IN 1932 DR. E. E. WILLOUGHBY PUBLISHED, IN A now classic monograph, a reproduction and
a brief discussion of the sole example of corrected proof for the First Folio of
Shakespeare then known.[1] The
present writer described a second example in an article published in 1942.[2] It is now possible to present
a third example;[3] and an
analysis of this, particularly in the light of evidence furnished by the other two,
raises a number of questions about stop-press correction that may be of
interest—and that seem to point to the soundness of certain conjectures that could
heretofore be made only with great diffidence. Not that complete confidence is now
possible: the new evidence is slight and rather slippery—but all the more
interesting, perhaps, for this very reason.
The first of our three concrete examples of First-Folio proof-reading occurs in an
isolated leaf upon which are printed two pages of Anthony and
Cleopatra. One side of this leaf shows the uncorrected state of page 352 (xx6v) of the First Folio text. This page is clearly marked with a
proof-reader's corrections, and these corrections, and these only, are the ones embraced
in the text
presented by most of the surviving copies of the book.
Quite probably, as is strongly suggested by both our other examples, this single leaf
was once a part of a complete First Folio. Otherwise its chances of survival would have
been extremely poor; and it is known to have been discovered in the 19th century "in a
parcel of fragments of the First Folio"
[4] (which seems more likely to mean in a group of leaves from
a First Folio than, for instance, in a bundle of printer's waste
from Jaggard's shop). In any event the surviving leaf is certainly only a part of what
once was a full sheet. But what the other leaf of the sheet looked like—whether or
not page 341 (XXI
r), the conjugate forme-page of page 352 (XX6
v), also contained a proof-reader's corrections—this,
unfortunately, we cannot say. The question, however, is not so idle as it may at first
seem, for it is basically a question about proofing methods, methods of which we would
gladly know much more than we do, and about which our other examples appear to have
something to teach us.
The proof-sheet first fully described in 1942 is to be found in the Jonas copy of the
First Folio, No. 47 in the Folger collection. Forme VV3r:4v (pages 333 and 336, in Othello) is in the
uncorrected state. Page 333 shows, in what is apparently the same hand and the same ink
as the marks in the Anthony and Cleopatra page, the
proof-reader's marks that resulted in the corrected state of this page. The conjugate forme-page 336, however, is unmarked.
Another First Folio in the Folger collection (No. 48, once the W. T. Spencer copy)
provides our new evidence, this time in a section of the book involving two further
tragedies, Hamlet and King Lear. Page 281
(qq1r, in Hamlet) presents a special
problem, to be considered later in this paper. Let us first look at the conjugate
forme-page 292 (qq6v, in Lear). Here, in
what seem again the same hand and ink as before,[5] a third set[6] of proof-reader's corrections appears. (See Plate I.) The changes
called for are not numerous—only five in all. These changes were all made, and
must have been made, indeed, before any large number of uncorrected
states had been printed off: 76 of the 82 copies examined (or about 92.7%) show the
corrected state of this page (as in Plate II); only 6, including the copy with the
proof-reader's marks, (or about 7.3%) were printed before correction was effected. The
variant pairs are given below. (Positions are identified as to column within the page
and line number within the column. The additional references in parentheses are to act,
scene, and line in the Globe edition of
King Lear. The
uncorrected readings, which can easily be examined further in the Lee facsimile, where
no proof-reader's cancellations obscure them, are given first.)
- 1. a 21 (II, ii, 52-3)
liues, he dies
that▊ſtrikes
liues, he dies that ſtrikes
- 2. a 46 (II, ii, 80)
holly cords atwaine
holy
cords▎ atwaine
- 3. b 6 (II, ii, 104)
Narure
Nature
- 4. b 31 (II, ii, 129)
Jubdued
ſubdued
- 5. b 46 (II, ii, 141)
ſi ttill
ſit till
It may be noted of these variants that the earlier state is in every case wrong, but
that correction in no case implies reference to copy. The errors are all patently
compositorial, with the possible but improbable exception of "holly" for "holy" in a 46. Neither word appears in the quarto text and one or the other
must rest on the authority of some manuscript.[7] But even if the earlier Folio reading accurately
reproduces the copy for the Folio print, both the error and the correct reading are
sufficiently obvious to be recognized by the proof-reader independently of any other
"authority." We may also observe of this variant that the correction was not faultlessly
effected, since the space-quad added after "cords" to compensate for the lost "l" was
not properly pushed down and so took ink. There is, perhaps, nothing very surprising in
the fact that the correction of a 21 not merely removed the
faulty setting after "that", the only thing in the line that was marked by the reader,
but also resulted in improved spacing before
"he": the wider spacing
here is an evident consequence of reducing the space between "that" and "strikes". Yet
it is clear that the correction called for could more easily have been made otherwise,
without disturbing so much type, and that the compositor who effected the required
change was interested in producing generally well-spaced lines when possible; that, in
short, some attention was paid to typographical refinement. And this is also shown by 2
(despite the inking space-quad) and by 5, though in this instance it is the proof-reader
rather than the compositor who is responsible for a minor improvement—an
improvement remarkable for its very triviality. Between this kind of thing and a serious
and sustained concern for textual accuracy, however, there remains a very wide gulf.
[8]
Page 281 (qq1r, the conjugate forme-page of 292) presents a
special problem because it obliges us to define variant somewhat
more narrowly than heretofore. A collation of 80 copies of this page reveals no variants
in the sense either of verbal differences or of differences in spelling, punctuation,
capitalization, or the like. Yet the page seems nevertheless to have been proof-read;
for a minor typographical imperfection, although of a kind to which we ordinarily have paid very scant heed, appears to have been corrected in it,
and corrected at the same time as the five small errors in page 292 listed above. The
facts are these. In b 33 on page 281 (corresponding to V, ii,
358, in the Globe Hamlet) the last two letters of "thee" for some
reason stood so high in the original setting that, whereas these two letters seem very
heavily inked in the printed page, the "h" seems lightly inked and the right-hand part
of it is barely perceptible (see Plate III—or the Lee facsimile). The word so
appears in all 6 of the copies which show the uncorrected state of page 292. In all but one of the 74 others which show corrected page 292 all four
letters of the "thee" in page 281 are uniformly inked (see Plate IV for a random
example). The one exception is provided by Folger copy No. 40, which shows the corrected
state of page 292 but the ill-printed "thee" in page 281. This, however, is surely the
exception that proves the rule. For close examination demonstrates that the two leaves
in question are not in this copy conjugate, as is perhaps most
readily shown by
the fact that both qq1 and qq6 here bear a watermark:
Folger No. 40 is clearly a "made-up" First Folio.
The absolute constancy of the relationship between the two settings of "thee" in page
281 and the two patently variant states of the text in page 292 clearly indicates that
the changes in both pages came about at the same time, after the single unlocking for
correction to which we know the forme was subject; and if all of these changes were
intentional, it follows inevitably that page 281, no less than page 292, presents us
with truly variant states that are the result of proof-reading. For we must certainly
accept the principle that whenever a text is deliberately changed in the course of its
transmission, genuine, if not always "substantive," variants are produced. "But how," it
may be objected, "can we know that the change in page 281 was intentional? Obviously
enough the crucial issue is not the relative triviality of the difference between two
supposed 'states' but whether human volition can properly be adduced to account for this
difference; and what is there to make us suppose direct human agency here
responsible?"
Unhappily, page 281 does not show any sign of the proof-reader's
mark that would resolve this difficulty. The suggestion presents itself, moreover, that
the two insufficiently pushed-down types in page 281 b 33 might
just possibly have assumed their proper places, as it were by accident, when the forme
was loosened by the unlocking required for the correction of the errors in page 292.
Such an explanation, however, will hardly do. It is initially unsatisfactory, especially
in the light of the extreme unevenness of the "thee" in the 6 copies here considered
uncorrected. Are such completely even impressions as we find in the 73 corrected copies
likely to be the accidental result of work on the other page of the forme? How are we
then to explain, if even impressions are thus easily and unintentionally produced, the
unevenness in the stage direction "Enter Osricke." a few lines
farther along in page 281? Here the "c" was somewhat high in the
original setting, so that the preceding "i" inked poorly; and
approximately the same unevenness appears to be characteristic of all copies. And the
same thing is true of the "cracke a Noble heart" about ten lines below, where the
consecutive letters "e a N" were a little high and therefore seem overinked, though in
slightly different degree—in all copies. Only in b 33, then, does unevenness give way to perfect
regularity of impression. The difference is fairly extreme and the change occurred, not
gradually, but at once; and it occurred at a time when five other small changes were
introduced elsewhere in the forme, demonstrably as a result of proof-reading. The change
in question is not likely to have been accidental, as other evidence from nearby lines
indicates. Deliberate alteration as a result of proof-reading seems the only reasonable
explanation.
[9]
If then we are obliged to assume that page 281 was proof-read, why does it not show,
like its conjugate forme-page, the proof-reader's marks? Probably for the very simple
reason that the proof-reader, unlike the pressmen, considered the single page, rather
than the two-page forme, his basic working unit. The peculiarities of another pair of
conjugate forme-pages, 333 and 336, in Othello, will perhaps now
be recalled. Both pages exist in two clearly distinguished states, although only a
single correction was made in page 336; and the corrected and uncorrected states of the
one page are invariably found paired with the corresponding states of the other. In the
Jonas copy, moreover, page 333 carries the proof-reader's corrections; but page 336 is unmarked. "The most satisfactory explanation of these facts," it
was suggested in 1942, "seems to be that the proof-reader handed his corrections to the
compositor as soon as he had read one page of an impression taken from the forme for
proofing purposes, and then used another impression as proof for the second page. Such a
procedure is entirely plausible, since it would obviously save considerable time. (It is
also possible, of course, that an impression from the uncorrected forme was given to
each of two proof-readers and that one read p. 333 while the other was reading p. 336.
This method would also save valuable time; but there is no need to postulate an
additional workman.) We are doubly unfortunate, therefore, in that the
Anthony proof-sheet is fragmentary. Since it represents only half
of a two-page forme . . . it can provide us with no further basis for conjecture as to
how commonly the method that seems to have been used in the proofing of VV4
v:3
r was employed elsewhere during the
printing of the Folio."
[10]
Now, however, we have new evidence. For in pages 281 and 292 of the Spencer copy we
appear to find precisely the same peculiarities as in pages 333 and 336 of the Jonas
copy. And hence we may conclude that, at least some of the time and when dealing with
that portion of the First Folio that includes Hamlet, Lear,
Othello, and (probably) Anthony and Cleopatra, the
proof-reader returned a sheet after correcting only one of its pages. Presumably
—for only thus would such a practice effect real gains—he then proceeded to
correct the other page in another copy of the full sheet. The required alterations could
by this means be begun sooner than otherwise; and by the time these changes had been
made in the first type-page the reader would be able to return his second proof-page,
suitably marked for immediate correction.
Whether or not this practice was the usual one throughout the printing of the First
Folio, and perhaps of a great many other books of the period as well, we still cannot
say with assurance; but certain suggestions present themselves. Probably it would not be
an efficient method whenever large numbers of errors were likely to be encountered (so
that the second proof-page might not be marked and ready as soon
as required); nor is it a method that would ever be employed when the reader
contemplated a careful comparison of proof-page and copy, since really conscientious
proofing of this kind would certainly require much more time than a rapid reading of
which the primary intent was merely the elimination of obvious typographical error.[11]
The implications of this last consideration are obviously of some moment; and although
the subject cannot here be farther
pursued, at least one of these
implications may be mentioned. If the stop-press variants in the First Folio, which we
now have good reason to believe very abundant, were ordinarily the product of a method
which itself precluded correction by reference to copy, it follows that we should be
particularly interested in the readings of the various formes that make up the volume
before these were subjected to a process of arbitrary
sophistication. Many of the First Folio's variants will no doubt be found to involve
only the "accidentals" of which Dr. Greg speaks elsewhere in the present volume and to
which less interest usually attaches than to "substantives." But substantives too there
will unquestionably be; and a careful attention to the
uncorrected members of variant substantive pairs may sometimes enable us to get
closer to what Shakespeare himself wrote than the corrected readings that are but the
swift guesses of a printing-house reader who seems to have been more concerned with the
appearance than with the accuracy of the Folio text. It is still, of course, imprudent
to generalize too widely about the press-correction method, or methods, employed during
the printing of the First Folio; but all of the evidence so far available certainly
indicates the customary use of the none-too-rigorous method described above.
The examination of forme qq1r:6v throughout
the entire Folger collection of First Folios brings to light one further and rather
surprising fact that may also, finally, be recorded here. In addition to Folger No. 48,
the copy which carries the proof-reader's mark on page 292, the copies showing the
uncorrected state of the forme are Folger Nos. 15, 31, 47, and 69; and the Lee facsimile
reveals that the Chatsworth-Devonshire copy is also uncorrected in this forme. (Folger
No. 40, clearly a "made up" copy in which the two leaves in question are not conjugate,
is uncorrected in page 292 only.) And now let us once more recall forme VV3r:4v in Othello. The
uncorrected state of this forme is found in Folger Nos. 15, 31, 47, and 69; and the Lee
facsimile also shows the uncorrected state. In short, except that qq1r:6v is also uncorrected in No. 48 and in one page of
made-up No. 40, the very same copies and no others are
uncorrected in two different formes—and in two formes, one involving Hamlet and Lear, the other Othello, that cannot have been dealt with consecutively in Jaggard's
printing-house. Clearly
there must have been a more systematic method of separating the sheep
from the goats, and of
keeping the two breeds apart, than we have
sometimes supposed.
[12]
