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SCIENTIFIC SCHOOLS.
SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS.
Professor Venable.
This School embraces the following courses:
B. A. COURSE.
A.—First Year. This class meets three times a week (three hours), and
studies the Theory of Arithmetical Notations and Operations; Algebra through
the Binomial Theorem, Indeterminate Coefficients and Theory of Logarithms;
Geometry, Plane and Solid; Geometrical Analysis, with numerous exercises for
original solution; Elementary Plane Trigonometry, embracing the solution of
Triangles, with the use of Logarithms, and some applications to problems of
"Heights and Distances." The preparation desirable for this class is a good
knowledge of Arithmetic, of Algebraic Operations through Equations of the
Second Degree, and of the first three books of Plane Geometry.
Text-Books.—Todhunter's Algebra; Venable's Legendre's Geometry, with collection
of exercises; Todhunter's Trigonometry for Beginners.
B.—Second Year. This class meets three times a week (three hours), and
studies Geometrical Analysis, with exercises for original solution; Plane Trigonometry,
with applications; Analytical Geometry of two dimensions; Spherical
Trigonometry, with applications; Advanced Algebra, including Elements of
the Theory of Equations. The preparation necessary for this class is a thorough
knowledge of Algebra through the Binomial Theorem and Logarithms; of Synthetic
Geometry, Plane and Solid, with a good training in the original solution
of Geometrical problems; and a knowledge of the elements of Plane Trigonometry,
including the use of Logarithmic tables.
Text-Books.—Todhunter's Plane Trigonometry; Puckle's Conic Sections; The Professor's
collection of Exercises in Plane Geometry; Wells's Spherical Trigonometry.
Candidates for the B. A. degree who elect Mathematics must complete the
work of this course.
M. A. COURSE.
This class meets three times a week (4½ hours), and studies Analytical Geometry
of three dimensions, through the discussion of the Conicoids and some
curves in space; Differential and Integral Calculus, with various applications;
a short course in the Calculus of Variations; the Theory of Equations; and
lectures on the History of Mathematics.
Text-Books.—The Professor's Printed Notes on Solid Geometry (Analytical); Todhunter's
Differential Calculus; Courtenay's Calculus; Williamson's Integral Calculus;
Todhunter's Theory of Equations.
Candidates for the M. A. degree who elect Mathematics must complete the
work of both the above courses.
PH. D. COURSE.
In Pure Mathematics advanced work will be given in the Modern
Higher Geometry, Analytical Geometry, the Infinitesimal Calculus, Higher
Algebra and Quaternions.
In Mixed Mathematics the student is required to pursue an extended
course of reading under the instruction and guidance of the Professor on the
applications of the Differential and Integral Calculus to Mechanics, Physical
Astronomy, and selected portions of Physics. A diploma of graduation is conferred
in Mixed Mathematics.
Text-Books.—Price's Infinitesimal Calculus, Vols. II. and III.; Cheyne's Planetary
Theory.
Candidates for the Ph. D. degree who elect Mathematics will be assigned
work in both directions. If Mathematics is the chief study the course will extend
over two years.
SCHOOL OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS.
Professor Thornton.
Adjunct Professor Echols.
The work of this School is divided between the Academical and the Engineering
Departments. In the former the following courses are offered, each
of three lectures a week:
General Mechanics.—In this course, which comprises the work in Mechanics
for the B. A. degree, the subjects studied are Statics, Strength of Materials,
Graphical Statics, and the elementary Dynamics of a particle and a rigid
body. Elementary mathematical methods are employed; but no student is
Algebra, Geometry, and Plane Trigonometry, with the elements of Analytical
Geometry.
Text-Books.—Loney's Elements of Statics and Dynamics; Merriman's Mechanics of
Materials; Merriman and Jacoby's Graphic Statics; Lectures.
Analytical Mechanics.—This course comprises the work in Mechanics
for the M. A. degree. Free use is made of the methods of the Infinitesimal
Calculus, and only suitably prepared students will be admitted to it. The subjects
studied are the Dynamics of a Particle, Analytical Statics, and the Dynamics
of a Rigid Body.
Text-Books.—Williamson's Treatise on Dynamics; Routh's Analytical Statics. For
reference and parallel reading, Minchin's Statics; Routh's Rigid Dynamics.
Post-Graduate work is offered also to candidates for the Ph. D. degree
and other students of advanced mathematics. The subjects pursued will be
the theory of Elasticity, Hydrodynamics, and Thermodynamics. Extended
courses of reading are prescribed, lectures will be delivered on special topics,
and investigations will be planned and carried out in the Mechanical Laboratory.
SCHOOL OF PRACTICAL ASTRONOMY.
Professor Stone.
General Astronomy.—First Year.—The aim of this course is to give
such a knowledge of the facts, principles, and methods of Astronomy as every
well educated person should possess. The preparation required is a good
working knowledge of Arithmetic, Algebra through Quadratics, Plane and Solid
Synthetic Geometry, and Plane Trigonometry through the Solution of Triangles.
The class pursuing this course meets three times a week.
Text-Book.—Young's General Astronomy.
Second Year.—This course is adapted to the wants of students who desire
to pursue the subject beyond the limits of the course just mentioned, including
those who expect to teach, and those who intend to follow a more advanced
special course. The class pursuing this course meets three times a week.
Post-Graduate Course.—The work in this course includes three lectures
and a seminar each week, in addition to practical work in the observatory.
The subjects embraced are as follows:
Practical Astronomy, including a systematic training in making and
reducing astronomical observations; theory and use of the instruments of a
fixed observatory; methods of reducing observations; construction of star catalogues.
Text-Books.—Chauvenet's Spherical and Practical Astronomy; various memoirs and
volumes of observations in the Observatory Library.
Celestial Mechanics, with practice in numerical computations; general
laws of equilibrium and motion; formation and integration of the differential
equations of motion of a system of bodies subject to the laws of gravity.
Text-Books.—Tisserand's Traité de Mécanique Céleste; Poincaré's Les Méthodes
Nouvelles de la Mécanique Céleste.
Only the first year's course in General Astronomy is required of candidates
for the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Candidates for the degree of Master of
Arts selecting Astronomy as a part of their advanced work are required to complete
both courses in General Astronomy. Candidates for the degree of Doctor
of Philosophy selecting Astronomy as a part of their post-graduate work
must also be graduated in the M. A. course. When Astronomy is selected as
the principal subject, the graduate course extends through two years. A prescribed
course in this School, to be agreed upon in a conference of the Professors
interested, will be considered as the equivalent of the Graduate Course
in either Mathematics or Natural Philosophy for graduates in the M. A. courses
of these schools.
The Astronomical Observatory is situated upon an elevation known
as Mount Jefferson, which furnishes an unobstructed horizon. The principal
building is a rotunda, forty-five feet in diameter, and contains the great Clark
refractor of twenty-six inches aperture. The building and instrument are the
gift of Leander J. McCormick, Esq., of Chicago. The computing rooms are
adjoining, and contain clock, chronograph, etc., and a working library. In a
smaller building are a three-inch Fauth transit and a four-inch Kahler equatorial.
SCHOOL OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.
Professor Smith.
This School includes four courses, each extending through the session of
nine months, and including lectures, text-book study, and laboratory work, as
follows:
General Physics.—The object of this course of lectures (which embraces
the work for the B. A. degree) is to furnish the student with an introduction
to Modern Physics. With the design of laying a scientific basis for the
course, a large space is given at the outset to the discussion of the cardinal
doctrines of motion, force, energy, and potential, and to their simpler applications
in the pressure and motion of sensible masses. This discussion, while it is
elementary, is designed to be in harmony with the more thorough mathematical
treatment of the same topics and to be a helpful introduction to it.
With this preparation, the student proceeds to the subject of Molecular
Physics, prominence being given to those divisions, like Heat and Electricity,
in which the transformations of Energy are most easily followed and measured.
Indeed, throughout the course the laws of Energy are kept steadily in view, and
an attempt is made to exhibit the evidence, daily becoming stronger and
clearer, for the belief prevalent among scientists that the entire body of Physics
is a coherent and harmonious system of mechanical truth. This course includes
a series of exercises in the Physical Laboratory, selected with the view of training
the student in the measurement of phenomena.
Text-Books.—The Professor's Syllabus; Everett's Units and Physical Constants.
Sound and Light.—This course (which embraces the work for the M. A.
degree) treats of the theory of undulation and the transfer of Energy by waves.
It includes careful work in the Physical Laboratory.
Text-Books.—Preston's Theory of Light; Everett's Vibratory Motion and Sound;
Glazebrook's Practical Physics.
Electricity and Magnetism.—This class studies Electricity and Magnetism,
with special reference to Electrical Engineering, to which the course is
designed to be an introduction. Besides the mathematical theory, it embraces
Laboratory practice in electrical and magnetic measurements. To enter this
class, the student should be familiar with the elementary facts of the science,
and also with the simpler processes of differentiation and integration.
Advanced Physics.—This course includes the study of original memoirs
in special departments of Physics, and of the history of Experimental Science,
together with laboratory work showing independent research. The report of
this work may be the thesis offered for the attainment of the Ph. D. degree.
The Physical Laboratory has at its disposal five connected apartments,
all on the same floor. One of these is also used as a lecture-room; another
one is permanently darkened, and in two others the light may be excluded at
pleasure. A fourth room is so supported on massive piers as to be practically
free from sensible tremors. The needful appliances, in the way of fixtures and
apparatus, have been so far supplied as to furnish a sufficient range of practice
for undergraduates, and some facilities for the advanced student in Practical
Physics.
SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY.
Professor Mallet.
In this School the following courses are offered:
General Chemistry.—This course consists of three lectures a week
throughout the session. The fundamental ideas of chemical science, the relations
of Chemistry to Physics, the laws expressing the facts of chemical combination
connection with Chemistry, the chemical nomenclature and symbols now in
use, and a general survey of the descriptive chemistry of the elements and their
compounds, inorganic and organic, are brought forward in order, with incidental
allusion to the applications, in the arts and manufactures, and in medicine,
of the facts mentioned.
Text-Books.—Fownes's Chemistry (last edition); Syllabus of the Professor's Lectures.
Recommended for Reference.—Roscoe and Schorlemmer's (or Miller's) Elements of Chemistry;
Lothar Meyer's Outlines of Theoretical Chemistry (English transl.); Bernthsen's
Text-book of Organic Chemistry, translated by McGowan; Watts's Dictionary of Chemistry.
Industrial Chemistry.—This course, in which also three lectures a
week are delivered, examines in detail the chemical principles and processes
specially concerned in the more important arts and manufactures, upon which
the development of the natural resources of the country in large measure depends,
the opportunity being thus presented of preparation for such positions
as those of the miner and metallurgist, the chemical manufacture, the dyer,
bleacher, tanner, sugar-refiner, etc.
Text-Books.—Wagner's Chemical Technology. Recommended for Reference.—
Richardson and Watt's Chemical Technology; Muspratt's Chemistry as Applied to Arts
and Manufactures; Ure's Dictionary of Arts and Manufactures; Girardin's Leçons de
Chimie Élémentaire appliquée aux Arts Industriels; Percy's Metallurgy, etc.
The lectures in both courses are illustrated by suitable experiments, and by
such specimens, models, drawings, etc., as the various subjects require. The
collections of the University in illustration of the processes and products of Industrial
Chemistry have been procured at much expense and pains in this
country, England, France and Germany, and are unusually extensive and good,
amongst the best on this side of the Atlantic.
In both courses there are one or more reviews each week of the subjects
under discussion, involving questions put by, as well as to, the students; and
exercises in writing are from time to time given out to afford practice in the
calculations which are needed by the chemist.
Post-Graduate work is offered in either course, and either or both may
be taken by the candidate for the Ph. D. degree. Laboratory work will be required
on subjects involving original investigation. Advanced reading may
also be prescribed, especially in the shape of the literature of particular topics,
to be looked up from various sources and condensed by the student.
Graduation in General Chemistry is required for the B. A. degree, graduation
in both General and Industrial Chemistry for the M. A. For admission
to a post-graduate course in the School of Chemistry or in the School of Analytical
Chemistry, previous graduation in both the schools named will be required;
but this part of the requirement may be waived, provided satisfactory
evidence be furnished that the student has already made equivalent attainments
elsewhere.
SCHOOL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY.
Professor Dunnington.
The regular work of this School, constituting a complete course in Practical
Chemistry, is arranged in two divisions, as follows:
1. A regularly arranged course in Chemical Manipulation is first given.
This is followed by Blowpipe Analysis and Fire Assays of ores of lead, silver,
and gold. A systematic course in Inorganic Qualitative Analysis follows, with
practice in the analysis of mixtures of salts, alloys, ores, and so on. Stoichiometry
is taught by exercises and occasional lectures. Instruction in the elements
of Quantitative Analysis completes this division of the course, which extends
over the first half session.
2. The work of the second division is an extended course of Quantitative
Analysis, both gravimetric and volumetric. The student determines the composition
of ores, minerals, clays, soils, manures, technical products, and so on.
As he advances in the course he is encouraged to undertake original research
and assisted in its prosecution; and in determining his fitness for graduation,
work of this kind is considered as having great weight.
Five lessons are given each week, and the Laboratory is open to students six
days in the week during all the working hours of the day.
Students may matriculate either for the Full Course or for the First Course,
but candidates for graduation are required to complete the Full Course.
Those who accomplish it are prepared for work as Analytical Chemists, Assayers,
or Teachers of Chemistry.
Among the works recommended to laboratory students are: Fresenius's Qualitative
and Quantitative Analysis; Venable's Qualitative Analysis (2nd ed.); Greville Williams's
Hand-Book of Chemical Manipulation; Woehler's Examples for Practice in Chemical Analysis;
Foye's Hand-Book of Mineralogy; A. Classen's Elementary Quantitative Analysis.
In addition to the foregoing, the following Special Courses are given in
this School. They are open without additional charge to the regular students
of the School. For fees to others, see Expenses.
1. A laboratory course on Determinative Mineralogy for students of
Engineering, embracing Blowpipe Analysis, Determinative Mineralogy, and the
application of chemical processes to the examination of potable waters, coal,
clays, building stones, and other materials employed in Engineering.
2. A laboratory course in Assaying, including all of the above mentioned
course on Determinative Mineralogy, together with Fire Assaying of ores of
lead, silver, gold, etc., and practice in volumetric and galvanic determinations,
such as are commonly employed in the valuation of certain technical products
and ores.
3. A laboratory course of twelve lessons in Practical Pharmacy, including
the compounding and dispensing of drugs.
4. A course of twenty-four lectures on Agricultural Chemistry, including
the chemical and physical properties of the atmosphere, of soils and
of plants; the chemistry of the processes of vegetable life; the chemical composition
and preparation of manures, and so on. This course is open without
charge to students from Virginia and farmers who are not matriculated students.
For Reference.—Johnson's and Cameron's Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and
Geology (12th ed.); Johnson's How Crops Grow; Johnson's How Crops Feed.
The Post-Graduate Course comprises practice in the more elaborate processes
of analysis, study of methods, and original investigations in the composition
of rare minerals and technical products presenting scientific or economic interest.
The Chemical Laboratory is a building planned and erected for the
purpose. It is warmed throughout by hot water, completely fitted with the
most approved appliances, and stocked with apparatus, models, materials, and
specimens. The commodious lecture-room, with work- and store-rooms
attached, is provided with every convenience for exhibiting a complete series of
experiments illustrating the lectures on General Chemistry. The large room
assigned to Analytical Chemistry will accommodate fifty working students, and
is furnished with work-tables, gas, water, and all proper laboratory fixtures;
smaller rooms are devoted to weighing, evaporations, assaying, etc., and all requisite
apparatus, chemicals, minerals, materials for analysis, etc., are kept constantly
supplied by home purchase and importation.
The Museum of Industrial Chemistry, contained in the same building,
consists of a very large number of specimens, collected at much expense
and pains in this country and abroad, to illustrate the products and processes of
Chemistry applied to the arts and manufactures, and is so arranged as to be a
most valuable aid to the student of Industrial Chemistry.
CORCORAN SCHOOL OF NATURAL HISTORY AND GEOLOGY.
Professor Fontaine.
In this School two subjects are taught, Geology and Descriptive Mineralogy.
There are two courses—first, a course embracing the requisites in Geology for the
attainment of the degree of Bachelor of Arts; and second, a course covering
what is required in Mineralogy and Geology for the degree of Master of Arts.
B. A. COURSE.
Three lectures a week will be given throughout the session. The design
of the course is to enable the student to obtain such a knowledge of the science
of the fundamental principles will be given as the time will allow.
Text-Books.—Le Conte's Elements of Geology and Dana's New Text-Book of Geology.
The instruction will be in part by lecture.
M. A. COURSE.
This course consists of two divisions, one in Mineralogy, the other in Geology.
Mineralogy.—The course in Mineralogy closes with the examination
which takes place in January. Three lectures a week are given in it. In this
course attention is paid to crystallography, and especially to the physical pro
perties of minerals. In Descriptive Mineralogy, the relations, geological occurrence,
and history of the individual species are made prominent.
Geology.—This division of the course begins after the examination on
Mineralogy in January. Three lectures a week will be given. A knowledge
of the principles taught in the B. A. Course will be assumed. The more general
and complicated problems in all the branches of Geology will be dealt with
in this course. As thorough a treatment as possible will be given of Stratigraphy,
Lithology, and Paleontology. More stress will be laid on the methods
of field-work and the application of geological principles. The aim will be to
give such a knowledge of the subject as may be useful to the student in breadwinning
pursuits, or may serve as a basis for the more specialized course required
for the attainment of the degree of Ph. D.
Text-Books.—Le Conte's Elements of Geology; Dana's Manual of Geology (new edition).
For Reference.—Geikie's Text-Book of Geology. The instruction will be in part by
lecture.
PH. D. COURSE.
The Post-Graduate Course in this School is so arranged as to enable
the student to concentrate his efforts in some special line of study. Selections
will be made from one or both of the subjects taught in the School. The work
will be adapted to the wants of the students, and, as far as possible, original
research will be required in the treatment of the branches chosen.
Canadidates for the degree of Bachelor of Arts are required to pass in the
B. A. Course, and those for the degree of Master of Arts in the M. A. Course
in Geology and in Mineralogy, in addition to the B. A. Course. For the degree
of Doctor of Philosophy the candidate must, in addition to the requisites
for the degree of Master of Arts, complete the Post-Graduate Course.
The Lewis Brooks Museum contains collections illustrating the main
subdivisions of Natural History. Each of the collections is arranged so as to
exemplify the principles of the science, and at the same time offers a large variety
of subjects for advanced study. In Geology the specimens show all the
different kinds of rocks, classified according to mineral character and the formations
in which they occur; the collection of fossils, plaster casts, maps, etc., is
principles of the science are made plain by well-chosen suits of specimens,
models of crystals, etc.; the general collection of minerals contains all the important
minerals, and many of the rarer ones, in good specimens. Zoology is
well illustrated by a fine and large collection of mounted skeletons, stuffed animals,
dried specimens, plaster casts, etc. In Botany the collections contain
charts, papier-maché models of flowers and fruits, sections of wood, etc.; the
bulk of the collection is in the form of an herbarium selected from the most important
and interesting botanical regions of the world. In addition to the
above, a beginning has been made of a collection to illustrate the geology and
mineralogy of the State of Virginia, and this will be increased as rapidly as possible.
These large and carefully-selected collections of geological and mineralogical
objects afford unsurpassed facilities for the full illustration of the principles
taught. As free access to these collections is allowed the student, he can find
in their study an opportunity, rarely obtained, for gaining a practical acquaintance
with natural objects acquired from various parts of the world, and chosen
for their typical character. These collections are especially useful to students
pursuing Post-Graduate courses of study in Geology and Mineralogy.
The Professor, when the number of applicants is sufficient, organizes a
party of Geological exploration. The field work is done in the month of July,
and is entirely optional with the students. Persons engaged in the study of
Geology and Mineralogy may, although not members of the University class,
with the consent of the Professor, and on paying $25 to the Proctor, join the
exploring party.
MILLER SCHOOL OF BIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE.
Professor Tuttle.
The work of this School is designed to meet the wants of students who desire
such knowledge of the principles of Biology and of the methods of biological
research as should properly form a part of a liberal education, or who desire
such training as will fit them for independent work as students or as teachers in
that department of knowledge; and of those who seek such acquaintance with
the facts and laws of Biology as will prepare them for an intelligent study of the
relations of Biology to Agriculture. The following courses are offered, each
with three lectures a week throughout the session; the associated study for each
on the part of the student is performed chiefly in the laboratory, which is excellently
equipped for the purpose.
Botany.—This course is prefaced by lectures on General Biology, including
a discussion of the characters common to living beings, and the practical
of the Anatomy and Histology of Plants, the elements of Vegetable Physiology,
and a survey of the leading groups of the Vegetable Kingdom, special attention
being paid to the groups of plants of greatest economic importance and
to the flora of the region. On account of their great practical importance
in many respects, including their relations to health and disease in man and the
domestic animals, the Bacteria are discussed and studied at length; attendance
upon this portion of the course is required of students in the Medical Department
of the University.
Text-Books.—Sedgwick and Wilson's General Biology; Campbell's Structural and
Systematic Botany; the Professor's Introduction to the Bacteria; Gray's Manual of
Botany.
Graduation in this course is required of students who elect Biology as one
of their studies for the degree of Bachelor of Arts.
Comparative Anatomy and Physiology.—This course is devoted to
the study of the Anatomy, Histology and Embryology of Vertebrates, and to
the principles of Animal Physiology. The general structure and functions of
the vertebrate body, as illustrated by a series of representative forms, will be
considered; and one or more systems of organs discussed and examined comparatively,
both in the adult and the developing organism. The normal histology
of man and the domestic animals will be studied in detail. Attendance
upon the portion of the course devoted to Histology is required of medical
students, who are also admitted to the lectures on Embryology at their option.
Text-Books.—Wiedersheim's Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates; Parker's
Zootomy; Shaefer's Histology; Foster and Balfour's Embryology.
Graduation in this course is required of students who elect Biology as one
of their studies for the degree of Master of Arts. The completion of this and
the preceding course also entitles the student to a diploma of Graduation in
Biology.
Zoology.—This course, open to graduate students only, includes the study
of Animal Morphology, as illustrated by the anatomy, histology and (as far as
possible) the embryology of a series of representative species chosen from the
principal divisions of the Animal Kingdom, the principles of classification, and
the arrangement of the various orders and classes of animals in larger groups as
indicated by their structural affinities.
Text-Books.—Rolleston's Forms of Animal Life; Claus's Text-book of Zoology;
Lang's Text-book of Comparative Anatomy; Balfour's Embryology.
This course will be required of all students who elect Biology as one of their
studies for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy; those who choose it as a major
study will be required in addition to do such work as may be assigned to them
individually.
Practical Biology and Agriculture.—The relations of Biology to
Agriculture are so manifold, and the subdivisions of the latter subject so numerous,
that it would be impossible to exhaust the discussion of either in the
work of any one year. A course consisting in part of lectures and in part of an
equivalent amount of practical work and collateral reading will be offered
yearly. It will include the discussion of selected topics pertaining to Economic
Botany (such as the diseases or the parasites of plants, the natural history of
cultivated varieties, and the like); to Economic Zoology (such as the life-history
and treatment of injurious or beneficial insects, external or internal
parasites, the special anatomy and physiology of the domestic animals, etc.);
and to questions connected with the Principles of Agriculture (such as the
laws of growth and nutrition of crops, the drainage and tillage of soils, systems
of rotation and allied topics).
Text-Books for 1893-'94.—Smith's Diseases of Field and Garden Crops; Ward's
Timber and its Diseases; Chauveau's Anatomy of the Domestic Animals; Tanner's Principles
of Agriculture.
Candidates for a diploma of graduation in Agriculture are required to complete
the work of the first and fourth courses.
The Biological Laboratory is well provided with instruments for the
gross and minute dissection of animals and plants; microscopes, microtomes,
reagents, and materials for the staining and mounting of preparations; apparatus
for photography and microphotography, and other necessary appliances,
not only for student work, but for investigation and research as well. In addition
to the large and valuable collections of the Brooks Museum, an abundant
supply of other necessary specimens and material is furnished. A library
of reference is attached to the Laboratory, and students have access to a number
of leading biological and agricultural journals, thus acquiring practice in the
intelligent use of current literature.
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