University of Virginia Library

CHAPTER VIII.

EDUCATION.

I. COLLEGES.

The first college established in the Free States was Harvard
University, founded in 1636; which was sixteen years
after the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth. The first college
in the Slave States was that of William and Mary, in Virginia,
founded in 1692, or eighty-four years after the settlement
of Jamestown. The number of students in the former is now
365; in the latter, 82. The number of alumni of the former,
6,700; of the latter, 3,000. The number of volumes in the
library of the former is 101,250; of the latter 5,000.

It will be seen by Tables XXXIII and XXXIV, taken from
the American Almanac for 1856, and showing the present condition
of the colleges in the two great sections, that the number
of colleges is nearly the same in each. The comparative character
and efficiency of these institutions, may be in some measure
learned from the following facts. The number of volumes
in the libraries of the Southern colleges is 308,011; in
those of the northern, 667,297; over two to one. The number
graduated at the South is 19,648; at the North 47,752;
about two and one-half to one. The number of Ministers educated
in the Southern colleges is 747, and in the Northern,
10,702; a ratio of fourteen to one.

It would indeed be interesting, were it possible, to compare
these institutions in respect to value of buildings, apparatus,
cabinets, &c.; but the statistics of these cannot be readily obtained.
Still more difficult would it be to compare statistically
the ability of professors and the standard of scholarship.

TABLE XXXIII.
Colleges in the Slave States.

                           

SLAVE STATES.	No. of Colleges.	No. of Instructors.	No. of Alumni.	No. of Ministers.	Students.	Volumes in Libraries.
Delaware	2	18	83	42	137	11,500
Maryland	5	69	607	13	399	33,292
Virginia	10	72	9,528	146	1,174	65,875
North Carolina	3	24	1,406	123	469	23,700
South Carolina	2	14	3,124	3	190	23,800
Georgia	5	34	1,359	133	643	25,700
Alabama	4	40	676	28	333	23,200
Mississippi	4	16	252	16	315	10,700
Louisiana	4	26	94	10	157	9,000
Tennessee	8	39	838	74	570	29,744
Kentucky	7	54	1,342	130	700	27,900
Missouri	5	44	339	29	568	23,600
Total	59	450	19,648	747	5,655	308,011

TABLE XXXIV.
Colleges in the Free States.

                               

FREE STATES.	No. of Colleges.	No. of Instructors.	No. of Alumni.	No. of Ministers.	Students.	Volumes in Libraries.
Maine	2	15	1,418	303	274	43,150
New Hampshire	1	12	4,187	883	258	31,900
Vermont	3	16	1,536	527	228	21,650
Massachusetts	4	47	9,404	2,612	807	122,750
Rhode Island	1	10	1,860	500	225	34,000
Connecticut	3	43	7,407	1,956	669	91,000
New York	8	84	6,888	1,461	1,080	80,516
New Jersey	3	54	3,855	837	449	28,000
Pennsylvania	9	66	8,298	741	959	71,180
Ohio	12	88	1,958	644	1,191	92,191
Indiana	4	27	546	158	300	19,600
Illinois	4	30	257	79	245	15,860
Michigan	2	14	130		180	13,000
Wisconsin	5	11	8	1	30	2,500
Total	61	517	47,752	10,702	6,895	667,297

II.—PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS.

The condition of the Professional Schools is shown by the
following Table, taken from the same authority as the above.
From this it appears that at the South a larger proportion of
professional students are in the Law Schools than at the North.
Next in order in this respect in Medicine, and last, Theology.
Indeed, the Census Tables do not show where the great body
of the Southern clergy are educated, since but 747 are returned
from the colleges, and only 808 from the Theological
Schools.

It will be noticed that the number of Professional Schools
in the Slave States is 32, and in the Free States 65, or two
to one. The ratio of Professors is a little larger. The number
of Students in the former is 1,807, and in the latter 4,426.
The number of volumes in the libraries of the former is
30,796, and in those of the latter, 175,951; more than five to
one. The number graduated at the former, 3,812, and at the
latter, 23,513; over six to one.

TABLE XXXV.
Showing the Condition of the Professional Schools in the North and the South,
from the American Almanac for 1856.
SLAVE STATES

         

Professional Schools.	Number of Schools.	Number of Professors.	Number of Students, 1854–5.	Number Educated.	Number of Vols. in Libraries.
Law	9	19	231
Medicine	13	75	1,307	3,004
Theology	10	28	269	808	30,796
Total	32	122	1,807	3,812	30,796

FREE STATES.

         

Professional Schools.	Number of Schools.	Number of Professors.	Number of Students, 1854–5.	Number Educated.	Number of Vols. in Libraries.
Law	9	19	240
Medicine	22	152	3,095	15,950
Theology	34	98	1,091	7,563	175,951
Total	65	269	4,426	23,513	175,951

III.—ACADEMIES, PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

In all the New England colonies, a law was passed in 1647,
"That every township, after the Lord hath increased them to the
number of fifty householders, shall appoint one to teach all
children to write and read; and when any town shall increase
to the number of one hundred families, they shall set up a
grammar school; the masters thereof being able to instruct
youth so far as they may be fitted for the university." See
Colonial Laws.

Again, in Connecticut we find the following: "Forasmuch
as the good Education of Children is of singular behoofe and
benefit to any Commonwealth, and whereas, many parents and
masters are too indulgent and negligent of theire duty in that
kinde:—

"It is therefore ordered by this Courte and Authority thereof
that the Selectmen of every Town, in the Several precincts
and quarters where they dwell, shall have a vigilant eye over
theire brethren and neighbours to see first that none of them
shall suffer so much Barbarism in any of theire families as not
to endeavour to teach by themselves or others theire Children
and apprentices so much Learning as may enable them perfectly
to read the Inglish tounge, and knowledge of the Capitall
Laws, upon penalty of twenty shillings for each neglect
therein." See "Code of Laws established by the General

Court of Conn., May, 1650," as recorded in Vol. II. of the
Colonial Records of Conn.

In the year 1671, or twenty-four years after the establishment
of public schools by law in the Plymouth Colonies, and
over thirty years after Harvard college was founded, and a
printing press set up in Cambridge, Gov. Berkley, at that time
Governor of Virginia, said of that State: "I thank God there
are no free schools nor printing, and I hope we shall not have
these hundred years, for learning has brought disobedience and
heresy and sects into the world, and printing has divulged
them, and libels against the best government; God keep us
from both."

The following Tables Nos. XXXVI., XXXVII., XXXVIII.,
and XXXIX., show the condition of the Academies, Private and
Public Schools in 1850, as given in the Census Compendium:

TABLE XXXVI.
Academies and Private Schools in the Slave States.

                                 

SLAVE STATES.	Number.	Teachers.	Pupils.	Annual Income.	Scholars in Colleges, Academies and Public Schools.
Alabama	166	380	8,290	$164,165	37,237
Arkansas	90	126	2,407	27,937	11,050
Delaware	65	94	2,011	47,832	11,125
Florida	34	49	1,251	13,089	3,129
Georgia	219	318	9,059	108,983	43,299
Kentucky	330	600	12,712	252,617	85,914
Louisiana	143	354	5,328	193,077	31,003
Maryland	223	503	10,787	232,341	45,025
Mississippi	171	297	6,628	73,717	26,236
Missouri	204	368	8,829	143,171	61,592
North Carolina	272	403	7,822	187,648	112,430
South Carolina	202	333	7,467	205,489	26,035
Tennessee	264	404	9,928	155,902	115,750
Texas	97	137	3,389	39,384	11,500
Virginia	317	547	9,068	234,372	77,774
Total	2,797	4,913	104,976	$2,079,724	699,079

TABLE XXXVII.
Academies and Private Schools in the Free States.

                                   

FREE STATES.	Number.	Teachers.	Pupils.	Annual Increase.	Scholars in Colleges, Academies and Public Schools.
California	6	5	170	$14,270	219
Connecticut	202	329	6,996	145,967	79,003
Illinois	83	160	4,244	40,488	130,411
Indiana	131	233	6,185	63,520	168,754
Iowa	33	46	1,111	7,980	30,767
Maine	131	232	6,648	51,187	199,745
Massachusetts	403	521	13,436	310,177	190,924
Michigan	37	71	1,619	24,947	112,382
New Hampshire	107	183	5,321	43,202	81,237
New Jersey	225	453	9,844	227,588	88,244
New York	887	3,136	49,328	810,332	727,222
Ohio	206	474	15,052	149,392	502,826
Pennsylvania	524	914	23,751	467,843	440,977
Rhode Island	46	75	1,601	32,748	25,014
Vermont	118	257	6,864	48,935	100,785
Wisconsin	58	86	2,723	18,796	61,615
Total	3,197	7,175	154,893	$2,457,372	2,940,125

TABLE XXXVIII.
Public Schools of the Slave States.

                                 

SLAVE STATES.	Number.	Teachers.	Pupils.	Annual Income of Public Schools.
Alabama	1,152	1,195	28,380	$315,602
Arkansas	353	355	8,493	43,763
Delaware	194	214	8,970	43,861
Florida	69	73	1,878	22,386
Georgia	1,251	1,265	32,705	182,231
Kentucky	2,234	2,306	71,429	211,852
Louisiana	664	822	25,046	349,679
Maryland	898	986	33,111	218,836
Mississippi	782	826	18,746	254,159
Missouri	1,570	1,620	51,754	160,770
North Carolina	2,657	2,730	104,095	158,564
South Carolina	724	739	17,838	200,600
Tennessee	2,680	2,819	104,117	198,518
Texas	349	360	7,946	44,088
Virginia	2,930	2,997	67,353	314,625
Total	18,507	19,307	581,861	$2,719,534

TABLE XXXIX.
Public Schools of the Free States.

                                   

FREE STATES.	Number.	Teachers.	Pupils.	Annual Income of Public Schools.
California	2	2	49	$3,600
Connecticut	1,656	1,787	71,269	231,220
Illinois	4,052	4,248	125,725	349,712
Indiana	4,822	4,860	161,500	316,955
Iowa	740	828	29,556	51,492
Maine	4,042	5,540	192,815	315,436
Massachusetts	3,679	4,443	176,475	1,006,795
Michigan	2,714	3,231	110,455	167,806
New Hampshire	2,381	3,013	75,643	166,944
New Jersey	1,473	1,574	77,930	216,672
New York	11,580	13,965	675,221	1,472,657
Ohio	11,661	12,886	484,153	743,074
Pennsylvania	9,061	10,024	413,706	1,348,249
Rhode Island	416	518	23,130	100,481
Vermont	2,731	4,173	93,457	176,111
Wisconsin	1,423	1,529	58,817	113,133
Total	62,433	72,621	2,769,901	$6,780,337

It will be seen that in the South a larger proportion of the
children who attend School, attend at private Schools, than at
the North. Still the number of scholars in these Schools is
but a slight fraction over two-thirds as great at the South as at
the North, and the amount of money paid for the support of
these Schools nearly $400,000 less in the slave than in the
free States.

It is to be regretted that we are unable to compare these
Schools in other respects, but figures can carry us no further at
this time. Perhaps by comparing the different sections of this
chapter we may be able to form a just opinion.

It will be observed that the Public School statistics would
not be materially affected for purposes of comparison, were
those of the private Schools added to them.

The number of public Schools at the South is 18,507; at
the North, 62,433; a ratio of about three and one-half to one.
Teachers at the South, 19,307; at the North, 72,621; almost

four to one. The number of Scholars at the South is 581,861,
and at the North, 2,769,901; nearly five to one, and over
2,000,000 more at the North than at the South. Indeed, if
we compare the entire number attending all Schools (Colleges
Academies, private and public Schools,) we find in the North
a majority over the South of 2,241,046, which is now more
than three times the entire number attending School in the
Southern States. In other words, more than four-fifths of the
children attending School in the Union are in the free States.
The amount of money expended annually for these Schools is,
in the Slave States, $4,799,258; and in the free States,
$9,237,709.

The State of Ohio is not quite two-thirds as large as Virginia.
Virginia has 77,764 scholars at School and Ohio has
502,826.

The area of Kentucky is very nearly equal to that of Ohio,
the population almost exactly one-half as great, and the number
of scholars at School a little more than one-sixth.

Massachusetts is one-fourth as large as South Carolina, and
contains nearly four times as many white inhabitants. The
number of scholars attending School in South Carolina, is
26,025; in Massachusetts, 190,924.

The amount expended for Schools, both public and private,
in South Carolina, is $406,089; in Massachusetts, it is $1,316,972;
a difference of almost a million of dollars.

The whole number of scholars at School in the fifteen slaveholding
States, is 699,079; in the single State of New York, it
is 727,222.

Such are the figures of the Census for 1850.

Great effort has been made to obtain such statistics as to
show the condition of all grades of Schools at the present time,
much more fully than it can be learned from the census for the
time when that was taken. Not enough, however, could be obtained
for purposes of just comparison, the annual reports
from the Slave States being so exceedingly meagre. So far,

however, as such reports could be obtained, they show that the
difference between the free and slave States, in regard to education,
is constantly increasing.

This arises from the want of any regular system for education
of the poorer classes, who are increasing so rapidly in the
Southern States. Proofs of this might be given, were it not a
well known fact.

On page 146 of the Census Compendium, it is said of
"Georgia—no public Schools strictly, but Schools receive a
certain amount of aid from State funds. This is true for many
Southern States."

The State of South Carolina appropriates annually the sum
of $75,000 to free Schools. Gov. Manning, in his message
of Nov. 28, 1853, says that "under the present mode of applying
it, that liberality is really the profusion of the prodigal,
rather than the judicious generosity which confers real benefit."

In the State of Arkansas, only forty Schools were reported
to the Commissioner for 1854. It is of course utterly impossible
to obtain any reliable information with regard to the Schools
there, though we may form a very just opinion concerning
their character in such a community. The Commissioner says
"The great obstacle to the organization of common Schools is
not so much a deficiency in the means to sustain them, as it is
the indifference that pervades the public mind on the subject
of education."

The amount expended by the State of Virginia, in 1854, for
the education of poor children, was $69,404. For the maintenance
of the public guard, $73,189.

New England, whose area is less than one-twelfth greater
appropriated $2,000,000 for Public Schools, and felt secure
without a public guard.

The State of South Carolina has established one Free State
Scholarship; the State of Massachusetts has established forty
eight.

In Kentucky, the average number of scholars at school in
1854, was 76,429. In Ohio it was 279,635. The total amount
of money distributed (for public schools) during the year
1854, in Kentucky, was $146,047. The amount appropriated
by the State of Ohio for the same purpose, was $2,266,609; a
difference of over $2,000,000.

There are very many items of expenditure for educational
purposes at the North, for which the corresponding sums at the
South cannot be ascertained. Among these are Teachers' Institutes,
holden annually in every county in many of the
Northern States; Teachers' Associations, Normal Schools,
School-houses, &c. The value of school buildings in the State
of Ohio in 1854, was $2,197,384, and in Massachusetts it was,
in 1848, $2,750,000; even in the little State of Rhode Island
it is $319,293. The amount raised by taxation for educational
purposes is now, in each of the three states, New York, Pennsylvania,
and Massachusetts, over one million dollars annually.

The Report of the Commissioner of Public Schools to the
Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, for the year 1851, gives
the following facts:

The value of school buildings in the city of Baltimore, is
$105,729; New York, $552,457; Philadelphia, $858,224;
and in Boston $729,502.[1]

The following table is copied from the same report:

TABLE XL.
Showing the Condition of Public Schools in certain Cities.

             

CITIES.	Population.	Schools	Teachers.	Pupils.	Cost of Tuition.
Boston	138,788	203	353	21,678	$237,000
New York	517,000	207	332	40,055	274,794
Philadelphia	409,000	270	781	48,056	341,888
Baltimore	169,012	36	138	8,011	32,423
Cincinnati	116,000	17	124	6,006	81,623
St. Louis	81,000	73	168	6,642

The population of Baltimore is 30,000 greater than that of
Boston. Baltimore has 8,000 scholars at school, for whose
instruction she pays $30,000. Boston has 20,000, and pays
for instruction, $230,000.

It would indeed be interesting, were it a matter capable of
statistical comparisons, to trace the results of the superior educational
advantages enjoyed by the children of the North; to
compare the philosophers, orators, and statesmen, men of skill,
science, or literature, authors, poets, and sculptors, of the two
sections. To see how many of those who are most distinguished
at the South were born, bred, and educated at the
North.

DeBow, in a labored article in the Census Compendium, in
behalf of the southern schools, says: "An examination of
Massachusetts shows, out of 2,357 'students,' mentioned, 711,
or one-third nearly, born out of the State, and 152, or one-fifteenth,
born in the South. On the other hand a southern
town, taken at random, furnished one out of three editors, four
out of twelve teachers, two out of seven clergymen, born in the
non-slaveholding States."

The presumption is that not so large a proportion of the students
in Southern institutions are sent there from the North to
be educated, and that, on the other hand, not so large a proportion
of the editors, teachers and clergymen of the North are of
Southern birth and education.

IV.—LIBRARIES.

The following tables, Nos. XLI. and XLII., are of great
importance in connection with the subject of education, as showing
the literary tastes, habits of thought, and sources of enjoyment,
of the people. These tables also show the character of
the various institutions in the two sections, more correctly than
it could be ascertained from almost any other source, embracing
as they do the Public School, Sunday School, College and
Church libraries:

TABLE XLI.
Libraries other than Private in the Slave States.

                                   

SLAVE STATES.	Public.		School.		Sunday School.		College.		Church.		Total.
	Number.	Volumes.	Number.	Volumes.	Number.	Volumes.	Number.	Volumes.	Number.	Volumes.	Number.	Volumes.
Alabama	4	3,848	32	3,500	15	5,775	5	7,500			56	20,623
Arkansas	1	250			2	170					3	420
Delaware	4	10,250			12	2,700	1	5,000			17	17,950
Florida	1	1,000	2	800	4	860					7	2,660
Georgia	3	6,500	11	1,800	15	1,988	9	21,500			38	31,788
Kentucky	47	40,424			18	4,617	11	33,225	4	1,200	80	79,466
Louisiana	5	9,800	2	12,000			3	5,000			10	26,800
Maryland	17	54,750	8	6,335	84	28,315	10	33,792	5	1,850	124	125,042
Mississippi	4	7,264	103	3,650	6	730	4	10,093			117	21,737
Missouri	13	23,106	13	17,150	66	14,500	4	19,700	1	600	97	75,056
North Carolina	4	2,500	1	1,500	19	2,352	5	21,593	9	1,647	38	29,592
South Carolina	16	73,758	3	2,750			7	30,964			26	107,472
Tennessee	9	5,373	2	5,100	18	2,498	5	9,925			34	22,896
Texas	3	2,100	3	430	5	1,600	1	100			12	4,230
Virginia	21	32,595	6	2,706	11	1,975	14	50,856	2	330	54	88,462
Total	152	273,518	186	57,721	275	63,463	79	249,248	21	5,627	695	649,577

TABLE XLII.
Libraries other than Private in the Free States.

                                     

FREE STATES.		Public.		School.		Sunday School.		College.		Church.		Total.
	Number.	Volumes.	Number.	Volumes.	Number.	Volumes.	Number.	Volumes.	Number.	Volumes.	Number.	Volumes.
California
Connecticut	42	38,609	4	5,039	107	38,445	8	82,600	3	265	164	165,318
Illinois	33	35,982	29	5,875	86	12,829	4	7,800			152	62,486
Indiana	58	46,238	3	1,800	85	11,265	4	8,700	1	400	151	68,403
Iowa	4	2,650	4	160	24	2,980					32	5,790
Maine	77	51,439	11	2,225	131	26,988	8	39,625	9	1,692	236	121,969
Massachusetts	177	257,737	792	104,645	433	165,476	18	141,400	42	14,757	1,462	684,015
Michigan	280	65,116	119	31,427	15	3,500	3	7,900			417	107,943
New Hampshire	47	42,017	3	1,200	70	20,117	3	19,975	6	2,450	129	85,759
New Jersey	77	43,903	10	4,080	35	8,564	4	24,000	2	338	128	80,885
New York	43	197,229	10,802	1,388,729	137	33,294	25	138,870	6	2,698	11,013	1,760,820
Ohio	65	65,703	13	9,665	248	53,910	22	56,573	4	975	352	186,826
Pennsylvania	90	184,666	30	17,161	226	58,071	21	77,050	26	26,452	393	363,400
Rhode Island	26	42,007	12	5,814	50	23,765	1	31,000	7	1,756	96	104,342
Vermont	30	21,061	16	9,700	38	10,020	9	23,280	3	580	96	64,641
Wisconsin	9	12,040	33	2,163	28	5,017	2	1,800			72	21,020
Total	1,058	1,106,397	11,881	1,589,683	1,713	478,858	132	660,573	109	52,723	14,911	3,888,234

From these it will be seen that the total number of volumes
in the libraries of the South, is 649,577; in those of the
North, 3,888,234; a difference more than 3,000,000 in favor
of the free States. Six volumes in the libraries of the North
to one at the South. But we need not compare aggregates
when the difference is so overwhelming. The Sunday School
libraries of the North are nearly twice as great as the College
libraries of the South; and the College libraries of the
North greater than all the libraries of the South.

Maine has more volumes in her libraries than South Carolina,
Rhode Island than Virginia, or even more than all the
five states, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and
Florida; and Massachusetts more than all the fifteen slave
States.

Michigan and Arkansas are very nearly equal, both in age
and territory, Michigan having been admitted into the Union
in 1837, and Arkansas in 1836; while the area of Michigan is
56,243 square miles, and that of Arkansas 52,198. Michigan
has 107,943 volumes in her libraries, Arkansas has 420; a
ratio of 257 to 1.

The public school libraries alone of the single state of
New York, contain more than twice as many volumes as all
the libraries together of the whole South. Nor are we to
suppose that because Common School Libraries, they are necessarily
inferior either in cost or character. We learn from the
American Almanac for the present year, that in the State of
Illinois "690 school libraries, of 321 volumes each, were distributed
throughout the state. The aggregate cost of these
221,490 volumes was $147,222, or an average of $213 for
each library."

If the New York common school libraries were purchased
at a similar cost, (over sixty-six cents per volume,) their value
is doubtless greater than that of all the libraries in the fifteen
slave States.

V.—ILLITERATE.

Thus far the large figures have been all in one direction, but
here the case is different. The South is in advance and still
advancing.

The following tables, Nos XLIII. and XLIV., show the
number unable to read and write. It will be seen that the
number of native white citizens of this class in the free States
is 248,725, and in the slave States 493,026, a number about
twice as great in a population of far less than half.

The number of native white adults who cannot read and
write, in the State of Tennessee, is 77,017, in a white population
of 756,836. The number in New York, 23,241, in a
white population of 3,048,325.

TABLE XLIII.
Persons in the Slave States over Twenty Years of Age who cannot Read and
Write.

                                 

SLAVE STATES.	Whites.	Free Colored.	Natives.	Foreign.	Native Whites.
Alabama	33,757	235	33,853	139	33,618
Arkansas	16,819	116	16,908	27	16,792
Delaware	4,536	5,645	9,777	404	4,132
Florida	3,859	270	3,834	295	3,564
Georgia	41,200	467	41,261	406	40,794
Kentucky	66,687	3,019	67,359	2,347	64,340
Louisiana	21,221	3,389	18,339	6,271	14,950
Maryland	20,815	21,062	38,426	3,451	17,364
Mississippi	13,405	123	13,447	81	13,324
Missouri	36,281	497	34,917	1,861	34,420
North Carolina	73,566	6,857	80,083	340	73,226
South Carolina	15,684	880	16,460	104	15,580
Tennessee	77,522	1,097	78,114	505	77,017
Texas	10,525	58	8,095	2,488	8,037
Virginia	77,005	11,515	87,383	1,137	75,868
Total	512,882	55,230	548,256	19,856	493,026

The number in Georgia is 40,794, in a white population of
521,572, and of Pennsylvania it is 41,944, in a white population
of 2,258,160.

Again. The number of white inhabitants over twenty years
of age, in the state of New Hampshire, is 174,232. The
number of native white adults who cannot read and write, is
893, or 1 in 201. In Connecticut it is 1 in 277; in Vermont
1 in 284; and in Massachusetts 1 in 517. In South Carolina,
on the other hand, it is 1 in 7; in Virginia 1 in 5, and in North
Carolina 1 in 3.

Such facts as these show the condition and character of the
schools in the North and the South more clearly than all other
statistics combined.

TABLE XLIV.
Persons in the Free States over Twenty Years of Age who cannot Read and
Write.

                                   

FREE STATES.	Whites.	Native Whites.	Natives.	Foreign.	Free Colored.
California	5,118	117	2,318	2,917	2,201
Connecticut	4,739	567	1,293	4,013	826
Illinois	40,054	1,229	35,336	5,947	34,107
Indiana	70,540	2,170	69,445	3,265	67,275
Iowa	8,120	33	7,076	1,077	7,043
Maine	6,147	135	2,134	4,148	1,999
Massachusetts	27,539	806	1,861	26,484	1,055
Michigan	7,912	369	5,272	3,009	4,903
New Hampshire	2,957	52	945	2,064	893
New Jersey	14,248	4,417	12,787	5,878	8,370
New York	91,293	7,429	30,670	68,052	23,241
Ohio	61,030	4,990	56,958	9,062	51,968
Pennsylvania	66,928	9,344	51,288	24,989	41,944
Rhode Island	3,340	267	1,248	2,359	981
Vermont	6,189	51	616	5,624	565
Wisconsin	6,361	92	1,551	4,902	1,459
Total	422,515	32,068	280,793	173,790	248,725