 | University of Virginia catalogue |  |
Academical Department.
| WILLIAM E. PETERS, LL. D., | Professor of Latin. |
| MILTON W. HUMPHREYS, M. A., Ph. D., LL. D., | Professor of Greek. |
| M. SCHELE DE VERE, Ph. D., J. U. D., | Professor of Modern Languages. |
| JAMES M. GARNETT, M. A., LL. D., | Professor of English Language. |
| CHARLES W. KENT, M. A., Ph. D., | Professor of English Literature. |
| GEORGE FREDERICK HOLMES, LL. D., | Professor of Historical Science. |
| NOAH K. DAVIS, M. A., Ph. D., LL. D., | Professor of Moral Philosophy. |
| CHARLES S. VENABLE, LL. D., | Professor of Mathematics. |
| WILLIAM M. THORNTON, LL. D., | Professor of Applied Mathematics. |
| ORMOND STONE, M. A, | Professor of Practical Astronomy. |
| FRANCIS H. SMITH, M. A., LL. D., | Professor of Natural Philosophy. |
| JOHN W. MALLET, M. D., Ph. D., LL. D., F. R. S., | Professor of Chemistry. |
| FRANCIS P. DUNNINGTON, B. S., | Professor of Analytical Chemistry. |
| WILLIAM M. FONTAINE, M. A., | Professor of Natural History and Geology. |
| ALBERT H. TUTTLE, M. S., | Professor of Biology and Agriculture. |
| WM. HOWARD PERKINSON, Ph. D., | Adjunct Professor of French and German. |
| R. HEATH DABNEY, M. A., Ph. D., | Adjunct Professor of History. |
| WILLIAM H. ECHOLS, B. S., C. E., | Adjunct Professor of Applied Mathematics. |
| JAMES H. PAXTON, B. A., | Instructor in Ancient Languages. |
| R. E. LEE DINWIDDIE, M. A., | Instructor in French and German. |
| HARRISON RANDOLPH, M. A., | Instructor in Mathematics. |
| EDGAR O. LOVETT, A. B., | Instructor in Astronomy. |
| JAMES H. CORBITT, M. A., | Instructor in Physics. |
| WILLIAM J. MARTIN, A. M., M. D., | Instructor in Chemistry. |
| WILLIAM B. TUTTLE, | Instructor in Biology. |
LITERARY SCHOOLS.
SCHOOL OF LATIN.
Professor Peters.
B. A. COURSE.
A. First Year.—A student who is able to translate Cæsar or Vergil, and has a
proper acquaintance with the Forms, is prepared to enter this course, which
begins with Sallust or a writer of like difficulty. Systematic attention is given
to the study of the Forms. The syntactical work is the study of the Case-relations,
in which the Subjunctive Mood is required. Principles and facts explained are
applied by frequent exercises in Latin Composition. The reading is confined
to selected portions of Sallust, Ovid, Curtius, and Vergil. A limited amount
from each author is prescribed for private reading. For the examinations,
passages are selected for translation from the Latin assigned as private reading.
There are two examinations—the Intermediate, held about the middle of the
session; the Final, near its close. These examinations are conducted in writing.
B. Second Year.—The work of this year will be directed to the acquirement
of readiness in translation and syntactical interpretation, with as little
specialistic investigation as is consistent with a general but sound and permanent
knowledge of the language. As an indispensable auxiliary to this end,
written exercises in translating English into Latin and Latin into English will
be required. Proper attention will be given to Roman History and Literature.
The metrical work will be limited to the structure and accurate recitation of the
Dactylic, Anapæstic, Trochaic, and Iambic verses, with the verses occurring in
the odes of Horace. Translation will be confined to Livy, Horace, Cicero,
Seneca, and Tacitus. Selections from each author will be assigned as parallel
reading. There will be two written examinations—Intermediate and Final.
The student who completes the work of this year will be entitled to a diploma
of graduation in the B. A. course in Latin.
M. A. COURSE.
This course commences with Juvenal or Livy, and includes selected portions
of Juvenal, Livy, Cicero, Seneca, Tacitus, and Plautus. The Case-relations
are reviewed, and the Syntax of the Verb is systematically presented.
Latin versification is taken up early in the session and continued throughout
the term. A theoretical acquaintance with this subject is insufficient. Prompt
identification and correct recitation of every variety of Latin verse is insisted
upon. A very prominent place is assigned to Latin Composition as an indispensable
means of acquiring an exact knowledge of the language. Portions of
the authors read in the lecture-room are designated as parallel and private
reading. The object of parallel reading is to enable a student to acquire a
more copious vocabulary than is furnished by the limited amount of Latin read
in the lecture-room, and to afford a wider field for the application of the principles
explained in the lectures. In this class there are two examinations—
one occurring about the middle of the session, the other near its close. The
examinations are conducted in writing. For the second or Final examination,
passages for translation are selected partly from the parallel and partly from
Latin which the class has not read. In Roman History and Literature the
work is that of the B. A. course. The completion of the work of this year
entitles the student to the diploma of graduation in the M. A. course in Latin,
if the work of the B. A. course has been completed.
Text-Books.—Any approved edition of the authors above named.
Grammars.—Gildersleeve's, Syntax of the Verb by the Professor, Printed Lectures by
the Professor on the Latin Cases and Versification.
History.—Liddell's, with Long's or any approved Atlas.
Literature.—Bender's, as a Hand-book and Guide, supplemented by Lectures.
PH. D. COURSE.
This course is intended for students who propose to teach, or desire to equip
themselves for original investigation in the language. The scope of the work
is such as to familiarize them with the language in its several periods. An extensive
course of reading is prescribed, and subjects for independent investigation
are from time to time assigned. The lecture-room exercises consist in
translation and the discussion by the student of the passage translated. He is
invited to propound such questions to the Professor, or to a member of the
class, as he would to a pupil. In addition, a careful translation from some one
of the best Latin prose writers is prepared, and the student is required at once
to write on the blackboard his Latin rendering of it, and to give his reasons as
well for the periods as for the syntactical constructions employed. Though it
requires at least two years to complete this course, yet one year given to it
abundantly repays the student, as the greater part of the first year of the course
is devoted to the archaic period of the language, which cannot be considered to
any great extent in the under-graduate course.
SCHOOL OF GREEK.
Professor Humphreys.
In this School there are three courses:
I. A general course, comprising what is deemed essential to a liberal classical
education. This course extends over two years.
A. First Year Class.—As a preparation for this class an accurate knowledge
of the regular Attic inflections and some experience in translating are necessary.
A thorough study of two books of Xenophon's Anabasis may be regarded as the
minimum of preparatory reading. The work of the class is directed to the acquirement
of practical familiarity with the simpler Attic prose. The Grammar
is carefully reviewed, and weekly exercises, based on Greek authors, are written.
The authors read are Xenophon and Lysias.
B. Second Year Class.—This class, for which the work of the preceding
year, or some equivalent, is the appropriate preparation, continues the study of
Attic prose, and enters upon the study of Epic and Ionic Greek and the Drama.
The Syntax is reviewed, and weekly exercises are given for translation into
Attic prose. The authors read are Plato, Demosthenes, Euripides, Herodotus
and Homer. Instruction is given in History, Literature, Antiquities, and the
Greek as one of their studies for the degree of B. A.
II. An advanced course, adapted especially to the requirements of those
who desire to become teachers of the classics. It extends through one session
of nine months. For admission to this course, graduation in the preceding
course is required; but, when sufficiently prepared, students may be allowed to
pursue both courses simultaneously. In this course the Syntax of the Verb is
thoroughly studied, and weekly exercises, including passages from modern English
authors, are given to be translated into idiomatic Greek. Lectures are
given on Rhythm and Metres, and the students are practiced in reading rhythmically
the lyric parts of the Drama and the works of the Lyric Poets. The
authors read are Demosthenes, Æschylus, Sophocles, Aristophanes, Thucydides,
Pindar, and other Lyric Poets. The course will be varied and modified as
occasion may require. Graduation in this course is prescribed for those who
select Greek as one of their studies for the degree of M. A.
III. A special course designed for those who wish to devote themselves to
classical scholarship. For admission to this course, graduation in the preceding
course is required, but in special cases students may be permitted to prosecute
both courses at the same time. The work of this course will be adapted to the
special aims of those pursuing it, but will, in all cases, include extensive reading
of Greek authors and minute study of some branch of Greek philology. Those
who select Greek as one of their studies for the degree of Ph. D. will be
required to pursue this course for two years.
In all the courses private reading is prescribed, and the examinations will
be partly upon this and the work done in class, and partly upon passages
selected from the Greek authors at will.
Text-Books.—Goodwin's Greek Grammar; Goodwin's Moods and Tenses; Hogue's
Irregular Verbs; Veitch's Verbs; Liddell and Scott's Lexicon (Intermediate, and in courses
II. and III., unabridged seventh edition); Smith's History of Greece; Jebb's Primer of
Greek Literature. Any editions of Greek authors may be used, except when particular
ones are specially prescribed; but students should always have at hand Teubner's texts for
reference, and for use on examinations. At present Rhythm and Metres and some other
subjects are taught wholly or partly by lecture.
Hebrew.—Elementary instruction in Hebrew will be given when the demand
for such instruction is sufficient.
SCHOOL OF MODERN LANGUAGES.
Spanish, Italian, and Anglo-Saxon.
Professor Schele De Vere.
There will be hereafter three courses in each of the two languages, Spanish
and Italian.
The Collegiate Course, containing the work required for the degree of
Bachelor of Arts, begins with lectures, recitals, and readings, on the part of
the class, calculated to teach practically the pronunciation of the idiom. This
is followed by a series of lectures, abundantly illustrated on the blackboard, and
by frequent exercises on the subjects explained, which are expected to familiarize
the student gradually with the elements of Grammar and Syntax. As soon
as this is accomplished, he is set to work translating first an easy Reader, and
soon a simple, native writer. He is expected at the same time to read privately
a number of prescribed authors, and thus to make himself familiar with the language,
to increase, easily and steadily, his stock of words, and to enable him,
after some practice, to take up any not exceptionally difficult writer, and to
translate his works without assistance.
The University Course for the Master of Arts degree begins at once
with advanced work in the language chosen with a view to securing the degree
of M. A. In the University Course sufficient preliminary knowledge of the
language (Spanish or Italian) is expected to enable the student at once to begin
translating into idiomatic English any one of the classic writers in those languages.
This is continued till the off-hand translation meets no longer with
practical or purely etymological difficulties. Such readings, like Dante's Inferno
and Petrarch's Sonnets, or the Romances of the Cid and Calderon's Autos, are
accompanied by exercises, specially and carefully prepared to teach the idioms
of either language, and to facilitate the oral use as much as natural gifts may
justify the Professor in expecting from the student. The treatment of either
language now becomes purely historical, calculated to enable the student to read
in its changes the mental and moral development of the race from its infancy to
its highest success in speech and in literature. This part of the course naturally
includes a series of lectures on the fundamental laws of the science of Comparative
Philology, and these are accompanied by others on the lives and the works
of the leading authors, which are carefully examined and criticised.
The Post-Graduate Course in Spanish and Italian is mainly a continuation
of the studies pursued in the Master of Arts course, and is designed
specifically to meet the needs of candidates for the Ph. D. degree. A general
knowledge of the subject being vouched for, certain subjects of interest are selected,
which are to be thoroughly investigated, sustained by an abundance of
examples taken from classic writers in the language chosen, and either proven
or disproven, as the candidate for the degree may select. As a tangible evidence
of the work actually done by the student, he is expected to hand in a
Monthly Essay, giving the results of his research, and proving independent and
original judgment. His special attention may thus be directed to the mutual
influence which literature—powerful and influential writings—may exercise on
the fate of a people, and which the history of the nation, on the other hand,
exerts over its great authors and their works. In this course the study of the
Hovelacque, Thierry, and others, becomes imperative, and the great principles of
this young and fascinating Science furnish the most desirable objects of study.
Language now becomes to the student a living being, having a history of its
own, and suggesting entirely new and interesting questions, such as how far language
may or may not be subject to the laws of evolution. It will be the aim
of this Post-Graduate Course to arouse in the student a lively and productive
interest in Language as a living organism, and at the same time to equip him
with all the arms he will need when he enters the great arena of the world as a
valiant champion of one or the other great doctrine that still awaits decision.
In the Class of Anglo-Saxon the study of the language is mainly pursued
in its aspect as the mother of English, furnishing the student the means of
tracing the history of his native tongue from its earliest beginning. Much attention
is given to the illustration of the history of words, their birth, their fate
under the rule of the Norman, and their subsequent modification. Extracts
from Anglo-Saxon writers are read, and the bearing of their works on the history
of our race is explained.
The following text-books are used:
Spanish.—The Professor's Grammar; Seoane's Dictionary; Velasquez's Reader; Calderon's
El Principe Constante; Lope's Estrella de Sevilla; Cervantes's Don Quijote;
Galdos's Trafalgar; Caballero's La Familia de Alvareda; Ticknor's History of Spanish
Literature.
Italian.—Cuore's Grammar; Foresti's Reader; Manzoni's I Promessi Sposi; Tasso's
Gerusalemme Liberata; Pellico's Le Mie Prigioni; Petrarca; Dante's La Divina Commedia.
Anglo-Saxon.—Shute's Manual of Anglo-Saxon, or Sweet's Primer; The Professor's
Studies in English; March's Anglo-Saxon Grammar (for reference); the Anglo-Saxon
Gospels.
French and German.
Adjunct Professor Perkinson.
There are three courses in each language.
B. A. COURSE.
Students who desire to enter this must possess an accurate knowledge of
the elements of English grammar, and some familiarity with the rudiments of
the language studied, or in lieu thereof a careful training in Latin. They will
study the grammar of the language, and will be practiced in pronunciation, on
which special stress will be laid, and in translation, supplemented by weekly
written exercises, copious parallel reading, and a course in the history and the
literature of the language. The amount of parallel reading to be done is definite,
and is assigned at the beginning of the session. Special attention is paid
to reading at sight.
M. A. COURSE.
This embraces the historical grammar of the language, given by lectures,
continued practice in translation and composition, and the minute study of
certain authors and selected periods. Candidates for graduation will be expected
to translate at sight any passage that may be assigned, and to render
selections from English authors into the foreign idiom.
PH. D. COURSE.
This is designed for students who wish to make a special study of the literature
or the philology of French and German. Only those who have been graduated
in the lower courses are admitted to it. The work will be adapted to the
aims of the student, but will in all cases be designed to encourage and direct
him to original research, independent conclusions, and systematic presentation
of results.
The text-books in all the classes, and the authors to be read, vary from year
to year, and are subject to change at any time. The following are the books
for the class-work in 1894-'95. Parallel reading will be assigned in all classes
at the beginning of the session.
B. A. French.—Whitney's Grammar and Introductory French Reader; About's Le
Roi des Montagnes; Souvestre's Confessions d'un Ouvrier; Racine's Esther; Molière's
Le Misanthrope; Contes de Balzac.
B. A. German.—Whitney's Brief Grammar; Joynes-Meissner's Grammar; Joynes's
German Reader; Hauff's Das Wirthshaus im Spessart; Schiller's Wilhelm Tell; Goethe's
Hermann und Dorothea.
M. A. French.—Whitney's Grammar for reference; Racine's Andromaque, Britannicus,
Phèdre, Athalie; Victor Hugo's Travailleurs de la Mer.
M. A. German.—Whitney's Grammar for reference; Riehl's Culturgeschichtliche Novellen;
Goethe's Faust; Scheffel's Ekkehard; Lessing's Nathan der Weise.
Gasc's French Dictionary.
Adler's German Dictionary.
Students who elect this School for the M. A. degree will be required to
graduate in German and one of the Romance Languages.
SCHOOL OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
Professor Garnett.
B. A. COURSE.
Modern English.—In this class the study of the English drama and of
the descriptive history of the language is pursued; Shakspere is made a special
subject of study. The critical study of one or two plays of Shakspere, with
private reading of about one-fourth of the plays, is followed by similar study of
selected works of other dramatic authors. Lectures on the history of the
Elizabethan drama are given in connection with the study of Shakspere. These
Moralities and Interludes; the rise of regular comedy and tragedy as seen in
Ralph Royster Doyster and in Gorboduc; the Pre-shaksperian dramatists,
Lyle, Peele, Greene and Marlowe; the Shaksperian period, including Shakspere,
Ben Jonson, Beaumont and Fletcher, and Webster; and the Post shaksperian
dramatists to the closing of the theatres in 1642. The study of the English
drama occupies the first half-session; that of the history of English, treated
from an elementary point of view, the second half-session. The course closes
with the reading of some work in practical illustration of the formation of English.
The aim is to give such a knowledge of the history of the language as
every educated man should possess. Three lectures a week.
Text-Books.—For 1894-'95, King Henry IV., Part I. (Rolfe's edition); Ward's Old
English Drama; Dowden's Shakspere Primer; Abbott's Shaksperian Grammar; Champneys's
History of English; Skeat's Primer of English Etymology; Chaucer's Prologue to
the Canterbury Tales. For Reference.—The Globe Shakspere; Fleay's Life of Shakspere;
Fleay's History of the Stage, 1559-1642; Halliwell-Phillips's Life of Shakspere; Keltie's
British Dramatists; Sweet's New English Grammar, Logical and Historical, Part I.
M. A. COURSE.
Old and Middle English.—In this class the historical and philological
study of the language is pursued, the class beginning with its oldest forms and
tracing the language, by the study of specimens, through its different periods to
the formation of modern English. After a thorough study of the grammar, selected
pieces of Old and Middle English prose and poetry are read, with a view
to acquiring a philological knowledge of the origin and structure of English.
Lectures on the position of English in the Indo-European family of languages,
and on the history of the language, are also given. These treat in outline the
other branches of the Indo-European family of languages, and in detail the Teutonic
branch. Special stress is laid upon the development of the language during
the Old and Middle English periods, and the infusion of the Romance elements
which so greatly affected its character. The study of Old English (Anglo-Saxon)
occupies the first half-session; that of Middle English, the second half-session.
In addition to what is read in class, assigned parallel reading of Old
and Middle English works is also required. It is well for the student to have
studied the history of English as given in the class of Modern English, or
some similar course, before entering upon the study of the course in Old and
Middle English, although this is not essential, as the two may be studied together.
Some antecedent philological study is, however, necessary. The aim
is to lay the foundation for more advanced studies in English Philology. Three
lectures a week.
Text-Books.—Bright's Anglo-Saxon Reader; Morris and Skeat's Specimens of Early
English, Parts I. and II.; Cook's Sievers's Grammar of Old English; Earle's Anglo-Saxon
Literature. For Reference.—Ten Brink's Early English Literature; Brooke's History of
Early English Literature; Skeat's Principles of English Etymology, First and Second Series.
PH. D. COURSE.
This course is arranged to suit the needs of those students who desire to
pursue further their work in English Philology. It will comprise the further
study of Old and Middle English works, especially of Old English poetry,
or the study of Gothic and the comparative grammar of the Teutonic languages.
In addition to such examinations as may seem advisable, a dissertation
will be required, giving evidence of independent private study of some subject
cognate with the course pursued. The selection of the course and subject
is left to the student himself under the guidance of the Professor. The completion
of the M. A. Course in Old and Middle English is absolutely necessary
to the prosecution of the Ph. D. Course.
LINDEN KENT MEMORIAL SCHOOL OF ENGISH LITERATURE.
Professor Kent.
B. A. COURSE.
In addition to a certain maturity of mind and general mental training, students
who desire to pursue this course with profit should have an accurate
knowledge of the principles of English grammar, including orthography, and
some knowledge of the elements of rhetoric. Previous practice in composition
is well-nigh essential to the successful prosecution of the work of the class,
while information about the history and contents of English Literature will add
materially to appreciation of the lectures. Three hours a week.
For convenience of presentation, the course is divided as follows:
1. Rhetoric.—This will comprise a careful study of the principles of style
and of invention in prose discourse, with exercise in essay writing, and in the
critical analysis of selected specimens of English prose.
Text-Books.—Genung's Practical Rhetoric; Genung's Handbook of Rhetorical
Analysis.
2. Versification.—This course will be based on the Professor's notes on
Poetics. The lectures will discuss theories and principles of versification;
morphology of verse; history of verse forms; kinds of poetry, etc. Class exercises
of various kinds will be assigned from time to time.
References.—Gummere's Handbook of Poetics; Guest's English Rhythms; Schipper's
Englische Metrik; Lanier's Science of English Verse.
3. History of English Literature.—This course will comprise—
(a) Lectures on the development of English Literature prior to Chaucer.
General References.—Ten Brink's English Literature; Stopford Brooke's History of
Early English Literature.
(b) English Literature, from Chaucer to Dryden.
Text-Book.—Nicoll's Landmarks of English Literature. General References.—Saintsbury's
Elizabethan Era; Gosse's Seventeenth Century Studies; Gosse's History of English
Literature, Eighteenth Century.
(c) English Literature from Anne to Victoria.
Text Book.—Nicoll's Landmarks of English Literature. General References.—Gosse's
Eighteenth Century; Oliphant's Eighteenth-Nineteenth Century.
Numerous special references for authors, periods, works, etc., will be given
throughout the course.
Essays.—Besides the various written exercises of the class, five essays will be
required of each student applying for graduation in the B. A. Course. These
will be due October 15, November 21, December 21, March 15, and
May 1. The subjects will, in some cases, be assigned, and at other times be
left to the choice of the student, but will fall under the following general
classification: Description, Narration, Description or Narration, Exposition,
Argumentation or Persuasion.
M. A. COURSE.
In this course there will be occasional lectures, but in general the exercises
of the class will be conducted by questions, conversation, and conference.
Readings will be assigned, independent investigations insisted upon, and
written reports required from time to time. The students will be encouraged
to form their own judgments, and to express these orally or in writing. References
for each author or period studied will be given, and the free use of the
library in this and all courses is cordially recommended.
Courses Offered in 1893-'94.
I. Representative Writers of English Prose.
Including Bacon, Hooker, Milton, Addison, Swift, Johnson, Burke,
Lamb, Macaulay, DeQuincey, Dickens, Carlyle, Irving, Hawthorne,
Emerson, Lowell, and Curtis.
Text-Books.—Hunt's English Prose and Prose Writers; Garnett's English Prose,
from Elizabeth to Victoria. General References.—English Men of Letters Series; American
Men of Letters Series, with special references for each author.
II. History of Lyric Poetry from 1550 to 1760.
(a) Lyric Poetry in the Elizabethan Dramatists.
(b) Lyric Poetry in the Elizabethan Romances.
(c) Lyric Poetry in the Puritan Age.
(d) Lyric Poetry in the Age of the Restoration.
(e) Lyric Poetry in the First Half of the Eighteenth Century.
Text-Books.—Ward's English Poets, Vols. II. and III. General References.—Saintsbury
and Gosse. Special references for each author and period.
Courses Announced for 1894-'95.
III. British Essayists, from Bacon to Johnson.
This course will include Bacon, Cowley, Milton, Dryden, Swift,
Defoe, Steele, Addison (Periodicals of the Eighteenth Century),
Lord Kames, Warburton, Goldsmith, Junius, Burke, Hume, and
Johnson.
Text-Books.—Minto's Manual of English Prose; Gosse's Eighteenth Century.
General and special references will be given freely.
IV. Victorian and American Poets.
Text-Books.—Stedman's Victorian Poets; Stedman's American Poets. General
References.—Oliphant's Literary History; Morley's Victorian Literature; Richardson's
American Literature; English Men of Letters; American Men of Letters. Special references
for each author.
Dissertation.—As an essential part of this course a dissertation showing independent
and original work will be required. The theme of this dissertation
may be selected by the student, with the Professor's approval; or, if desired,
will be assigned by the Professor, but in either case the subject must be recorded
by the Professor on or before January 15.
PH. D. COURSE.
This course will be, in some measure, adapted to the needs of the students
desiring to pursue it. Its purposes will be to cultivate more fully the love of
letters, to encourage independent and scholarly research, and to further the art
of literary expression. It will include the study of some writer, or school of
writers, or of some period or movement of literature, and will take into consideration
the political, social, and literary characteristics of the time under discussion.
CORCORAN SCHOOL OF HISTORICAL SCIENCE.
Political Economy and Science of Society.
Professor Holmes.
In this class there are two courses, each of three lectures a week throughout
the session. Political Economy will be prosecuted for the B. A., and Science
of Society for the Ph. D. degree.
Political Economy.—In the treatment of this department of knowledge
there is no rigid adherence to the school of Smith, Ricardo and Mill. The
modification of older doctrines, necessitated by the increase of productive inventions
and productive operations, is steadily regarded. Attention is paid to
the inquiries and criticisms of Thornton, Cairnes, Jevons, Marshall, Nicholson,
etc.; and to the altered views propounded by Laveleye, Walker, and the school
of the Cathedrists and other German schools.
Text-Books.—Walker's Political Economy (advanced course); Mill's Political Economy
(abridged). [Subject to change.]
Science of Society.—In this (the Post-graduate course) is prosecuted the
investigation of the laws and movements, the growth, decay, and constitution of
Societies, in the different phases and stages of social development. The necessary
organic functions of Society are studied in their several forms. They
successive forms of civilization. All systems are interpreted; no ideal constitution
is contemplated. The course is descriptive of processes by which experienced
results have been obtained, not speculative in advocacy of theoretic
dreams.
This class is dependent on notes for the Lectures, as no text-book exists.
History.
Adjunct Professor Dabney.
General History.—In this class, which comprises the historical work
required for the B. A. degree, great stress is laid on the view that the career of
man, as revealed in History, is not a mere jumble of disconnected dates and
facts, but a continuous stream, having its sources and tributaries in the far-off
past, its outlet in the remote future. No attempt is made, however, to traverse
in the class room the entire length of this stream; for, although constant efforts
are made to demonstrate the vital connection of nation with nation, of generation
with generation, and of anterior with ensuing conditions of historical development,
the lectures are confined to the more important periods, the
student being required to fill the gaps by private reading. The periods, and,
therefore, the text-books studied, may be more or less varied each year. Three
lectures a week.
Text-Books.—Fisher's Outlines of Universal History; Oman's History of Greece;
Froude's Cæsar; Capes's Age of the Antonines; Duruy's Middle Ages; Seebohm's Era of
the Protestant Revolution; Gardiner's Thirty Years' War; Morris's Age of Anne; Dabney's
Causes of the French Revolution; Morris's French Revolution and First Empire.
English and American History.—In this advanced class the principles
taught in the preceding course will be applied to a more special field; and in
order that the students may be encouraged to exercise independent thought
and judgment, they will be required to write essays on assigned topics. Graduates
in General History will derive most benefit from this course. It may be
taken, however, by others; and, as considerable attention will be paid to constitutional
development, students intending to study Law will find the course of
advantage. Candidates for the M. A. degree selecting History as one of their
four subjects must graduate both in this course and in the preceding. Three
lectures a week.
Text Books.—Gardiner's History of England; Green's Short History of the English
People; Gardiner's Atlas of English History; Percy Greg's History of the United States;
Thwaites's Colonies; Hart's Formation of the Union; Wilson's Division and Re union.
The Post-Graduate Course.—This course is designed for those students
who aim at the Ph. D. degree and expect to become professors of History.
A large amount of reading will be assigned, and frequent discussions of
important points will be held between student and professor. The aim will be
of a candidate for the doctorate, a dissertation embodying the fruits of such research
will be required.
SCHOOL OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY.
Professor Davis.
There are two classes arranged for two successive sessions.
The First Class studies during the first half-session, Deductive and Inductive
Logic; during the second half-session, Psychology. Three lectures a
week.
Text-Books.—The Professor's Elements of Deductive Logic, Elements of Inductive
Logic, Theory of Thought, and Elements of Psychology.
The Second Class studies during the first half-session, Ethics; during the
second half-session, History of Philosophy. Two lectures a week.
Text-Books.—The Professor's Essay in Ethics; Janet's La Morale; Lotze's Grundzüge
der Praktischen Philosophie; Ueberweg's History of Philosophy.
The course of the first class may be taken for the B. A. degree; that of the
second, for the M. A.
The Course for the Ph. D. degree embraces the History of Philosophy,
ancient and modern, with a special study of Aristotle and Kant, and a course
in Physiological Psychology.
SCIENTIFIC SCHOOLS.
SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS.
Professor Venable.
This School embraces the following courses:
B. A. COURSE.
A.—First Year. This class meets three times a week (three hours), and
studies the Theory of Arithmetical Notations and Operations; Algebra through
the Binomical Theorem, Indeterminate Coefficients and Theory of Logarithms;
Geometry, Plane and Solid; Geometrical Analysis, with numerous exercises for
original solution; Elementary Plane Trigonometry, embracing the solution of
Triangles, with the use of Logarithms, and some applications to problems of
"Heights and Distances." The preparation desirable for this class is a good
knowledge of Arithmetic, of Algebraic Operations through Equations of the
Second Degree, and of the first three books of Plane Geometry.
Text-Books.—Todhunter's Algebra; Venable's Legendre's Geometry, with collection
of exercises; Todhunter's Trigonometry for Beginners.
B.—Second Year. This class meets three times a week (three hours), and
studies Geometrical Analysis, with exercises for original solution; Plane Trigonometry,
with applications; Conic Sections treated Geometrically; Analytical
Geometry of two dimensions; Spherical Trigonometry, with applications; Advanced
Algebra, including elements of the Theory of Equations. The preparation
necessary for this class is a thorough knowledge of Algebra through the
Binomial Theorem and Logarithms; of Synthetic Geometry, Plane and Solid,
with a good training in the original solution of Geometrical problems; and a
knowledge of the elements of Plane Trigonometry, including the use of
Logarithmic tables.
Text-Books.—Snowball's Trigonometry; Puckle's Conic Sections; Collection of Exercises
in Plane Geometry; Wells's Spherical Trigonometry; Notes on Geometrical Conics.
Candidates for the B. A. degree who elect Mathematics must complete the
work of this course.
M. A. COURSE.
This class meets three times a week (4½ hours), and studies Analytical Geometry
of three dimensions, through the discussion of the Conicoids and some
curves in space; Differential and Integral Calculus, with various applications;
a short course in the Calculus of Variations; the Theory of Equations; and
lectures on the History of Mathematics.
Text-Books.—The Professor's Printed Notes on Solid Geometry (Analytical); Todhunter's
Differential Calculus; Courtenay's Calculus; Williamson's Integral Calculus;
Todhunter's Theory of Equations.
Candidates for the M. A. degree who elect Mathematics must complete the
work of both the above courses. Students who complete both courses are entitled
to a diploma of graduation in the School of Mathematics.
PH. D. COURSE.
In Pure Mathematics advanced work will be given in the Modern
Higher Geometry, Analytical Geometry, the Infinitesimal Calculus, Higher
Algebra and Quaternions.
In Mixed Mathematics the student is required to pursue an extended
course of reading under the instruction and guidance of the Professor on the
applications of the Differential and Integral Calculus to Mechanics, Physical
Astronomy, and selected portions of Physics. A diploma of graduation is conferred
in Mixed Mathematics.
Text-Books.—Price's Infinitesimal Calculus, Vols. II. and III.; Cheyne's Planetary
Theory.
Candidates for the Ph. D. degree who elect Mathematics will be assigned
work in both directions. If Mathematics is the chief of the two studies elected
the course will extend over two years.
SCHOOL OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS.
Professor Thornton.
Adjunct Professor Echols.
The work of this School is divided between the Academical and the Engineering
Departments. In the former the following courses are offered, each
of three lectures a week:
General Mechanics.—In this course, which comprises the work in Mechanics
for the B. A. degree, the subjects studied are Statics, Strength of Materials,
Graphical Statics, and the Elementary Dynamics of a Particle and a Rigid
Body. Elementary mathematical methods are employed; but no student is
prepared to undertake the course who has not a sound working knowledge of
Algebra, Geometry, and Plane Trigonometry, with the elements of Analytical
Geometry.
Text-Books.—Loney's Elements of Statics and Dynamics; Bovey's Theory of Structures;
Lectures.
Analytical Mechanics.—This course comprises the work in Mechanics
for the M. A. degree. Free use is made of the methods of the Infinitesimal
Calculus, and only suitably prepared students will be admitted to it. The subjects
studied are the Dynamics of a Particle, Analytical Statics, and the Dynamics
of a Rigid Body.
Text-Books.—Williamson's Treatise on Dynamics; Routh's Analytical Statics. For
reference and parallel reading, Minchin's Statics; Routh's Rigid Dynamics.
Post-Graduate work is offered also to candidates for the Ph. D. degree
and other students of Advanced Mathematics. The subjects pursued will be
the theory of Elasticity, Hydrodynamics, and Thermodynamics. Extended
courses of reading are prescribed, lectures will be delivered on special topics,
and investigations will be planned and carried out in the Mechanical Laboratory.
SCHOOL OF PRACTICAL ASTRONOMY.
Professor Stone.
I. General Astronomy.—First Year.—The aim of this course is to give
such a knowledge of the facts, principles, and methods of Astronomy as every
well-educated person should possess. The preparation required is a good
working knowledge of Arithmetic, Algebra through Quadratics, Plane and Solid
Synthetic Geometry, and Plane Trigonometry through the Solution of Triangles.
The class pursuing this course meets three times a week.
Text-Books.—Young's General Astronomy.
Second Year.—This course is intended to elucidate selected portions of the
subject more fully and from a more strictly mathematical point of view than
can be taken in the Junior course.
Text-Books.—Doolittle's Practical Astronomy; Gauss's Theoria Motus (Davis's
translation).
Candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Arts are required to complete
the work of the first year; those for the degree of Master of Arts must pass
examinations on the subjects embraced in both classes.
II. Practical Astronomy, including a systematic training in making and
reducing astronomical observations; theory and use of the instruments of a
fixed observatory; methods of reducing observations; construction of star catalogues.
Text-Books.—Chauvenet's Spherical and Practical Astronomy; various memoirs and
volumes of observations in the Observatory Library.
III. Celestial Mechanics, with practice in numerical computations;
general laws of equilibrium and motion; formation and integration of the differential
equations of motion of a system of bodies subject to the laws of gravity.
Text-Books.—Dziobek's Theory of Planetary Motions; Tisserand's Mécanique Céleste.
A prescribed course in this School, to be agreed upon in a conference of
the professors interested, will be considered as the equivalent of the Graduate
Course in either Mathematics or Natural Philosophy for graduates in the M. A.
courses of these schools.
The Astronomical Observatory is situated upon an elevation known
as Mount Jefferson, which furnishes an unobstructed horizon. The principal
building is a rotunda, forty-five feet in diameter, and contains the great Clark
refractor of twenty-six inches aperture. The building and instrument are the
gift of Leander J. McCormick, Esq., of Chicago. The computing rooms are
adjoining, and contain clock, chronograph, etc., and a working library. In a
smaller building are a three-inch Fauth transit and a four-inch Kahler equatorial.
SCHOOL OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.
Professor Smith.
This School offers four courses, each extending through the session of nine
months, and including lectures, text-book study, and laboratory work, as follows:
General Physics.—The object of this course of lectures (which embraces
the work for the B. A. degree) is to furnish the student with an introduction to
Modern Physics. With the design of laying a scientific basis for the course, a
motion, force, energy, and potential, and to their simpler applications in the
pressure and motion of sensible masses. This discussion, while it is elementary,
is designed to be in harmony with the more thorough mathematical treatment of
the same topics and to be a helpful introduction to it.
With this preparation, the student proceeds to the subject of Molecular
Physics, prominence being given to those divisions, like Heat and Electricity,
in which the transformations of Energy are most easily followed and measured.
Indeed, throughout the course the laws of Energy are kept steadily in view, and
an attempt is made to exhibit the evidence, daily becoming stronger and
clearer, for the belief prevalent among scientists that the entire body of Physics
is a coherent and harmonious system of mechanical truth. This course includes
a series of exercises in the Physical Laboratory, selected with the view of training
the student in the measurement of phenomena.
Text-Books.—The Professor's Syllabus; Everett's Units and Physical Constants.
Sound and Light.—This course (which embraces the work for the M. A.
degree) treats of the theory of undulation and the transfer of Energy by waves.
It includes careful work in the Physical Laboratory.
Text-Books.—Preston's Theory of Light; Everett's Vibratory Motion and Sound;
Glazebrook's Practical Physics.
Electricity and Magnetism.—This class studies Electricity and Magnetism,
with special reference to Electrical Engineering, to which the course is
designed to be an introduction. Besides the mathematical theory, it embraces
Laboratory practice in electrical and magnetic measurements. To enter this
class, the student should be familiar with the elementary facts of the science,
and also with the simpler processes of differentiation and integration.
Text-Books.—Embage; Ewing; Jackson.
Advanced Physics.—This course includes the study of original memoirs
in special departments of Physics, and of the history of Experimental Science,
together with laboratory work showing independent research. The report of
this work may be the thesis offered for the attainment of the Ph. D. degree.
The Physical Laboratory has at its disposal five connected apartments,
all on the same floor. One of these is also used as a lecture-room; another
one is permanently darkened, and in two others the light may be excluded at
pleasure. A fourth room is so supported on massive piers as to be practically
free from sensible tremors. The needful appliances, in the way of fixtures and
apparatus, have been so far supplied as to furnish a sufficient range of practice
for undergraduates, and some facilities for the advanced student in Practical
Physics.
SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY.
Professor Mallet.
In this School the following courses are offered:
General Chemistry.—This course consists of three lectures a week
throughout the session. The fundamental ideas of chemical science, the relations
of Chemistry to Physics, the laws expressing the facts of chemical combination
by weight and by volume, the atomic theory as at present developed in
connection with Chemistry, the chemical nomenclature and symbols now in
use, and a general survey of the Descriptive Chemistry of the elements and their
compounds, inorganic and organic, are brought forward in order, with incidental
allusion to the applications in the arts and manufactures, and in medicine,
of the facts mentioned.
Text-Books.—Fownes's Chemistry (last edition); Syllabus of the Professor's Lectures.
Recommended for Reference.—Roscoe and Schorlemmer's (or Miller's) Elements of Chemistry;
Lothar Meyer's Outlines of Theoretical Chemistry (English trans.); Bernthsen's
Text-book of Organic Chemistry, translated by McGowan; Watts's Dictionary of Chemistry.
Industrial Chemistry.—This course, in which also three lectures a week
are delivered, examines in detail the chemical principles and processes specially
concerned in the more important arts and manufactures, upon which the development
of the natural resources of the country in large measure depends, the
opportunity being thus presented of preparation for such positions as those of
the miner and metallurgist, the chemical manufacture, the dyer, bleacher, tanner,
sugar-refiner, etc.
Text-Book.—Wagner's Chemical Technology. Recommended for Reference.—Richardson
and Watts's Chemical Technology; Muspratt's Chemistry as Applied to Arts and
Manufactures; Ure's Dictionary of Arts and Manufactures; Girardin's Leçons de Chimie
Élémentaire appliquée aux Arts Industriels; Percy's Metallurgy, etc.
The lectures in both courses are illustrated by suitable experiments, and by
such specimens, models, drawings, etc., as the various subjects require. The
collections of the University in illustration of the processes and products of Industrial
Chemistry have been procured at much expense and pains in this country,
England, France and Germany, and are unusually extensive and good,
amongst the best on this side of the Atlantic.
In both courses there are one or more reviews each week of the subjects
under discussion, involving questions put by, as well as to, the students; and
exercises in writing are from time to time given out to afford practice in the
calculations which are needed by the chemist.
Post-Graduate work is offered in either course, and either or both may
be taken by the candidate for the Ph. D. degree. Laboratory work will be required
on subjects involving original investigation. Advanced reading may
to be looked up from various sources and condensed by the student.
Graduation in General Chemistry is required for the B. A. degree, graduation
in both General and Industrial Chemistry for the M. A. For admission
to a post-graduate course in the School of Chemistry or in the School of Analytical
Chemistry, previous graduation in both the schools named will be required;
but this part of the requirement may be waived, provided satisfactory
evidence be furnished that the student has already made equivalent attainments
elsewhere.
SCHOOL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY.
Professor Dunnington.
The regular work of this School, constituting a complete course in Practical
Chemistry, is arranged in two divisions, as follows:
1. A regularly arranged course in Chemical Manipulation is first given.
This is followed by Blowpipe Analysis and Fire Assays of ores of lead, silver,
and gold. A systematic course in Inorganic Qualitative Analysis follows, with
practice in the analysis of mixtures of salts, alloys, ores, and so on. Stoichiometry
is taught by exercises and occasional lectures. Instruction in the elements
of Quantitative Analysis completes this division of the course, which
extends over the first half-session.
2. The work of the second division is an extended course of Quantitative
Analysis, both gravimetric and volumetric. The student determines the composition
of ores, minerals, clays, soils, manures, technical products, and so on.
As he advances in the course he is encouraged to undertake original research
and assisted in its prosecution; and in determining his fitness for graduation,
work of this kind is considered as having great weight.
Five lessons are given each week, and the Laboratory is open to students six
days in the week during all the working hours of the day.
Students may matriculate either for the Full Course or for the First Course,
but candidates for graduation are required to complete the Full Course. Those
who accomplish it are prepared for work as Analytical Chemists, Assayers, or
Teachers of Chemistry.
Among the works recommended to laboratory students are: Fresenius's Qualitative
and Quantitative Analysis; Venable's Qualitative Analysis (2nd ed.); Greville Williams's
Hand-Book of Chemical Manipulation; Woehler's Examples for practice in Chemical Analysis;
Foye's Hand-Book of Mineralogy; A. Classen's Elementary Quantitative Analysis.
In addition to the foregoing, the following Special Courses are given in
this School. They are open without additional charge to the regular students
of the School. For fees to others, see Expenses.
1. A laboratory course on Determinative Mineralogy for students of
Engineering, embracing Blowpipe Analysis, Determinative Mineralogy, and the
application of chemical processes to the examination of potable waters, coal,
clays, building stones, and other materials employed in Engineering.
2. A laboratory course in Assaying, including all of the above mentioned
course on Determinative Mineralogy, together with Fire Assaying of ores of lead,
silver, gold, etc., and practice in volumetric and galvanic determinations, such as
are commonly employed in the valuation of certain technical products and ores.
3. A laboratory course of twelve lessons in Practical Pharmacy, including
the compounding and dispensing of drugs. The pursuit of this course
will enable the practitioner satisfactorily to dispense medicines, and it will
afford him needed familiarity with handling chemicals and the forms of prescriptions.
Medical students who enter this class are charged only for material
consumed ($5.00).
4. A course of twenty-four lectures on Agricultural Chemistry, including
the chemical and physical properties of the atmosphere, of soils and of
plants; the chemistry of the processes of vegetable life; the chemical composition
and preparation of manures, and so on. This course is open without
charge to students from Virginia and farmers who are not matriculated students.
For Reference.—Johnson's and Cameron's Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and
Geology (12th ed.); Johnson's How Crops Grow; Johnson's How Crops Feed.
The Post-Graduate Course comprises practice in the more elaborate
processes of analysis, study of methods, and original investigations in the composition
of rare materials and technical products presenting scientific or economic
interest.
The Chemical Laboratory is a building planned and erected for the
purpose. It is warmed throughout by hot water, completely fitted with the
most approved appliances, and stocked with apparatus, models, materials, and
specimens. The commodious lecture-room, with work and store-rooms
attached, is provided with every convenience for exhibiting a complete series of
experiments illustrating the lectures on General Chemistry. The large room
assigned to Analytical Chemistry will accommodate fifty working students, and
is furnished with work-tables, gas, water, and all proper laboratory fixtures;
smaller rooms are devoted to weighing, evaporations, assaying, etc., and all requisite
apparatus, chemicals, minerals, materials for analysis, etc., are kept constantly
supplied by home purchase and importation.
The Museum of Industrial Chemistry, contained in the same building,
consists of a very large number of specimens, collected at much expense
and pains in this country and abroad, to illustrate the products and processes
of Chemistry applied to the arts and manufactures, and is so arranged as to be
a most valuable aid to the student of Industrial Chemistry.
CORCORAN SCHOOL OF NATURAL HISTORY AND GEOLOGY.
Professor Fontaine.
In this School two subjects are taught, Geology and Descriptive Mineralogy.
There are two courses—first, a course embracing the requisites in Geology for
the attainment of the degree of Bachelor of Arts; and second, a course covering
what is required in Mineralogy and Geology for the degree of Master of
Arts.
B. A. COURSE.
Three lectures a week will be given throughout the session. The design of
the course is to enable the student to obtain such a knowledge of the science
of Geology as should be possessed by a well-educated man. As full an exposition
of the fundamental principles will be given as the time will allow.
Text-Books.—Le Conte's Elements of Geology and Dana's New Text-Book of Geology.
The instruction will be in part by lecture.
M. A. COURSE.
This course consists of two divisions, one in Mineralogy, the other in Geology.
Mineralogy.—The course in Mineralogy closes with the examination
which takes place in January. Three lectures a week are given in it. In this
course attention is paid to crystallography, and especially to the physical properties
of minerals. In Descriptive Mineralogy the relations, geological occurrence,
and history of the individual species are made prominent.
Geology.—This division of the course begins after the examination on
Mineralogy in January. Three lectures a week will be given. A knowledge of
the principles taught in the B. A. Course will be assumed. The more general
and complicated problems in all the branches of Geology will be dealt with in
this course. As thorough a treatment as possible will be given of Stratigraphy,
Lithology, and Paleontology. More stress will be laid on the methods of fieldwork
and the application of geological principles. The aim will be to give
such a knowledge of the subject as may be useful to the student in bread-winning
pursuits, or may serve as a basis for the more specialized course required
for the attainment of the degree of Ph. D.
Text-Books.—Le Conte's Elements of Geology; Dana's Manual of Geology (new
edition). For Reference.—Geikie's Text-Book of Geology. The instruction will be in part
by lecture.
PH. D. COURSE.
The Post-Graduate Course in this School is so arranged as to enable
the student to concentrate his efforts in some special line of study. Selections
will be made from one or both of the subjects taught in the School. The work
research will be required in the treatment of the branches chosen.
Candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Arts are required to pass in the
B. A. Course, and those for the degree of Master of Arts in the M. A. Course
in Geology and in Mineralogy, in addition to the B. A. Course. For the degree
of Doctor of Philosophy the candidate must, in addition to the requisites
for the degree of Master of Arts, complete the Post-Graduate Course.
The Lewis Brooks Museum contains collections illustrating the main
sub-divisions of Natural History. Each of the collections is arranged so as to
exemplify the principles of the science, and at the same time offers a large variety
of subjects for advanced study. In Geology the specimens show all the
different kinds of rocks, classified according to mineral character and the formations
in which they occur; the collection of fossils, plaster casts, maps, etc., is
exceptionally fine, and fully illustrates Historical Geology. In Mineralogy the
principles of the science are made plain by well-chosen suits of specimens,
models of crystals, etc.; the general collection of minerals contains all the important
minerals, and many of the rarer ones, in good specimens. Zoology is
well illustrated by a fine and large collection of mounted skeletons, stuffed animals,
dried specimens, plaster casts, etc. In Botany the collections contain
charts, papier-maché models of flowers and fruits, sections of wood, etc.; the
bulk of the collection is in the form of an herbarium selected from the most important
and interesting botanical regions of the world. In addition to the
above, a beginning has been made of a collection to illustrate the geology and
mineralogy of the State of Virginia, and this will be increased as rapidly as
possible.
These large and carefully-selected collections of geological and mineralogical
objects afford unsurpassed facilities for the full illustration of the principles
taught. As free access to these collections is allowed the student, he can find
in their study an opportunity, rarely obtained, for gaining a practical acquaintance
with natural objects acquired from various parts of the world, and chosen
for their typical character. These collections are especially useful to students
pursuing Post-Graduate courses of study in Geology and Mineralogy.
The Professor, when the number of applicants is sufficient, organizes a party
of geological exploration. The field-work is done in the month of July, and
is entirely optional with the students. Persons engaged in the study of
Geology and Mineralogy may, although not members of the University class,
with the consent of the Professor, and on paying $25 to the Proctor, join the
exploring party.
MILLER SCHOOL OF BIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE.
Professor Tuttle.
The work of this School is designed to meet the wants of students who desire
such knowledge of the principles of Biology and of the methods of biological
research as should properly form a part of a liberal education, or who desire
such training as will fit them for independent work as students or as teachers in
that department of knowledge; and of those who seek such acquaintance with
the facts and laws of Biology as will prepare them for an intelligent study of the
relations of Biology to Agriculture. The following courses are offered, each
with three lectures a week throughout the session; the associated study for
each on the part of the student is performed chiefly in the Laboratory, which is
excellently equipped for the purpose.
Botany.—The study of Biology is begun by a brief survey of the principal
groups of the Vegetable Kingdom, beginning with the lowest and simplest forms.
As the more complex forms are reached, their histology is discussed in its
physiological as well as its morphological relations. Special attention is paid,
as far as time will permit, to those groups of plants which have special economic
importance, and to the flora of the region. On account of their great practical
importance in many respects, including their relations to health and disease in
man and the domestic animals, the Bacteria are discussed and studied at
length. Attendance on this portion of the course is required of students in the
Medical Department of the University.
Text-Books.—Prantl and Vines's Text-Book of Botany; Stokes's Key to Fresh-water
Algae; Gray's Manual.
Graduation in this course is required of students who elect Biology as one of
their studies for the degree of Bachelor of Arts.
Comparative Anatomy and Physiology.—This course is devoted to
the study of the Anatomy, Histology and Embryology of Vertebrates, and to
the principles of Animal Physiology. The general structure and functions of
the vertebrate body, as illustrated by a series of representative forms, will be
considered; and one or more systems of organs discussed and examined comparatively,
both in the adult and the developing organism. The normal histology
of man and the domestic animals will be studied in detail. Attendance
upon the portion of the course devoted to Histology is required of medical
students, who are also admitted to the lectures on Embryology at their option.
Text-Books.—Wiedersheim's Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates; Parker's
Zootomy; Shaefer's Histology; Foster and Balfour's Embryology.
Graduation in this course is required of students who elect Biology as one of
their studies for the degree of Master of Arts. The completion of this and
Biology.
Zoology.—This course, open to graduate students only, includes the study
of Animal Morphology, as illustrated by the Anatomy, Histology and, as far as
possible, the Embryology of a series of representative species chosen from the
principal divisions of the Animal Kingdom, the principles of classification, and
the arrangement of the various orders and classes of animals in larger groups as
indicated by their structural affinities.
Text-Books.—Rolleston's Forms of Animal Life; Claus's Text-Book of Zoology;
Lang's Text-Book of Comparative Anatomy; Balfour's Embryology.
This course will be required of all students who elect Biology as one of their
studies for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy; those who choose it as a major
study will be required in addition to do such work as may be assigned to them
individually.
Practical Biology and Agriculture.—The relations of Biology to
Agriculture are so manifold, and the subdivisions of the latter subject so numerous,
that it would be impossible to exhaust the discussion of either in the
work of any one year. A course consisting in part of lectures and in part of an
equivalent amount of practical work and collateral reading will be offered
yearly. It will include the discussion of selected topics pertaining to Economic
Botany (such as the diseases or the parasites of plants, the natural history of
cultivated varieties, and the like); to Economic Zoology (such as the life-history
and treatment of injurious or beneficial insects, external or internal parasites,
the special anatomy and physiology of the domestic animals, etc.); and to
questions connected with the Principles of Agriculture (such as the laws of
growth and nutrition of crops, the drainage and tillage of soils, systems of rotation
and allied topics).
Text-Books for 1894-'95.—Zimmermann's Botanical Microtechnique; Ward's Timber
and its Diseases; Hough's Elements of Forestry.
Candidates for a diploma of graduation in Agriculture are required to complete
the work of the first and fourth courses.
The Biological Laboratory is well provided with instruments for the
gross and minute dissection of animals and plants; microscopes, microtomes,
reagents, and materials for the staining and mounting of preparations; apparatus
for photography and microphotography, and other necessary appliances,
not only for student work, but for investigation and research as well. In addition
to the large and valuable collections of the Brooks Museum, an abundant
supply of other necessary specimens and material is furnished. A library
of reference is attached to the Laboratory, and students have access to a number
of leading biological and agricultural journals, thus acquiring practice in the
intelligent use of current literature.
ACADEMICAL DEGREES.
In each Academical School a diploma of graduation is conferred in the B. A.
Course. Students who complete both the B. A. and the M. A. Course in any
School are entitled to a diploma of graduation in the School. The titled
degrees conferred in the Academical Department are Bachelor of Arts, Master
of Arts, and Doctor of Philosophy.
The degree of Bachelor of Arts of the University of Virginia is
designed to secure in the candidate such a thorough and well-proportioned
general training in all of the six great departments of human knowledge—Ancient
Languages, Modern Languages, History and Literature, Mathematical
Sciences, Natural Sciences, and Philosophical Sciences—as will fit him to fill
his part in the vocations of life, whether in the field of business, in the pursuit
of the learned professions, or in the special studies preparatory to didactic or
scientific work. This degree is accordingly conferred upon a student who has
been graduated in eight B. A. Courses, selected from the following list, of
which, however, at least one must be taken from each group:
A.—Ancient Languages.
Latin—Greek.
B.—Modern Languages.
French—German—Spanish—Italian.
C.—History and Literature.
General History—English Literature and Rhetoric—Modern English.
D.—Mathematical Sciences.
Mathematics—Astronomy—Mechanics.
E.—Natural Sciences.
General Chemistry—Physics—Geology—Biology.
F.—Philosophical Sciences.
Political Economy—Moral Philosophy.
The degree of Master of Arts of the University of Virginia is designed
for students who desire to extend their work in certain departments of
learning so as to lay a broader foundation for professional study, to equip themselves
for the work of teaching, or to prepare for specialized lines of research in
letters or science. It is conferred upon a Bachelor of Arts who has been
graduated in each of four Schools, elected by himself and approved by the
Faculty. The utmost freedom of election will be encouraged in the arrangement
of these courses, subject to the condition that the four lines of advanced
work chosen shall be so related as to form a rationally connected whole.
It is expressly ordered, however, that none of the work done for the B. A.
degree shall be counted again as part of the advanced work required for the
M. A. degree; nor shall the advanced work done for the M. A. degree be
counted also for the B. A. degree.
The preliminary degree required of candidates for the M. A. degree may be
that of this University or of some other chartered institution of learning. But
in the latter case the degree shall be submitted for approval to the Faculty, who
have absolute power to accept or reject the degree offered. The candidate
must in all cases be graduated in the B. A. Course in each School before he is
admitted to the M. A. Course in that School. But this last condition may be
waived by the Faculty in favor of a candidate who evidences upon examination
adequate preliminary training to pursue with profit the M. A. Course simultaneously
with the B. A. Course of the School.
A Bachelor of Arts of any other chartered institution of learning who enters this
University as a candidate for the M. A. degree, must submit to the Faculty a statement
showing the four major studies in which he proposes to pursue the M. A. Courses, and four
associated minor studies, which would complete the requirements for the B. A. and M. A.
degrees. Under the regulations of the Visitors, he will be required to pursue here both the
B. A. and the M. A. Courses in the four major studies. But in any or all of the four minor
studies he will be excused from attendance upon the regular B. A. Courses upon presenting
his diploma and passing a SPECIAL EXAMINATION at this University in such studies. This
examination will, in all cases, be of a practical character, designed to test the permanent
acquisition by the student of a sound general knowledge of the several subjects. Bachelors
of Arts who are deficient in any of the minor studies may fill out their schemes of study
by attending the regular B. A. courses at this University in those subjects and passing the
regular examinations.
The degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Virginia
is offered to students who propose to devote their energies to specialized research
in any of the various departments of letters or science. It will be conferred on
a Bachelor of Arts or Master of Arts who has passed examination in the Postgraduate
Courses of two Schools, elected by himself and approved by the Faculty,
and in addition has prepared and printed a dissertation, accepted by the Professors
of the Schools elected, as showing independent research or original treatment
of some subject belonging to the School chosen as his major study.
The preliminary degree required of candidates for the Ph. D. degree may be
that of this University or of some other chartered institution of learning. But
in the latter case the degree must be approved by the Faculty, and the candidate
must in all cases be graduated in each of the two Schools elected before
he is admitted to the Ph. D. Course in that School. The last condition may
be waived by the Faculty in favor of a candidate who evidences upon examination
adequate preliminary training to pursue with profit the Ph. D. Course at
the same time with the M. A. Course of the School.
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