toward one end, have the appearance of bow fragments,
but they are of willow (U.S.N.M. No. 334693) and one
has two X's incised upon its flat side. A third possible portion of a
bow is illustrated on plate 38, d. It is of unidentified wood 20 inches
long by ⅜ inch diameter at the tip and ⅞ at the butt, light-colored,
compact, and heavy. The butt is rounded and covered by minute nicks
of a flint knife; lengthwise striations left by the abrader are plain
upon the surface. There is no bowstring nock and no trace of a handgrip
at the larger end.

Our lone fragment of an arrow is a 2-inch section of reed containing
the shank of a wood foreshaft with an encircling green band
where a sinew wrapping had been (U.S.N.M. No. 334704).

Scraper.—A juniper splinter beveled along its curved edge evidences
use as a scraper (pl. 38, j). A second, more specialized example
from Room 9B-II, is 4⅛ inches long by 1¾ inches wide and ¼ inch thick
with square-cut ends and back, smoothly abraded sides, and a thinned
front edge half polished from scraping or burnishing (pl. 38, i).

Resonator (?).—The specimen illustrated by figure 27, drilled at
the upper end for ancient repairs, may be an early version of the
"notched stick," or "resonator" to be seen and heard widely throughout
the Southwest today. Ours is of mountain mahogany, dark and
heavy, with a glossy sheen that could be the result of friction from
another stick. Notched resonators have been popular pseudomusical
instruments among the Pueblos since pre-Spanish times. Kidder
(1932, pp. 252-255) found several at Pecos. Parsons (1939, p. 383)
notes that "the musical rasp or notched rattle" invariably provides
an accompaniment for the Jemez kachina dance no matter where
performed. I assume that our Pueblo del Arroyo specimen likewise

furnished the rhythm for dance songs. A comparable example, but
with only four notches, was found in a cave south of Silver City,
N. Mex., and presented to the National Museum in 1879 by Henry
and James K. Metcalf (U.S.N.M. No. 35265).

Handle (?).—Figure 28 will suggest to some readers a violin tailpiece.
It is of juniper. Indistinct traces of sinew (?) wrappings (no
cord marks) are to be seen on each side. One binding, ⅛ inch wide,
encircled the piece immediately below the uppermost hole; another,
continuous from the second hole to the bottom, exhibits a variable
tension on the wrapping at time of application. The lighter band
across the lower end represents a closer, more carefully applied
wrapping. I detect no trace of cord wear at the five holes; the
gouged-out groove is a shade less than [fraction 3 by 16] inch deep.

Altar piece (?).—A tablet of cedar less than ⅛ inch thick, carved
in the form of a sandal, is undoubtedly part of an altar piece. Its
ornamentation is a black geometric design on a green background
(fig. 29); the lighter, middle section is now orange in color, but may
have been red. A chemical change has taken place in this area, for
the black lines formerly continued across. The specimen is comparable
to, but somewhat smaller than, a painted-wood sandal form illustrated
by Morris (1939, pl. 145) from Aztec Ruin.

Bits of painted wood from Rooms 44 and 62, too small to suggest
either shape or size, may also have been parts of altar pieces
(U.S.N.M. Nos. 334696, 334698).

Pot rest.—A loose coil of cedar bark, 7 inches in diameter and
with no trace of wrapping, was found among debris of occupation
in Room 44 (pl. 38, h).

Willow screen.—The partially charred and decayed screen protruding
from the fill in Room 16 (pl. 7, B) was made of dressed
willows, pierced at intervals of about 4 inches and threaded by yucca
cords. Apparently it had fallen with the second-story floor.

Five sections of peeled willows 13¼ to 14¼ inches long, likewise from
Room 16, had been cut off at both ends but are otherwise unworked
(pl. 38, a). They are not comparable to the peeled and abraded willows
customarily used in ceilings of second-type masonry at Pueblo
Bonito.

OBJECTS OF BONE

The list given on page 126 includes all 4-footed mammals whose
bones were found in the rubbish piles of Pueblo del Arroyo. All, or
nearly all, of those mammals presumably are represented among the
bone artifacts now before us. Doubt must remain in those instances

where the articulations or other identifying features have been removed
or extensively altered. Bones of the mule deer (Odocoileus
hemionus) predominate, and because they are straight and strong it is
understandable that deer leg bones should have been used most frequently
for implements. The process of manufacture echoed that in
woodworking, namely, separating the desired portion by sawing with
a piece of flint or sandstone and then rubbing it to shape.

Awls, the most common of bone tools, vary greatly in shape and
size and in the amount of labor expended upon them. Some are mere
splinters, pointed to meet a need of the moment; others are so neatly
fashioned they must have been treasured by the maker. There are
long awls and short awls; thick and thin awls. Typical examples are
shown in plate 37. One, 3⅛ inches in length, was shaped from a fragment
of deer mandible (U.S.N.M. No. 334927); at least one was
made from a deer rib (No. 334881); one, with an exceptionally
sharp point (No. 334885), is unidentified but appears to be made
from a fish bone. Leg bones of the deer, rabbit, and wild turkey
were favorite awl materials.

We discarded in the field the less meaningful awl fragments but
retained 186 specimens for the national collections. Among these,
several groups appear of passing interest. Nine, drilled at the butt
end like needles, vary in length from 2 to 9[fraction 1 by 16] inches and in maximum
width from [fraction 3 by 16] to ⅞ inch. One of them (field No. 48), found in the
narrow room east of Kiva B, was made from a splinter of bird bone
and is at once the shortest and the narrowest of the lot. The longest,
from which the tip is missing, was made from a deer metapodial. It
was found in Room 1, and its surface, glossy from use and yellowed
by age, has the appearance of old ivory (U.S.N.M. No. 334922).
Thus the shortest and longest of our nine drilled awls came from
rooms I believe were built by immigrants from the north.

Another group consists of six delicate, double-pointed implements
needle-sharp at one end, thinned, flattened, and somewhat blunted at
the other. They range in length from 2¼ to 3⅛ inches; in width, from
⅛ to ¼ inch. A third series, 13 in number, is of the type sometimes
described as "pins." All are round in cross section or nearly so,
⅛ to ½ inch in diameter, 3 to 8[fraction 7 by 16] inches in length, and usually
square cut at the butt.

Dagger (?).—Half of the tibia of an elk (Cervus canadensis),
pointed at one end and worn smooth along the edges, seems too large
and unwieldy for ordinary household tasks (pl. 37, f). It could
have served as a dagger, although there is doubt that Pueblo tribes

ever used such a weapon. Daggers are not listed among Pueblo
weapons reported by chroniclers of the Conquest period.

Scrapers.—The Pueblo del Arroyo collection includes only one end
scraper made from a deer humerus (pl. 37, s). Another of the same
general type but fashioned from a metapodial (U.S.N.M. No.
334935) was recovered in Kiva I. We have six end scrapers made
from deer phalanges, plus a seventh in process of manufacture. One
of the six, from Room 32 (field No. 183), has 3 "turkey tracks" incised
on its convex surface. Morris (1939, p. 122) collected phalanx
scrapers from the Chaco horizon at Aztec Ruin; he expressed the
belief they were peculiar to that phase of P. III. Our collection includes
only one scraper made from a mammal rib (U.S.N.M. No.
334932), its distal end worn at an angle but without the bevel common
to its kind.

Still another variety of bone end scraper is illustrated by four
fragments (pl. 37, a-c, e). All are toothed, and the teeth are polished
through wear, especially on the under side. The second example,
1⅛ inches wide, retains part of both edges but its blade, flatter and
sharper than the others, lacks two teeth. That on the outside was
broken off first and its stub smoothed by abrasion. The third specimen,
least worn of the four, is only a scrap but appears to be full
length, 1⅞ inches. Our fourth example, e, found among the razed
structures west of Room 29 and south of Kiva "c," was cut from a
piece of scapula. With both ends present, an original length of 2⅞
inches is indicated. The added specimen, d, is of antler, sharp bitted
but without notches.

Side scrapers are represented by a fragment of leg bone and two
pieces of scapula. One of the latter (U.S.N.M. No. 334929) has
been reduced to an oval, 2[fraction 5 by 16] inches long by [fraction 13 by 16], its edge worn all
around and the lower end thin and knifelike.

Bull roarer.—Although made from the cannon bone of an elk instead
of lightning-riven wood, and although it bears two transverse
incisings rather than lightning symbols, the bone instrument, plate
37, q, was nevertheless recognized by some of our Zuñi workmen as
a "bull roarer," a prayer device twirled at the end of a cord to simulate
the wind and thus invite rain.

Flakers.—One of three antler tines apparently had been used as a
flaking tool until its tip was blunted and thereafter as a buffer of some
sort since the end is now rounded and polished (U.S.N.M. No.
334948). Another possible flaker is a former bone awl (No. 334925).

Bone "beads."—Our collection includes 24 bone beads, so-called,

ranging in length from ½ to 2[fraction 1 by 16] inches. A majority are more or less
polished through wear. Morris (1919, p. 42) found necklaces made
up of the shorter examples, and Hodge (1920, pp. 126, 134) found
some of the longer ones paired upon the left wrist of skeletons as
though once attached to a wrist guard. Still longer examples have been
reported in lots of 10 to 200 with burials at Aztec Ruin and at Pecos
(Morris, 1919, p. 42; Kidder, 1932, p. 260). The significance of such
numbers and such association remains a mystery.

At Pueblo del Arroyo we unearthed only four of this longer
variety, their ends more or less smoothly rubbed but muscle attachments
remaining at the sides. Two, 4¾ inches in length and from
Kiva E, are of jack rabbit tibias (U.S.N.M. No. 334941); the others,
from a cottontail tibia and a wing bone of an unidentifiable bird,
were found outside the ruin, west of Room 29 (No. 334942).

Dice.—Two bone "gaming counters," ¾ and ⅞ inch long, were recovered
in Rooms 51 and 54, respectively (U.S.N.M. No. 334947).
The shorter, made from the leg bone of a rabbit or bird, is without
ornamentation but its edges are ground flat on the concave side; the
longer, of heavier bone, has rounded edges and its convex face is
crowded by four incised X's.

Antler.—In proportion to the numbers of deer and elk bones in
local rubbish piles, implements made from antler are surprisingly
few. We have only the chisel-like implement shown on plate 37, d,
a punch or buffing tool (pl. 37, r), two unworked tine tips, and two
club fragments. One of these latter is of deer antler, its butt end
rounded by abrasion (pl. 38, f). The second and larger fragment is
of elk antler, the remnant of a once formidable weapon (pl. 38, g).
In Room 32 at Pueblo Bonito, Pepper (1920, p. 161) found a 19-inchlong
elk-antler club with a drilled hole at the lesser end for attachment
of a wrist cord.

OBJECTS OF STONE

Unlike bone, wood, and fibrous materials, stone persists. Hence
the preponderance of stone artifacts in almost every collection from
a Pueblo ruin. There are milling stones, or metates, stone axes, rubbing
or smoothing stones, abraders, tablets of unknown function, and
a greater or lesser assortment of miscellaneous objects.

Hammerstones were the tools with which other stone tools were
made. Endlessly repeated blows of stone upon stone gradually wore
away the unwanted portions. Any stone that could be held in the
hand was a potential hammer, but hard, tough rocks were preferred.
As its cutting edge became dulled through use, a hammer was lightly

discarded. Second only to bone awls, hammerstones are the most
numerous of ancient Pueblo artifacts. Our excavation notes record
the finding of 125 but there were others we did not trouble to report.
Some had been quartzite or diorite cobblestones; others, chunks of
flint or silicified wood. Of 11 hammers recovered in Room 43 all
but 1 were of gray silicified wood from the "Bad Lands" of Escavada
Wash, a northern tributary of Chaco Canyon.

Metates and manos.—Of 44 metates and metate fragments unearthed
at Pueblo del Arroyo 18 are of the comparatively thin, broad,
shallow-troughed variety that I designated "tabular" at Pueblo Bonito,
6 are thicker but likewise troughed, 1 has an over-all grinding surface;
7 mills and 11 fragments are not positively identified in our
field notes. Where present, the trough, or mano groove, was open at
the lower end.

Deflectors in Room 3 and Kiva "b" are included among our tabular
metates and we might have added to our six thicker troughed mills
the one that lies, pierced and inverted, over the outside ventilator shaft
of Room 3 (pl. 50, B). One tabular metate, 17 inches long by 14
inches wide by 1½ inches thick with a mano trough 14 inches long
by 7½ inches wide, had been on the roof of one-story Room 65 and
had fallen with collapse of the roof. An unused metate (U.S.N.M.
No. 334856) measures 16¾ by 9¼ by 2 inches; its indicated mano
trough, 13 by 5¼ inches, is roughened for the first grinding. To maintain
their efficiency, grinding surfaces had to be "sharpened" every
few days by repecking with hammerstones (Bartlett, 1933, p. 4).

Our lone example of a metate with over-all grinding surface is likewise
the only one found mounted in a bin (pl. 48, right). However,
measurements for an incompletely described mill recovered in Room
23 (16″ long × 1″ thick × 10½″ wide at one end and 6″ at the other)
suggest that it may have been of the same kind.

The binned metate in Room 5 belongs to a class usually described
as "flat" or "flat slab" although the grinding surface, however flat from
side to side, is invariably concave longitudinally. Kidder (1932,
p. 68) describes the type as "plain-surfaced." Brew (1946, p. 147,
fig. 174, g-i) reports two from Site 12, a P. II settlement with Mancos
black-on-white pottery on Alkali Ridge, southeastern Utah.
O'Bryan (1950, p. 83, pl. 29, f) found one not unlike ours on the
floor of a kiva at Site 102, Mesa Verde National Park, a "preponderantly
Mancos Black-on-white" site he dates at about A. D. 950. Lancaster
and Van Cleave (1954, p. 99) describe the finding of a "flat
slab" metate in the kiva-to-tower tunnel at Sun Point Pueblo, a Mesa

Verde ruin somewhat later than O'Bryan's Site 102 but, nevertheless,
with Mancos black-on-white pottery predominant. O'Bryan (ibid.,
p. 109) believes that "flat" metates had largely superseded the troughed
variety by the end of the McElmo Phase (ca. A. D. 1050-1150), and
Morris (1939, p. 133) seems to agree. My descriptive term "over-all
grinding surface," while cumbersome, is clear and precise. Neither
"flat" nor "flat slab," unqualified, correctly describes the mill typical
of the great Chaco houses.

Woodbury (1939, p. 58) lists one of "the plain surface (slab) type"
among 22 metates recovered at a small settlement about half a mile
southeast of Pueblo del Arroyo. He misinterprets Pepper, however
(Woodbury, 1954, p. 59), as does Katharine Bartlett (1933, p. 24),
in attributing "flat" or "flat slab" metates to Pueblo Bonito. When
Pepper, not anticipating present-day terminology, referred to metates
"of the usual slab form" or to "the flat metate" (Pepper, 1920, pp. 58,
90, 295), he had in mind the broad, thin, tabular mill of the Old
Bonitians. There is no record of a metate with over-all grinding
surface from Pueblo Bonito. And the finding of one at Pueblo del
Arroyo would be surprising were it not for the fact that Room 5 is
itself a stranger in Chaco Canyon.

Of 124 manos and 19 fragments reported in our field notes, all but
one are described as rectangular with a single flat grinding surface and
ends curved to match the concave sides of the mano trough. The
exception (U.S.N.M. No. 334820) is a 3½-inch-long fragment of a
two-faced triangular mano of very fine-grained sandstone, 3⅛ inches
in original width and with a present maximum thickness of ¾ inch,
base to apex. It lay on the floor in the southeast corner of Room
9B-II and both faces are covered with blue paint.

Abraders, usually of friable sandstone, coarse- or fine-grained,
were grinding tools. The shape of an abrader does not always reveal
a specialized function, but marks left on diversified objects identify
a common purpose for the group, reduction by abrasion. Some abraders
remained fixed in position while in use; others were held in the
hand and moved back and forth upon an object in process of alteration.
The two grooved abraders shown on plate 40, t, u, so-called
"arrowshaft smoothers," are in this latter category. Likewise, blocks
of sandstone employed in erasing ax marks and knots from ceiling
beams may be described as active abraders.

Passive abraders, those remaining stationary, vary in size and texture.
That illustrated by figure 30 is of siltstone and is worn equally

A. Figurine fragments from area west of Rooms 42-49.

Plate 36

B. Kaolin cakes molded in a broken pitcher.

Plate 37.—Upper, comblike implements of bone (a-e), and lower, bone awls (f-o), pin (p),
bull roarer (q), antler punch (r), and scraper (s).

Plate 38.—Objects and implements of wood, antler, and cedar bark.

A.

Plate 39.—Hewn pine timber from Room 16 showing abraded sides
and stone-ax cut end.

B.

Plate 40.—Upper, arrowheads and knives (a-n); center, jar covers (o-r); lower, abraders
(s-u), discoidal stone (v), and a clay stopper for a jar (w).

Plate 41.—Upper, stone axes (a-h), and lower, paint mortars (i-k).

Plate 42.—Sandstone tablets with spalled edges (a-c), polished sandstone
tablets (d-g), a sandal stone (h), ground and polished slate tablets
(i-j).

Plate 43.—Pueblo del Arroyo from the northwest.
(Photograph by Charles Martin, 1920.)

A. Pueblo del Arroyo from the west, Jackson's "old arroyo" at the right; in the
shadowed bank at left, above a sunlit spot at the bottom, wide-spreading silt strata and a
wall fragment that proved to be part of a McElmo Tower.

Plate 44

B. Jackson's "old arroyo" carried away the south side of the Kiva B enclosure but
left part of its west wall (above the standing figure).

(Photographs by Neil M. Judd, 1923.)

Plate 45

Upper: At left center constructional debris fills an angle formed by the Kiva B enclosure and
remains of a single wall extending westward from the southwest corner of the ruin.

(Photograph by O. C. Havens, 1923.)

Lower: Kiva B abuts the pueblo at its outer southwest corner. The paired ends of Room 8A
ceiling beams show at either side of a jutting rooftop abutment.

(Photograph by Neil M. Judd, 1926.)

on both sides in the shaping of turquoise and shell ornaments.[3] A
block of coarse red sandstone from the fill in Kiva "c" had been used
for the sharpening of bone awls before it was burned and broken
(pl. 40, s). In a similar way doorsills here and there and even exposed
blocks in house walls were occasionally appropriated for whetting
bone awls or stone axes.

A succession of X's incised on the smoothly rubbed face of a sandstone
building block (U.S.N.M. No. 334872) from the razed north
enclosing wall of Kiva "d," west of Room 48, might have originated
in the casual sharpening of a bone awl. So, too, the crosshatching on
a fragment of friable yellow sandstone (fig. 38). The inhabitants of
Pueblo del Arroyo were not given to the embellishment of house walls,
but it seems quite within reason that an occasional individual, assigned
the tedium of pointing a bone awl, might have been momentarily
inspired to elaborate the permanent record of his industry.

Figure 31 illustrates the two largest of six delicate little abraders,
all broken, found in Room 26 together with the tablet described above
(fig. 30). All six are of exceptionally fine-grained sandstone; four
are planoconvex in cross section and the other two are flat with edges
beveled on one side. The six average only [fraction 1 by 10] inch thick at the butt
end; none exhibits any perceptible concavity owing to attrition. I have
no idea what these fragile implements were used for, but the Zuñi
man who found them, a spare-time jeweler, called them "files" for
shaping turquoise and other ornaments.

We have three fragments of abraders that may be likened to saws,
two of siltstone and one of medium-coarse sandstone. The latter is
the Roman-nosed end of a ½-inch-thick blade with V-shaped cutting
edge (U.S.N.M. No. 334812). The larger of the two siltstone fragments,
3 inches long, 2 inches wide, ⅛ inch in maximum thickness,
likewise has a knifelike edge with longitudinal striations on both
sides (No. 334810).

Knives at Pueblo del Arroyo were made from chalcedony, obsidian,
and similar glassy rocks. Our examples include the two on plate 40, m,
n, and five fragments. One of these latter (fig. 32) is of more than
usual interest because, following the initial flaking, the blade was
abraded on both sides and subsequently rechipped in part along each
edge. Evidence that household sweepings were sometimes dumped in
two or more places is confirmed by a broken blade (pl. 40, n) whose

tip was recovered in Room 28 and the butt in Room 32. There is no
opening in the first-story wall separating these two rooms.

Flakes struck from suitable rocks and, if necessary, sharpened by
chipping likewise served as knives (pl. 40, k, l).

Arrowheads from Pueblo del Arroyo are preponderantly of one
type, that notched at right angles to the long axis, but may be divided
into two subgroups: those with straight or slightly concave base
(pl. 40, h, i, j) and those with slightly convex base (pl. 40, c, f, g).
There may be no significance in this division, but our collection includes
14 in the first group, 16 in the second. Length varies from
[fraction 11 by 16] to 1½ inches; all are side notched and thus agree with the dominant
type from the later sections of Pueblo Bonito. In addition there are
three small barbed points from which the stem is missing (pl. 40, a, b).
Only two arrowheads were found in the South Annex, in Room 4 and
the long room east of Kiva B, and both belong to our first subgroup
(pl. 40, e, i). Of five points recovered among the ruined structures
west of the pueblo, two belong to our first subgroup, two to the second,
and one is barbed.

The tip of a green argillite blade, rubbed to a velvety smoothness
and with edges saw cut to simulate chipping (fig. 33), is more likely
to have seen service in some ritual rather than in warfare or hunting.
Found in the milling room, 55, a fact that contributes nothing, the
fragment nevertheless is reminiscent of a statement by Cabeza de
Vaca, namely, that somewhere on his incredible journey across northern
Mexico in the early sixteenth century, unidentified Indians gave
one of his companions "five emeralds, shaped as arrowpoints, which
arrows they use in their feasts and dances" (Bandelier, 1905, p. 156).

Drills are four in number, three of chalcedony and one of jasper.
Two are reworked fragments of arrowheads and a third is part of a
broken blade that, despite a width of ⅞ inch, nevertheless had been
renotched for hafting (U.S.N.M. No. 334794).

Scrapers.—During seven seasons' research at Pueblo Bonito and
Pueblo del Arroyo, we found only one chipped end scraper and that
in Kiva J, Pueblo del Arroyo (U.S.N.M. No. 334796). From the
same ruin we recovered only seven flakes chipped as side scrapers.
Two are shown on plate 40, k, l.

Hoes.—Figure 34 illustrates what I prefer to call a hoe although it
is clearly a reworked tcamahia, a type of prehistoric celtlike implement
featured on certain Hopi altars (Fewkes, 1900, p. 982; 1909, p. 39).
Our specimen, of dark-gray limestone, has been made from a tcamahia
by narrowing the upper third with a stone hammer and then abrading

the rough edges. Attached to the end of a straight wooden handle, it
would provide a very serviceable scuffle hoe.

Part of a second hoe blade, of the same gray limestone but wider
and with a squarer cutting edge, was recovered from Room 54
(U.S.N.M. No. 334818), and the battered remnant of a third example
lay among floor sweepings in Room 62 (No. 334819). This
latter is of the fawn-colored laminiferous shale favored for hoes by
P. II-III peoples of the Four Corners area.

I prefer to call these implements hoes rather than tcamahias because
examples in the National Museum (Nos. 35397A, 303258) and
elsewhere provide convincing evidence that they are successors to the
equally efficient mountain-sheep-horn hoes of the Basket Makers.
That some of these prehistoric blades eventually found a place in
modern Hopi rituals is not to be questioned, but midway, in early
P. III times, they were still hoes although perhaps only hand hoes or
trowels. The three from Pueblo del Arroyo, two of them fragments,
were all imported and all had been reworked.

Jar covers.—Of 20 typical jar covers brought to Washington for
the national collections, a majority is discoidal. They vary in diameter
from 2½ to 8⅛ inches. All but two are of sandstone; all were made
by spalling off the edges of a thin tablet and then by abrading the
sides and perimeter. Four are reworked fragments of thin, smooth,
fine-grained sandstone tablets at least one of which had been sandal
shaped. One cover, 6½ inches in diameter by ⅝ inch thick and made
from a section of a sandstone concretion, was found in Kiva B and
had seen secondary use in preparation of yellow paint (U.S.N.M.
No. 334839). Traces of red paint remain on two other specimens. A
small squared cover (pl. 40, r) from Kiva "b" was shaped from a
slab of mottled slate that could have originated in the San Juan
Mountains.[4] The same mountainous area is also given as the most
likely source of the calcareous siltstone from which was made a small
discoidal jar cover found in Room 24 (U.S.N.M. No. 334833).

Discoidal.—A single discoidal stone that, in shape and workmanship,
is indistinguishable from the well-known Chunkee stones of the
southeastern United States was described on page 104 (pl. 40, v).

Paints and paint mortars.—We unearthed only one piece of red
paint worth cataloging—a columnar bit of reddle 1[fraction 3 by 16] inches long and
rubbed at both ends (U.S.N.M. No. 334782)—but we noted from
time to time stones on which paints had been prepared. In addition
to the three jar covers mentioned above, we retained two manos and

a mano fragment stained, respectively, with red, green, and blue paint.
A bricklike block of fine-grained rock from Room 41, smoothed on
all six sides (No. 334824), is coated with a black liquid that may be
carbon paint for pottery decoration. "The black material appears to
be organic matter [since it] can be driven off by heating to red heat,
leaving a brownish residue."[5]

Kaolin provided a chalklike white paint and a surface coating for
pottery. The three cakes of prepared kaolin shown on plate 36, B,
were molded in the body portion of a broken pitcher, as we know from
the identical concavity on their bottoms. Found in the southeast
corner of Room 51, the three cakes clearly were made by pouring a
thick kaolin solution into the container and allowing it to harden.
At Zuñi, toward the close of the nineteenth century, a surface slip
for earthenware vessels was prepared in much the same way. "A
white clay is dissolved in water," writes Mrs. Stevenson (1904,
p. 375), "and then made into cones which are dried in the sun. When
required for use these cones are rubbed to powder on a stone, again
mixed with water, and applied in the liquid state . . . with a rabbitskin
mop."

A smaller cake of kaolin, gouged out on top, was found in the fill
of Room 47 (U.S.N.M. No. 334786).

Two paint mortars, both of unusually fine-grained sandstone, are
illustrated on plate 41, i, k. The first has no trace of paint in its
¼-inch-deep basin, but on the second, k, red paint had been ground
in the square compartment, black paint in the other. Each basin has
a maximum depth of [fraction 7 by 16] inch. This double mortar was among a number
of unusual artifacts recovered in Room 27 among the wreckage
of an upper story. In the adjoining room, 23, we found half of a
sandstone doorslab (U.S.N.M. No. 334849) on which yellow and red
ochers had, in turn, been ground and liquidized.

The third specimen (pl. 41, j), with a secondary depression in the
middle of the grinding surface, is of reddish sandstone and bears
traces of black paint. It comes from Kiva D, Pueblo Bonito, and is
shown here merely for comparison.

Whitewash, while not a paint in the same sense as the pigments
mentioned above, was in local use as we know from traces of it here
and there, and I believe the light-gray, chalky sandstone (U.S.N.M.
No. 334877) piled in the southwest corner of Room 46B was whitewash
stored against future need. Our Zuñi workmen reported a deposit

of it in a shallow cave high up on the south side of the canyon,
overlooking Casa Rinconada.

Pestles.—Of five pestlelike specimens in the collection none bears
any suggestion of paint. One (U.S.N.M. No. 334861) is of friable
sandstone and more or less discoidal; another (No. 334814), likewise
of friable sandstone, is cone shaped. A third specimen (No. 334772)
is of the soft, fine-textured, light-colored sandstone used as whitewash,
while the remaining two (Nos. 334771, 334862) are parts of
hard cobbles doubtless brought to Chaco Canyon from some northern
riverbed. In each case the grinding surface lies at a slight angle to
the long axis.

Axes and mauls.—We recovered eight stone axes and ax fragments,
all made from waterworn cobbles. Only three (pl. 41, a, d, f)
retain their cutting edges. One, c, was never finished; one, e, was
merely notched for hafting. Another, f, made from an oval cobble
of weathered arkosic sandstone and notched transversely across the
poll, is too light in weight, 8¼ ounces, to have been of real service in
timber work. The last two specimens in the series originally had the
interrupted, or three-quarter, groove of southern axes, but in both
cases the groove was subsequently continued all the way around. The
smaller of these two (pl. 41, g) last saw use as a maul or clubhead,
but its companion, fractured by a single unfortunate blow, was carried
to Kiva I for the reshaping that never came.

Hematite cylinders.—Two specimens come from Kiva "c" and from
Room 4, respectively. The former (U.S.N.M. No. 334781), ½ inch
in diameter by 1[fraction 3 by 16] inches long, was found at the north end of a pole
imprint paralleling the west margin of the kiva's Chaco-like subfloor
vault. The second example (No. 334780), longer than normal (2¾
inches), is oval in cross section and varies in maximum diameter from
⅞ inch at one end to ⅝ at the other. It is possible this cylinder was
never finished since longitudinal abrading facets remain upon its
surface.

Stone tablets.—Five remarkable sandstone tablets, together with a
number of other unusual artifacts, were found in Room 23. All are
of exceptionally fine-grained calcareous sandstone; all were shattered
when the ceilings and upper walls crashed through into the lower
room. The more broken of the five (U.S.N.M. No. 334845) measures
14¾ by 8 by ¼ inches; the others are shown on plate 42, d-g. First of
these four bears on the opposite face traces of yellow paint, apparently
ground and mixed there. The second (the red line and enclosed area
at upper left are ingrained) and fourth tablets are slightly discolored

by smoke on the unphotographed side; the third, as will be noted, is
stained by twilled matting. The V-mark on this third specimen and
the scratch above are scars from the excavator's pick.

A sixth tablet from Room 23, of slate rather than sandstone and
discoidal instead of rectangular, may be seen on plate 42, i. Despite a
degree of polish, striations left by the abrader remain on both faces
and around the circumference. Thickness varies from a maximum of
⅞ inch at the center to about [fraction 7 by 16] inch at the edge, the reduction being
from both faces. A rectangular slate tablet, abraded to a thickness
of ⅝ inch at the edge and ¾ inch at the middle, was among the diversified
objects hurled into Room 27 by collapse of its ceiling (pl. 42, j).

Tablets made from comparatively thin slabs of sandstone by spalling
back the edges and leaving the natural cleavage planes on either side
often served to close doorways or ventilator openings (pl. 51, lower).
However, narrow tablets such as plate 42, a, b, from Room 65, a storeroom,
clearly were intended for some other purpose.

Sandal-shaped tablet.—Only one (pl. 42, h) was found in Room 23
with the five thin sandstone tablets described above and other artifacts.
From the size of this lone example, 14½ inches long by 7¾
inches maximum width, we may assume that it probably served as an
altar piece in some unknown ritual. A sandal-shaped specimen carved
from wood and painted is considered on page 131 (fig. 29).

The well-worn fallacy that sandal-shaped tablets were forms or
patterns used by the prehistoric Pueblo Indians when weaving their
footgear apparently originated with a quotation from Frank Hamilton
Cushing published by Dr. J. F. Snyder (1899, p. 8) in his short
article on the Cliff Dweller "sandal last." Snyder's almost forgotten
paper was prompted by a "baked clay" impression of a decorated
sandal in the M. C. Long collection from Butler Wash, southeastern
Utah. This rare specimen, now fortunately preserved in the Museum
of Northern Arizona, has more recently been described by John C.
McGregor (1948, pp. 24-28).

Effigy.—A carving that may represent the head of a mountain lion
(fig. 35) was found in the sandy-earth fill of Room 64. It is of
yellow friable sandstone and its nose was broken away so long ago
there is no perceptible difference in color between the fractured area
and that adjoining. Eyes are not indicated. The neck, apparently designed
to be socketed, preserves on its uneven base pittings of the
shaping hammer.

Mountain lion, "hunter god of the north" (Cushing, 1883, p. 25),
is invariably carved from rock of a yellow color; carvings of other

colors identify lesser gods associated with the other five directions.
In 1897 Fewkes (1900, p. 980) saw a mountain-lion effigy on the
altar of the Antelope Society at the Walpi Snake ceremony; Mrs.
Stevenson (1904, p. 245) reported a "cougar of cream-yellow sandstone"
among the animal representations on the altar of the Eagle
Down Fraternity at Zuñi. A mountain-lion figure is kept close at
hand in a Zuñi household and is fed every day while a man is deer
hunting (Parsons, 1939, p. 304). Again (ibid., p. 480), "there is
always the greatest reluctance to remove a fetish, which is sometimes
left behind, but looked after, in an otherwise abandoned house."

Room 64 had been vacated and abandoned, since we detected an
appreciable amount of floor sweepings in its 4-feet-deep sandy fill.
The "lion" head was found in this fill together with a large tabular
metate, fragments of a smaller troughed metate, four manos, part of
a turkey skeleton, miscellaneous flint and obsidian chippings, 700 potsherds,
and like discards.

Pipe.—An inch-long fragment from Room 55 is our sole evidence
that stone pipes were known at Pueblo del Arroyo (U.S.N.M.
No. 334687). It is of polished steatite and of the "cigar-holder" type
familiar throughout the Chumash area of California.

Miscellaneous stone.—A fragment of glassy, vesicular slag
(U.S.N.M. No. 334800), recovered near floor level on the east side
of Kiva C, was described in connection with comparable material from
Pueblo Bonito (Judd, 1954, p. 293, pl. 70, fig. b). It is 4 by 2¾ by 1¼
inches in size and floats. Mineralogists disagree as to its origin, but
doubt that it was a consequence of the fire that destroyed Kiva C.

OBJECTS MADE OF CLAY

Jar stopper.—A stopper for a jar with a 3-inch orifice was found
in the southeast corner of Room 23 (pl. 40, w). It is made of sandy
clay and is unfired, although exposure to an open fire has burned and
blackened it somewhat.

Pipe.—In addition to the steatite fragment noted above, we have
part of a tubular clay pipe (fig. 44). This latter, however, bears a
Pueblo I-like punctate decoration, and flakes of mica glisten on its
gray, lumpy surface; it is the only artifact, besides a small quantity
of late potsherds, found in Kiva "a," west of the ruin.

Figurines.—Three earthenware figurines of molded clay, hard but
apparently unfired, are represented in figure 37, a-c. The first was
among half a dozen miscellaneous objects pressed by weight of the
overburden into the softened adobe floor in the southeast quarter of

Room 9B-II. In shape and execution it is strikingly like a small
effigy from Ruin A, Marsh Pass, illustrated by Kidder and Guernsey
(1919, p. 143, fig. 62, b). Squares of charcoal represent eyes on the
next two. Figure 37, c, largest of the three, was found among the
rubble filling Kiva "b." An unillustrated fragment of fired clay, possibly
the upper part of a figurine (U.S.N.M. No. 334682), is molded
after the manner of figure 37, b, but lacks any representation of facial
features.

The fourth figure (fig. 37, d), of yellowish-gray sandstone rather
than clay, is included here merely for convenience in presentation. It
is from Kiva I and featureless. A very similar specimen, carved from
juniper, measures 2⅛ inches long, ¾ inch in maximum width, and [fraction 5 by 16]
inch thick from foot to neck (U.S.N.M. No. 334701). Above the
neck the head tapers from both front and back to a thickness of
[fraction 3 by 16] inch at the top. As with that of sandstone, there is nothing about
this juniper carving to identify it with the figurines except shape.

Fragments of zoomorphic vessels will be considered under pottery.