Discourses on salt and iron : a debate on state control of commerce and industry in ancient China, chapter I-XXVIII / translated from the Chinese of Huan K'uan, with introduction and notes, by Esson M. Gale. |
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B. GEOGRAPHICAL |
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 | Discourses on salt and iron : |  |
B. GEOGRAPHICAL
Ch'ang-an [OMITTED]. IV, 2a. 102. Now Hsi-an-fu, Shen-hsi. Capital
of the Early Han Empire. The ancient city was situated a little
NW. of the modern hsien.
Chao [OMITTED]. I, 4b, 6b, 7a; II, 3a; III, 3b; IV, 5b, 6b, 7b. 12; 18;
19; 45; 89; 114; 116; 121. 1. Ancient state with its center
near modern Chao-ch'êng-hsien, Shan-hsi. 2. Large state of the
Chan Kuo period in S. part of Chih-li and N. part of Shan-hsi.
3. Kingdom under the Han comprising the Ch'in chün of Han-tan.
Ch'ao-hsien [OMITTED]. IV, 2a. 102 (note 12). Korea. See SC CXV.
Ch'ao Ko [OMITTED]. IV, 4a. 109. Capital of Chou Hsin. Modern
Ch'i-hsien, in Ho-nan.
Ch'ên [OMITTED]. IV, 8b. 123. Modern Ch'ên-chou, Ho-nan.
Chêng [OMITTED]. I, 6b; II, 5a; IV, 6b. 18; 53; 116. K'ai-fêng and
Chêng-chou region in Ho-nan. Chêng played an important role
at the beginning of the Ch'un Ch'iu period. Greatly weakened
by Ch'u, it was finally annexed by Han.
Chi [OMITTED]. I, 6b. 18. Important center in the old kingdom of Yen;
controlling passes through the Great Wall. Chih-li.
Chi[-hsia] [OMITTED]. II, 9b. 66 (note S). Name of a gate of the
capital city of Ch'i.
Ch'i [OMITTED]. I, 2b, 3b, 4b, 6ab; II, 3a, 5b, 9b, 10a; III, 2ab, 3b;
IV, 2a, 8a. 8; 11; 12; 16; 18; 33; 45; 54; 66; 67; 68; 82;
85; 89; 102; 104. Important feudal kingdom along the coast of
the Yellow Sea. Shan-tung. Center of Confucian traditions.
Chiang [OMITTED]. II, 4b. 51. The Yang-tzŭ River.
Chiang-nan [OMITTED]. I, 2b. 8. The bamboo-producing country S. of
the Chiang.
Chiang Hu [OMITTED]. I, 6b, 7a. 20. Rivers and lakes of the Yang-tzŭ
basin.
Ch'iang [OMITTED]. I, 5a; III, 4b. 14; 92. Barbarians of the W.;
Tibetan tribes.
Chiao Chih [OMITTED]. I, 7a. 20. Han chün established in 111 B.C.
Extreme S. of China, including parts of Annam.
Ch'ien-sh'êng [OMITTED]. II, 7b. 60. Chün and hsien under the Han.
N. of Kao-yüan-hsien, Shantung.
Chih [OMITTED]. I, 6b. 18. A city NW. of Ch'i-yüan, Ho-nan, controlling
an important pass into the uplands of Shan-hsi.
Chin [OMITTED]. II, 5a, 11a; IV, 3a, 5a, 5b, 31; 53; 71; 104; 111;
114. Leading state of the Ch'un Ch'iu period. Like Ch'in, it grew
at the expense of the outlying Barbarians.
Ch'in [OMITTED]. I, 8a, 9b, 13b; II, 1a,b, 2a,b, 3a,b, 4a, 5a, 10ab,
11a, 13b; III 1a; IV, 2a, 5a,b, 7a,b, 8b. 23; 28; 33; 39; 40;
41; 42; 43; 44; 46; 49; 53; 68; 71; 102; 112; 113; 121; 123.
1. The W. march of the Chou Empire 2. The important state
of the Ch'un Ch'iu and Chan Kuo periods. 3. First empire and
dynasty of united China. 4. Often, Ch'in Shih-huang-ti, first
Emperor of the Ch'in dynasty, 220—206 B.C.
Ching [OMITTED]. II, 9a. 65. Important river in Shen-hsi, affluent of
the Wei.
Ching [OMITTED]. I, 2b; II, 9a; IV, 2a. 8; 53; 64; 102. One of the
"Nine Chou". South of the Han (Erh Ya). Included Hu-nan, Hu-pei,
parts of Ssŭ-ch'uan, Kuei-chou and Kuang-tung. Another
name for the kingdom of Ch'u.
Ching Yang [OMITTED]. I, 6b. 18. Hu-pei or Middle and Lower
Yang-tzŭ valley.
Chiung [OMITTED]. I, 7b; IV, 2a. 21; 102. Small Barbarian state, with
its center SE. of modern Hsi-ch'ang-hsien, Ssŭ-ch'uan.
Cho [OMITTED]. I, 6b. 18. Han chün in modern Chih-li with center at
Cho-hsien.
Chou [OMITTED]. I, 6a, 7a, 8a. 16; 18; 20, 23. The territory properly
the old Imperial domain along the Lo, and on both banks of the
Yellow River within Ho-nan.
Chu [OMITTED]. II, 9b. 66. Small affluent of the Ssŭ.
Chü-ch'ü [OMITTED]. II, 5b. 54. The lake between Wu and Yüeh
(Erh Ya). The modern T'ai Hu [OMITTED].
Chü-yeh [OMITTED]. II, 5b. 54. Big marsh. Same as the Ta Yeh [OMITTED]
of the Yü Kung. N. of the hsien of the same name in Shan-tung.
Ch'ü [OMITTED]. I, 8a. 23 (note 6). Also 30; 32; 33. Probably the Lin-ch'ü
region [OMITTED] of Shantung, a salt producing district.
Ch'u [OMITTED]. I, 6b, 7a, 8a; II, 1b, 3a, 5b, 10ab; III, 2a, 3b, IV,
2a, 3a, 8a. 18; 19; 22; 33; 42; 45; 55; 64; 68; 85, 89; 102;
122. Ancient kingdom in the middle course of the Yang-tzŭ.
One of the strongest rivals of Ch'in, it was first to be restored
as an independent state after Ch'in's downfall.
Ch'u [OMITTED]. II, 4b, 5a. 51; 52. Han kingdom. Established by Kao
Ti and abolished by Hsüan Ti. Its center was at modern T'ungshan-hsien,
Chiang-su.
Ch'üan T'ai [OMITTED]. II, 13b. 78 (note 4). Tower in Lang [OMITTED],
NE. of Yü-t'ai. Shan-tung.
Ch'ui Chi [OMITTED]. IV, 5b. 111. Ancient locality in Chin, famous
for its gems.
Chung Kuo [OMITTED]. I, 1b, 2a, 5a, 7b; II, 12b; III, 3b, 4a; IV,
1ab. 3; 5; 76; 90; 99. China, as opposed to the Barbarians.
The central plain of China. The provinces of the interior [OMITTED],
contrasted to the marches.
Chung Shan [OMITTED]. I, 1a; II, 6a. 19; 56. Ancient state, modern
Ting-hsien, Chih-li. Han kingdom. Western part of modern Chinghai-tao,
Chih-li.
Ch'ung [OMITTED]. I, 13b. 37. Feudal state in Shen-hsi (Yin dynasty).
Chün [OMITTED] [and Kuo [OMITTED]]. 2; 9; 10. Provinces and demesnes. The
administrative divisions of the Early Han Empire. Cf. Wieger,
Textes hist., I, 332—335, and chart IX.
Erh Chou [OMITTED]. I, 6b. 18. Western and Eastern Chou: the first
with the capital at Hao Ching (near Hsi-an), the second at Lo-yang.
Also Kuan-chung [OMITTED] in this period.
Fêng [OMITTED]. I, 13b. 38. Residence of the first Chous. NW. of Hsian-fu.
Wên Wang moved his capital from Ch'êng [OMITTED] to Fêng
in the XXXth year of Chou Hsin (Chu Shu Chi Nien, vi.).
Han [OMITTED]. I, 6b, 7ab; IV, 4b. 18; 19; 20; 110. Kingdom of the
Chan Kuo period, carved out of the old Chin state. N. Ho-nan,
S. Shan-hsi.
Han [OMITTED]. I, 3c, 5c, 9b, 3b. 11; 15; 19; 28. The river Han and
its basin; also China as of the Han dynastic period (206, [202]
B.C.—220 A.D.).
Han-tan [OMITTED]. I, . 18. Capital of the old state of Chao.
Modern Kwang-p'ing-fu, Chih-li. Gateway to the NE. highway.
Hê [OMITTED]. 38. Cf. Man [OMITTED].
Ho pei [OMITTED]. II, 3a. 45. North of the Yellow River. The Ordos
and Mongolia.
Hsi Ho [OMITTED]. II, 1a, b. 41. (note 3); 42. The territory W. of
the Huang Ho which Ch'in conquered from Wei.
Hsieh [OMITTED]. II, 10b. 68. Ancient kingdom destroyed by Ch'i in the
Chan Kuo period. SW. of T'êng-hsien in Shan-tung.
Hsiung Nu [OMITTED]. I, 1b, 2a, 5a; II, 12b; IV, 2a. 3; 5; 14;
37; 38; 76; 101. See p. 74, note 1. The nomadic peoples of
the N. commonly identified with the Huns.
Hsüan Fang [OMITTED]. 1, 6a. 17 (note 4). Pavilion, built on the
dam by means of which the disastrous Huang Ho flood of 132
BC. was stopped (Cf. Chavannes, Mém. hist., III, p. 536).
Hu [OMITTED]. I, 5a; II, 12b; III, 4b; IV, 1ab, 2a. 14; 38; 39; 45;
92; 100; 101. Generic term for Barbarians, especially those of
the N.
Hu [OMITTED]. II, 10b. 70. N. part of Shan-hsi.
Huai [OMITTED]. II, 4b, 9a. 51; 65. The great river flowing through
Ho-nan and An-hui.
Huai pei [OMITTED]. II, 10b. 68. The country N. of the Huai River;
conquered by Ch'i from Ch'u, in the latter Chan Kuo period.
Huang [OMITTED]. I, 7a. 20. Hsien in Têng-chou, Shan-tung. Capital of
the ancient state of Lai.
Hung-mên [OMITTED]. IV, 7a. 119 and note 1.
I [OMITTED] I, 10a, 13a; II, 3a, 4a, 9a; IV, 2a. 29; 36; 37, 39; 45;
48; 102. Generic term for the Barbarians surrounding China.
Ju Han [OMITTED]. I, 5a. 14 (note 7). The basins of the Ju and
the Han rivers.
Kuei-chi [OMITTED]. II, 5a. 52. Chün and principality under the Han,
comprising E. part of Chiang-su and W. part of Chê-chiang.
Kuei-lin [OMITTED]. I, 5b, 6b. 15; 18. Chün established by Ch'in.
Comprised the modern Kuei-lin-tao and Ts'ang-wu-tao in Kuang-hsi.
K'un Shan [OMITTED]. I, 5b 7b. 15; 21. K'un Lun mountains.
Kuo [OMITTED]. IV, 5b. 114. Ancient state, occupying the present P'inglu-hsien,
Shan-hsi.
Kuo [OMITTED] [and Chün [OMITTED]]. Cf. Chün [OMITTED].
Lai [OMITTED]. I, 7a. 20. Ancient Barbarian state in Têng-chou, Shantung.
By Lai Huang, the N. coast of Shan-tung is apparently meant.
Li-ch'iu [OMITTED]. II, 10b. 70. Ancient locality near modern Yü-hsien
in Ho-nan. In Confucius' time, part of Ch'ên.
Li Shan [OMITTED]. I, 4a; IV, 4a. 12; 108. Mountain near I-[OMITTED]
ch'êng, Shan-hsi, where Shun farmed.
Liang [OMITTED]. I, 7a; II, 10b. 19; 20; 70. Another name of the Chan
Kuo state of Wei (from its capital Ta Liang [OMITTED], modern
K'ai-fêng-hsien).
Lin T'ao [OMITTED]. IV, 2a. 102. The important locality near modern Min-
[OMITTED] hsien, Kan-su. Gateway to the West. Connection between
this Lin T'ao and the conquest of Korea is not apparent.
Lin Tsê [Tzŭ] [OMITTED]. I, 6b; II, 10a. 18; 67. Important city in
Shan-tung. Capital of the kingdom of Ch'i.
Ling Yang [OMITTED]. I, 6b. 19. Mountain near Hsüan-ch'êng-hsien,
An-hui.
Lu [OMITTED]. I, 6a, 7a, 11a; II, 9b, 10a; IV, 8a. 16; 20; 31; 66;
68; 79; 114. Ancient kingdom in Shan-tung; occupied the territory
from Yen-chou to T'êng-hsien and Ssŭ-shui-hsien.
Lun T'ai [OMITTED]. IV, 1b. 100. Under the Han, a Chinese colony
in modern Hsin-chiang. Identified with the present Bugur.
Lung [OMITTED]. I. 2b, 7a. 8; 20. W. part of Shen-hsi and part of E.
Kan-su.
Lü [Chiu] [OMITTED]. II, 10a. 67. Modern Lü-hsien in Shan-tung.
Lü Liang [OMITTED]. I, 10b. 30. The Lung Mên gorge on the Huang Ho.
Mai [OMITTED]. 76. Cf. Man [OMITTED].
Man [OMITTED]. I, 10a; II, 12b. 29; 76. Term generally applied to S.
Barbarians or Aborigines.
Mêng Ching [OMITTED]. I, 6a. 17 (note 6). Important ford on the
Huang Ho, S. of modern Mêng-hsien, Ho-nan.
Mêng-chu [OMITTED]. II, 5b. 54; 55. One of the big marshes of the
Empire. NE. of Shang-ch'iu-hsien, Ho-nan.
O-pang [OMITTED]. II, 13b. 80 (note 1). Famous palace built by
Ch'in Shih Huang-ti some 30 li W. of Hsi-an-fu.
Ou-lo [OMITTED]. IV, 2a. 102. Tribes of Southern China and Annam
(Cf. SC CXIII).
Pa [OMITTED]. II, 6a; IV, 2a. 56; 102. Ancient kingdom and Han chün
in Ssŭ-ch'uan. Modern Chia-ling-tao and Tung-ch'uan-tao.
P'an Hsi [OMITTED]. II, 9a. 64 (note 5). Small river in Shen-hsi,
affluent of the Wei.
Pao [OMITTED]. I, 5b. 15. Same as [OMITTED], capital of Ch'êng T'ang. Modern
Shang-ch'iu, Ho-nan.
P'êng Ch'ih [OMITTED]. IV, 7a. 118. Same as Mien [OMITTED] (or [OMITTED]) Ch'ih
(So-yin Commentary to SC LXVIII). a hsien in Ho-nan-fu, Ho-nan.
San Chin [OMITTED]. II, 10a; IV, 5b. 68; 113. Han, Wei and Chao,
the three states of the Chan Kuo period, after the break-up
of Chin.
San Ch'uan [OMITTED]. I, 6b. 18. "The Three Rivers", for the Western
Chou: the Ching, Wei, and Lo rivers; for the Eastern Chou:
the I, Lo and Yellow rivers. Synonym for "Metropolitan district".
San Fu [OMITTED]. III, 1b. 83. The "Metropolitan district", corresponding
to the modern Kuan-chung-tao, Shen-hsi.
Shan-shui [OMITTED]. I, 12ab. 34; 35. As a place name, not identified.
Shan tung [OMITTED]. I, 4b, 9b; II, 4b. 16; 28; 51. East of the
mountains (the T'ai-hang range). Modern Shan-tung and S. Chih-li.
Shang [OMITTED]. II, 3b. 46. The modern Shang-chou [OMITTED] in Shen-hsi.
Cf. Yü Shang [OMITTED].
Shang-ts'ai [OMITTED]. IV, 7a. 119 (note 2). Modern Shang-ts'ai, or
Hsin-ts'ai, in Ho-nan. Shang Yang's birthplace.
Shih-ku [OMITTED]. I, 12a. 35. "Stone-drums", a name not identified.
Shih-pi [OMITTED] [also given as [OMITTED]]. IV, 2a, 2b. 101; 103; 104.
The expression may indicate simply waste lands, desert [OMITTED]
Shu [OMITTED]. I, 2b, 3b, 7a, 9b; IV, 2a. 8; 11; 19; 20; 28; 102.
Ancient kingdom and a Han chün. Ssŭ-ch'uan W. of the Ko-chien
[OMITTED] pass, including the Ch'êng-tu district.
Shuo-fang [OMITTED]. I, 2a; IV, 2a. 5; 102. 1. The Northern marches
of the Empire. 2. A Han chün established by Wu Ti; the Ordos
country.
Ssŭ [OMITTED]. II, 9b, 10a. 66; 68. Anciently an important river in
Shan-tung, affluent of the Huai. In the Ch'un Ch'iu period, it was
the chief artery of intercourse between the petty Shan-tung states.
Sui [OMITTED]]. I, 7a. 20. Ancient state. NW. of Tê-an in Hu-pei
(modern Sui-hsien). Sui and T'ang having been the most important
feudal kingdoms in the Eastern basin of the Han, their names
remained to designate that region. Famous timber lands.
Sung [OMITTED]. I, 7a; II, 5b, 10ab. 19; 20; 54; 68; 70. Ancient kingdom
with its center near Shang-ch'iu-hsien, Ho-nan, and extending
into Chiang-su.
Ta-tsê [OMITTED]. IV, 8a. 123 (note 3). Ch'in-hsiang near Chi [OMITTED],
An-hui.
Tai [OMITTED]. II, 10b; III, 5b. 70; 95. Roughly the modern Yen-mêntao.
Shan-hsi.
T'ai Shan [OMITTED]. IV, 5a, 6ab. 112 (note 8); 114; 115; 116.
Famous mountain N. of Tai-an, Shan-tung.
Tan-chang [OMITTED]. I, 7a. 20. A chün called [OMITTED] in Wu
Ti's time; the modern Hsüan-ch'êng, An-hui.
T'ang [OMITTED]. I, 7a, 8a. 20; 23. Ancient state, vassal of Ch'u. W. of
Tê-an in Hu-pei.
T'ao [OMITTED]. I, 3b. 11. Modern Ting-t'ao-hsien, in Shan-tung.
Ti [OMITTED]. I, 7a. 39. Aboriginal tribes occupying the plateaux and
slopes of Shan-hsi. Cf. Maspero, La Chine Antique, 5—11, for a
description of these peoples and kindred tribes.
Tsao-yang [OMITTED]. IV, 2a, 2b. 101; 103; 104. Modern Huai-laihsien,
Chih-li.
Ts'ao [OMITTED]. I, 7a. 20. Ancient state. Modern Ts'ao-chou, Shan-tung.
Tso [OMITTED]. I, 7b; IV, 2a, 21; 102 (note 7). Barbarian state in Ssŭ-ch'uan,
modern Han-yüan-hsien.
Tsou [OMITTED]. I, 7a; II, 10a. 20; 68. Chan Kuo state, same as Chu [OMITTED]
of the Ch'un Ch'iu period. Modern Tsou-hsien, Shan-tung.
Tung 'Chou [OMITTED]. IV, 9a. 124. "Eastern Chou", with its capital
at Lo-yang.
Tung Hai [OMITTED]. I, 1b; II, 5a. 21; 52. 1. The Eastern Sea.
2. Han chün and principality, comprising parts of Shan-tung and
Chiang-su, and with its center at T'an-hsien, Shan-tung.
Tung Yüeh [OMITTED]. IV. 2a. 102. Barbarian kingdom, with its center
at Min-hou-hsien, Fu-chien. Conquered by Wu Ti. SC CXIV.
Wan-ch'iu [OMITTED]. I, 6b. 18. Capital of Ch'ên; the modern Ch'ên-chou.
Wei [OMITTED]. I, 6b; II, 13b; III, 3b; IV, 5a. 18; 46; 89; 110; 111.
The territory of the ancient kingdom of Wei, one of the "Three
Chin", N. of Ho-nan and S.W. of Shan-hsi.
Wei [OMITTED]. I, 7a; II, 9b, 11b. 19; 20; 66; 72; 73. Ancient state
from Ta-ming-fu, Chih-li, to Huai-ch'ing, Shan-hsi.
Wei Mai [OMITTED]. IV, 2a. 103. Tribes of Manchuria and N. Korea.
Wên [OMITTED]. I, 6b. 18. Important city on the highway from the Shan-hsi
uplands to Ho-nan; modern Huai-ch'ing-fu, Ho-nan.
Wu [OMITTED]. I, 7a, 8a, 9b; II, 4ab, 11a. 20; 23; 30; 48; 51; 52; 72.
1. Ancient kingdom covering half of Chiang-su and parts of Chê-chiang.
2. Han kingdom comprising chiefly the Tang-yang and
Yü-chang districts.
Yang [OMITTED]. I, 2b. 8. One of the "Nine Chou". S. of the Chiang
(Erh Ya), Chiang-hsi, Fu-chien, and Chê-chiang.
Yang Chai [OMITTED]. I, 6b. 18. Important city in Chêng. Capital of
Han [OMITTED]. Modern Yü-hsien in Ho-nan.
Yen [OMITTED]. I, 2b. 8. One of the "Nine Chou". Between the Ch'i
and the Ho (Erh Ya). Comprised parts of Shan-tung and Chih-li.
Yen [OMITTED]. I, 2b, 6b, 11b; II, 3a, 4a, 8b, 9a, 10a; IV, 2a. 8; 18;
33; 45; 48; 62; 64; 67; 102. Ancient kingdom. N. Chih-li.
Extended its territory into S. Manchuria.
Yen-ling [OMITTED]. II, 11a. 72. Modern Wu-chin-hsien in Chiang-su.
Fief of Chi Cha of Wu.
Yen Shan [OMITTED]. I, 4a. 12. Also Yen [OMITTED]; more correctly
Chuang [OMITTED] Shan. A copper mountain in Shu (N. of modern
Jung-ching-hsien, Ssŭ-ch'uan). In the Hou Han period, the character
[OMITTED] (taboo as being the personal name of Ming Ti) was changed
to Yen.
Ying Ch'iu [OMITTED]. III, 2a. 85. The original fief of T'ai Kung.
Center of the Ch'i kingdom. Identified with the later Lin Tzê.
Yu Tu [OMITTED]. I, 7a. 20. 1. "The dark North", Hyperborea. 2. An
ancient locality identified with modern Wan-p'ing-hsien, Chih-li.
Yung [OMITTED]. I, 9b. 28. One of the "Nine Chou", comprising Kan-su
and Shen-hsi.
Yung [Jung] Yang [OMITTED]. I, 6b. 19. Important gateway on the
Yellow River; K'ai-fêng-fu, Ho-nan.
Yü [OMITTED]. IV, 5b. 114. A small state of the Ch'un Ch'iu period.
Identified with Yü-ch'êng in the P'ing-lu district, Shan-hsi.
Yü [OMITTED]. I, 2b. 8. One of the "Nine Chou". S. of the Ho (Erh Ya).
Comprised Ho-nan and parts of Hu-pei, Chihli, and Shan-tung.
Yü Shang [OMITTED]. II, 3b. 46. The fief which Shang Yang received.
It included the region from Nei-hsiang, Ho-nan, to Shang-hsien,
Shen-hsi. [The [OMITTED] after [OMITTED] in the text is apparently a mistake.
[OMITTED] was often taken for a preposition (at, in). [OMITTED] was the
capital city of Wei, captured by Ch'in. It is improbable that
Shang Yang would have received it as a fief].
Yüan [Wan] [OMITTED]. I, 6a. 16. Capital of the Nan-yang [OMITTED] chün,
modern Nan-yang, Ho-nan.
Yüeh [OMITTED]. II, 7a; J, 4a, 5b. 20; 39; 48; 54; 100; 102. 1. Ancient
kingdom (Chiang-hsi and Chê-chiang). 2. Tribes of the SE.
and S. [I, 13a, 36. III, 46; 92].
Yün-mêng [OMITTED]. II, 5b. 54; 55. The lake country S. of modern
Yün-mêng-hsien in Hu-pei.
Yün-yang [OMITTED]. IV, 7a. 118 (note 4). NW. of Ch'un-hua-hsien,
Shen-hsi.
| Discourses on salt and iron : | |