 | The University of Virginia record February 15, 1924 |  |
COURSES OF INSTRUCTION.
In the following description of courses, the number of hours represents
the amount of time each student devotes to the course. In addition to the
hours scheduled in the third and fourth years of the course, each student
devotes a considerable amount of time to practical work which does not
appear in the schedule, but the satisfactory performance of which is essential
to graduation. Thus the taking of histories, the visits to his cases in
the hospital, assisting at operations, attendance upon cases of labor, the employment
of microscopical and chemical methods of diagnosis in the hospital,
require much time which it has not seemed possible to record in a
rigid schedule. It should, however, be stated that each student in the fourth
year gives at least six hundred hours to this required but unscheduled practical
work.
The session, exclusive of the time devoted to examination, is divided
into a fall term of twelve weeks, a winter term of ten weeks, and a spring
term of ten weeks.
FIRST YEAR.
Anatomy 1.—Twenty-four hours weekly during the first term and twelve
hours weekly during the second term. This course begins with a systematic study
of the bones, on the completion of which a part is assigned to each student for
dissection and study. On the completion of this course each student has dissected
a lateral half of the body. The student obtains his knowledge at first hand and
by his own personal efforts. The work in gross anatomy is completed by Anatomy
3 of the second year. Dr. Bean, Dr. Speidel and Dr. Hubbard.
Anatomy 2.—Six hours weekly during the third term. This course consists
in a laboratory study of the anatomy of the central nervous system carried
out in considerable detail. The gross anatomy of the spinal cord and brain
is first considered, on the completion of which sections of the more important
regions are studied carefully with the aid of the microscope. Fresh brains and
series of sections of the cord and brain are thoroughly used. A reconstruction
of the central nervous system showing the more important pathways is prepared
by each student. Dr. Bean and Dr. Speidel.
Histology.—Three lectures or recitations and six hours of laboratory
work weekly during the first and second terms. This course aims to acquaint
the student with the microscopic structure of tissues and organs. Cytogenesis
and histogenesis are briefly considered in the case of many tissues studied. The
relation of histology to physiology and pathology is constantly kept in view.
The student is also given opportunity to acquaint himself with the principles and
practice of histological technique.
A record of seventy per cent. in this course is required for admission to
Physiology, and of eighty per cent. for admission to Pathology. Dr. Jordan
and Dr. Kindred.
Embryology.—Nine hours weekly during the third term. The laboratory
work (six hours weekly) with sections and dissections of mammalian embryos,
is supplemented by lectures, recitations, and the study of models. The course
aims to give the student a knowledge of developmental processes, in the light of
which he may the better understand the more abstruse normal conditions of adult
anatomy, as well as many anomalies and variations. Dr. Jordan and Dr.
Kindred.
Biochemistry.—Lectures and recitations, six hours weekly during the second
and third terms; laboratory work, six hours weekly during the second term;
twelve hours weekly during the third term. The chemical structure and reactions
of carbohydrates, lipins, proteins, and other compounds occurring in the body.
Blood, milk and bile. The chemical physiology of digestion, secretion, excretion,
internal secretion, intermediary metabolism, and nutrition. The laboratory work
includes the study of carbohydrates, fats, fatty acids, soaps, proteins, purine
compounds, etc.; blood, milk, and bile; the digestive enzymes and the digestion
of foods; and extensive qualitative and quantitative work on urine. A grade of
seventy per cent. on this course is required for admission to Physiology. Dr.
Hough, Mr. Hershenson and Dr. Hiden.
SECOND YEAR.
Anatomy 3.—Four hours weekly through the first and second terms. This
course is the continuation of Anatomy 1, and consists of the systematic study
of topographic anatomy, with the aid of cross sections of the human body, special
dissections, and wet preparations with a review of the whole body in relation
to the needs of the student in general medicine and surgery. At the end of
this course a practical examination is given, covering the work of Anatomy 1,
2 and 3. Dr. Bean, Dr. Speidel and Dr. Hubbard.
Physiology.—Lectures, recitations, and demonstrations, eight and a half hours
weekly during the first term, four and a half hours during the second term;
laboratory work, eleven and a half hours weekly during the first term, two and
a half hours weekly during the second term. The physiology of muscle and nerve;
blood and lymph; the circulation; respiration; secretion; digestion; and nutrition,
and the central nervous system. The work of the laboratory closely follows
the lectures as an integral part of the study of each subject. Open only to students
who have obtained grades of seventy per cent. in Histology and Biochemistry.
An average grade of seventy per cent. and the satisfactory completion of the laboratory
work of this course is necessary for admission to Pharmacology. Dr.
Hough, Mr. Hershenson and Dr. Hiden.
Bacteriology and Pathology.—Twelve hours weekly throughout the session
and four additional hours a week during the second term. The work in pathology
is open only to students who have obtained a record of passed in Histology.
Bacteriology and Pathology are taught in a combined course. Emphasis
is laid upon the medical and public health aspects of bacteriology. Autopsies
and the study of gross and microscopic specimens supply the practical work
selected students for advanced work. Dr. Marshall, Dr. Hunt and Dr.
Lukianoff.
Pharmacology.—Lectures, recitations and demonstrations five hours weekly
and laboratory work six hours weekly, during the third term. The physical and
chemical characteristics and the mode of action of representative drugs and
other chemic agents are dealt with in both didactic and practical exercises. Special
attention is given to analysing and interpreting the results obtained in the
laboratory. An average grade of seventy per cent. on Physiology together
with the satisfactory completion of the laboratory work of Physiology is required
for admission to the course. Dr. Waddell, assisted by Mr. Ratcliffe, Mr.
Rutledge, Mr. Warthen, Mr. Rollins, Mr. Cohen and Mr. Nowlin.
Clinical Diagnosis.—Six hours weekly during the third term. In
this course the student is made familiar with those laboratory methods which
are helpful in the diagnosis of disease. These include, among others, the examination
of blood, urine, sputum, gastric contents, feces, spinal fluid, exudates and
transudates. Instruction is given in the Clinical Laboratory in the north pavilion
of the hospital, which is well equipped with the most modern instruments and apparatus.
This subject is completed in the second term of the third year. Dr.
Bray.
Journals.—In connection with the work in Physiology, Bacteriology and
Pathology, the second-year students meet with their instructors for one
hour each week from the first of December to the end of the session for
reports and discussion of the current literature of the above sciences. Three
reports are made at each meeting by the students.
Physical Diagnosis.—Four hours weekly during the third term. Instruction
is given in the principles and methods of physical examination. Attention is
given especially to the study of the normal subject. Dr. Flippin, Dr. Mulholland
and Dr. Wood.
THIRD YEAR.
Materia Medica.—Lectures and recitations six hours weekly and laboratory
work six hours weekly, during the first three-fourths of the fall term. A thorough
study is made of the sources, preparation, composition, properties and interactions
of medicinal substances to the end that they may be intelligently prescribed.
Special attention is paid to their standardization for purity and potency.
Prescription writing and incompatibility are dealt with in frequent practical exercises.
While the consideration of the more important preparations of the
Pharmacopeia and the New and Non-Official Remedies consumes the greater
portion of the allotted time, the course is concluded with a critical study of many
of the so-called patent medicines. Dr. Waddell, assisted by Mr. Cohen, Mr.
Nowlin, Mr. Ratcliffe and Mr. Rutledge.
Toxicology.—Lectures and recitations six hours weekly and laboratory
work six hours weekly, during the last quarter of the fall term. A systematic
liable to cause injury to health or loss of life, special attention being
given to their quantitative effects. Practical instruction is given in the methods
of isolating and identifying. The treatment of poisoning is dealt with in detail.
Dr. Waddell, assisted by Mr. Ratcliffe and Mr. Rutledge.
Clinical Diagnosis.—Eight hours weekly during the second term. Continuation
and completion of the second year course in this subject. The examination,
written and practical at the close of the course covers the work given
in the second and third years. Dr. Bray.
Theory and Practice of Medicine.—Three hours weekly of lectures and
recitations throughout the session; six hours weekly in the clinics for one-half
the session. A systematic course of lectures, supplemented by work in the outpatient
department and hospital. The class is divided into two sections, each of
which devotes itself for half the year to the medical service in the out-patient department,
and also twice a week receives instruction on selected cases in the wards
of the hospital. There is a general medical clinic once a week in the hospital
amphitheater. Dr. Davis, Dr. Flippin, Dr. Daniel, Dr. Nelson, Dr. Smith,
Dr. Mulholland and Dr. Wood.
Dermatology and Syphilology.—Two hours weekly of lectures during
the third term; six hours of clinic weekly for medical section. The importance,
etiology, prophylaxis, pathology, clinical history, diagnosis and treatment of
syphilis are discussed. This subject is completed in the fourth year, q. v.
Dr. Smith.
Surgery and Gynecology.—Four hours weekly of lectures and recitations,
and two hours weekly of surgical clinic throughout the session; with six hours
weekly in the out-patient department, two hours weekly in ward rounds in the
hospital. The study of surgery begins in the third year and continues through the
fourth year. In the third year the classroom work consists of lectures and recitations,
as arranged in the schedule, in which the principles and practice of surgery,
surgical diseases, surgical diagnosis, etc., are thoroughly discussed. The outpatient
department course in the third year gives opportunities for diagnosis and
treatment of clinical cases under close personal supervision. Experience in dressings,
bandaging, anesthesia and minor surgery is afforded. Surgical appliances
and technique are demonstrated to the students, divided into small groups. The
work in gynecology follows closely the outlines already described for surgery. In
addition, the out-patient department affords practice in palpation, diagnosis and
treatment. Dr. Watts, Dr. Goodwin, Dr. Bigger, Dr. Page and Dr.
Helvestine.
Urology and Proctology.—Of the total time assigned to surgery, one lecture
hour weekly for the first and second terms, and six hours weekly in the outpatient
department for one-fourth of the session are devoted to urology and proctology.
In the classroom a general survey of the surgery of the genito-urinary
tract and rectum is made by lectures and recitations. Especial emphasis is placed
one-fourth of the class at a time obtains supervised experience in handling clinical
cases and performing minor operations. Ample opportunity is afforded for the
observation of cystoscopic, urethroscopic and proctoscopic procedures. Dr. Neff
and Dr. Howze.
Orthopedics.—One hour weekly during the first and second terms; and
two hours weekly during the third term, with six hours weekly in the out-patient
department. Dr. Voshell.
Roentgenology.—Lectures, and practical demonstrations to the class in
sections throughout the year. The application of the X-rays to medicine and the
interpretation of plates in diagnosis. Dr. Wiatt.
Phthisiotherapy.—Six hours weekly for eight weeks, with each of the four
sections of the class. The work is given in three two-hour sessions a week, held
at the Blue Ridge Sanatorium, and consists of demonstrations, ward rounds and
assignment of cases for history taking and physical examination. At the end of
each clinic session the case history, physical signs, X-ray plates and laboratory
findings are compared in conference. The section is also invited to be present
at the fluoroscopic examinations on Friday mornings at the University Hospital.
The procedure followed aims to instruct in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis
by systematically presenting each step separately at first and later combining
them all in the full consideration of the case, including the management
and treatment of the patient both in institutions and private practise. Dr. Brown.
Obstetrics.—Five hours weekly of lectures, recitations and manikin demonstrations
during the year, supplemented by work with patients in the wards of
the hospital. The class is divided into sections of five for manikin instruction
and for examination of patients in the hospital. The manikin course forms an
important part of the work, not only for teaching presentation, position and
posture, but also the mechanism of normal and abnormal labor and the application
of forceps. When the section is taken into the wards of the hospital, the methods
of examination, particularly abdominal palpation, are practiced on the living
subject. Dr. Macon.
Elective Courses.—In the second and third terms each student is required
to take an elective course of approximately five hours weekly. Elective courses
vary from year to year, and include both pre-clinical and clinical subjects.
FOURTH YEAR.
Theory and Practice of Medicine.—The same plan is followed in the
clinical work as that already described for the third year, each of the two
sections of the class devoting itself for half the year to the medical service
in the wards of the hospital. Full histories are taken of every case, thorough
examinations made, and management indicated by the students of each
division. These records are considered in the final grading of the student.
as follows:
Nervous Diseases and Insanity.—Three lectures and recitations weekly,
supplemented by clinical work during the first term. In this course is given also
instruction in electrotherapeutics. Dr. Davis
Pediatrics.—Three lectures and recitations weekly, supplemented by clinical
work during the second term. This course of lectures is intended to point
out in a brief way how disease is modified by childhood and to indicate how the
difficulties of diagnosis and treatment due to early age may best be dealt with.
The principles of infant feeding are emphasized and the student is taught how to
prepare the food. There is also a baby welfare clinic once a week in the outpatient
department. Dr. Royster and Dr. Waddell.
Case Teaching, Medical Ethics and Economics, and Insurance Exam-
inations.—Two hours weekly during the third term. Dr. Davis.
Internal Medicine.—Two lectures weekly throughout the session. In this
course the endeavor is made to bring to the attention of the senior student the
more important problems of Internal Medicine. The relationship of recent investigations
in the fields of normal and pathological physiology, biochemistry,
immunology, etc., to internal diseases is especially emphasized. No text-book is
used; students are referred to the files and current issues of journals and to reference
works in the Medical Library as sources of information. Dr. Flippin.
Dermatology and Syphilology.—Two lectures weekly during the first term.
After review of the anatomic and histologic structure and physiology of the skin
the diseases commonly met with are discussed. Ward rounds once weekly for
one-half the year. The interesting cases seen in the out-patient department are
admitted to the hospital for detailed study. Dr. Smith.
Surgery and Gynecology.—Two hours weekly of surgical clinic throughout
the session; five hours weekly of ward classes, supplemented by clinical work
in the wards and operating room for one-half the session with each of the two
sections of the class.
Instruction in surgery is carried on by clinics and bedside demonstrations in
the hospital. In the wards the students are assigned cases, whose histories they
must take. They must also make complete physical and clinical examinations,
urine analyses, blood examinations, etc. In the ward rounds the diagnosis, operaative
and other treatment, post-operative care of the cases, complications, prognosis,
etc., are discussed in detail. A large variety of cases is available and the
close contact of the students with their cases and with the routine of hospital
management offers many of the opportunities that an interneship affords. In the
operating rooms the students, in small groups, take part in the operations, thus acquiring
familiarity with technique, anesthetization, etc. Those of the class who are
not assisting witness the operations, whose important features are demonstrated
to them.
In gynecology, urology and orthopedics the students have the same general
in the public wards, attendance on ward rounds, at which the cases are discussed,
and observation and assistance in the operating rooms. Dr. Watts, Dr. Goodwin,
Dr. Neff, Dr. Voshell, Dr. Bigger, Dr. Page and Dr. Helvestine.
Orthopedics.—One hour weekly throughout the year for ward rounds. Dr.
Voshell.
Surgical Pathology.—An optional course. Two hours weekly during one-half
the session. This course is intended to supplement the general courses in pathology
and surgery and consists of lectures upon the pathology of surgical lesions,
demonstrations of fresh tissues obtained from the operating rooms, and
examination of microscopic sections. The student reviews pathological technique,
and frozen section work is emphasized. Dr. Goodwin.
Obstetrics.—The student attends, under the guidance of an instructor, the
labor cases in the hospital, and is required to prepare the history of patients and
to follow up the cases through the puerperium. Instruction is also given in the
care of the new-born. In addition the student has the opportunity of attending
patients in the out-patient department, and each student is expected to attend at
least six cases of labor. A clinic for third year students is held one day in the
week in the out-patient department for recording and examining pregnant women.
The patients are instructed in prenatal care, and students are assigned to each
case for attendance during labor under the guidance of an instructor. Dr. Macon.
Medical Jurisprudence.—One lecture weekly during one term of the
fourth year. The application of medical knowledge and skill to the needs of the
law is presented. References to literature are assigned for the fuller development
of special topics. Dr. Waddell.
Phthisiotherapy.—Two lectures weekly for four weeks supplemented by
demonstration clinics at the Blue Ridge Sanatorium. Dr. Brown.
Diseases of the Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat.—Two lectures weekly during
the first two terms, supplemented by regular two- to three-hour clinics three
times a week throughout the session and clinical lectures to sections of the
class as suitable cases occur. The class is divided into small sections and each
student is taught the methods of examination and the use of the ophthalmoscope,
head mirror, and of the laryngeal and post-nasal mirrors. In the clinics
each patient is assigned to a student, who must take the history and keep the record
of that patient; the case is then demonstrated by the professor in charge, and, if
possible, each student makes his own examination under the personal supervision of
the attending physician. Clinical cases are abundant, and during the year the
student sees and handles practically all the common diseases of the eye, ear and
upper respiratory tract. Dr. Hedges and Dr. Compton.
Hygiene.—One hour weekly throughout the session, and thirteen additional
hours in the second term. The course begins with a historical sketch of the developments
of preventive medicine, including short biographical sketches of the
contagious and infectious diseases, modes of propagation and methods of prevention
engage the attention of the student. With this preparation, the chemical
and bacteriological contamination of food, water, air and soil is made an important
study. Instruction is also begun in the proper location and construction of
habitations, hospitals, schoolhouses, etc., with special reference to the modern
methods of heating, ventilating and draining. Notice is taken of the special relations
involved in military and naval hygiene. Dr. Lambeth.
| The University of Virginia record February 15, 1924 | |