University of Virginia Library

CHAPTER V.

MANUFACTURES.

The tables in this chapter, compiled—when no other
authority is given—from the Compendium of the Census of
1850, show the state of manufactures in the United States for
the year ending June, 1850. The tables for 1850 are preceded
by tables (from the annual Report of the Secretary of the
Treasury on the Finances, for 1855) giving the population,
and value of the manufactures, of the several Free and Slave
States for the years 1820 and 1840. The returns for 1820
were defective in some particulars, and the article of sugar is
included among the manufactures for 1840.

TABLE XVII.
Population and Value of Manufactures in the Free States, for the years
1820 and 1840.

                                 

FREE STATES.	Population in 1820.	Population in 1840.	Value of Manufactures for 1820.	Value of Manufactures for 1840.
Connecticut	275,202	309,978	$2,413,029	$21,057,523
Illinois	55,211	476,183	100,983	8,021,582
Indiana	147,178	685,866	397,814	9,379,586
Iowa		43,112		483,700
Maine	298,335	501,793	486,473	14,525,217
Massachusetts	523,287	737,699	2,523,614	73,777,837
Michigan	8,896	212,267	100,460	3,898,676
New Hampshire	244,161	284,574	747,959	10,523,313
New Jersey	277,575	373,306	1,175,139	19,571,496
New York	1,372,812	2,428,921	9,792,072	95,840,194
Ohio	581,434	1,519,467	5,290,427	31,458,401
Pennsylvania	1,049,458	1,724,033	6,895,219	64,494,960
Rhode Island	83,059	108,830	1,617,221	13,807,297
Vermont	235,764	291,948	890,353	6,923,982
Wisconsin		30,945		1,680,808
Total	5,152,372	9,698,922	$32,430,763	$375,444,572

TABLE XVIII.
Population and Value of Manufactures in the Slave States, for the years
1820 and 1840.

                               

SLAVE STATES.	Population in 1820.	Population in 1840.	Value of Manufactures for 1820.	Value of Manufactures for 1840.
Alabama	127,901	590,756	$101,207	$4,975,871
Arkansas	14,273	97,574	56,408	2,614,889
Delaware	72,749	78,085	1,318,891	2,709,068
Florida		54,477		915,080
Georgia	340,987	691,392	607,751	5,324,307
Kentucky	564,317	779,828	2,296,726	13,221,958
Louisiana	153,407	352,411	272,500	11,378,383
Maryland	407,350	470,019	5,027,336	13,509,636
Mississippi	75,448	375,651	none.	3,562,370
Missouri	66,586	383,702	297,443	5,946,759
North Carolina	638,829	753,419	445,398	7,234,567
South Carolina	502,741	359,000	168,666	5,638,823
Tennessee	422,813	829,210	2,352,127	8,517,394
Virginia	1,065,379	1,239,797	6,686,699	20,684,608
Total	4,452,780	7,055,321	$19,631,152	$106,233,713

Taking tables XX. and XIX. without the modifications suggested
hereafter, and the relation of the North and South to
manufactures in 1850, was as follows, viz:

                       

	In the North.	In the South.
Capital invested in manufactures	$430,240,051	$95,029,879
Value of raw material used	465,844,092	86,190,639
Number of hands employed, males	576,954	140,377
" " " females	203,622	21,360
Annual wages	195,976,453	33,257,560
" products	842,586,058	165,413,027
" profit	376,741,966	79,222,388
" profit per cent	42	44
" wages per hand, males and females	251	206
" product " " "	1,079	1,029
" profit " " "	484	489

From this aggregate of Southern manufactures should be
deducted the manufactures of certain counties where there is a
large or predominating free population born out of the limits of

TABLE XIX.
A Statement of the Number of Individuals and Establishments engaged in Manufactures, the Amount of Capital invested in such
Establishments, the Value of the Raw Material used, the Number of Hands employed, the Annual Wages paid, the Annual
Product and the Annual Profit of such Manufactures, in the several Free States, according to the Census Returns of 1850.

                                     

FREE STATES.	Number of Individuals and Establishments.	Capital.	Value of Raw Material used.	Hands Employed.		Annual wages.	Annual Product.	Annual Profit, according to De Bow.
				Male.	Female.
California	1,003	$1,006,197	$1,201,154	3,964		$3,485,820	$12,862,522	$11,661,368
Connecticut	3,482	23,890,348	23,589,397	31,287	16,483	11,695,236	45,110,102	21,520,705
Illinois	3,164	6,385,387	8,915,173	11,632	433	3,826,249	17,236,073	8,320,900
Indiana	4,288	7,941,602	10,214,337	13,677	665	2,809,116	18,922,651	8,708,314
Iowa	522	1,292,875	2,356,881	1,687	20	473,016	3,551,783	1,194,902
Maine	3,977	14,700,452	13,555,806	21,856	6,222	7,502,916	24,664,135	11,108,329
Massachusetts	8,259	83,357,642	85,856,771	96,261	69,677	39,784,116	151,137,145	65,280,374
Michigan	1,963	6,534,250	6,105,561	8,930	360	2,387,928	10,976,894	4,871,333
New Hampshire	3,211	18,242,114	12,745,466	14,103	12,989	6,123,876	23,164,503	10,419,037
New Jersey	4,108	22,184,730	21,992,186	28,549	8,762	9,202,788	39,713,586	17,721,400
New York	23,553	99,904,405	134,655,674	147,737	51,612	49,131,000	237,597,249	102,941,575
Ohio	10,622	29,019,538	34,677,937	47,054	4,435	13,467,660	62,647,259	27,969,322
Pennsylvania	21,605	94,473,810	87,206,377	124,688	22,078	37,163,232	155,044,910	67,838,533
Rhode Island	853	12,923,176	13,183,889	12,837	8,044	5,008,656	22,093,258	8,909,369
Vermont	1,849	5,001,377	4,172,552	6,894	1,551	2,202,348	8,570,920	4,398,368
Wisconsin	1,262	3,382,148	5,414,931	5,798	291	1,712,496	9,293,068	3,878,137
Total	93,721	$430,240,051	$465,844,092	576,954	203,622	$195,976,453	$842,586,058	$376,741,966

TABLE XX.
A Statement of the Number of Individuals and Establishments engaged in Manufactures, the Amount of Capital invested in such
Establishments, the Value of the Raw material used, the Number of Hands employed, the Annual Wages paid, the Annual
Product and the Annual Profit of such Manufactures, in the several Slave States, according to the Returns of 1850.

                                   

SLAVE STATES.	Number of Individuals and Establishments.	Capital.	Value of Raw Material used.	Hands Employed.		Annual wages.	Annual Product.	Annual Profit, according to De Bow.
				Male.	Female.
Alabama	1,026	$3,450,606	$2,224,960	4,399	539	$1,106,112	$4,538,878	$2,313,918
Arkansas	272	324,065	268,564	873	30	169,356	607,436	338,872
Delaware	531	2,978,945	2,864,607	3,227	651	936,924	4,649,296	1,784,689
Florida	103	547,060	220,611	876	115	199,452	668,335	447,724
Georgia	1,527	5,460,483	3,404,917	6,660	1,718	1,712,304	7,086,525	3,681,608
Kentucky	3,609	12,350,734	12,170,225	22,445	1,940	4,764,096	24,588,483	12,418,258
Louisiana	1,017	5,318,074	2,958,988	5,581	856	2,086,212	7,320,948	4,361,960
Maryland	3,708	14,753,143	17,326,734	22,641	7,483	7,374,672	32,477,702	15,140,968
Mississippi	877	1,833,420	1,290,271	3,065	108	775,128	2,972,038	1,682,767
Missouri	3,029	9,079,695	12,446,738	15,997	873	3,184,764	23,749,265	11,302,527
North Carolina	2,604	7,252,225	4,805,463	10,693	1,751	1,796,748	9,111,245	4,305,782
South Carolina	1,431	6,056,865	2,809,534	5,935	1,074	1,128,432	7,063,513	4,253,979
Tennessee	2,861	6,975,279	4,900,952	11,154	878	2,277,228	9,728,438	4,827,486
Texas	309	539,290	394,642	1,042	24	322,368	1,165,538	770,896
Virginia	4,741	18,109,993	18,103,433	25,789	3,320	5,413,764	29,705,387	11,601,954
Total	27,645	$95,029,879	$86,190,639	140,377	21,360	$33,257,560	$165,413,027	$79,222,388

the several States in which the counties are situated. The
amount of the manufactures, and the character of the population,
as regards birth, of the most important of these counties,
is shown in the following table. Even this deduction leaves
too large a balance for Southern manufactures, proper, for
everywhere throughtout the South the most thriving manufactures
were founded, or are sustained, by Northern capital, skill,
or labor.

TABLE XXI.
A Statement of the Number of Free Inhabitants born within and without certain
Counties of the Slave States, in which there is a large or predominating
exotic Population, with the Amount of Capital invested in Manufacture,
Number of Hands Employed, and the Annual Product thereof in 1850.

                             

COUNTIES.	Free Population born, out of the State in which each Co. is situated.	Do. born in the State.	Capital.	Hands Employed.	Annual Product.
Newcastle, Del	13,801	28,555	$2,593,830	3,235	$3,945,399
Baltimore, Md	61,472	142,456	9,929,332	23,863	24,540,014
Ohio, Va	9,020	8,822	1,184,111	2,493	2,401,434
Charleston, S. C	7,844	21,225	1,487,800	1,413	2,749,961
Muscogee, Geo	2,589	7,833	713,217	719	738,580
Richmond, Geo	3,252	5,183	775,600	995	1,020,651
Mobile, Ala	10,379	7,865	522,800	540	1,261,450
Orleans, La	68,525	32,867	2,969,660	3,134	4,470,454
Galveston, Texas	2,907	908	46,450	131	207,100
Davidson, Tenn	7,716	16,991	855,015	1,219	1,075,287
Shelby, Tenn	9,077	7,720	424,130	789	840,789
Jefferson, Ky	30,174	18,746	4,115,582	8,865	11,002,103
St. Louis, Mo	71,617	27,394	5,215,716	10,239	16,046,521
Total	298,373	326,565	$30,833,143	57,636	$70,296,743

This table includes the counties in which are situated the
cities of Baltimore, Wheeling, Louisville, St. Louis, New
Orleans, Mobile, Charleston, and some others. It will be
seen that, in these counties, the free population born within
and without the limits of each State, respectively, is nearly
equal. The manufacturing establishments in these counties
are generally confined to their cities, and a table showing
the origin of the free population of the cities only, would give

a large preponderance of persons born without the limits of
their respective States. The means of constructing such a table
are not accessible. There are, besides, other counties of
smaller size which should be included with those in the foregoing
table. These are necessarily omitted.

Deducting the aggregates of this table from the total manufactures
reported for the South, and there are left for the
manufactures of the Slave States,

       

Capital,	$64,196,736
Hands employed, males and females,	104,101
Annual product,	$95,116,284
Annual product per head,	914

Adding the aggregates of table XXI. to those reported above
for the manufactures of the North, and the total manufactures
of the free population of the United States, will be:

       

Capital,	$461,073,194
Hands employed, males and females,	838,212
Annual product,	$912,882,801
Annual product per head,	1,089

Further amendment of these aggregates should be made by
adding for California—in which State the marshal's returns
for 1850 were generally defective, and for the most important
localities lost or destroyed by fire—the following estimates,
based on the returns of the State census for that State, taken
in 1852, and ordered by Congress to be made a part of the
National census, viz:

   

Capital,	$5,942,526
Annual product,	30,000,000

The true total, then, of the manufactures of the free population
of the United States for 1850 will be:

     

Capital invested,	$467,015,720
Hands employed, males and females,	838,212
Annual product,	$942,882,801

Thus, then, in seven times the capital invested, in eight

times the number of hands employed, in ten times the annual
product, is the triumph of freedom over slavery seen in the
department of manufactures. And this, after allowing to
slavery millions of the capital of the North, thousands of its
intelligent mechanics and operatives, and hundreds of its inventions
and improvements, scattered throughout the South,
wherever machinery is in motion, or labor skillfully applied to
it. And this stagnation and sleep of slavery beneath the
thundering of its thousands of waterfalls, and beside its millions
of cotton bales.

Well did Governor Wise say to the Virginians: "You have
the line of the Alleghanies, that beautiful ridge which stands
placed there by the Almighty, not to obstruct the way of people
to market, but placed there in the very bounty of Providence,
to milk the clouds, to make the sweet springs which are the
sources of your rivers. And at the head of every stream is
the waterfall, murmuring the very music of your power. And
yet commerce has long ago spread her sails and sailed away
from you; you have not as yet dug more than coal enough to
warm yourselves at your own hearths; you have no tilt-hammer
of Vulcan, to strike blows worthy of gods in the iron
foundries. You have not yet spun more than coarse cotton
enough to clothe your own slaves. You have had no commerce,
no mining, no manufactures." (Speech at Alexandria,
1855.)

Table XXII. contains a list of those counties in the Free
and Slave States which had, in 1850, the greatest relative
amount of manufactures. The areas given are from Baldwin
and Thomas' Gazetteer of 1854; the value of the land is
ascertained by dividing the value given in the Census Compendium
by the whole area. The Southern counties taken
are such as have no large admixture of exotic population. In
these counties are included the important cities of Wilmington,
N. C., Lynchburg, Va., and Clarksville, Tenn.

TABLE XXII.
Counties in the Free and Slave States which had, in 1850, the greatest relative
Amount of Manufactures.

                               

Countries in Free States.	Area in Square Miles.	Population.	Value of Farms.	Annual Product of Manufactories.	Value of Land per Acre.	Average Product of Manufactures per head of whole population.
Bristol, Mass	517	76,192	$7,101,582	$12,595,695	$21.46	$165
Essex, Mass	500	131,300	9,582,992	22,906,805	29.95	174
Middlesex, Mass	830	161,383	19,417,796	26,548,932	36.55	164
Norfolk, Mass	520	78,892	13,748,505	13,323,595	41.31	169
Kent, R. I.	180	15,068	1,951,111	2,620,788	17.80	174
Hartford, Conn	807	69,967	14,004,683	10,888,780	27.12	156
N. Haven, Conn	620	65,588	10,413,662	11,283,816	26.24	172
Essex, N. J.	450	73,950	7,219,566	16,293,198	25,07	220
Passaic, N. J.	270	22,569	3,302,051	4,213,669	19.11	187
Total	4,684	694,909	$86,741,948	$120,675,308	$28.94	$174
Counties in Slaves States.
Campbell, Va	576	23,245	$2,452,604	$1,839,307	$6.65	$79
N. Hanover, N.C.	1,000	17,668	1,035,874	1,409,568	1.62	80
M'tgomery, Ten.	550	21,045	1,359,836	1,376,300	3.86	65
Total	2.126	61,958	$4,848,314	$4,625,175	$3.56	$74

Tables XXIII. and XXIV. show the value of the manufactures
of cotton, wool, iron, the fisheries, and salt, in 1850. It
is to be regretted that the returns of the details of the other
branches of manufactures have not yet been published by
Congress. These tables will repay a careful examination.

Table XXV. gives the value of the domestic manufactures
in the several Free and Slave States, for the year ending June,
1850; and gives also the annual increase of slaves in the
several Slave States, with their value at $400 per head. It
is to be understood that a larger proportion of slaves is born
in the slave-raising States, and a smaller in the slave-consuming
States, than is shown by the tables. As to this
product of Southern labor, or skill, or necessity—the annual
slave product—it may be classed indifferently under the
head of agriculture, manufactures, or commerce. As live

TABLE XXIII.
A Statement of the Value of the Manufactures of Cotton, Wool, Pig Iron, Iron Castings, Wrought Iron, and of the Products of
the Fisheries and Salt Manufactures, in the several Free States, for the year ending June, 1850, with the average Wages per
month of the Hands employed.

                                     

FREE STATES.	Value of Cotton Manufactures.	Value of Woollen Manufactures.	Value of Manufactures of Pig Iron.	Value of Manufactures of Iron Casting.	Value of Manufactures of Wrought Iron.	Value of Products of the Fisheries.	Value of Salt Manufactures.	Wages per month in Cotton Manufactures.		Wages per month in Woollen Manufactures.		Wages per month in Manufactures of Pig Iron.—Males.	Wages per month in Manufactures of Iron Casting.—Males.
								Males.	Females.	Males.	Females.
California				$20,740									$23.38
Connecticut	$4,257,522	$6,465,216	$415,600	981,400	$847,196	$1,734,483	$5,600	19.08	$11.80	$24.12	$12.86	$26.80	27.02
Illinois		206,572	70,200	441,185			6,000			22.00	12.52	22.06	28.50
Indiana	44,200	205,802	58,000	149,430	11,760			13.02	6.77	21.81	11.05	26.00	25.74
Iowa		13,000		8,500						11.14			32.35
Maine	2,596,356	753,300	36,616	265,000		569,876	9,700	29.35	12.15	22.57	11.77	22.00	29.00
Massachusetts	19,712,461	12,770,565	295,123	2,235,635	3,908,952	6,606,849	93,850	22.90	13.60	22.95	14.22	27.52	30.90
Michigan		90,242	21,000	279,697		72,775				21.65	11.47	35.00	28.68
New Hampshire	8,830,619	2,127,745	6,000	371,710	20,400	59,281		26.00	13.47	22.86	14.53	18.00	33.05
New Jersey	1,109,524	1,164,446	560,544	686,430	1,079,576			17.98	9.56	25.22	8.60	21.20	24.00
New York	3,591,989	7,030,604	597,920	5,921,980	3,758,547	484,345	998,315	18.32	9.68	19.97	11.76	25.00	27.49
Ohio	394,700	1,111,027	1,255,850	3,069,350	127,849	27,565	132,293	16.59	9.42	20.14	10.90	24.48	27.32
Pennsylvania	5,322,262	5,321,866	6,071,513	5,354,881	9,224,256		206,796	17.85	9.91	19.43	10.41	21.65	27.55
Rhode Island	6,447,120	2,381,825		728,705	223,650	64,430		18.60	12.95	20.70	15.18		29.63
Vermont	196,100	1,579,161	68,000	460,831	127,886			15.53	12.65	24.46	11.81	22.08	28.27
Wisconsin		87,992	27,000	216,195		16,875				22.48		30.00	26.73
Total	$52,502,853	$41,309,363	$9,483,366	$21,191,669	$19,330,072	$9,636,479	$1,452,554

TABLE XXIV.
A Statement of the Value of the Manufactures of Cotton, Wool, Pig Iron, Iron Castings, Wrought Iron, and of the Products of
the Fisheries and Salt Manufactories, of the several Slave States, for the year ending June, 1850, with the average Wages per
month of the Hands employed.

                                   

SLAVE STATES.	Value of Cotton Manufactures.	Value of Woollen Manufactures.	Value of Manufac tures of Pig Iron.	Value of Manufactures of Iron Casting.	Value of Manufactures of Wrought Iron.	Value of products of the Fisheries.	Value of Salt Manufactures.	Wages per month in Cotton Manufactures.		Wages per month in Woollen Manufactures.		Wages per month in Manufactures of Iron Casting.—Males.	Wages per month in Manufactures of Pig Iron.—Males.
								Males.	Females.	Males.	Females.
Alabama	$382,260		$22,500	$271,126	$7,500			$11.71	$7.98			$17.60	$30.05
Arkansas	16,637							14.61	5.88
Delaware	538,439	$251,000		267,462	38,200			15.31	11.58	$18.79	$17,33		23.36
Maryland	2,120,504	295,140	1,056,400	685,000	771,431			15.42	9.42	18.60	11.89	20.14	27.50
Florida	49,920					$18,676	$6,000	32.14	5.00
Georgia	2,135,044	88,750	57,300	46,200	12,384			14.57	7.39	27.47	14.10	17.44	27.43
Kentucky	273,439	318,819	604,037	744,316	299,700		57,825	14.95	9.36	15.30	11.11	20.23	24.89
Louisiana				312,500									35.60
Mississippi	30,500			117,400				14.21	5.94				37.91
Missouri	142,900	56,000	314,600	336,495	68,700			10.93	10.00	32.00	6.50	24.28	19.63
North Carolina	831,342	23,750	12,500	12,867	331,914	250,025		11.65	6.13	18.00	7.00	8.00	23.46
South Carolina	748,338			87,683				13.94	8.30				13.59
Tennessee	510,624	6,310	576,100	264,325	670,618			10.94	6.42	17.66	6.00	12.81	17.96
Texas		15,000		55,000			5,900			20.00	20.00		43.43
Virginia	1,486,384	841,013	521,924	674,416	1,098,252	95,002	700,466	10.18	6.98	18.17	9.91	12.76	19.91
Total	$9,266,331	$1,895,782	$3,264,961	$3,874,790	$3,298,699	$363,703	$770,191

TABLE XXV.
A Statement of the Value of the domestic Manufactures of the several Free
and Slave States for the years 1850; with the average Annual Increase,
and Value at $400 per head, of Slaves, for the ten years ending June, 1850.

                                   

FREE STATES.	Value of Domestic Manufactures for 1850.	SLAVE STATES.	Value of Domestic Manufactures for 1850.	Annual Increase of Slaves from 1840 to 1850.	Value at $400 per head.
California	$7,000	Alabama	$1,934,120	8,931	$3,572,400
Connecticut	192,252	Arkansas	938,217	2,717	1,086,800
Illinois	1,155,902	Delaware	38,121	31	12,400
Indiana	1,631,039	Florida	75,582	1,359	543,600
Iowa	221,292	Georgia	1,838,968	10,074	4,029,600
Maine	513,599	Kentucky	2,459,128	2,872	1,148,800
Massachusetts	205,333	Louisiana	139,232	7,638	8,054,400
Michigan	340,947	Maryland	111,828	63	25,200
N. Hampshire	393,455	Mississippi	1,164,020	11,467	4,586,800
New Jersey	112,781	Missouri	1,674,705	2,918	1,167,200
New York	1,280,333	North Carolina	2,086,522	4,273	1,709,200
Ohio	1,712,196	South Carolina	909,525	5,795	2,318,000
Pennsylvania	749,132	Tennessee	3,137,790	5,640	2,256,000
Rhode Island	26.495	Texas	266,984	5,816	2,326,400
Vermont	267,710	Virginia	2,156,312	2,344	937,600
Wisconsin	43,624
Total	$8,853,090	Total	$18,631,054	71,936	$28,774,400

stock raised and fattened for market, it would seem to belong
legitimately to the department of agriculture; as an article
of trade, to commerce; but a better arrangement is to class it
with domestic manufactures, that class of manufactures in
which it will be seen that the South is ahead. In this work,
then, the slave product is classed with domestic manufactures,
and its value—no estimate having been made by De Bow—
computed from the best authorities, will be included in the
aggregates for that branch of manufactures. The number of
slaves annually manufactured by the Northern Slave States
for the Southern markets is given elsewhere as 25,000; their
value at $400 per head is $10,000,000. This is a small estimate
both as to number and value. As to the capital invested, the
value of the raw material used, the number of hands employed,
and the annual wages paid in this species of manufacture, the
census tables give no information.